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    By - Dimik Programming Contest Series PDF

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    Original Title

    প্রোগ্রামিং কনটেস্ট ডেটা স্ট্রাকচার ও অ্যালগরিদম by মোঃ মাহবুবুল হাসান - Dimik Programming Contest Series.pdf

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    By - Dimik Programming Contest Series PDF

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STAT A ROU 6a HE CATH YB Heart Oe Wier CIA PATS MUA 1 Ag HIB Hea BAAS A a Rt REE en aR seni iC e JI GUE a AA b RAT AAS wrifrcAaA (variable) at Das | STA SerthtwS Pats AAT IIA STAT FEET AA CF x,y, a,b, p MAPA Her ef, He confy aTAeMA C CoE SACI BCR STAT BAYS rata arcry Fw VHA at A AG Heats AA Sh SATE STA a AAD ATT UAB oriferearerer cas frat (declare) weafe sae scanf Fe fr BIOS BIA BAYS fAcale comma Staww ta GI, MTEHACHa Aa SY a BTA b fet FAG BAYCOA AIA CPI Rea HA Bd HSN AN? iB FHA Jacw coratera eeawroist (pointer) PICS Rea A GETS HG PTA | HAMSS ICA a A MSIAS Praew AeA | SAR AAA CF AAA NAA STAT 6 + 2 a STAM SY a + b PACA BaqAo Hem VAT AAS cary Beat Cafe res | UsTAT caret Misra DiacA Farce (-), wet (*), SPT (/) ASAT BS ( % ) eR PATS mf > AIT SUV, ASRS PCLT fH CHG HATHA HTS eA APA ABA? VAIS ASA! CORI SPAT FT AF OTC HSE craic CCT @ orate HSS fey IAT SRT VAT AEH HAT AAT ATV SS AVS CSA BI SAAT OJ a APT IRA AVA HSA UMPC | apiaat = Timus 1000 =: Timus 1264 «= Timus 1293 «: Timus 1409 22 CBBIDIS ae math.h VI FIST ay Fey eae PART PAT AS | COTA SUCH COMA (HTS 2.2) A ACA SAAR STATS (a+b) BIA run FTA 100000 AR 100000 SAAS Mis | CHATS AA VAI Sa GEA fercarcy (sarge Farce Feaw OreTe RAT A)! AT, BPM COATS CONSTI Gat Fa | GT AIS Fel BAgb faces retest corara ceairay fafay Hise Baates frewei wrecer seal Si? Ee SE AIR STR Ne (python) cetanfite Oat GIF AT wIeHa TS AY ALAS MG A HA CHICA APT A! A firs ert aca aaa aerate Be COMM long long 1A HT Ylld AA PALS Aa |? awe GR cent Ta ATS I APTA ATS IA 3 CE 2 PACH CTT TG COT A OAR 1.5 FRG COTTA cetistTN FE ACT? freon 1? @t wtaw? PET Ey RCAC? CATCDNG AT | AT HATH NEA ATTA, BACT HTS GPT FCAT TRC a Bp eR ce, AA a 6 5 AOR int VU OLA a/b VA COTA SMTA ATA wee, te OP TTS HCA 1.5 NSTC MATA? GH A MRT AAT ARIA FACS Dts Bray comics double at Float CEB BR IARI FACS AEA |S APH COO BHR tee ay WET GAB int ts long long ett WT! Float ga Hat ea, double a4 Fm ca, Oe SH ITT THT AHH CHT CIA HAAG Float ALIA Al HA | MAA AA precision TAR B® Precision NA WA BATS te MICHA Mea PH TA AS Ge we, WS WH BF float VATS sqrt (2) aa SAT VY 1.4 Aer AACA NA double a7 aparg 1.414 EG) HHT GTA FH 1 GOI AA TATA int BARA AI HCA ATTA long long SISRa HAT AT SIA int Ga WAAR long long Ei slow. Comal savy Fas eq a8} GE KI CUA signed @ unsigned CUdT BIR AHS COTA aNACA) way RATT HSL ACA ACIS ATA HABA VT SINS Q8q HAT GSTS OIA WIAA CATAAR stdio.h. Gs Gelb UTE Bay RAS, MBLC math.h RTA TA | ATM ACAS CAA ACHR AACA HAS HPS aR WI SRT SLE | AAT AGATE AAA SAS SIMA STE (ASA sin, cos, tan, square root, square, cube esi) fs cof 43 math.h UE Bat 4 aE rs FOE WIC SCR GAR 2.9 CH math.h aa fey eMYAT Fe CPST LAI GE 20 6 ae Fed CHa fA Fala TS SET VEN! ARTA CT ‘SST 10 Fea TRC Stored oa aA fae SAT! GTTAT GAA I, cost = -1 PAM acos(-1) AN 7. CF Se pays TDIREET hetp://communlt ls 4% article My CHATS A! approximation, wii 22 x fc FS BART 2.9: math.h a fg wretera wife sqrt(x) abr x aa a (Square root) AH wea x Ce SS SHAG AOS AA | AT AWA Run Time Error (RTE) 2A Fabs(x) GBi x aa "TT HIF (absolute value) fH Fea | sin(x), cos(x), tan(x) @ G@ Sin, COs, tan Fda Bea ae ATCT 2 (radian) ace free B41 asin(x), acos(x), atan(x) 7 asin ',cos-', tan! faa aca ecw aaiier sin GR COS”! OF CRM a CH HTH [—1, 1] Atta seas aw Brag ROM AIAG cafoaA race etc | ‘Woes asin, acos aa WSIS | Sra AAG Ay = 1, Az = 0 atan2\y, x) Ber tan” | aa AA atan wet eH AA FAT AAA (atan 4 COMIt# $4 firtw ca SIs wT fiTw Crem division by zero RAL ACA), HRY ACHE BTA atan2 Baas Fars | pow(x, y) GIR x Fe ea IC | exp(x) ait e* FAFA Fea | Tog(x), og10(x) zit log BAN ASI AAfawA(natural logarithm) SIA log 10 acait 10 fofee anf Floor(x), ceil(x) ‘ages Floor 4x ceiling HH double r, area, mis scanf("%1f", &r); pi = acos(—1.); dM tio Oy area); ase © GiB finguera feat area Oe creat BTR, OIA EAE caret Prete aq | © GaP fagre fale aes Heh CHEM BIR, wis CHAT Fie a | 2 eet aren TPT cHeAT BIR, fT ef | © TAT OBI Hera ATTA ICRA APTI LAG FA | © Gh fangrers Afeqecna Bare OTST BCR, CHARA fer at | 2.0 iF- else iF- else SST STAT AT PT OT RG HH Meta ATSC fires s a AT | FE CARY SAB STAT FG MR HT FET FATS AAA | TTA AT AA ABT ATT PA, ey 2004, SIRT ANTE STATS FHS TTS AACA AT CA GAD CaS aT ASAT (leap year) ati ost a1 welt aftad aca al CBT 400 firca Fetes waa 4 fea ery ue 100 free Rerer aaa ey Baeat OAT GUAT 2000 Hit Fay Bteeg araq a6 400 free fewter i fee 1900 Tt fae Ofte aT Stat AE 4 FR 100 BAPE fares Freier ers 2016 Few ae sta4 aft 4 fre froTeT eT 100 Face faerey az org wir Frere FReTET A RH OR COI CTA FAR AB, CHA 20Ne COI TH ATH Ra aT 8 ca Fafon Few fren wrt aca wea afore fa cae aa Ber RE calculator FSA AT Bl VST ST 261 HATS AHA AL ARATBT 400 freA SIet ATR EAT BRAT 100 a4 fees ory are far, 8 °F SA ice Prats fata Gl aeate feed fe aT fee ge Se coats ARC ALOR eels aT wf FAT RT AC TATA | BITT ARNE SI WA if-else if-else. at fer Sera aaa BIT IE 2.8 4 IT ROT OT HTT HIS CTS AH, SATA SETS FABITH (syntax) B oreticar eat > G#IG 3.8: simple if SM SHER ac cH catia few eH bie FRAT v } > 30 else ss { XR // if no conditions are true so } aa ore at STAT *1S (condition) free Sera? wratera AA +, -, *, / BS Icy (AcHAT# arithmetic WIcAba Fett Ba) fF coafa fg comparison Berreaba NR AAA: <, >, <=, >=, ==(equal), ! =(not equal). STAT sot FA AVT IT AAT SACS ACA AI BAAS ALeGiol cong at FAcaTe (IE 2.0) | GTS 2.