Analysis of Altitude Atmospheric Turbulence Data Measured I N Flight

N A S A CONTRACTOR
REPORT
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ANALYSIS OF LOW ALTITUDE

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ATMOSPHERICTURBULENCE DATA
MEASURED I N FLIGHT
Victor M . Gunzer,Robert G. Joppu,

van
und Gerrit Wees , .
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Prepared by , ,
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UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON . .
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Seattle, Wash. 98195 e.
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for Ames ResearchCenter y , , i'
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1.-
NATIONALAERONAUTICSAND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. SEPTEMBER 1977

".
TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM
1. Report No.
NASA CR-2886
4. Title and Subtitle
I 2. Government Accession No.
~
3. Recipient's C a t a l o g No.
5. Report Date
"Analysis of Low Altitude Atmospheric Turbulence

Data Measured
in Flight"
____-._ ~~ ~~
.
7. Authork) 8. Performing Organization Report No.
Victor M. Ganzer,Robert G. Joppa andGerritvanderWees -

10. Work Unit No.
9. Performing Orqanization Name and Address
University of Washington
Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics 11. Contract or Grant No.
shington Seattle, 98195 ASA NGR-48-002-085
ype of Report andPeriodCovered
12. SponsoringAgency Name andAddress
I
National Aeronautics & Space Administration
Washington, DC 20546 . 14. SponsoringAgencyCode
15. Supplementary Notes
-
-~
16. Abstract
A l l three componentsof turbulence were measured simultaneously in flight at each wing

of tip
a
Beech D-18 aircraft. The flights were conducted at lowaltitude, 30.5 - 61.0 meters
(100-200 ft.), over water in the presence o f wind driven turbulence.
Statistical propertiesof flight measured turbulence are compared with Gaussian and non-tiaussian
turbulence models. Spatial characteristics of turbulence models. Spatial characteristics of
turbulence were analyzed using the data from flight perpendicular and parallel to the wind. The
probability density distributionsof the vertical gusts show distinctly non-Gaussian
characteristics. The distributions of the longitudinal and lateral gusts are generally Gaussian.
The power spectra compare in the inertial subrangeat some points better with the Dryden
spectrum, while at other points the von Karman spectrum is a better approximation. In the
low frequency range the data show peaksor dips in the power spectral density.
The cross spectra between vertical gusts

in the directionof the mean windfor the present
data are compared with a matched non-Gaussian model.
The real component of the cross spectrum
is in general closeto the non-Gaussian model. The imaginary component, however, indicates
a larger phase shift between these gust
two components than was found in previous research.
~~
7. Key Words(Suggested byAuthor(sjl 18. Distribution Statement

Aircraft
Atmospheric Turbulence
eling
UNLIMITED
Turbulence
Atmospheric
Flight Measurementof Turbulence
Gusts
-
Turbulence "
05
-__
9. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this p a g e ) 21.NO. of Pages 22. Price'
IFIED UNCLASSIFIED 108 $5.50
'For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161
FOREWORD
This rep0r.twas prepared underNASA Grant N o .

NGR 48-002-085 between the Universityof Washington, Seattle
Washington and the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion. The NASA technical monitor was Richard L. Kurkowski.
Professors VictorM. Ganzer and RobertG. Joppa were the
principal investigators, and Gerrit van der was Weesthe pro-
ject engineer for the Universityof Washington.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the invaluable help
of all personnel associated with this project.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD i
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF F I G U R E S V
NOTATION AND SYMBOLS vii

SUMMARY 1
1. INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 Background of Past Research 2
1.2 Purpose of the Present Study 4
2. THE TEST AIRCRAFTAND INSTRUMENTATION 5
2.1 Description of the Aircraft 5
2.2 Modifications 5
2.3 Instrumentation 6
3. DATA ACQUISITION 9
3.1 Flight Planning 9
3.2 Instrument Operation Checks 10
3.3 Data Runs 11

3.4 Atmospheric Conditions 12
4. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS OF THE RESULTS 14
4.1 Theoretical Background 14

4.2 Probability Distributions 21
4.3 Power Spectra 22
4.4 Cross Spectra 24
4.5 Spatial Characteristics 25
ii
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27
REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 9 3, 0 r3 1
TABLES 32 - 42
FIGURES 43 - 74
APPENDICES 75
A. INSTRUMENTATION 75
A.l Description of the Data Instruments 75
A.2 Calibration of the Data Instruments 76
A.3 Measurement of Longitudinal Gusts 78
TABLES 80 - 81
FIGURES 82 - 86
B. DATA REDUCTION 87
B.l Evaluation of Raw Data 87
B.2 Digitizing 87
B.3 Computation of Gust Time Histories 88
B.4 Data Filtering for Drift Removal 92
B.5 Computation of Spectral Properties 93
FIGURES
94 - 99
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1 Beechcraft D - 1 8 s principal
dimensions. 32
Table 2 Characteristics of the

natural modes 33
of the BeechcraftD - 1 8 s .
Table 3 Flights
performed
with
Beechcraft D18S 34
N4545.
Table 4
instruments. Data 35
Table 5A Flight conditions. Flight #15 36

Runs 1 and 2
Table 5B Flight conditions. Flight #15 37
Runs 3 and 4
Table 6A Flight conditions. Flight #16 38
Runs 1 and 2
Table 6B Flight conditions. Flight #16 39
Runs 3 and 4
Table 7 Calculation of the
gradient
Richardson 40
number for flight#15 and #16.
Table 8 Comparison between the autocorrelation and 41
the cross correlation of longitudinal and
lateral gusts.
Table 9 Comparison between the autocorrelation and 41
the cross correlation of vertical gusts.
Table 10 Scale lengths of atmospheric turbulence (ft).
42
.
iV
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Number Page
1' The non-Gaussian turbulence simulation model. 43
2 The test aircraft, Beechcraft
D-18s N4545. 44
3 Instrumentation. 45
4 Probehead with pressure transducers. 46

5 General test area for atmospheric turbulence 47
data flights.
6 Flight pattern and wind data, flight
#15. 48
7 Flight pattern and wind data, flight #16. 49
8 Temperature vs. altitude, flight#15. 50
9 Temperature vs. altitude, flight #16. 51
10 Probability density distribution.Flight 15 52
Run 1
11 Probability density distribution.Flight 1 5 53
Run 2
Run 3
Run 4
14 Probability density distribution.
Flight 16 56
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Run 4
18 Probability density distribution. 60
19 Power spectral density. Flight 1 5 Run 1 61
V
Figure
Number Page
20 Power spectral density. Flight 15 Run 2 62
22 Power spectral density. Flight 15 Run 4 64
27 Flow modelof the helical flow pattern. 69
28 Cross spectral density. Flight 1 5 70
29 Cross spectral density. Flight 1 6 71
30 Cross spectral density. Longitudinal components 72
31 Cross
spectral
density.
Lateral
components 73
32 Cross
spectral
density.
Vertical
components 74
Vi
SYMBOLS
a random f u n c t i o n of t i m e
2
a l a t e r a l a c c e l e r a t i o n( r i g h t ,p o s i t i v e ) ,f t / s e c
Y
2
a2 v e r t i c a la c c e l e r a t i o n (down, p o s i t i v e ) , f t / s e c
b wingspan, f t ; also a random f u n c t i o n o f time

C wingchord, f t ; a l s o arandom f u n c t i o no f time
C a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n of random p r o c e s s u ( t )
uu
u
- cuu
"
, n o r m a l i z e da u t o c o r r e l a t i o n
cuu
OU
crosscorrelationof random p r o c e s s e s u ( t ) and v ( t )

cUV
-
" , n o r m a l i z e dc r o s sc o r r e l a t i o n
oUcTz,
d random f u n c t i o n o f time
f f r e q u e n c y ,h e r t z
2
s t a n d a r da c c e l e r a t i o n ,f t / s e c
modified Bessel f u n c t i o n ofsecondtype,orderzero
s c a l e - l e n g t h of a t m o s p h e r i ct u r b u l e n c e , ft
n inte.ger
P roll r a t e ( r i g h t wing down, p o s i t i v e ) , r a d / s e c
AP differential pressure, psi
P probability density function
9 p i t c h rate, ( n o s e - u p ,p o s i t i v e ) ,r a d / s e c also
dynamicpressure
r yaw r a t e , ( n o s er i g h t ,p o s i t i v e ) , rad/sec
vii
R (= -)% , ratio of s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s
‘d
Laplace transform variable
wing area, f t
2
t i m e , sec
t o t a l t i m e h i s t o r yl e n g t h , sec. a l s o t e m p e r a t u r e
i n theatmosphere, OF
-
U v e l o c i t y of t h e mean wind f t / s e c
U r e f e r e n c ef l i g h ts p e e d , ft/sec
0
(u,z,,w) X, JZ andz-components of a i r c r a f t v e l o c i t y w i t h
r e s p e c t t o s t i l l a i r , ft/sec
(Urn, urn,urn) X, JZ andz-componentsof the gust veiocities measured

