MTChem1: Inorganic and Organic Chemistry for MLS

A.Y.: 2020-2021

Module 4:  Every Bronsted–Lowry acid has a

ACIDS & BASES
Objectives:
 Understand the importance and
properties of acids and bases. 
 Identify the role of a specie in an acid-
base reaction.
Module Outline
1. Arrhenius and Bronsted Lowry Acid-Base
Theory
2. Mono-, di-, triprotic Acids
3. Properties of Acids and Bases
4. Strength of Acids and Bases
5. The pH Concept
6. Acid Base Neutralizations
ARRHENIUS ACID-BASE THEORY
 Proposed by Swedish chemist, Svante
August Arrhenius in 1884.
 That acids and bases be defined in
terms of the chemical species they
form when they dissolve in water.
 Arrhenius acid: produces [H+] ions
though ionization.
 Arrhenius base: produces [OH-] ions
through dissociation.
BRONSTED-LOWRY ACID-BASE
THEORY
 Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted, a
Danish chemist, and Thomas Martin
Lowry, a British chemist
independently and almost
simultaneously proposed a theory for
both aqueous and nonaqueous acids
and bases.
 Bronsted-Lowry acid: proton donor
 Bronsted-Lowry base: proton acceptor
NOTE:
[H+] hydrogen ions are hydrogen
atoms that lost its only electron
thus hydrogen ions and protons
are used interchangeably used in
this theory
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conjugate base, and every Bronsted–
Lowry base has a conjugate acid.
 Conjugate acid: formed when a [H+] is
added to a Bronsted-Lowry base.
 Conjugate base: remains when a [H+]
is removed from a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
 Amphiprotic Substances: They can
function as either Bronsted-Lowry acids
or bases.
o Ex: Water
MONO, DI, - TRIPORTIC ACIDS
 Classification of acids based on the
number of [H+] they can transfer per
molecule in an acid-base reaction.
o Monoprotic Acid: supplies 1 [H+]
o Diprotic Acid: supplies 2 [H+]
o Triprotic Acid: supplies 3 [H+]
General Properties of Acids and
Bases
ACIDS
 pH <7
 tastes sour
 affect indicators
 reacts with active metals and produce H2
 reacts with carbonates
 neutralize bases
BASES
 pH >7
 MTChem1: Inorganic and Organic Chemistry for MLS
A.Y.: 2020-2021

 taste bitter  The pH is the negative logarithm of an

 have slippery feel aqueous solution’s molar hydronium
 affect indicators giving colors opposite to ion concentration
that of the acids
 neutralize acids
pH= -log[H3O+]

STRENGTH OF ACIDS AND BASES

Bronsted–Lowry acids vary in their ability to
transfer protons and produce hydronium ions in
aqueous solution. Acids can be classified as
strong or weak on the basis of the extent to which
proton transfer occurs in aqueous solution.
 [H3O+] and [OH-] ion concentrations
determine the acidity/alkalinity of
solutions.
 Acidic [H3O+] > [OH-]
NEUTRALIZATION
Neutralization is a chemical reaction wherein
the addition of an acid and a base will result
in a solution with no excess [H+] or [OH-] thus
yielding a neutral pH.
 In an acid–base neutralization
reaction with an acid and a hydroxide
base results in the production of SALT
and WATER

Neutra [H3O+] = [OH-] Acid + Hydroxide Base  Salt + H2O

l
 Hydroxide bases are compounds that
Basic [H3O+] < [OH-] have an alkaline pH but does not
contain a [OH-] group.

 Examples
The pH Concept Hydroxide Non-hydroxide bases
 Power of Hydrogen/Potential of
bases
Hydrogen
NaOH PO4
 The pH scale is a scale of small
KOH NH3
numbers that is used to specify molar
LiOH Na2CO3
hydronium ion concentration in an
aqueous solution.

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 MTChem1: Inorganic and Organic Chemistry for MLS
A.Y.: 2020-2021

.
pH
14 Strong It reacts completely or almost completely
13 Base with water to form hydroxide ions.
12
11 Moderate
10 Base
9 Weak base It dissociates only partially in water to
8 produce hydronium ions.
7 Neutral
6 Weak Acid It dissociates only partially in water to
5 produce hydronium ions.
4 Moderate
3 Acid
2 Strong It reacts completely or almost completely
1 Acid with water to form hydronium ions.
0

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