¢: odd even.cpp #include int main() scanf ("%d", &a); > g e 8 « int a; v 4 & if (a % 2 == 0) > i so printf ("%d is even\n", a); » } XR else v9 { 38 printf ("%d@ is odd\n", a); de } ca Feat aH aT TATA wT SR AT FH OHA GIS 2.8 8 ANAT TAT ae TW 2.¥: leap year.cpp > #include \ 2 | © int main() let \@ int year; | & scanf("%d", &year) ; a v if (year % 400 == 0) > { do printf ("%d@ is Leap Year\n", year); | 3 } eS else if(year % 100 == 0) |se { 38 printf ("%d is not Leap Year\n", year); | 3¢ } a else if(year % 4 == 0) }39 { ia printf£("%d is Leap year\n", year); | se i: } 0 else jas { RQ printf ("%d is not Leap Year\n", year); 2 } 8 xe return 0; rw } Ca aan TER (ers 3.) Fg ap AT DIR aR ere SE operator are Ee SORT SINTOTE OTC Aa Afr waTzaBa (logical oan rferare wetcaBa FEA: || (or), && (and), | (not). ware xc STO ICT eS eS RR cae HOT Rea, BR fcr gS HET RHE wv aver CTD FHT RCA ATA! CTT IHG mica ATIC Free Ge =A PHT AS CHAT ace OT RUA MAR CHOTA “TS AST RAT! at wry Fale Past era ANA | CATE 2-4 a erat freer OATCAOS AAA Fea FSi as fea cals consis era ATA ST CHANT | CANT VACA CAAA CA ATTA MACHU ATT CRD aH erate | PeaferibT Feet 5 (241) SIA 5—24+1 GANCOT AS +21 AA MOSS Ae PACS Als | SAA FSIS ote HOTA TE CHCA BC Rea, fay CINAT UhT ow aT ez wie SIMA ae af et HN AACA TOOT PS | STA CTA Cw afererT eItTCADATAA ACH not (!) Hara GCA, AANA aNd (&&) GA AACA or (||) VT GIT 2.9: leap year2.cpp | > #include g © int main() 8 { ¢ int year; v scanf ("%d", &year); 4 & if (year % 400 == 0 || > (year % 100 != 0 && year % 4 == 0)) 30 printf ("%d is Leap Year\n", year); >» else 1 XR printf ("%d is not Leap Year\n", year); 3° 38 return 0; d¢ } ac aa a TITATIVE HC en Fr orb sac ea i —i+]) =lent2eQ_ “. A SCR, CONT SD, 1 * (n i+ Hd . Eectameacenren (a5 fee if-else 49 Sn1e fH erararayy 5 Wf meets Aces AUB Far oa | A Aa FATE RATT STS BI aca re, o fot meant Bago Fea wierd cAIB ecw ay erEPrTCA fer a1 oo GAT RATE HSN BCR, COI TATS REA ABT CHI quadrant 4 aq, © Timus 1068 28 Fi (Loop) IP (Loop) HICH RE CHICA APT PTH AA AT A | TT A SHAT orf CI STARE PASTS a +b A CMSTATG (CHG 2.2) AA TA DB | AT a OTA Dri I 1 CATH 109 68 CM PATS HIS, Seg ACH HAA 1 CHT FHA, A AA 2, I FA 3 ETC 100 9% PATA TH IAAT FA RA AUCH | C COA AW FSA TSCA | For™4, While 3, Do-While 71 STAT SATSw eters Afb fea Pea IAS, HAAS UAT aS TET a HCA FAY AAT SCAT HAST PA FACS, GMAT Stet BB metas eye WA ef if-else 4 Gar af a4 Ve curly brace HGRS WISE I AT ACRE BOR Ae. 4 forqs while {tris Pribita axe fy Brien recA RTE | Sree Gh FEET rreactecen ccs GACH ACR SICA ACT» ATES HIVES fay GES ICTR Coma ATT RAR, START CoTEL wefiba ATA BT TEN sea, GIG 2.6: simple loop.cpp > // prototype (not syntactically valid line) Q for (initialization; condition; wh increment /decrement) {} Beer: 2. GRICE et double slash (// fin =% Tet Pear aca are ea | 30 // prints odd numbers from 1 to 10 99 for (i = 1; i <= 10; i += 2) print£("Sa\n", i); wo 2 = 55 38 // prints 10, 12, 14 d@ while (i <= 7) { print£("%d\n", i m2); i++; } ABT CREA ATA SHAT I For Bea CPI FTC 1a corte Fafa sre ZAI atercat SaPrrenacers (initialization) Bi Aas 1 ale afSy aay race or or YA HTL IH CUP AA WEA! HI PET CHICA OF Bafereaes (increment) / fefercrs (decrement) SO NCA | AAA MATA “1S ABIS Bea Berra CHa YALA A ISLA BCA Wes while YA AH VAT AAS ONS ATC eletcs “1S UBS sara, af AST =A CRA COSTA GHC A AA ARCA CATH ACA | COVA HT CHIC SATA *1S ABIS aI IRS DATS PA | TH AER TA NF GA IM CHIT 2. by A SHAG RICH CATCH | IA TASS RT? Sy foal Facey HATA, AAT For YA CCH i ATTA 11, FEI For BAI CAC 0, PETE For FA CI 11 48k while Hr As 8. Bel ayaara sea isis fey Srreact GG 2. 4 HAI VAT IB 2.5: simple loop2.cpp > // counts how many 2 divides 100 2 x = 100; cnt = 0; 8 while (x % 2 == 0) @ { // we could write ‘x /= 2! er ww x We 2; » } 0 Q) // same thing using for loop. Note there is a && // semicolon after the for loop. at the end of 20 // the loop, you will find desired value in x. 8 for (x = 1; x m2 < 1000; x H= 2); Aa AT IAF CMYAT UAB fHeRTT (keyword) Rn: break ax Continug, RAT DRT ANAT A SPITS A CSS AA AN CS HA) GR Ge PRT ACA AAA CAA CHOTA AS AFH HCL AT HEA SICA ATT Vo ray (iteration) 4 beet ctw Af! break @ continue Az Site fe Sateat COMER GAG 2.30 4 CHUTAT RAT | GT 2.30: simple loop3.cpp > // prints odd numbers from 1 to 10 Q for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++) Picks 8 // if even, continue the loop, @ 7/ don't go down. v if (i % 2 == 0) continue; FA; printf ("%d\n", i); b } > 30 // prints only 1, 2 and 3 Bemtor (1 = 0; A <= 10; i++) a { By) 22 // take input while it is not end of file, 20 while (scanf("%d", &a) != EOF) 38 { 2¢ // if the input is 0 break the loop. wv if (a == 0) break; 24 print£("%d\n", a); ww } 2 wo // or in short ... > while (scanf("%d", &a) != EOF && a) wr { oo printf ("%d\n", a); ws } OAS FA SAM AB BCH COTS OCTETS yt CA ACTA A CATA, AE MIS STAC rn HER SCR AA AMMA CFA PATH AA: 1+ (1+2)+ (14243) + oA (LF2 4... 