a t t h ep r o b e h e a d s ,f t / s e c
(U w ) x, y andz-components of t h ev e l o c i t y of t h ep r o b e -
P’vP, P
head with respect t o an a i r c r a f t c e n t e r e d i n e r t i a l
a x i ss y s t e m ,f t / s e c
Y d i s t a n c e so ft h ep r o b e h e a d st ot h ea i r c r a f t center
of g r a v i t y , f t
2, Y, z a e r o d y n a m i cf o r c e so nt h e a i r c r a f t i n x, y and
z direction.
Z h eaisbgeohavtlee v e l
01 a i r c r aa fntg l e of a t t a cr k
ad,
01 p r oabn
aeo
tgtflaercakd,
P
B a i r c rsai fdte salni p
gr laed,
p r o b es i d e s l i pa n g l e ,r a d
BP
dT
Y (= - -)dZ , l a p s e r a t e , OF/1000 f t
v i i i
I
adiabaticlapserate, 'F/1000 ft
Gaussian white noise
standard deviation
atmosphericdensity
aircraft r o l l angle,rad
t i m e l a g , sec
power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y of t h e v a r i a b l e i, i n ( u n i t s
of t h e v a r i a b l e i)2/ h e r t z
cross s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y of t h e v a r i a b l e s i and j, i n
( u n i t s of v a r i a b l e i) ( u n i t s of v a r i a b l e j ) / h e r t z
SUBSCRIPTS
d e n o t e s u , v , or w g u s t component
= value a t reference flight condition
ix
"
ANALYSIS O F LOW ALTITUDE ATMOSPHERIC
TURBULENCE DATA MEASURED I N FLIGHT
SUMMARY
Thisreportpresentstheresults of t h e r e s e a r c h p e r f o r m e d
on t h e s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a t m o s p h e r i c t u r b u l e n c e
e n c o u n t e r e d by a n a i r c r a f t f l y i n g a t - l o w a l t i t u d e s .
The dependence of s e v e r a l s t a t i s t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of t h e
t u r b u l e n c e on t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e f l i g h t w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e
mean wind was e v a l u a t e d . The t u r b u l e n c e v e l o c i t i e s i n l o n g i -
tudinal, lateral, and v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n were measured a t t h e
w i n g t i p s of t h e a i r c r a f t .
E s t i m a t e s were made o f t h e p r o b a b i l i t y d e n s i t y , t h e power

spectra,andthecrossspectra of g u s t t i m e h i s t o r i e s measured
i n r u n s p a r a l l e l a n dp e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e wind d i r e c t i o n . The
probability density distributions of t h e v e r t i c a l g u s t s show
d i s t i n c t l y non-Gaussian c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The d i s t r i b u t i o n s of
t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l and l a t e r a l g u s t s a r e g e n e r a l l y G a u s s i a n .
The power s p e c t r a compare i n t h e i n e r t i a l s u b r a n g e a t

some p o i n t s b e t t e r w i t h t h e Dryden s p e c t r u m , w h i l e a t o t h e r
p o i n t st h e von Karman spectrum i s a b e t t e r approximation. In
t h e l o w f r e q u e n c yr a n g e t h e d a t a show p e a k s o r d i p s i n the
power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y .
The c r o s s s p e c t r a between v e r t i c a l g u s t s i n the direction

of t h e mean wind f o r t h e p r e s e n t data are comparedwith a
matchednon-Gaussianmodel. The r e a l component of t h e c r o s s
spectrum i s i n g e n e r a l c l o s e t o t h e non-Gaussianmodel. The
imaginarycomponent,however,indicates a l a r g e rp h a s es h i f t
betweenthesetwogustcomponentsthan w a s found i n p r e v i o u s
research.
The s p a t i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t u r b u l e n c e were a n a l y z e d by
c o m p a r i n ga u t o c o r r e l a t i o n sw i t ht h ec r o s sc o r r e l a t i o n sb e t w e e n
theappropriategusts a t t h e two w i n g t i p s a n d b y e s t i m a t i n g
t h ei n t e g r a ls c a l el e n g t h so ft h el o n g i t u d i n a l and l a t e r a l g u s t
t i m e histories.
The above r e s u l t s must be r e g a r d e d t o b e of a t e n t a t i v e
n a t u r e , as t h e d a t a were o b t a i n e d i n o n l y two f l i g h t s . More
d a t a is r e q u i r e d if more d e f i n i t e c o n c l u s i o n s a r e t o be drawn.
1. INTRODUCTION
T h i s c h a p t e r g i v e s a n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e g e n e r a l area of
interestinthisresearch program. A review i s g i v e n of some
of t h e p a s t r e s e a r c h on c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p r o p e r t i e s of atmospher-
i c t u r b u l e n c e a t low a l t i t u d e .F u r t h e r m o r e ,a ne x p l a n a t i o n of
t h e p u r p o s e of t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y a n d t h e r e a s o n i n g b e h i n d t h e
s e l e c t i o n of t h e a p p r o a c h f o r t h i s s t u d y are p r e s e n t e d .
1.1 Background of P a s t Research
Random p r o c e s s e s are u s u a l l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e p r o b a -
b i l i t y of t h e o c c u r r e n c e of a c e r t a i n e v e n t , e . g . a gustwith
a c e r t a i nm a g n i t u d e .T h i sp r o b a b i l i s t i cc h a r a c t e r i s expressed
intheprobabilitydensitydistribution,which i s d e f i n e d as
P r o b a b i l i t yd e n s i t y = P
U
(x)dx = P r o b a b i l i t yt h a t x < u - x + dx
The most commonlyknown probability density distribution is the

Gaussian distribution
1
Pu(x) = exp - - (1.1.1)
o p
Thisdistribution i s g e n e r a l l y u s e d as a model f o r a t m o s p h e r i c
turbulenceinthe f a t i g u e t e s t i n g of a i r c r a f t wings.
R e c e n t r e s e a r c h showed d i s t i n c t n o n - G a u s s i a n c h a r a c t e r i s -
t i c s i na t m o s p h e r i ct u r b u l e n c ee n c o u n t e r e db ya i r c r a f t ,p a r -
t i c u l a r l yi nt h e v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n . Reeves, e t a l . [ll and [ 2 ]
developed a non-Gaussianmodel,which consists basically of
the a d d i t i o n of GaussianandModified Bessel p r o c e s s e s . A
s c h e m a t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h i s s y s t e m i s shown i n f i g u r e l .
The p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d p a t c h y c h a r a c t e r of a
random p r o c e s s U ( t ) g e n e r a t e d i n t h e manner d e s c r i b e da b o v e
f o rt h en o n - G a u s s i a n model a r e a f u n c t i o n of t h e r a t i o of t h e
standard deviations
2
where d ( t l i s a Gaussianprocessand c ( t l i s a Modified
Bessel p r o c e s s g e n e r a t e d b y m u l t i p l i c a t i o n of t w o Gaussian
p r o c e s s e s a ( t l and b ( t l .
Reeves i n d i c a t e & t h a t t h e non-Gaussianmodelwith a value
for the standard deviation r a t i o R i n t h e o r d e r of u n i t y would
- g i v e a goodmatch w i t h m e a s u r e dd a t a .I nt h ep r e s e n tr e s e a r c h
a comparison i s made between t h e measured data a n d b o t h t h e
Gaussian modeland t h e non-Gaussianmodel for R = I .
Another very important statistical property of a t m o s p h e r i c
t u r b u l e n c e i s describedbythe power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y .
The power s p e c t r u m p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e a v e r a g e c o n t r i -
b u t i o n t o t h e random process from the frequency components
which make it up.Research byBurns [ 3 1 showed i n d i c a t i o n s
thattheshapeofthe power s p e c t r a was i n f l u e n c e d c o n s i d e r a b l y
'by t h e d i r e c t i o n o f f l i g h t w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e mean wind. It
showed p a r t i c u l a r l y t h a t t h e power' s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y of t h e
v e r t i c a l component a t l o w f r e q u e n c i e s w a s c o n s i d e r a b l y lower
d u r i n gt h ec r o s s w i n dr u n s . I n t h ep r e s e n tr e s e a r c ht h es h a p e
o ft h e power s p e c t r a i s e v a l u a t e d f o r d a t a r u n s b o t h p a r a l l e l
t o t h e wind and crosswind.
Severalanalyticalexpressionshavebeensuggestedto
r e p r e s e n t t h e power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y o f t h e t h r e e t u r b u l e n c e
gustcomponents. The most commonly u s e dr e p r e s e n t a t i o n s are
t h o s eo f Dryden [ 4 ] andvon
t h ea l g e b r a i cf o r m u l a t i o n s
Karman [51 . Chapter 4 1 p r e s e n t s
of t h e s em o d e l s . I n t h e r e s u l t s of
the present research a comparison i s made between t h e s p e c t r a
of the measured d a t a a n d t h e Drydenandvon Karman models.
A t o p i c of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t t o a t m o s p h e r i c s c i e n t i s t s
i s t h es h e a rf l o wi nt h eb o u n d a r yl a y e ro ft h ea t m o s p h e r e .
When a mass o f a i r moves o v e r t h e s u r f a c e of t h e e a r t h ,
t h e wind v e l o c i t y a t h i g h e r a l t i t u d e s w i l l behigherthan
a t lower a l t i t u d e s due t o t h e f r i c t i o n i n t h e boundary
layer. T h i s d i f f e r e n c e i n h o r i z o n t a lv e l o c i t yp r o d u c e s
r o t a t i o n i n t h ef l o w and t h u st u r b u l e n c e . In the
statistical analysis of the turbulence this phenomena c a n b e s t
b ea n a l y z e db yd e t e r m i n i n gt h e cross s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y of t h e
g u s t component i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e mean wind c o r r e l a t e d
w i t ht h ev e r t i c a lg u s t component.Elderkin [63 determined
thesecrossspectrafordatameasured a t a l t i t u d e s up t o
3
87 meters. Reeves, e t al.[1,21 developed a non-Gaussian model
basedonElderkin's tower measurements. I nt h ep r e s e n t re-
s e a r c h a comparison i s made b e t w e e n t h e cross s p e c t r a of t h e
measured t u r b u l e n c e and t h i s non-Gaussianmodel.
1.2 Purpose of t h eP r e s e n tS t u d y
The purpose of t h i s r e s e a r c h i s t o a t t e m p t t o d e t e r m i n e
i f t h e s t a t i s t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of t u r b u l e n c e a r e independent
of t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e f l i g h t p a t h w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e mean
wind. The s t a t i s t i c a l p r o p e r t i e sw h i c h are t o be e v a l u a t e d i n
t h i s c o n t e x t are:
probability density distribution

power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
autocorrelation
cross s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
cross c o r r e l a t i o n
i n t e g r a l scale l e n g t h .
The p r o b a b i l i t y d e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s a n d t h e power
s p e c t r a a r e compared f o r r u n s p a r a l l e l t o t h e windand cross-
wind. An estimate i s made of t h e i n t e g r a l scale l e n g t h so f
theturbulenceinorder t o d e t e r m i n et h ee l o n g a t i o n of t h e
turbulenceeddies.
An i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t of t h e p u r p o s e of t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y
i s t h e e v a l u a t i o n of t h e s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of a t m o s p h e r i c
turbulence. The main t o o l s i n t h i s e v a l u a t i o n are t h ea u t o -
c o r r e l a t i o n s of t h e m e a s u r e d g u s t t i m e h i s t o r i e s a t a v a l u e of
t h e time l a g T where T~ i s t h e time i t t a k e st h ea i r c r a f t
1
t o f l y a d i s t a n c ee q u a lt ot h es p a n of t h e a i r c r a f t . These
a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n s are t h e n compared w i t h t h e cross c o r r e l a t i o n
betweenmeasuredturbulencz v e l o c i t i e s a t two s e p a r a t e p o i n t s
i ns p a c e ,t h e t w o w i n g t i p s of t h e a i r c r a f t . Thiscomparison
s h o u l dp r o v i d ea ni n d i c a t i o nw h e t h e r t i m e c o r r e l a t i o n of a
gustsignalwith itself i s equivalent t o s p a t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n
of t w o g u s t s i g n a l s m e a s u r e d a t two s e p a r a t e p o i n t s .
4
2. THE TEST AIRCRAFT AND INSTRUMENTATION
Thischapterpresents a shortdescriptionoftheaircraft,
a twin-engineBeechcraft D-18S, and g i v e s some c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
such a s s t a b i l i t y d e r i v a t i v e s . The m o d i f i c a t i o n so ft h e air-
c r a f t which w e r e n e c e s s a r y t o p e r f o r m t h e t e s t program a r e
d e s c r i b e d .F u r t h e r m o r e a g e n e r a ld e s c r i p t i o n of t h ei n s t r u -
mentation i s given.
2.1 D e s c r i p t i o n of t h eA i r c r a f t
The B e e c h c r a f t D-18s i s a l o w wing a l l metal semi-mono-

coque a i r c r a f t w i t h f u l l y r e t r a c t a b l e c o n v e n t i o n a l l a n d i n g
g e a(rF i g . 2) . The a i r c r a f ut s e d i n t h i rse s e a r c h
pro-
gram, N-4545, i s poweredbytwo P r a t t andWhitney Model
R985-14B r a d i a l e n g i n e s , e a c h r a t e d a t 450 horsepower.
The principaldimensionsandgeometry of t h e a i r c r a f t a r e
giveninTable 1.
A t several points in the analysis of t h e d a t a i t w i l l be

n e c e s s a r y t o know t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e n a t u r a l modes of
t h ea i r c r a f t . Sandusky [ 7 ] d i d a s t u d y on t h e s t a b i l i t y
derivativesandthenatural modes of t h e B e e c h c r a f t D-18s.
Table 2 p r e s e n t s some e s t i m a t efsr o m
t h isst u d y .
2.2 Modifications
Inthissection some d e t a i l s are g i v e n r e l a t i n g t o t h e

n e c e s s a r y m o d i f i c a t i o n s of t h e a i r c r a f t , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h
r e s p e c t t o t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e g u s t booms andprobes on
thewingtipsandtheinstallation of e q u i p m e n t i n t h e c a b i n
of t h e a i r c r a f t .
The g u s t booms w e r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e p o d s a t the wingtips
of t h e a i r c r a f t ( F i g . 2 ) T h e sg
eust booms w e r e designed
suchthattheprobeheads were p o s i t i o n e d f a r i n f r o n t o f t h e
wing. The e f f e c t of t h e a i r f l o w a b o u t t h e wingon t h ed a t a
measurementwastherebyminimized. The u p f l o w i n f r o n t of
t h ew i n g a t c o n s t a n t a n g l e of a t t a c k i s a c c o u n t e d f o r t h r o u g h
5
t h ep r o b e h e a dc o n s t a n t C , which w a s o b t a i n e d from wind-
pa
t u n n e l tests.
V i b r a t i o n tests on t h e g u s t booms showed t h e i r n a t u r a l

f r e q u e n c y w e l l a b o v et e nc y c l e sp e rs e c o n d ,w h i c h is the
h i g h e s t f r e q u e n c y of i n t e r e s t i n t h i s program.
The probeheads were d e s i g n e d t o c a r r y t h e p r e s s u r e t r a n s -

ducers,which were connected t o t h e p r e s s u r e p o r t s on t h e
h e m i s p h e r i c a lf r o n to ft h ep r o b e h e a d s . The probeheads were
f i t t e d o nt h ef r o n te n d of t h e booms. A more d e t a i l e d
d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e p r o b e h e a d s i s g i v e n i n a p p e n d i x Al.
Inthecabin of t h e a i r c r a f t some m o d i f i c a t i o n s were made

t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of d a t a r e c o r d i n g e q u i p m e n t .
Intherightfrontcorner of t h e c a b i n , a g a i n s t t h e b u l k h e a d
0
d i v i d i n gt h ec o c k p i ta n d tzhe c a b i n , a p a n e l w a s i n s t a l l e d w i t h
i n s t r u m e n t ss u c h a s a i r s p e e di n d i c a t o r ,a l t i m e t e r ,o u t s i d e
a i r temperatureindicatorand rpm a n d m a n i f o l d p r e s s u r e i n d i -
c a t o r sf o rb o t he n g i n e s .T h i si n s t r u m e n tp a n e l ,b e i n gl o c a t e d
near t h e c . g . of t h e a i r c r a f t , a l s o c o n t a i n e d t h e v e r t i c a l a n d
l a t e r a l accelerometers.
The l e f t f r o n t c a b i n c h a i r w a s removedand i n i t s place

an Ampex F R 1 3 0 0 14 c h a n n e l FM t a p e r e c o r d e r w a s i n s t a l l e d .
J u s t above t h e t a p e r e c o r d e r , a T e k t r o n i x5 6 1o s c i l l o s c o p e was
f i t t e d on a s h e l f w h i c h i n t u r n w a s fixedtothecabinbulk-
head.
2I.n3s t r u m e n t a t i o n
The B e e c h c r a f t D-18s t e s t a i r c r a f t w a s i n s t r u m e n t e d t o
m e a s u r ea n dr e c o r dt h ev a r i a b l e sn e c e s s a r yf o rt h ec a l c u l a t i o n
o ft h et u r b u l e n c ev e l o c i t i e si nl o n g i t u d i n a l , l a t e r a l and
v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n a t t h ew i n g t i p s of t h e a i r c r a f t . The l a y -
o u t of t h ei n s t r u m e n t a t i o n i s shown i nF i g . 3 - A detailed
d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n a n d t h e c a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e
i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e di na p p e n d i x A.
Each w i n g t i p p r o b e c o n t a i n e d t h r e e d i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r e
transducersconnectedtoappropriatepressureports on t h e
h e m i s p h e r i c a lh e a d of t h ep r o b ew i t hs h o r tl e n g t h so f3 / 1 6 "
i.d. plastic tubing (Fig. 4) .
The p r o b e h e a d c o n s t a n t s f o r v e r t i c a l a n d lateral gust
v e l o c i t i e s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m wind t u n n e l t e s t s of t h e a c t u a l
6
I
probesintheVenturiwindtunneloftheDepartmentof
A e r o n a u t i c sa n dA s t r o n a u t i c s , as w e l l as from t e s t s of a 1/8
scale mo6el of t h e Beech D-18, i n c l u d i n g p r o b e s , i n t h e
F. K. K i r s t e n 8 ' x 1 2 ' wind t u n n e l t o g e t t h e e f f e c t s of flow
anglesinducedbytheaircraft.
The r e s u l t i n g c o n s t a n t s were:
%
! L = 5.45/rad f o rv e r t i c a lv e l o c i t i e s
qcrP
= 4.7/rad f o r lateral velocities

%
where Ap = p r e s s u r ed i f f e r e n c eb e t w e e nt h e 2 45' orifices.
q = dynamicpressure
(3 8 Bp = a n g l e s of a t t a c ko ft h ep r o b e h e a di nr a d i a n s
P
Thesevaluescomparefavorably w i t h thevalue of
2 = 4. S/rad o b t a i n e df r o mt h et h e o r e t i c a lc a l c u l a t i o n of
flowof a perfectfluidabout a sphere.
Longitudinalvelocities were measured a s d e s c r i b e d i n

appendix A . 3 .
Inorder t o determinethegustvelocitiesactually
o c c u r r i n gi nt h ea t m o s p h e r e it was n e c e s s a r y t o remove t h e
motionsoftheaircraftfromthegustvelocitysignals
measured by t h ep r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r s .T h i s w a s achievedby
m e a s u r i n gt h em o t i o n s of t h e a i r c r a f t w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g
i n s t r u m e n t a t i o ns y s t e m :
roll rate gyro

p i t c h rate gyro
yaw r a t e g y r o
l a t e r a l accelerometer
7
vertical accelerometer
vertical gyro (measuring the roll angle)
The motions of the probeheads were calculated from these