41), ART COMPA, SCAT A BY (1424... +n) AACS ASM WT GRA FEY PAG PART | ALB For Bt 1 cares n ove vifercal caterer AA PAS A | FRE STC AAT 1 calc PS MG cAI SATS AeA whe FB ATCA ARATE ROR AAT 1 AS, AACA 2 AS KASH HA CHC n 14S! wae ATTA AT Fad Ol AA AHO! 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NOT OTGM STR, COMICS (") = RL ES ATT we oo DENMAN, CONT cos x a AT aTePefaICrA “TAT (maclaurine series) SA ARIAT CAA FACS BA | cos x A ate ZeHe 1 — f+ 4...+nthterm 2 fey OJ 49 BACT: — Timus 1083 — Timus 1086 - Timus 1209 LightOJ 1001 ~ LightOJ 1008? LightOJ 1010% — LightOJ 1015 LightOJ 1022 ~ LightOJ 1053 LightOJ 1069 — LightOJ 1072 LightOJ 1107 ~ LightoJ 1116 LightOJ 1136 ° — LightOJ 1182 LightOJ 1202 - LightoJs 12118 LightOJ 1216? — LightOJ 1294 LightOJ 1305 — LightOJ 1311 — LightoJ 1331 LightOJ 1433 ~ Last but not the least UVa 100 2.¢@ pita (Array) ¢ Fae (String) 4 aefh CA CHS 10 GA afer sire: Borge aad ara ort era, afecatiens sera fora Gea eacw xa Sea Be eee 1 ars aca ea CST CAR TA ACS ATO CAP OT GAT AS GS REM Aw oa az COMMITS FIO Sat coast fre Tear Ae AT FH Sara? 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S073 crete ery eto Oa glu cco ae ay ee vids VETO CHR Wed AAA: 10 BA aifSCATA wae 1LO0RE exces cama fags frefera cenatratba CHE 2.921 G#IS 2.92; simple array.cpp // initialization. all the scores are 0. for (i = 0; i< 10; itt) ali] = 0; for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) // the player giving correct answer scanf("%d", gid); PE BP // increment players point alia — 1)44; // initializing max score maximum_score = 0; for (i = 0;°i <°10; i+s) // if i*th players score is more than the max if (maximumscore < a[i]) |x@ arr oF SH Int 6 double BF encase fares te wcahe fee ae sae Ay, ST MCA AT OS PACH HT SALW DIB iA eT fe STATIAT COOL BISA CE STA ora char. a char rare ae arrcaBa (character) aace attca | ere ary FAS ACTS OC BICAB ICA HAC COA SAT Ga, Rajshahi *1c# sf6 character CR AST STACY RTCA ATA TT PRE (String) Feria wT sta char a Spc HARA PATS NEI! AN, SAAT AY aewlB char city[10] ates at wtca fra we aR ONS Rajshahi AY SRA cityl0] = R, city[l] = a,,..city(7] = i. 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Tis IAA AOR BIC AA OMAPS FA SPT FAS Sala HIST AR AICHE Ahr ARIAS HAA BI OT AAA CPICAT PIAA ed few fSrS PAAZ OS SPAS TIA HATS AA | TAG TSA IAAI AOR AACS SPAS TI IA COW ALAR AT, TA A BOS Z, a AS Zz TO NGI A AF A THK KES SACS STAT SAS Ferg era CHATS MHA | ATA SIA At SITS DIS A, CAT ASG ByICABIA “AT UF ch Ay AICS Al Calb ACOA, WILT AAT CTW feraA: if('a' <= ch && ch <='z') (Single quotation 4H Aeey GHA BICABIA AACA OIA SAPAFH AA ASAT AA) | Ar SB OF ay Ole OTTAT eal IIs I AAG CRIS Row | STATA AT AT, STAT Alt Ih &, ch ib aIowa ae HAA BIS AC AY RICOA SAIS AA AAT Wy FTAA: ch = ch a’ +A, arate amar aft ch 4 ater digit ce aot int wrifacarecat ATA Fetes FICS UTR, Orecer ota fda: d= ch='0', Beg oA AALS aceTs ETAT SATA CTS os “se *sfmTaS wafaw aren CBFRRTOT etree @PA =A ROT AT Oe printf ("%d\n", i + 4); | EC seca HTH ia HiSA Bre Vea PACS “ANA Pieces Baegd Rica warcaray eat ger Te | STATAT Seed TOTES scanh PACH Re Facets rcs aad Ate SITE GIA OT ROT: CPA TS FUR AAP Chem ay QS CARA, TIAA Al gait ator BA40 fice DIZ "Facebook is a popular Wel media" wat creray aft scanf %s SAM BA CALA TIA CR SITATT cay Facebook *eB& ereaca aa Bat Rem, SAT AAA scant PCH AGT OF AF oe Grates "non whitespace” SCABIA CetceT, c1ae GATT CAC OF a1t1St Whitespacg SSITCa A TG 1 GAT AT HAD MPT TO TAT GTS OTS CTRL ISTE AST BG, gets(s). axica s acer wiarera char Bcd THIcAA APT! Gets AM Camcs wee a ASwS AT AA AT asa (new line) Acme SSH AGTH AUCH AT As Bey, wR af ald ITE scanf wax gets YES Mes ACH VARIA FACS HIG, GAT Corrs SST ROS RUA) LH COTTA COMA HICH nr. BAAD FCA AGT eH ACA ALT a 68 AH nD ATCT WICH ATA BAAS FATS REA BPH ACA Fan RAAT FCA scant fing Bis SA TROT BAGS CT gets freH, IAT COTATI eters ATRIA HS ACSI Bags RAAT! Sa, scanf firey QT AIA 1 ACHR SA Hn AG! C#T BATA ANA Ah fs ai8a #include x 2 #include © using namespace std; 8 @ char line[100]; @ ® string Ss; // string from stl 4 gets(line); // input the line & ® // creates an istringstream from the input line 30 istringstream is(line); 39 while (is >> s) 4 AAT ANCATS AAP OCA MEM SCE MAC CID ALB Aw SPAT ATCA \ AST ARTS CRIB AOS AG A AG VOT ceAD eateerca arencaca: AfBe (sorting) act? | aE SHTCATH MAPS 1 MALO BCR | CONN SAIL ara HACE AP OORT 1 HAMA SCR! 5 ARE MITA SIR | COTES SPOT oat at ACs | OBIE opt ara ema: NERA GOT AT LO j OF RCIA AKA FS? AAG ore we maret cone Bare ws farce BA 1° » Gas PCAs CHT Cae a (ARCA HOA aRla ea Ae AaRIA AT BCA) | 2 GHB ICH RIG AISA ORT (a, b,... 