signals in computer program GUST (appendix B.3). The dif-
ferences between these computed probe velocities and the
velocities measured by the probes were then the gust velocities
occurring in the atmosphere.
8
3. DATA A C Q U I S I T I O N
The d a t a w e r e a c q u i r e d i n a series o f f l i g h t s w i t h
B e e c h c r a f t D-18s N4545, above open water i n t h e area of t h e
S t r a i t s of J u a n de F u c a ,s o u t h of V i c t o r i a , B. C .
T h i sc h a p t e rp r e s e n t s some a s p e c t s of t h e f l i g h t p l a n n i n g ,
thein-flightinstrumentoperationchecks,andgives a
d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e a t m o s p h e r i c c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g the t e s t
f l i g h t s as w e l l as a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s of
t h e area s u r r o u n d i n g t h e t e s t area.
3.1 F l i g hP
t lanning
For e a c h o n e o f t h e f l i g h t s , a f l i g h t p l a n w a s s e t up
g i v i n g a l l t h e t e s t items t h a t were t o be performed,and de-
scribingtheproceduresand test c o n d i t i o n s f o r each t e s t i t e m .
Beforeeachflight it w a s a s c e r t a i n e d t h a t a l l i n s t r u m e n t s a n d
t h er e c o r d i n ge q u i p m e n t were o p e r a t i n gp r o p e r l y . The i n s t r u -
m e n t a t i o n w a s c a l i b r a t e d r e g u l a r l y as d e s c r i b e d i n a p p e n d i x A.2.
T e s t i t e m #1 c o n s i s t e d o f t h e i n - f l i g h t i n s t r u m e n t o p e r a -
tionverification,usuallyperformedenroute f r o m Seattle t o
t h e t e s t area. I t c o n s t i t u t e dp i l o t - i n d u c e dm o t i o n so ft h e
a i r c r a f t ,p r e f e r a b l yi n s t i l l air. The s i g n a l so ft h ea p p r o -
p r i a t e i n s t r u m e n t s were monitored a t t h e o u t p u t of t h e recorder
andchecked f o r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h t h e m o t i o n .
I n s e c t i o n 3 . 2 a d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e i n s t r u m e n t o p e r a t i o n
c h e c k s ,b o t ho nt h eg r o u n da n di n - f l i g h t , is given.
Test itel? # 2 c o n s i s t e d of a sequenceofmotions a t alti-

tude. The s i g n a l s from t h ei n s t r u m e n t s were r e c o r d e df o ru s e
i n c h e c k i n g of computerprogram GUST. A f u r t h e rd i s c u s s i o n of
t h i s test i t e m is giveninsection 3 . 2 of t h i s r e p o r t .
A f t e r it w a s a s c e r t a i n e d t h a t a l l i n s t r u m e n t s o p e r a t e d
p r o p e r l ya n dt h em o t i o n s a t altitudehadbeen carried o u t , t h e
a i r c r a f t descended t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e a l t i t u d e f o r test i t e m
# 3 , t h ea t m o s p h e r i ct u r b u l e n c e d a t a r u n s .T h e s er u n s were
u s u a l l y made i n t h e area o f t h e S t r a i t s of J u a n de Fuca,
althoughon several o c c a s i o n s , when no f u l l data r u n s were
r e q u i r e d ,a n area closer t o S e a t t l e , s u c h as Hood Canal w a s
selected.
9
Table 3 gives a listing of the flights performed with
Beechcraft D-18s N4545 in this research program. Flights#1
through #5 were mainly concerned with checking out the gust
probe booms, the electrical power supplies and the instrumen-
tation installed in the aircraft for this program.
Flights # 15 and # 16 were the data flights which gave
data suitable for analysis. The results of this analysis are
presented in this report.
3.2 Instrument Operation Checks
Table 4 presents a listing of the data instruments

which were checked for proper operation before each flight an
in flight under test item#1: In-flight Instrument Operation
Verification.
On The Ground Checks.-The pressure transducers were

checked by putting a pressure load on one side of the pressur
transducers. The magnitude of the pressure was monitored on a
manometer. In appendix A.2, calibration of the data instru-
ments, a description of this system is given.
The rate gyros were checked by positioning them on a
specially designed rocker table, which produced a sinusoidal
oscillation. Appendix A . 2 also gives a full description of
this calibration technique.
The accelerometers were fixed on a platform which could
be leveled and then rotated about a horizontal axis. The ac-
celeration measured by the accelerometers varied sinusoidally
with the angle of rotation of the platform.
The roll angle was measured by the vertical gyro, posi-
aircraft, which could be rotated
tioned in the nose of the
about an axis parallel the
to aircraft's roll axis.
A l l the output signals from the above instruments were
checked at the output of the 14 channel tape recorder, in
order to insure that all segments of the data measuring and
recording equipment worked properly.
In-Flight Checks.-Operation of the instrumentation was
10
v e r i f i e d as t h e f i r s t t e s t i t e m o fe a c hf l i g h t .T h i sc h e c k i n g
usuallytookplacewhileenroute from S e a t t l e t o t h e t e s t
area. The p i l o ti n d u c e da i r c r a f tm o t i o n sa n dt h ea p p r o p r i a t e
s i g n a l s were m o n i t o r e d , a g a i n a t t h e o u t p u t of t h e t a p e
recorder.
By r o l l i n g t h e a i r c r a f t t h e v e r t i c a l p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r s ,
t h e r o l l r a t e g y r oa n dv e r t i c a lg y r oc o u l db ec h e c k e d . Yawing
and sideslipping provided an opportunity t o verify proper oper-
ationofthe yaw r a t e g y r o , t h e l a t e r a l p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r s ,
t h e l a t e r a l a c c e l e r o m e t e ra n dt h el o n g i t u d i n a lp r e s s u r et r a n s -
ducers. By making t h e a i r c r a f t go through a s h o r t p e r i o d
p i t c h i n g m o t i o n , it w a s p o s s i b l e t o c h e c k t h e s i g n a l of t h e
p i t c h g y r o and t h e v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r o m e t e r .
Motions a t A l t i t u d e . - T h i s t e s t i t e m , # 2 of t h e f l i g h t
plan,wasusuallyperformedafter it w a s v e r i f i e d t h a t a l l d a t a
i n s t r u m e n t so p e r a t e dp r o p e r l y .T h e s em o t i o n s ,r o l l i n g ,s h o r t
p e r i o dp i t c h i n g ,y a w i n ga n d a c o o r d i n a t e d t u r n , w e r e made i n
q u i c ks u c c e s s i o n . The r e c o r d sf r o mt h e s em o t i o n s were used
t o checkcomputerprogram G U S T , which was d e s i g n e d t o compute
g u s t time h i s t o r i e s from t h ep r e s s u r es i g n a l s . A detailed
descriptionofcomputerprogram GUST i s g i v e n i n a p p e n d i x B.3.
3.3 Data Runs
Figure 5 g i v e s a g e n e r a il d e a of t h e a r e a w h e r e t h e
d a t ar u n s were made. F o r t y miles t o t h e southwestof the
centerofthe t e s t a r e a was M t . Olympus, 7 9 6 5 f t . h i g h , t h e
highestpointofthe Olympic P e n i n s u l a . To t h e n o r t h w e s t was
V a n c o u v e rI s l a n d ,w h e r em o u n t a i n si nt h e vicinityofthe
S t r a i t s of J u a n d e F u c a r e a c h h e i g h t s of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3600 f t .
The p r e v a i l i n g wind flows between these two mountainmass-

es f r o m t h e P a c i f i c O c e a n , t h r o u g h t h e S t r a i t s of JuandeFuca
towardtheCascadeMountainRange, 80 miles e a s t of t h e t e s t
area.
Duringeachoftheflightswhichgave a f u l l set ofdata,
f o u r r u n s w e r e made, t h e f i r s t r u n i n t o t h e wind, t h es e c o n d
run w i t h t a i l w i n d , f o l l o w e d by two crosswindruns.Data were
t a k e nf o ra b o u t 4 t o 5 m i n u t e s d u r i n g each r u n .
Figures 6 and 7 p r e s e nt htpea t t e r nt sh a t were
f l o w n d u r i n g f l i g h t #15 and #16 r e s p e c t i v e l y , The p r e v a i l i n g
s u r f ace wind d u r i n g t h e t e s t p e r i o d 1 s a l s o Indicated.
Tables 5 and 6 g i v e the b a s icco n d i t i o n s of t h e
f o u rd a t ar u n s of f l i g h t s #15 and #16. These are t h e f l i g h t s
f o r whichtherecorded data could be fully reduced t o statis-
t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of t h e t u r b u l e n c e .
3.4 Atmospheric
Conditions
F o rp r o p e re v a l u a t i o n of t h e s t a t i s t i c p r o p e r t i e s of t h e
a t m o s p h e r i ct u r b u l e n c e d a t a , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o know t h e con-
d i t i o n so f the atmosphere a t t h e time t h e d a t a were t a k e n .I n
p a r t i c u l a r , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o knowhow t h e d e c r e a s e of temper-
dT
a t u r ew i t hh e i g h t ,t h el a p s e rate ( y = - ;iz) , compareswith
t h ea d i a b a t i cl a p s e rate r (I' = l0C/1UU M or 5.5°F/1UU0 ft).

I n a h y d r o s t a t i c a l l yu n s t a b l ea t m o s p h e r e y > r. Under
t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s a volume o f a i r w h i c h h a s b e e n d i s p l a c e d up-
ward w i l l e x p e r i e n c ea na d d i t i o n a l force upward. I n t h e case
t h a t y < I' a volume of a i r w h i c hh a sb e e nd i s p l a c e d upward
w i l l be a t a lower t e m p e r a t u r et h a n i t s environmentandthus
e x p e r i e n c e a downward force. An a t m o s p h e r eh a v i n gt h e s e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s is classified stable.
If t h el a p s e r a t e y i s a p p r o x i m a t e l ye q u a l t o t h ed r y
a d i a b a t i cl a p s e r a t e r t h ea t m o s p h e r e i s c l a s s i f i e dn e u t r a l .
Turbulence i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e i s a f f e c t e d b o t h by t h e
above m e n t i o n e d h y d r o s t a t i c c o n d i t i o n o f t h e a t m o s p h e r e a n d by
t h e mean h o r i z o n t a l f l o w o f a i r fromwhich i t d e r i v e s e n e r g y
t h r o u g ht h e - R e y n o l d s Stress. T h i s" m e c h a n i c a l "t u r b u l e n c e is
t h e nd e p e n d e n to nw h e t h e rt h e r a t e ofenergysupply f r o m the
mean f l o w e x c e e d s t h e r a t e of work t o b e d o n e i n t h e e a r t h ' s
g r a v i t yf i e l di n moving a i r i n v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n . The p a r a -
meter r e l a t i n g b u o y a n t p r o d u c t i o n t o stress p r o d u c t i o n i n a
u s e f u l manner i s the g r a d i e n t R i c h a r d s o n number
(3.4.1)
12
where 0 is thepotentialtemperature
2 theheightabovethesurface
g thegravityconstant,and
-
u t h e v e l o c i t y of t h e mean flow,
Foranideal gas t h e g r a d i e n t R i c h a r d s o n number can b e

expressed as, reference [ 8 I
U n s t a b l ea i rc o r r e s p o n d st o
c l a s s i f i e da sn e u t r a l .
Ri < 0 .
I f Ri -
0 the air is
Under these c o n d i t i o n s t h e t u r b u l e n c e
i s p u r e l y d r i v e n by t h e mean flow.
F o rs t a b l ec o n d i t i o n s , R i > 0 , two r e g i o n sc a nb e
d i s t i n g u i s h e d :o n e when -0 < Ri < - 0 . 2 5 , underwhichcondi-
tionsmechanicalturbulence i s dampedby t h e t h e r m a l s t a b i l i t y
of t h ea t m o s p h e r e ,a n dt h eo t h e r when 0 . 2 5 -
< R i , when no
turbulenceinverticaldirectioncanbemaintained.
Figures 8 and 9 g i vt h
et e m p e r a t u r e as a f u n c t i o n
of a l t i t u d e f o r f l i g h t s # 1 5 and #16, t h e two f l i g h t s f o r which
t h e d a t a are reduced t o p r o b a b i l i s t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n t h i s
report. I n t h e s ef i g u r e sb o t ht e m p e r a t u r e sm e a s u r e di nf l i g h t
and thosemeasured by t h e Q u i l l a y u t e w e a t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n
s t a t i o n are p r e s e n t e d .
From t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e w i n d v e l o c i t y i n f o r m a t i o n
presentedintheabovefigures a c a l c u l a t i o n was made of t h e
g r a d i e nRt i c h a r d s o n number. Table 7 g i v etsh icsa l c u l a -
t i o na n dt h er e s u l t i n gR i c h a r d s o nn u m b e r s ,w h i c ht h e ng i v ea n
i n d i c a t i o n of t h e s t a b i l i t y of t h e a t m o s p h e r e d u r i n g t h e time
of t h e t e s t f l i g h t s .
The m o s t d e s i r a b l e a t m o s p h e r i c c o n d i t i o n f o r t u r b u l e n c e
d a t a c o l l e c t i o n i s onewherereasonablystrongwindsoccur,
which i s t h e case f o r u n s t a b l e a i r . Table 7 shows t h a t
theatmosphere w a s s l i g h t l y u n s t a b l e d u r i n g b o t h test f l i g h t s .
13
4. ANALYSIS AND D I S C U S S I O NO F THE RESULTS
Thischapterpresentsananalysis of t h e g u s t t i m e
histories,theprobabilitydistributions,the power s p e c t r a ,
t h e cross s p e c t r a , a n d t h e s p a t i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e
measuredturbulence. The f i r s t s e c t i o ng i v e st h et h e o r e t i c a l
background f o r t h e a n a l y s i s .
The d a t a r e d u c t i o n p r o c e s s w h i c h was f o l l o w e d i n o b t a i n -
ingtheseresults from t h e raw d a t a i s d e s c r i b e d i n a p p e n d i x B.
4.1 T h e o r e t i c aB
l ackground
The f u n c t i o nw h i c h i s g e n e r a l l y u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
measureofpredictability of random p r o c e s s e s i s t h e cross
c o r r e l a t i o nf u n c t i o n ,d e f i n e d as
CUwf'r) = Lim -
T"
2T
1
1 uft) w f t + .r)dt (4.1.1)
-T
u(t) and w f t ) a r e t w o random p r o c e s s e sa n dt h i sc o r r e l a t i o n

i s themeasure of p r e d i c t a b i l i t y of w a t a f u t u r e time
f t + 'I) based on t h e knowledge of u a t time t .
I f a random p r o c e s s i s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h i t s e l f , t h e
function is calledautocorrelationfunction
(4.1.2)
A parameter of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t is the integral scale

l e n g t h ,d e f i n e d as
14
(4.1.3)
which i s a m e a s u r e o f t h e d i s t a n c e a n a i r c r a f t f l i e s t h r o u g h
t u r b u l e n c ew h i c h i s c o r r e l a t e dw i t h i t s e l f . I t i s t h e r e f o r e
an indicationoftheaveragesize of t h e t u r b u l e n c e e d d i e s i n
the atmosphere.
Two v e r y i m p o r t a n t s t a t i s t i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n s of atmospher-
i c a l t u r b u l e n c e are g i v e n b y t h e power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y a n d
t h ec r o s ss p e c t r a ld e n s i t y . Thepower s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y ofa
random p r o c e s s i s d e f i n e d a s t h e F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m o f i t s auto-
correlationfunction
(4.1.4)
where f = frequency i n c y c l e s / s e c o n d . The c r o s ss p e c t r a l

d e n s i t y of two
random p r o c e s s e s u i t ) and w i t ) i s t h e nt h e
Fouriertransformoftheircrosscorrelation
(4.1.5)
-03
T h e s e s p e c t r a are f u n c t i o n s o f b o t h p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e fre-
quency f o n l fyom r a t h e m a t i c aclo n v e n i e n c eN. egative f
doesnothaveanyphysicalsignificance.
It is notedthatthe power spectrum i s always a r e a l

f u n c t i o n , since i t i s t h e F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m of t h e a u t o c o r r e l a -
t i o nf u n c t i o n ,w h i c hc o n t a i n sn op h a s ei n f o r m a t i o n . The cross
spectrumhowever, i s a complex f u n c t i o n of t h ef r e q u e n c y . The
r e a l component i s called theco-spectrum aP w h i l et h e
imaginarycomponent i s called thequad-spectrum
@ - i
.
The
l a t t e r component c o n t a i n s t h e i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e p h a s e s h i f t
15
between the t w o random p r o c e s s e s .
Severalmathematicalmodelshavebeensuggested t o de-
scribethe.powerspectraldensity of t h e t h r e e t u r b u l e n c e g u s t
components. The modelsuggestedby von Karman [ S I i s g e n e r a l -
l y c o n s i d e r e dt h e most a c c u r a t e one. Dryden'smodel [4] is
u s u a l l yu s e di nt u r b u l e n c es i m u l a t i o n , as t h e r e s u l t i n g s p e c t r a
c a nb ee x a c t l ym a t c h e du s i n gl i n e a rf i l t e r s .B o t hm o d e l s will
beused i n t h i sr e p o r ti n a s l i g h t l ym o d i f i e df o r m . The f o l -
l o w i n gc h a n g e sa r ei n t r o d u c e d : (1) i n s t e a d of a s i n g l es c a l e
l e n g t h L f o r a l l t h r e eg u s tc o m p o n e n t si n d e p e n d e n tv a l u e s
f o re a c hg u s t component w i l l beused. ( 2 ) The f o r m of t h e
l a t e r a l power spectrum w i l l bechanged t o a form s i m i l a r t o
t h a tu s e df o rt h el o n g i t u d i n a l power spectrum. The a l g e b r a i c
formof t h em o d e l st ob eu s e d i n this report are then
von Karman :
(4.1.6)
(4.1.7)
(4.1.8)
Dryden :
16
-2
E "1
7-
QJf) = O; Lv 2
(4.1.10)
0 + (2rLvf)
U
c 0
(4.1.11)
The cross s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y ( E q . 4.1.5) p r o v i d e si n f o r m a t i o n on

t h ep h a s er e l a t i o n s h i p s of thefrequencycomponents of t w o
random p r o c e s s e s .I ng e n e r a l little i s known a b o u tt h ec r o s s
s p e c t r a of t h eg u s tc o m p o n e n t s of a t m o s p h e r i c t u r b u l e n c e .
Reeves, e t a l . [ 1 , 2 l u s e d a m a t h e m a t i c a l model based on

E l d e r k i n ' s data.
+t I
p
-
"r f )
A , B and R are p a r a m e t e r s a t i s f y i n gt h ef o l l o w i n g
conditions
17
2L
2LW
A > - A > L
U U
0 0
L
B > -LW
U
B > -
2L
U
0 0
where R i s a g a i nt h er a t i o of t h es t a n d a r dd e v i a t i o n s .I n
t h ec o m p a r i s o nb e t w e e nt h e d a t a from t h e p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h p r o -
gram andtheabovemodel i t s h o u l d be r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e a i r -
c r a f t coordinatesystemonlycoincideswiththe wind c o o r d i n a t e
s y s t e md u r i n gt h e downwind r u n .I nt h e case of theheadwind
r u nt h es i g n of t h e u - w cross spectrum i s i n v e r s e d ,w h i l e
f o rt h ec r o s s w i n dr u n st h e v - Z J cross spectrum i s e q u i v a l e n t
t o u-ZJ i nt h e above model.
Withrespect t o thecorrelationbetween t w o g u s t compo-