2) GAR AW ACSA WHA (A, B,... Z) aa aes feta Fa o Uf Fae GIGI APs | Ue LE PRR ah aT water wae Gre Pe al eI melon ORCA SICH CHIT AIC TEA Fae watermelon arAre | o Wf PR A Gay B ST BIR, TITS A BAY Fera A a Cowra ITE A AT @aa: A = bangladesh 88 B = desh WA TA A B, A 44 COSTA SIZ BA OSA FAS SIR She MAY SACS AACA | AAA: aa HS aaa 4 TCT Yala SIR 2 GR eT ses OF Feet PAA Fa | HOTT Gere Cor fA SIMA Fat APCS ACA | SIS Alt CA PAPE TCR OT SC ANITA FACS DNS OIA BA Al! o fb Pie emt UIE aACw BLA GATE lexicographically smaller (#T&caa WIM TRA SA AR AA AL CA) | 1/9/2013 saem WAHT CAA COTA AB PRR BLO fs, Ae FSS int SHfAcTAcel AICS AA | — LS corral af For aA ayaata Sort PACS MA | SIAC THICAA SI BIA ACOA CAE CO Fic crc, aoa FRB BIC FHT CRIB MTA ATT STEN | AT CTT A, AH ATT GR AARC AT TR, ETAT BART TAT CCH FRAITI TTA SRO abr ee ATA OTE Pica a Hee swap al 401! ‘const af ara aq a effete 1 ROW j PAG For IM DIMA! AI, A CAITHS STAT Wem ocece ers omafem AACS RA B A aa subsequence fe ay, Ui fie A ae B TET BTR, FATS AUT 8, B Ga subsequence 24 aft A Cac [RSA ICR nee wie oe, A = bangladesh 48 B = bash WA TN AM A B, A 43 Sequence iy B = dash f®@ subsequence 24 I! jc fey OJ aa aaTA: — Timus 1001 - Timus 1014 Timus 1020 ~ Timy, 8 1025 — Timus 1044 - Timus 1079 — Timus 1197 ~ Timus 1313 - Timus 1319 LightOJ 1006 ~ LightOJ 1045 — LightOJ 1109 LightOJ 1113 LightOJ 1133 ~ LightOJ 1214 — LightOJ 1225 ~ LightOJ 1227 LightOJ 1241 — LightOJ 1249 — LightOJ 1261 — LightOJ 133g LightOJ 1354 - LightOJ 1387 — LightOJ 1414 Rw BRT Safes (Time Complexity) ae crcae satafale (Memory Complexity) casi, aforation Bay sxcefatd (Time Complexity) ae ciara} acafsie (Memory Complexity) We ergy far AVR SMT aS CHT aE cerary Tee AN oI aT TOMS CITA oI OR BBN PaaS at TH SCARE eT ra ak BIR aT CCT FE HPS ATA ATOM VAT CA? CATT ALA COCA BARA GMC THe AS CHAT SABA aheM AS Met SA ACS Oa CTT ASA SASHA MGT A | TC AR CHT DTS RATT 10 CLE FAH TS eH AR AR ce RACOT 5 CATE AAR AM | COTTA ATCT AICS M CTC ae coer et cx tat ACATAH FS aetshe WTR rR | Bea! FEB TD cette Sin = 100 a Ay CH ATS CTCATA AI HA ATA An — 1000 43 Gey VAST Bay faa cael aaa aH we, BE 10 eee WE eA n mPRCeRA aE 2D wptheae Se eR n? rea HATA BH waTe ae GL AT = 100 &S n = 1000 4 WA SF 3a Sree rea fs 10 04 pce aae 100 04 aISTRA Oat aah anes Se AH al MT rat THAT CFR sora FafeN erat (ose cve) ST 8 Crees aw etacem fica et eee: 1+(1+2)+(1+2+ 3) toca oe Ap) 61 GRA For qe ora Rey ea, reer a ANE 1+24 0 n = OF OEM Fat Ga sta Fat Heer we A" 80 qa 1G BATS FAO FA ITH n a pet NAT GY n? a OME RAcaDAT aa, eee ARTA 12 12/2 orratard 777 (constant coefficient) Sam HB, am freer orcas aarcer: 1 2, ABR AACA GRA PAC AAAT | arse rey i, OM GA AT cores wT o(n?) >, aft n = 1000 RH RCH WATT, O(n?) mags are 8 operate pagan = 10° BP? IRC AB CTE ETT cot ea Ree eT, n iad de lili Time Limit Exceed (Le eee GBT TACATRET FACS AMA? CHAT PACT HITS : : onf@ a DIM AAS 1++2+...+4 arma etme at Fore form 1 tte n pr a ARATE (4) cree TCH FTA O(n) cae AI a aa SGA n GAA SAS CAP BA? HA, = 1012? wreer fay ors apie fae af FAA ANAC AE IG VATS | CCPC SMTTCA COB Saw Aq OCT ACS BET SAAT AA HAT MAR TPS PATCAT AT: Cra Ea we a i) 14+(1+2)+(1+2+3)+...4+(14+24...4n) i=1 = ; (Se a >) i=1 1 _1 (nat VQn+1) rt a 6 nm = Sale ora ame aetS HA Ca Teale AT PAA PaCS STATON ICA art areata OLFSy cat OA wt as Fea FATTO MS, ATH AT BA O( 1) SOTA | 1 fRbos | CoMararisfa fecataife Aeetta (Fibonacci AIR wre SAT a, nor FECA ARTIC Fi, FHC n=0 n=1 +Fy2 2? HET nl ante HrRICAT ata HACE aa HCE! FACS MMA | F[O] = 0, Fit} < ae CeBAD For ey wiferer F[i] = F[i- 1] + FLi- 2]. Fag QRH STAT n TRC eae ore fegrara erafi aware TCR CCA HCAS RUT O(n). CCA START ay HeCOHE cantcat eater eps My, fart sea CHATS MMfA 1 CTS 2.98 AU FHA eee lat 3fB wrfRerter areata ale, OAL AACA ATTA TATA PACAP O (1) > a Dies wala eaera ACT O(n) Bae cice FE ACATA FACAA O(1) a ay aera |S GPE 2.98: Fibonacci.cpp dX a= 0; . X bed) | for(i = 2) i <= n; i++) | © 8 { @ czatb ev asd; q bee v > 0 } printf ("nth Fibonacci = %d\n", b); 2.9 BMT Aa feePAT (Recursion) WCE CORT aE UTTCBIS RCTS SPT SATS OH | ace fats stor fara, COO COCA OF AHR MATT Tare aR STE CCT ola F oe as A Ora Sarr ed) cr ast SVT AT WS aca opIcaTD ATS, Teta TCHS TCR fa | pT corm Ger Zefa! GA TSE PACT COMMA ey GIaTa HAETE HB MITCH BI St ROR! APRONS FIM BOR ATT CAE PR ea COMER TO KC ea Bo Onna ean eget CHE STAT SHOT FRAT HR ICN OF ATCT Gee aaa ap 4 ara 2B SMA A, COTA COLA CH HSI Basha Fel weary : Ope MH TTS AB ICH SIT ster, TIMI MAGIA, Bde apts, qa BIOACH FOR HIN ft ae aera AR A CH HIE BATE | EHTS, BOTA Bran axe IFAT GR ICT CALS A MCA AMT ca Fae HElaw, emre omar RE AAR FA GR VOLS AAFC HTP FABIA ea | TA BEA a tT ear ee ER CS PAN FACS Rea GCA VIHA AHA RET Ra, aF aETAR goa FE wa STMT CaS PtH SACO Ra OTA wre MeL Ble Fa aT fabra area Mat HIA TES PICA AR if-else free MOIS sca cH ATER RECT cote office FATA (CATE 2.9@) | C#IG 2.9¢: grade.cpp int grade (int marks) if (marks >= 80) return 5; else if (marks >= 