nents,inthe same d i r e c t i o n ,m e a s u r e d a t t w o separatepoints
thefollowingobservations may b e made:
- (small t u r b u l e n c ee d d i e s )t h e
A t h i g hf r e q u e n c i e s
random p r o c e s s e s a t t h e two p o i n t ss e p a r a t e d by d i s t a n c e b
(thewingspanof t h e a i r c r a f t ) , w i l l o c c u ri n d e pendently of
e a co
ht h e r . The cross spectrum w i l l t h e nb en e a r zero.
- A t l o w f r e q u e n c i e s( l a r g et u r b u l e n c ee d d i e s )b o t h
s e n s o r s w i l l measure a s i m i l a r s i g n a l c h a n g e a n d t h e correla-
tion w i l l be large.
- A t i n t e r m e d i a t ef r e q u e n c i e s( i nt h ep r e s e n t data
between . 2 and 1 H z ) t h e r e w i l l be some c o r r e l a t i o na n d
t h e power spectrum w i l l have a n o r m a l i z e d v a l u e
cT .cT betweenzeroandapproximately .3 .
z j
Inorder t o analyzethespatialcharacteristicsofthe
turbulence it i s n e c e s s a r y t o e s t i m a t e t h e a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n
functionofthegust t i m e h i s t o r i e s f o r a v a l u e of t h e time
l a g T e q u a l t o t h e time it t a k e s t h e a i r c r a f t t o f l y a
d i s t a n c ee q u a l t o t h ew i n g s p a n .T h i s estimate i s found by
18
takingtheinverseFouriertransform of t h e power s p e c t r a l
density
(4.1.13)
-OD
A s t h e power spectrum i s a n e v e n f u n c t i o n t h i s c a n be w r i t t e n
as
(4.1.14)
Inorderto compare d a t a from d i f f e r e n t r u n s t h e c o r r e l a t i o n

f u n c t i o n s are normalized t o y i e l d c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s
As b o t h t h e c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n a n d t h e power s p e c t r a l
d e n s i t y are r e a l f u n c t i o n s o n l y t h e r e a l p a r t of t h e exponen-
tial functionintheintegral i s used
(4.1.16)
The c r o s s c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n i s determinedfromthe
cross s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y i n t h e f o l l o w i n g manner
19
From Eq. 4.1.5
-03
which may be written

as
CijtT) =
-03
1 Qijtf) P o s 2nf.r + i sin 2 ~ f d d f (4.1.18)
As the two gust time histories are measured at exactly the

same time the cross correlation becomes
(4.1.19)
The cross correlation is a real function,

so only the real
part of the complex cross spectrum is used.
As this real part
is even, the cross correlation
may be writtenas
(4.1.20)
Normalization gives
(4.1.21)
These expressions (Eqs. 4.1.16 and 4.1.21) are used in
section 4.5 to calculate the normalized autocorrelation and
cross correlation.
4.2 Probability Distributions

The probability density distributions
of the gust compo-
nents at both wingtips are presented in figs.10 through
17.
The data were measured in the following runs. Data showing
100, samples/sec were limited to about
150 seconds in length,
while those reduced at50 samples/sec could run to300 seconds.
. ~
FLIGHT ~~
RUN -- .. . . .
15 1 Upwind
2 Downwind
3 Crosswind, wind from the right
4 Crosswind, wind from the left
16 1 Upwind
2 Downwind
3 Crosswind, wind from the left
4 Crosswind, wind from the right
The probability density of the vertical gusts encountered by

the aircraft shows distinctly non-Gaussian characteristics,
particularly for the downwind and the crosswind runs (Fig.
, 12c , and13c
I ~ C 1 . Fortheupwindruns itis
slightly less distinct, but still closer to the non-Gaussian
model than to the Gaussian model (Fig. IoC and 14c .
An exampleof a particularly non-Guassian probability
density distribution is shown in Fig. 18 . The gust time
history was 170 seconds long and was sampled at 100
samples per second. It is seen that the measured data match
very well with the non-Gaussian model for R = 2 .
Gusts in the direction of the mean wind are measured as

longitudinal gusts in the up and downwind runs and as lateral
21
g u s t si nt h ec r o s s w i n dr u n s .I ng e n e r a lt h e s eg u s t s show
G a u s s i ac nh a r a c t e r i s t i (cFs i g . I l a , 12b , 14a , 1 6 b
and 17a a l t h o u g h some cases show s t r o n ge x c e p t i o n to this
r u l( eF i g . loa and15a ).
The g u s t component perpendicular t o the mean wind i s

measured a s l a t e r a l g u s t i n t h e upand downwind runsand as
l o n g i t u d i n a l g u s t i nt h ec r o s s w i n dr u n s . The g u s t t i m e
h i s t o r i e s of t h i s component are i n g e n e r a l a l s o Gaussian(Fig.
10b , 12a , 16a ) , w i t ha,g a i n , some non-Gaussian excep-
t i o n( F
s i1
g5, a ).
4.3 Power S p e c t r a
The power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s of thecomponentsofthe

g u s t s e n c o u n t e r e d a t b o t h w i n g t i p s of t h e a i r c r a f t are p r e -
s e n t eidFni g . 19 through 26 . A l s o p r e s e n t eidtnh e s e
g r a p h s are t h e von Karman andDryden s p e c t r a( E q s . 4.1.6
through 4.1.11). The s c a l el e n g t h L of t h e s es p e c t r a i s set
suchthatthevariance i s e q u a l t o t h e v a r i a n c e of t h a t p a r -
t i c u l a r g u s t time h i s t o r y .
The L o n g i t u d i n a l G u s t . - G e n e r a l l y t h e power
s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y of t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l g u s t componentfrom
f l i g h t # 1 5 compares w e l l w i t h t h e D r y d e ns p e c t r u m ,p a r t i c u l a r -
fl to
yhr e downwind r (uFni g u r e 20a ) . The s p e c t r a
of t h e c r o s s w i n d r u n s show a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n t h e
s p e c t r adle n s i tbye t w e e n .3 and . 4 Hz . (Fig. 21a
22a
and ) . Run # 3 shows more power a t v e r y
low f r e q u e n c i e s( b e l o w . I H z ) w h i l er u n # 4 shows much less
power i n t h i s f r e q u e n c y r a n g e .
The power s p e c t r a o f t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l g u s t component from

f l i g h t # 1 6 show g o o d c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h t h e von Karman spec-
t r a , p a r t i c u l a r l yi nt h ei n e r t i a ls u b r a n g e( t h ef r e q u e n c y
r a n g ew h e r ee n e r g yt r a n s f e r from l o w e r t o h i g h e r f r e q u e n c i e s
t a k e sp l a c ew i t h o u te n e r g yd i s s i p a t i o n ) . However, i n t h e l o w
frequencyrange(belowapproximately . 2 H z ) t h es p e c t r a of
t h em e a s u r e dd a t ao ft h e upwindand t h e downwind r u n s( F i g .
23a , 24a ) and of one crosswind run
(Fig. 26a
do n o t match t h e von Karman spectrumvery w e l l . There i s no
readilyavailableexplanationforthisbehavior.
22
._." ... .........- .. . "._. .... "... "-."- . .. ..

The Lateral Gust Component.-The s p e c t r a of b o t h t h e up-
windand t h e downwind r u n of f l i g h t #15 show e x c e l l e n t , c o r -
r e s p o n d e n c ew i t ht h e Drydenmodel ( F i g u r e 19.b and
20b ) . The s p e c t r ao ft h e l a t e r a l g u s t sm e a s u r e d a t b o t h
t h e l e f t and t h e r i g h t w i n g t i p d u r i n g r u n # 3 of f l i g h t #15
show a d i p a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y . 2 Hz ( F i g u r e 21b 1
For r u n # 4 t h e power s p e c t r a l d e m i t y showsgood correspond-
e n c ew i t ht h ev o n Karman model(Figure 22b ) .
The d a t a of f l i g h t # 1 6 g a v e s p e c t r a w h i c h i n g e n e r a l
corresponded w e l l w i t h t h e von Karman model. Below a p p r o x i -
mately . 2 Hz,however, t h e .power s p e c t r a ld e n s i t y of t h e
m e a s u r e dt u r b u l e n c ef a l l sb e l o wt h a to ft h e von Karman
spectrum,and shows t e n d e n c i e s similar t o t h o s e o f t h e l o n g i -
t u d i n aglu s t s( .F i g . 24b , 2 % I and 26b
The Vertical Gust Component.-The d a t a of f l i g h t #15 f o r

t h i s component show a ni n t e r e s t i n g phenomenon. The s p e c t r a
of t h e upwindandcrosswind r u n s d i s p l a y a sharppeak a t
approximately . 2 Ha . ( F i g u r e 19c , 21c and
22c ) . The s p e c t r a of t h e downwind r u n show a
d i p a t tfhriesq u e n( Fc yi g . 20c ) . Tchhias r -
a c t e r i s t i c of t h e s p e c t r a i s a p p a r e n t l y d u e t o a helical flow
p a t t e r ni nt h ed i r e c t i o n of t h e mean w i n d .T h i sf l o wp a t t e r n
i s d e s c r i b e db y Brown [ 9 ] andby LeMone [10]. I t c o n s i s t s
basicallyofhorizontalrollvorticesinthedirectionofthe
mean wind. Fig. 27 ( f r o m [lq) i l l u s t r a t etsh fel o w model.
The peak i n t h e power s p e c t r a o f t h e d a t a may t h e n b e

e x p l a i n e da sf o l l o w s :D u r i n gt h e upwind r u nt h ea i r c r a f t
f l e w i n t h e p a r t of a r o l l v o r t e x w h e r e s t r o n g up o r down-
draftsoccurred,whichthenresultedinhigh power a t t h i s
f r e q u e n c y .D u r i n gt h e downwind r u n t h e a i r c r a f t f l e w i n t h e
c e n t e r p a r t of a v o r t e x , w h i c h g a v e r e l a t i v e l y little power
i n t h i sf r e q u e n c yr a n g eo ft h e power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y . Dur-
ingthecrosswindrunsthe a i r c r a f t c r o s s e d a number of vor-
tices a t r i g h t a n g l e s , e x p e r i e n c i n g a l t e r n a t e l y upand down-
d r a f t s , whichthenresultedinhigher power a t t h i s f r e q u e n c y .
The power s p e c t r a of t h e d a t a of f l i g h t # 1 6 show t h e

f o l l o w i n gc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : The s p e c t r a of t h e v e r t i c a l g u s t
t i m e histories of all four runs indicate higher power t h a n
t h e von Karman o r Dryden s p e c t r a a b o v e a frequency of
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 Hz ( F i g u r e 23c 2 4 ~I 2% I
and 2 6 c ) . N o e x p l a n a t i o nf o rt h i sb e h a v i o rc o u l db e
found.
23
A t t h e l o w f r e q u e n c ye n dt h e power s p e c t r a o f t h e
v e r t i c a l g u s t time h i s t o r i e s d i s p l a y e d q u i t e d i f f e r e n t c h a r -
a c t e r i s t i c s f o r d i f f e r e n tr u n s : The s p e c t r a of t h e upwind
rudn r o p p e sdh a r p l b
yelow approximately . 2 5 Hz (Figure
23c ) . The s p e c t r a of t h e downwind r urne m a i n esdt e a d y
below - 5 H z , b u t f o r t h e l e f t wing t h e v a l u e w a s below t h e
level e x p e c t e d f r o m t h e von Karman andDryden s p e c t r a , w h i l e
fortheright w i n gt h es p e c t r as t a y e da b o v et h i s level ( F i g .
24c ) . The s p e c t r a of ct rhoes s wri u nnds showed
a s h a r pd i p a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y . 2 H z , s i m i l a r t o t h e d i p
e n c o u n t e r e di nt h es p e c t r ao ft h e downwind r u n of f l i g h t # 1 5
(Fig. 25c
and 26c ) .
W i t h i nt h e time a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e d a t a
i t w a s n o t p o s s i b l e t o findanexplanation for thecharacter-
i s t i c s o f t h e power s p e c t r a of t h e v e r t i c a l g u s t t i m e
historiesmeasuredinflight #16.
I n g e n e r a l i t c a nb ec o n c l u d e dt h a ti n some cases t h e
von Karman s p e c t r a p r o v i d e a good d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e t u r b u -
lence,whileinother cases t h e Dryden s p e c t r a g i v e a b e t t e r
approximation. A t low f r e q u e n c i e ss h a r pp e a k s o r d i p so c c u r ,
which a r e approximatedbyneithermodel.
4.4 Cross S p e c t r a
Inthissection t w o a s p e c t s of t h e c r o s s s p e c t r a of t h e
m e a s u r e d d a t a are c o n s i d e r e d .
(1) The C o r r e l a t i o n Between t h e

in the Direction of .~t h e. Mean W i n d a-~ n d-t h e V e r t i c a l Component.
- F i g u r e s 28 and 2 9 p r e s e n t t h e s e cross s p e c t r a f o r
t h e d a t a of f l i g h t #15 and #16. A s i n d i c a t e d i n s e c t i o n 4.1
f o rt h e upand downwind r u n st h e u-w spectrumshouldbe
consideredw , h i l ef o rt h ec r o s s i w n dr u n st h e v-w c r o s s
s p e c t r u ms h o u l db ec o n s i d e r e d .T h e s eg r a p h sa l s o show t h e
non-Gaussianmodel(Eq. 4 . 1 . 1 2 ) w i t ht h ea p p r o p r i a t e scale
lengths. I t i s s e e nt h a tt h ec o - s p e c t r u m( t h e r e a l p a r to f
t h ec r o s ss p e c t r a ld e n s i t y ) of thenon-Gaussianmodelin
g e n e r a lc o r r e s p o n d sr e a s o n a b l y w e l l w i t ht h ec o - s p e c t r u m
o ft h e m e a s u r e dd a t a( F i g . 28b , 28d , 29a ) . H oweve r ,
theimaginarycomponent,thequad-spectrum, of t h e p r e s e n t
d a t a i s u s u a l l yl a r g e rt h a n w a s assumed i nt h en o n - G a u s s i a n
model ( F i g u r e s 28 and 2 9 ) . T hi n s dicates a larger
24
phase s h i f t between t h e g u s t component i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f
t h e mean windand the vertical gust component.
( 2 ) The C o r r e l a t i o n Between t h e Componentof a Gust a t t h e

L e f t W i n g t i p and the Gust Component i n t h e Same D i r e c t i o n a t
t hRei g W
ht ingtip.-Fig. 30 through . 32 p r e s e nt h
t ese
c r o s s s p e c t r a f r o m t h e d a t a of f l i g h t #15 and #16. These
g r a p h s show a t w h i c h f r e q u e n c y t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m no c o r r e l a -
t i o n ( a t h i g hf r e q u e n c i e s , small t u r b u l e n c e e d d i e s ) t o f u l l
c o r r e l a t i o n ( a t low f r e q u e n c i e s ,l a r g et u r b u l e n c ee d d i e s )t a k e s
p l a c e .F o rt h el o n g i t u d i n a lg u s t component t h i so c c u r su s u a l l y
a t a p p r o x i m a t e l yt h e same f r e q u e n c y , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e d i r e c -
t i o n of t h e wind w . r . t . the f l i g h t p a t h o f t h e a i r c r a f t ( F i g .
30 ) .
The l a t e r a l g u s t s are c o r r e l a t e d up t o h i g h e r f r e q u e n c i e s
f o rt h ec r o s s w i n dr u n s( F i g . 31c , 31d , 31g , 31h )
than i s t h ec a s ef o rt h e up and downwind r u n s( F i g . 31.a,
31b , 31e , and 3lf ) .
For the vertical componentno p a r t i c u l a r t r e n d couldbe
d i s t i n g u i s h e di nt h i sr e s p e c t . However, f o rs e v e r a lr u n st h e
r e a l andimaginarycomponentofthecrossspectrum w e r e approxi-
m a t e l ye q u a a
l nd a t low f r e q u e n c i e s (.U5 t o .Z H z ) r e t u r n e d
t oz e r oc o r r e l a t i o n .T h i s w a s p a r t i c u l a r l yt h ec a s ef o rt h e
up and downwind r u n so f l i g h t #15 ( F i g . 32a , 32b ) and
f o r t h e upwind r u no ff l i g h t # 1 6 ( F i g . 32e ) .
4.5 S p a t i aC
l haracteristics
I t i s againemphasizedthattheresultspresentedinthis
s e c t i o n a r e based ona l i m i t e d amount of d a t a , and t h e
c o n c l u s i o n s drawn are t h e r e f o r e of a t e n t a t i v e n a t u r e .
The a n a l y s i s of t h e s p a t i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i s based
on t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .
(1) According t oT a y l o r ' sH y p o t h e s i s [I11 t h e t i m e f l u c t u a -

t i o n s o ft u r b u l e n c e a t a f i x e d p o i n t can b e c o n s i d e r e d e q u a l
to thefluctuationscaused a t t h a t p o i n t by t h e e n t i r e f i e l d ,
f r o z e n a t a p a r t i c u l a r i n s t a n t andconvectedpastthepoint.
I n t h i s a n a l y s i s a na t t e m p t i s made to checkthehypothesisby
c o m p a r i n gt h ea u t o c o r r e l a t i o nf u n c t i o na t a t i m e l a g -r1
- w i n g s p a n c corr)or teshfslu
w
ae n
tiictohtni o n
1
'
( aircraft v e l o c i t y
25
oftheappropriategusts a t t h e two w i n g t i p s . E.g,., t h e a u t o -
c o r r e l a t i o n of t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l g u s t component f o r t h e up or
downwind r u n i s compared w i t ht h e V-V c r o s sc o r r e l a t i o n of
t h e c r o s s w i n d Iruns.
The c o r r e l a t i o n s are c a l c u l a t e d from t h e s p e c t r a i n t h e