60) return 4; else if (marks >= 40) return 2; else if (marks >= 33) return 1; else return 0; > 3 ° 8 ¢ else if (marks >= 50) return 3; v 4 r > } SI Geib ap fore LightOJ 1136 48 APTS crew RATA ae TT Rae" A Ww B aa Bad AAA HA ORS B Ma BEA A A I CAF UG A 1 Bea FRR eae HTT HR A" | TAT HR ATE Hy HLA TTT TTT a ora a aca aa eb BIC f ATS MA A TANT Aan ARAL ORE n 6G om Bay Bea A ACA Hoare TATE Bea WA: f(B) — f(A— 1). SOF FTES Ones APTS AATATA AE ATA! S34 SPH we fer (Recursion) 41 GRIT STATA PATA HREM ‘STAt#R wa atta Mr Edsger Dijkstra «a sie v7" SIC T learned a second lesson in the 60s, when I taught oman ge ‘sophomores ise that ee to and discovered to my surprise 10% of my audience had the greatest difficulty in copiné with the 8o concept of recursive procedures. I was surprised because I knew that the concept of recursion was not difficult. Welling with my five-year old son through Bindhover, he aidnethitek ‘ Das not every boat has a life-boat, has it?” “How come?” I said. “Well, the life-boat could have a smaller life-boat, but then that would be without one.” It turned out. Far wpe HER aT, af eT ay CaM VCH aT ela AIP IECHA way CRTsS Saas ea CNA FCAT ee RCA, SATA GMP, Fy = Ft + Fyig, gem STAT Uh aa AE Tres AR CBT STATO nw Feral TxA HA, ae GB Mees Cowes Rae GAT n — 1ST n — 2 wa PraATlh THATS Mera Bey FETE call ea SALA ATS OPS sett A WA FIP ICA call FB a rq CHE ROS AS, AH FY AE call DATOS MATA! GMAT AMM, n = 3 A Fecarath cay SASHES, OLA AAI AA FATT Cn —1 = 2UTGAn—2 = 1 wa Pecans FRA DIRS, WaT COOL PCH TATA OTe CAC CRIB YB FRrcaTAIfe DIaca awicd fay DATS TRS CAH KA GAY caTH HLS FH? ye Fecal Heesia Awaz GMCR 0 n=0 Fn = (1 n=1 Frat ines) SIMS FT ICR A, nn > 2 OA CHAE A MAST n — 1 OT Sn —20T Recaro mer HaeIA Ra, ware Fa AWA TI Ae BIE! Her 1, $ DRA Fest Sate Pecan cet iar ConA CATE 2. $Y CO GSM RAT ATA AIA VA, Sisal 42 fare we (recursive Function) 4 THT AG n aa way fecaratS SOO AE ACS aT (OAH HH Tea) RE AEA TRIS WES HR oe ARS aa Sa A a ara BP Cortona Sorry fry Baa Sarat Ad Ace Sea, comer af era Bika exc af a cae BI UA aCe rere nvauil Ca AS 1, BIA FRR AR, IAT AAS ee eT ‘ return Fibonacci (n= 1) + fibonaees in — 2), v } | oe Crema STM teCBTOTHTE oR eaAIA | corsa ean rca AR OUTER AR front araeta aca Here ate 81 rg CH onteae Ftc AAT Rte; ogee" Timus 1005 «: Timus 1082 Timus 1149: LightOJ 1042 ::LightoJ 1189 av wide (File) 6 Blots (Structure) oT TA HTS HA WAT CHAT A HITS GT A, Ger He one ara cafe far Baa CEH fe AT pala shad sdipchaatabaihiehy a apie aera ane ST Crea Pricerera CaPTCAT CHB (case) fires AIS aa aes fe as at AR HOH TT YAR fRafeoa ser Vit HBAS oe AG eA IAA COT OCT HAS AZ| ACA ACT CICA ITA OJ CH WRT SAYS GUVTAG ace =a Boalt ATCA IRCA STS ATAT SATO AEA | PIR SPAT TEAS (SZ FAT AT, fag warren CaP f2rq Atlas WatePrA CHS 2) ACA att Aes UTICA input.txt Fr ae Bayo ficw Aes GAR output.txt FAT MoHAS cw Rea | SAAT A Sa LAM, ACA TWD ALATASICAR FHA GCA TCG SPT (GRA WTA CHOTA BOHR) HD meq feta: Freopen("input.txt", "r", stdin); 44 Freopen("output.txt", "w", stdout);, Corrat CorsTena Hass HCO Ber at ACA Fed OTACAS CA aT AH COVA COLA AI PA Wlawet CAAT input.txt cacs SAYS ATR Ala output.txt TED rice) was aol Gotra ITTR GIA wt ACA Fopen MMA ATTA CAPA STA 221 BATH Fopen FCH CAA ACA FAB WITS COALS SAYS ACHAEA ST TAA a a Team arabe ATS WA scan via fea TTS RA Fscanf, printf sia afteac$ Frit csr few aT cae Paral eGl HE aH terminal ¢ FMT © 3% we aca erm ne mer ee RP © SN fminal ew womtBer wala Gray cafe "g++ code.cpp". AAA TA FA SAT on ora a rene” (BETH ITA ICBCA = a ara aT ‘a.exe output. txt" OTR STATE 7 a meer ecm ma a Ba FAC DIE TEE TED EDG SES HE OR aaa 4 ee repoTA FCAT AAT eAeReTeT HR MATA HFA ICR TNT ST a ara ame en eae ee RT 8e SNS Sea WO ACA AAA, ae Ee 0: STATE, HE, cam aaa Tori FAfSH Way AAT RA ST er annin eae a era ste ar FRE a es a Fe TC ney Ry Sa ee EN BTA COTA SH CE OB ranatiavarn att FRAT RITA STAT FS ITH PAPER FR TT AIG on GTS 8.94 SATTHA 1B VeTRAt Geer MAT BOAT | GT 2.49: structure.cpp |, ae > struct Student | en | 2 char name(30], father [30], address [50]; 8 int birthdate, birthmonth, birth_year; @ int phone; vw }; 4 b& Student s, student [50]; [30 scanf("%s", s.name) ; 33. scanf("%d", &student [10] .phone) ; [3 printf ("%d\n", student [5] .birth-date) ; estes sar SAAT Student acm eS “Bravia (Sceaa SARA AC ATTIC aearete q ofacrae fereas Fat AEE! eet a Student aT ae aecTH Salen ee SRR FHT A CTE com a ea TRC 5 aR GAT Student BRc-ia artes student tof san RAE ae wrifeicrerata He dot (,) fica Sia 9 fafa enfacraecat opcary (access) PATO AT! CHICO ATT 6 CH THE ent at epaae wIEEAB orem crateat RATE Rey Fab eater orcas (bitwise operation) Binary Number SRE AD eT ay START Me eS UnFACAATET | SE oe a ee OT acy MST AAMC VOR AA FG Bpoytesperay epemte STAT ADAIR Oa seq cae a PH a pitwise or), * (bitwise xor), ~ (1's complement), -— oretenane ana a 1 >> (shift Fgh seleft shit. TERT eH 5 aa aPRetfice ‘bovteres 4 (chift) FAT ICA RCT SICA 3f6 0-=PrTeAT Erte 101000, sara eres a pane Pee at 2IneH eet ra edie aeten wer eITRT 5 cH at8freey erate right shift =r FEDI left shift wa aCe wre onder aon oe eee! OA 101 ERA) co a een a ranean ea rare 1. FAA A CP A ATCT RA 0. cAaTeT az wer SBE aeatace mat RTPA A HAT TAT ATS 58 TAT cele 5 Pip brdidicaon GSTS 5/2 GUA CMF 5 >> THOT FH | Fy Cle oT SATS eRRAT aad AIMS CTA SHOTS 4 ATI low level « wtsTeTa aatite saa STE UAT! AAA AAA ARIA HHA AAA TAA FAT (bitmask) fica sre se aia 4a Staten nib Pah SIRI SR COSTA CF CH SICK CH CH ANS ABI Gancs STRAT nib 0 — 1 TAA FACS Aft TTA AS nr Vl Ia CRIB 4g 20 A TROT Za SrA SE int aa 32 acoA ore 20 FAG aaa sea AE wrtee fe ATS ferfaT acer waS a a2 ary fe 12 state fF manipulate sa1a Gey BINT left shift, right shift az GRAF bitwise and, or, xor 4 Baas Fea ef | Tas caP* fy aera BIC BAT SST and, or GAS FACS CHT S| afererer ACACAS NCOT and a AA 1 Res al Gece HAZ 1 BW, or aa 1 Raat fos acre Gaia TA 1 A, ~ aa aT 1 BA a Se facba TI OE (~ Fe sate aera Gora Bay, Ueig af Soria Seicada aI unary operator), xor <1 4M 1 wa afr gba acaba BI 1 eH (Beree 1 eC FR RCA | GH 101081100 = 1000, 1010|1100 = 1110, 101041100 = 0110. Sta Aft 1100 Ga ~ FATS RA OIA GAOT FiSa Face 1100 aa CORT BRcta Bera | ar int VA ALA 28 fF 1 aa 4 0011. Long long ace GOS 1 ct a1 wea aT TOA ~ AIA HAR AT Sa HIST a TATE Skea 28 1 eH af Ra Boa OFS wea AMIE TU TTL STR a F551 a RL ae SINT WH UH GH signed a unsigned em S77 See awe ser a ea HUH TP ee Fe Mil lathe xt a TR ae, era FoR TEA FE TT SOME TT // returns 1 if prime, otherwise 0 < aeis Facoey ae oa epee ee rear mn Bre AE An Oe DEH HC fat one SACHA O(n). FI ear CT WHS, 2 ATOR OTC COME mea cael HA? COMA SATS A, THR’ AMAT “Allee ai otto FA BEAR For FAs cor Sy FACETG ALT GA MCA i cara esa ace era arsine AGIs (BRN BACH) FE Xa? O(n/2) aera eene will qs FAA (constant coefficient) ome AM HE ee onal 8) NEE dl aft aa CHT d Howag at Se BTA Sores SAAT? 4G foal Pace HATA A, a pi Tn OHA A GA TAS HG HAT EG Ie CA OA CHCATR oH BA: n/d. GS SHAT AAG Hagia eFatTs (divisor) eal easel oie arn RIE! RAR n — 24 A MA SAATHOTAT HZ 1, 2,3,4,6,8, 12,24 AAR Sra df GAGA SIR (1, 24), (2, 12), (3, 8), (4, 6). AFR fat Facet FATA ASAE cerreTa AIBE FERRE < in RA A? AB AAA SANTA Pa ATA BI AY BSA RUA, FFB proof by contradiction 4 fee 44k GET | WA FA IGG /n Aa ATH S TG, OIAUT SF CHER FP COAG AAA! SIS CHAO AAAI TATA REAR A WICH THAT nr I FY WD Vin 68 CLS AG ARTA STRAT FSA nV? TSAI HG IBBCS TPIS Vi SAAT T RIT VO RA STOMA TA A AA CHA. UA A I GVA STA Vn SF ALF AIG GH ots MAT | HOA ATS OIA FB PEA n — 1 AS FF A DIETS RC, STFA DIRT /n BAM BITS aH fw NAA In CHa PEAT ETE SI a CaS FA (GETS .9) WRT STATA ATABTEN Bla O(/n). ICH CT SACS A A ART STATO For Bees “TSA i x i } giae f Sais sar aca ARTI? BT aca, PTB O(log aaa 4 19 1) AICS Fal AeA BAG AM ATS MAR ACH OIA VVIACACG celher era craw aA 1 Fes wa Saco (Sieve of Eratosthenes) aft Re HIT CH AA Fals OSG Hw Gog | COMA Te Sa CATA SINS O( yn) Sons SATAY AT CAA OT RCT RTCA eA ee Pca wT Cae FS aT AB a STAR | FHS A CATA A OLA, HG RAT fers FS AT TANIA Fas ST SAS AAT CA ST PEA PCA CHATS A | SLA AZ STBUT Vi SAT fares SHA? Bis AT AIT HATE CH GE SHAT HEA ABT AT CATA SAR AZ AAT FILH PULT SHPT FLA Brat HA OAS SACS PT SAS POA AUC | STA, AACA STAT SETI SATS HATS CAST Fat AA ACH GATS SIN FTA AI (Sieve) ia Sorevafarcy foe AS POPS SAT A | Aa MGT COMA 1 AOS rn LA ACA A APTS ARTI A LA HACE ARTA GHB AL, AS ATS ACTA ATT AAT FCT ABT Afar FS AT AIS SETS Be ae face aaa operifaaal foe 342 ARE! AR 2 WS n 7G HA ACT TS, GAR AAT CUS GF A, AIG Hea AeA FCA TSO CCS AY OA WSS SSF (multiple) azo BibT Sal ANZ IMA HCG RAT! AOTC ATH ME AF AAT A PIS PAA CONTA IE AA AAT AAEM HOTTA LT ATS AR A ATR 1 TE 1 cal FS at HATA GTCT HAT AR! GAA FS AB HDTER|PA FIST Vine TSE ae a pe erm rca ee FHT (ea AT) SI OTA SHES OS COR, AB BTEC i > Jie GS ATA MIATA RI BTA ARH TTS SP HER 1 wn rw wa Hae BERTH AST RN TE! eH NE TP ol CAT a AT Di, Bi... AAAS OATH HA AAT AR ST CC CS i ar etree fang BABACETE HUD CHLATR 2,3,» FIL D = 10 4 BH Chea o.y «qa omens racer (simulation) *GTITT Corre Reta CAT aa ATE V.0 4 CTSA RT LB SE ane @ = 10 aa BAS SHIT AMTCNA PAT Gir0.s: qoute TART 2,3, 4,5, 6,7,8,9,10 Sr TOGA ag a il 2,86 5K 7K HE Rew = 3 Sea 9 aa OH AY J aT 7A OFFER | Seon sais 2,3,% 5K 7M HE | EAD SERTADT ot HATA | SAR PCH VOLATAG COT ACARI CTE 9 \ Re as ik oat fre Heesta wilerat ACA 44k Mark SHCA cece SAS TEES SA AIS Bs TATE TFPI | GI 0.9: sieve.cpp Ta he > // I prefer vector int Prime[300000], nPrime; © // 1 if not prime, 0 if prime 8 int mark[1000002]; ¢ & void sieve(int n) Tt & int i, j, limit = sqrt(n #1.) + 2; > 30 // 1 is not prime. you can also mark 0 > mark(1] = 1; ag // almost all the eveng are not prime 30 for (i = 4; i n nar \2> // i is prime jar Prime(nPrime++] = 4, je |28 ‘ ‘ 1 £0 ee // if we don't do it, ¢ lowing | // i Wi may overfiow | iss if (i <= Limit) : { jab lew 7/ loop through all odd multiples of i ta // greater than iw 4 fs for (3 = 4 Way yay yy 4m dow gy | Joe { (oo // mark j not prime [v8 mark[j] = 1; oe iad } ir) } |e } PE 9.9 9 ATM AAT AE ACH AAS FEY AIAG RS Peay | AAAS 2 BAT ALAS, A AE AUTH HAT HS OLS TAT AAT BA DACA AA Wy caw Aes Bora TU DINICAT (NRA 18) | OT 2 PACH COL CHAT HAT AS CHG ALT HOA, HV HBA STS SST SIT eto BIC ea CPCS (TSA 13) 1 6 af AT FAT OTA SY OY CTE FeO Gora rca ey Dercg | SY ef PAT 2 ACH AL CAG ALTA GAT CHG CAA iF & (1S 20) Boer PACS ACA AT AE OAS AT Acer A PAT AI ASOT AC VIA SAAT TS cates, alr otra AAA i BIBT ATRIA (AIBA 20) WITT TAT a SSSA Sera at Diface wie cre carter (eTBA 31 — 35) 1 STA TT ATR BTCA RAT CH NTE SCE STA CTE HATA SATCATS BATH CAE (ATRA 23) | STATS STAT TAC AA SURAT eae Me eet fers BIA BT PAA, PTH A AT CHICA ALATCS SPH SIL ch rey ere fncal IT RAI CCR! 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    divisors [1000002]; in, 2 © void Divisors(int n) 8 { | ¢ int i, 3; v for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) q for (j = i; j <= n; j += 4) v divisors [J] .push_back (i) ; »} FAAS AA FATA SAT AAT n log n? FAA! 1 WO" Gi a oles UG n/i Bi wa A i Ga BAT A OAT n/i APT eA CICA A ATBTAAP SICA n log, ze WAS FATT SANTA Oller a VAC ACA A, Fe ASH Aeeia ecw UAV ST CUNTSS ALT HATA VT GPA HHA SlWICA Pac WI Falew ATA! fArrs edetaeek a1 Bra Sal errata Git Fa AI GANS CCT counter 4s ae atgica fra cra! IT SHB AHA STANTS PAI TAA FAT AMT GAA Sea Gora at STS FIC! MSTA, n= pips? ... py ARM p; ROT NTS ARVIT) ATH CHICA AE FRRTTS Gere Seorace FACHTT TA | GAA ASB TA OTA, d HAH n A WHATS HOE BORA Sa SH CAMBy MATS ACA AAAG, d AA COWS p, BIST UA CTCAT GIFTS Beas VA Aa AT FSTT, p, 4A UTS (power) FFB a, OF CATH CAPT RCS MATE ATES: d = php... pk AMTAO < by < a;. AE ATTA cas ANAT ACH fies Af n 43 eae Fale Bez (NOD = Number of Divisor) BOCAS AA STA ACA HBS SUAS WAL. | $58 a APART O(n). cm cece Seen BU FG COPA SALA, CABCAT HLT AT STS cate cote aon RBlarrea af | CAT A TATA a BTA b FACT AAT RCT ACMA A. KAPADIA | GA AAT a CH b FTC SI fn | Ale PATA STA A, SRA DRAMAS. FAA b COL AG CRTC AAT FER b GE Sil BA AT (AMS a HS PALS AA) | Sa 6 PCH a BIL AT AT, CTPA APTA SINAN c A AL a = k-d+c, RAE [SCC CRIB Real (a < b RCH AY REA I BB AEA CHATS AA!) eens 2S be SI aa AMAT AIPAC c PS FAA | FSA AAA IA bo SA "7.8, cree Gb Qe ACA ALE MERIT CRIB REA c RA CT | TOA Se af oar aa att ATT etfs A TATA 1A. COTA ATS | GOTTEN TAR aca ay A eT ATS CA! ATCT FRG TAT | ABTA IPO TABI CORT aera wea lg Fr ALE aa Lona long CEDPPRC “SS ear a wren af 1.8. A FATS eM BA WILT 100 ~ 150 «Te ‘ : @4 ln > sae. Rica ate eIPTS caisty FE 0.¢ @ Grey, qafba ore fag 08 afS FE ANs fits FT aafe aft 0 fra a ay enue run time error face) | iP fal 1CARCA Fe aca wy me SACS MATA? GHG Ae, GHG GHA VAT 0% == 0 OF A CA b = — Doren afi fT TRL CH ABTA aM aft aT ATCT AT | Ie w.¢: gcd.cpp int gced(int a, int b) if (a % b == 0) return b; // if b divides a, b is geq | return gcd(b, a % b); // if not, find gcd of b and a 44 Re7ony } OR SAT GOTTA PAB HAT AALS. a FATS MH MHASH Ag, SASHA BAT ANIC A FATS ACA Ol VM AAT YIGA VALS. ANT la PA | aay OAH POT ATT A.A.©., PIAA OA ACH DGS AST | SA A.A.G.? SAAT Bey CTSA FH HAA BEI AAG ALATA AAG. AT GAMA AAT AIG ALATA A ALwz FCA GST AI AL. GA FAT AVIA SAAT SABO ALA ATS. A aE rate mf 9.9.8 SEIS 44 BITS Fe (Euler's Totient Function - 3) CHO IAA Core PAZ GIT Ie (Totient Function) # fer O(N) = 0 FF CAH CRIT A AAA GIF POV ALT GCL A nA ACH ALAS (coprimé) FRG Te OE RAT OAT CHITA AIATAY OAS AB (THIS 1 aa ACH AG OE AFA THR) | CHA, (12) = 4 FAM 2, 3, 4, 6,8,9, 10, 12 a3 STE Feats ae 63 COAT A CHCA FTA TANS HMR 12. a CAT CRIB AS 1, 5,7, 11 aoa ARTIS ACH RIC MIATA IAT Zi SOD, NOD aa ACSI ass aes 3a SE! Hin = phn .. pe Ba oR: Bie a)e (-2) aR SR OT aR eT BRST gs ne ree ea ae ox wo RTT GET HI oT ee FORA CHAT HE HATA 4 CA SACS BH wrRCHT COMAT FRCRE GN fers peorncs FACHTT Fea CIA UA CHEATS stag =e xem cine set eeAivere COTS ATHCAS 1 AON AAS MAAS a ea Hwa? wae Eg aS Tere RAI p ATT IA CTS FAH BIE p HCH GI wp — 1 frat wet rarer xe sere 1 BE n EH PT HRT ST aR Te TM AT a Mee 4 oH ATA ete aa! (TSO) GPIB 0.u: sieve Phi.cpp [ 3. int phi (1000006), mark(1000006); g © void sievephi(int n) 8 { ¢ int dois v 4 // initialization v for (i = 1; i <=n; i++) phili] = a; > 0 phi(1] = 1; > mark[1] = 1; My >” for (i = 2; i <= n; i++) 38 if (!mark[i]) // if i is prime de { oy for (j = j <=n; j += i) 34 { oe mark[j] = 1; oD phi [j. i He op ACTA TA AIA A TRL CT CTE SA ARCAS IAT AAS FARE nt AT TG 0.9 4 HSM REA | CHA AE HS AT HA HATE CAA AIT ATCO CRIB IB Heat Seren eo re ne TA FEE TH ee I AA) TRE A AH HEAT HATH EAT SINT ARNT Soar SI FAC MTS ALA AHA AAT ACTA CET SH ALA ew eer oats AACS MA GAT AZ SAAT STA EET oy en reren, cawernat nace ey ceen a rages raters BH ni A PM DreTICATA AIA CZ A CH Hf a Bch crite meeiactare crete ART RTT TA ATT AAA APIA SH ST RCT AAT FEB ral TH rg, rags wate eteten afin STRAT HA nH AAA TET MAG OTATICS DIET OB 4 Bap ARAATS n ca age Aw DIeTTER! ATS FE HT APT AR! FIAT AAT IZ yfeory TART & nm a ARE MS DIATE AA, AF HR YSTS SMA AACS kG op AMFATS n oa aofqer VAS DTIC AeA | AG fat Fea CAA IE 0.9: loop phi.cpp > int phi(int n) { = int ret =n; ° for (int i imi<=n; itt) { 8 if (nate 0) { ¢ // i is a prime dividing n. ¥ 4 & > while (n % i == 0) { am // divide all the factors of i n /= i; // same as: ret w (1 — 1/p) ret —= ret / i; ga FOR CRD ACT CAPES CONTA aTeICw eitcaT 9 af p AIG CTS ARAM BA SIAL (p) oactiraals af p tb Tere AeehT SI ae n—1 pop". 0 GD CTE FeTt BI SECA 4(p") - : afta ARM AA ATCA CCA ATTA Beotrres ay ees, teas tat neers qe aX” = 1 mod m. af Srrttcae a (Euler's theorem) ater afafow m aie Sire meet ey IRCA STRAT rece of a”"—1 = 1 mod m. ofp writa FGA cehetay (Fermat's little theorem) atcr afafow) 0.9.¢ BigMod BigMod afb eroTe Sarg als | MAT ATE COTA SIE OAS ATA eT ae TAT STR! BA n AH Cafe PAC, SAPSAB et Ret HTT wer fc PaCS AT aT TAT ae FA GROOT TT FATS AIA? AACA ASHE aot SATS AR 2 OIE, HwanenAeas 2" IA SA FATS MALT FEB nr IA AY ICA GAT AGT OIC AE Hee AA TST | GATT ett afta SI ACA STC HZ AW GEA A CocA mod 107 at aaea Gad Het fc Crem BH aT fc mod Fea Bea Dhow Vai cA HA cOmTERa Frese eae, 210 mod 7 #8? FH Fata? 2! ca wea ata a 7 free GIN Bea Gas fara? cetarer a, 2 fag long long cUbIbIRcNS Hats AT) Wlace Sei? elt wees aifeata et Sea FCA ALAS mod FACS AA, AUS FA Seal SY int Cio ears Beas C1 AA! fey CoMTCe Ut 100 Aa CTH TIS AY, STAT AY, 4A aI 10! HEM VP AT fe eal ABa? Bi Pat HV ae AMAT Saas SILT ALT | AC FA COATT 2100 Mod 7 a SACS FAT VACA OT A Para, 2° mod 7 AA FA, 44 A a, WIAA 2 mod 7 a (2° x 259) mod 7a (2° mod 7) x (2° mod 7) mod 7@1 (2x a) mod 7. wet git COTTA BIRCH ULES Hea CHAT! COMA AAA TA FA SiH 10018 2 es SATS RA AT, 50 1B 2 we Sea AE VPI Ora ACA Ft HTT GAT 5a cmH ae Few eR TCA COTA FB 50 AIA O81 FAA HATTA AB, 25-514 CHE SISTA HR OotePeI SE Ola ALAS OA FCA STAT APH CA AUC | FHS ATA? FACT HATTA SR? Ga COT BTA ACEH FACS MALS AL! OTS FY AT AUCH! OPH 27! CA FCA OTA 2 eH aw ta CER MT FACS ATT AR HT FA HAT a eA TC a TR CONG wea ae RTA 2 eR OI ATS ATA) SIT A GT ATS Fl eam 2 ca wears aeqce EMT CRT Ta IA HUA 25/2 — 12 ere Sa $i integer division afk) AIA 21? ae SICA ACEI a free 3 = SF CHT ra cag Ce GB AAAS 2 O81 Hea CHT OITA 2° CEA TA | vw EA TA SCENT SH TG CIT RM ATA AH CRI, TEA TEC Er, ec aE AH OANA A ATLA Ge TAA base CART APTS A, See vary LDP = 1 aware a STAT STEM SIA OCA HA ANTE BEA HH Cp one Berea HS TH AVL | HOA PA STA CAA PATS BUA 2 a AACS AA a = 2? [5/2 = 2]. 2? OA GAT AA PATS BA b = 2! [2/2 = 1 aay GATT AA FATS AA c = 2° [1/2 = 0]. SHAT 0 TS AIS base HAH Bem eq SAR TAT GA c = 1. WIRE b = 2 =P x 2xK2=1xK1xX2=2. aREQ ga RaW x BHIWKI=HA, MARAT DY = 2? x Px 2=AXAK Qo y fhe eater mod ara Biss Ate ATTICA CACST Re GerAAoT Ia AL Aes wa GAT mod FA VATA, COMA aS ws as xcs aft mod $A GIUAZ BigMod zy a RF OR AE SAT HIS Fa PICA? a FAB TATIONS FIC AFT Black Box MR AIT a, b, M fete a? mod M A BA CAA! CH Al FACT ST VAT OF Stas oH Black Box G# a, b/2, M fata ae HS werreret fire PCR PPA Ca PACA | a RTE OVA SHSAE a VF FACT AZ GTA fH! GIA ISICA FORA DACA? THI A, b = 0A GAIA Black Box Bett ASS PISA AAR ASIA APT FIM AF Co ATH ASS MY GAVIA FATS AHMS FIV (recursive Function) At At Baz BICESTER ACY ATARI STAT CTS wb 3 conse free | GIS 0.6: bigmod.cpp nt bigmod(int a, int b, int M) | mS > 2 ° if(b == 0) return 1 % M; 8 int x = bigmod(a, b / 2, M); ¢ x = (x Hx) % M; v if(b % 2 == 1) x = (x # a) % M; | 4 return x; b ao TAA AMBER FEM O(1091). a? Fast etfoata oatera n eT STATE GH k HeereaIa bigmod cw at sary we fraiieere | Bis n = 2k a = log, n. @eTE bigmod aa Te @ an ‘Ua area refer divide and conquers aa aa ace | a2 a Ss Sten PAOD TERNS Log ARR aft wae ata 2 Foo wR CRD CRIS SIC SIT at VA ee Wier Hae antic 46 ars = rr ad FAT TI SURAT BiQMod Givi’ aH Hew eIne ue oon oe cy Hota t in +a) Mod M Ca eat) ee wa ones ANAT ACE ee DAE AG! TOME BM Cra ata A om (term) aa Ben cra ear Ot ga ATS FB A HT OST BAR CTC rE AT = 6 a oy A STN ST FA HSA 1+ata’ta?t+a'+a’=(lta+a’)+a(i+a+a?) wee Sa SHUT AE CU VHT A Sata eHCAS ATT bigsum. wrecm b MICee way bigsuM AF FACS STAT b/2 VICOA SAT bigsum a4 Arann fos on) aa ACH sara bigmod ame Hata ice Ba Boras a® can sara oe faces CCR CORT BR SIC TST a?! CH STAT Bea CAA BATS Mca Gs ae CAT bigsum MR Aa FACS AAICAT! AACA log n «19 Bare ew bigsum aa amr af era STaITAS bigmod 43 Sy BAS log n AWN HAS Ba, oar Stars aoa O((logn)*). S61 Is AFETAY cost AT FY SIs BART 4H O(log n) Aare rE ofa) SST ASAE CH GASH HOT Pals BISA | l+at+a?+a°+a* +a° = (1407+ a4) +a(1 +0? +a*) = (1+ (a) + (a7)?) + a(1 + (a?) + (a*)?) Bae bigsum(a,b,M) EA FACS BTA bigsum(a?, b/2, M) @A FA a °R8ETS CSAC (Overflow) At FCA CTSAT SINAT SP a? MA TAT a? mod M OE b FACETS BA BPN SAA FATS AAR UA SA? The CHAIR l+a+a?+a?+a!=1+a(1+a+a? +a°) 8.9.8 AeA BoP (Modular Inverse) UCAS acafe Bers aries Vas GAS AY SH Sale etry Has re fircn mod *a Gea DreM Bi aa oy m ay Baa AT oem CHICAT AB FRAT fk fom A ca, PRCA, IC TRC CTA HAT A A, FB OM" Sie a APT AAU, FAI? mod M ae 2 mod Me a A STE COTS eg mod 3 = meds — 4m 0 firey ON? OATH Fat! BA aE b Fea em et Bie BE b'mod M CHA ATE WA A AAD FCAT WE ALAR b Fre CHT ey TICS STAT Fee BTCHS Pict ace cM ale Cltfere Heit er wrarey HM — mod M @tb-! = 6” mod M wa ata caltfere Heel Al VT wrecAt Hem) 3] mod M tbe)! = b-! mod M. Ora AR CREAR M AAR b CH ARTS ay Ri SR COAT COT HTS Feed bv? mod M a4)! mod M aaa *I

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