manner d e s c r i b e idsne c t i o n 4.1. Table 8 p r e s e n ttsh e
normalizedautocorrelationsandcrosscorrelationsfromflight
#15 f o r t h i s comparison.
The r e s u l t sp r e s e n t e di n Takle 8 g i vn
ecoo n c l u s i v e
evidence. The a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n C u ( ~ , ) otfh e downwind r u n
doesnotcomparevery w e l l w i t h t h ec r o s sc o r r e l a t i o n
-
Cvv(U)
of t h ec r o s s w i n dr u n s .S i m i l a r l yt h ea u t o c o r r e l a t i o n
..,
w e l l w i t ht h ec r o s sc o r r e l a -
C v ( ~ , )
- ofrun # 4 doesnotcompare
o ft h e upand downwind r u n s . I t i s noted
tions (0)
cuu
however t h a tt h ea u t o c o r r e l a t i o n ? u ( ~ , ) o ft h e downwind r u n
i s o fa p p r o x i m a t e l yt h e same m a g n i t u d e a s t h e c r o s s c o r r e l a t i o n
..,
C (0) of t h e up and downwind r u n s S. i m i l a r l yt h ea u t o c o r -
uu Y
r e l a t i o n C v ( ~ , ) of r u n # 4 i s a p p r o x i m a t e l ye q u a tl o Cvv(U)
- .
( 2 ) The s t r u c t u r eo ft h et u r b u l e n c e may a l s ob ea n a l y z e d
by c o m p a r i n g t h e a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n o f a p a r t i c u l a r g u s t compo-
n e n t a t t i m e l a g T, w i t ht h ec r o s sc o r r e l a t i o nb e t w e e nt h i s
g u s t componentand t h e component i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n a t t h e
o t h e rw i n g t i p .E . g . ,t h ea u t o c o r r e l a t i o no ft h ev e r t i c a lg u s t
i s comparedwiththe w-w c r o s sc o r r e l a t i o no ft h e same d a t a
run.Table 9 p r e s e n ttshree s u l t s of t h i s comparison.
These c o r r e l a t i o n s are a l s o computedfrom thespectra i n the
manner d e s c r i b e di ns e c t i o n 4.1.
I t is seenthattheautocorrelations comparereasonably
w e l l w i t ht h ec r o s sc o r r e l a t i o n s ,i n d e p e n d e n to ft h ed i r e c t i o n
o f t h e mean wind w . r . t . the flightpath.
( 3 ) A t h i r da s p e c t of t h es t r u c t u r eo fa t m o s p h e r i ct u r b u -
lencewhichcanbechecked i s t h ee l o n g a t i o no ft h et u r b u l e n c e
e d d i e s .T h i s i s doneby e s t i m a t i n gt h ei n t e g r a ls c a l el e n g t h s
by m a t c h i n g t h e v a r i a n c e o f t h e m e a s u r e d t u r b u l e n c e w i t h the
v a r i a n c eo ft h el o n g i t u d i n a l Drydenmodel. The r e s u l t i n g s c a l e
lengthsareanindication of t h e s i z e of t h e e d d i e s i n t h e
d i r e c t i o no f t' h ef l i g h t of t h ea i r c r a f t T
. able 10 presents
thescalelengthsforthethree componentsof the gusts at
b o t ht h el e f t and r i g h t w i n g t i p s . As i s seen i n t h i s t a b l e ,
theverticalgustusuallyhasthe smallest s c a l e l e n g t h , w h i l e
t h e scale l e n g t h o f t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l g u s t i n a n y g i v e n r u n is
u s u a l l yt h el a r g e s t .I nv i r t u a l l ya l lc a s e st h es c a l el e n g t h s
26
e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e g u s t s of t h e downwind r u n are l a r g e r t h a n
t h e scale i e n g t h s of t h e .bpwind r u n d a t a .
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d i n c h a p t e r 4 c e n t e r e do nt h e
e x a m i n a t i o no ft h ef o l l o w i n ga s p e c t s :
- The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e p r o b a b i l i t y d e n s i t y
function.
- The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e power s p e c t r a a n d t h e i r
dependenceon t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e wind w . r . t . the
flightpath.
- The p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e cross s p e c t r a .
- The s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of a t m o s p h e r i ct u r b u l e n c e .
Thischaptersummarizes some of t h e major c o n c l u s i o n sa n d
presentsrecommendations f o r f u r t h e rs t u d y . I t shouldbe
realizedthattheseconclusions are based on a l i m i t e d amount
o fd a t aa n d are t h e r e f o r e o f a tentativenature.
(1) I t i s c o n c l u d e dt h a tt h ep r o b a b i l i t yd e n s i t yf u n c -
t i o n s of t h e v e r t i c a l g u s t s show d i s t i n c t non-Gaussian
characteristics. The l o n g i t u d i n a la n d lateral gust t i m e
h i s t o r i e s are g e n e r a l l yG a u s s i a n . N o p a r t i c u l a rd e p e n d e n c eo n
the d i r e c t i o n o f t h e mean wind w . r . t . theflightpathcan be
discovered.
(2) Thepower s p e c t r ad od e p e n d upon t h ed i r e c t i o n of

t h e mean wind w . r . t . theflightpath,particularly when t h e r e
i s a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t a h e l i c a l s e c o n d a r yf l o wp a t t e r n as
d e s c r i b e d i n [ 9 ] and [lo] i s p r e s e n t .
( 3 ) From t h ea n a l y s i s of t h e cross s p e c t r a ,r e p r e s e n t i n g
t h e j o i n t powerand t h e p h a s e s h i f t b e t w e e n two g u s t t i m e
h i s t o r i e s ,t h ef o l l o w i n gc o n c l u s i o n s may b e drawn.
(a) The co-spectrum of t h eg u s t component i n t h e

d i r e c t i o n of t h e mean windand the vertical
g u s t component i s i n t h e same order of magni-
t u d e as theco-spectrummeasured by E l d e r k i n ,
indicating that the joint power i s a b o u t t h e
same as found i n p r e v i o u s research. The quad-
spectrum,however, i s c o n s i d e r a b l yl a r g e rw h i c h
i n d i c a t e s a largerphaseshiftbetweenthese
two g u s t c o m p o n e n t s t h a n w a s foundinprevious
research.
27
(b) The d a t ap e r t a i n i n g t o t h ec o r r e l a t i o nb e t w e e n
two g u s t s i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n , o n e at t h e
l e f t wingtip and one a t the right wingtip,
indicatethatthetransitionbetween"no cor-
r e l a t i o n "( h i g hf r e q u e n c y )a n d" f u l l correla-
t i o n "( l o wf r e q u e n c y )n o r m a l l yo c c u r sb e t w e e n
.7 and 2 . 5 Hz . I n some cases, p a r t i c u l a r l y
forthevertical component ( w - w c r o s ss p e c t r u m ) ,
thecrossspectraldensity becomes v e r y s m a l l
a g a i n a t low f r e q u e n c i e s .
(4) From t h ea n a l y s i s of t h es p a t i a lc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s may bedrawn:
(a) The d a t a p r e s e n t e d f o r t h e c o n f i r m a t i o n o f
T a y l o r 'H
s y p o t h e s i(sT a b l e 9 ) g i vneo
c o n c l u s i v ee v i d e n c e .
From t h e c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n t h e a u t o c o r r e l a -
tion
-
CW(-rI) a n dt h e
-
cross c o r r e l a t i o n C w w ( U l
p r e s e n t e idTn able 8 i t i s c o n c l u d e tdh a t
t h e time c o r r e l a t i o n o f a vertical gust with
i t s e l f i s a p p r o x i m a t e l ye q u a lt ot h es p a c e
c o r r e l a t i o nb e t w e e n two v e r t i c a l g u s t s ( a t a
d i s t a n c e of 4 7 f t . , t h e w i n g s p a n o f t h e a i r -
c r a f t ) ,i n d e p e n d e n to ft h ed i r e c t i o n of t h e
flightpath w.r.t, t h e mean wind.
The a n a l y s i s of t h e s t r u c t u r e ofatmospheric
t u r b u l e n c e by e s t i m a t i n g t h e e l o n g a t i o n o f t h e
turbulenceeddiesdoesnotprovideconclusive
evidence.
I n v i e wo ft h ea b o v ec o n c l u s i o n s ,t h ef o l l o w i n g recom-
mendationsforfurtherresearch are made:
(1) Methodsbedeveloped t oa c c u r a t e l ym e a s u r eg u s t
s p e c t r a i n t h e low frequencyrange
( 2 ) F u r t h e rr e s e a r c hs h o u l db ed o n et od e t e r m i n et h e
c h a r a c t e ro f t h e phaseshiftbetweenthegusts i n thedi-
r e c t i o n of t h e windand t h ev e r t i c a lg u s t s . This i s particu-
larlyimportantforbetterestimation of s h e a r f l o w s a t low
altitude.
( 3 ) More a u t o c o r r e l a t i o na n dc r o s sc o r r e l a t i o nd a t aa r e
r e q u i r e db e f o r ef u r t h e r - r e a c h i n gc o n c l u s i o n s on t h e s p a t i a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c a n be made,
28
REFERENCES
1. Reeves, P. M., Campbell, G. S., Ganzer, V. M., and
Joppa, R. G., "Development and Application of a Non-
Gaussian Atmospheric Turbulence Model for Use in
Flight Simulators," NASA Contractor Report CR-2451
(1974).
2. Reeves, P. M., Joppa, R. G., and Ganzer, V. M.,
"A Non-Gaussian Model of Continuous Atmospheric Turbu-
lence for Use in Aircraft Design," NASA Contractor
Report CR-2639 (1976).
3. Burns, A., "Power Spectra of Low Level Atmospheric
Turbulence Measured from an Aircraft,"
Current Paper
CP-733 (Aeronautical Research Council,
London, 1964).
4. Dryden, H. L., "A Review of the Statistical Theory of
Turbulence," in Turbulence.Classic Paperson Statis-
tical Theory (Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York,
1961).
5. von Karman, T., "Progress in the Statistical Theory of
Turbulence," in Turbulence.Classic Papers on Statis-
tical Theory (Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York,
1961).
6. Elderkin, C. E., "Experimental Investigationof the
Turbulence Structure in the Lower Atmosphere,"
Dissertation, Department of Atmospheric Sciences,
University of Washington, Seattle (1966).
7. Sandusky, R. S., "A Comparison of Theoretically Estimated
Stability Derivatives to Values Measured in Wind Tunnel
and Flight Testsof the Beechcraft Model D18S," Thesis,
Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics, University of
Washington, Seattle (1971).
8. Teunissen, H. W., "Characteristicsof the Mean Wind and
Turbulence in the Planetary Boundary Layer," in
No. 32,
Institute for Aerospace Studies Review
(University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 1970).
9. Brown, R. A., "A Secondary Flow Model for the Planetary
Boundary Layer, etc.," J. Atmos. - Sci.
27:742-757 (1970).
10. LeMone, M. A., "The of Horizontal
Structure and Dynamics
Roll Vortices in the Planetary Boundary Layer,"
J. Atmos. Sci. -
30:1077-1091 (1973).
29
11. Taylor, G. I., "The Spectrum of Turbulence," in Turbu-
1ence.Classic Papers on Statistical Theory (Interscience
Publishers, Inc., New York, 1961).
12. Jones, J. W., et al., "Low Altitude Atmospheric Turbulence,

LO-LOCAT Phase 111," Air Force Flight Dynamics Labora-
tory Technical Report AFFDL-TR-70-10 (1970).
30
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Blackman, R. B. and Tukey, J. W., The Measurementsof
Power Spectra (Dover Publications, Inc.,New York,1958).
2. Friedlander, S. K. and Topper, L., Turbulence,Classic
Papers on Statistical Theory (Interscience Publishers,
Inc., New York, 1961).
3. Gould, D. G. and MacPherson, J. I., "Measurement of the
Statistical Propertiesof Atmospheric Turbulence at
Atlitudes Below 1000 ft.," National Research Council
of Canada Aeronautical Report LR-567 (National Research
Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1973).
4. Lumley, J. L. and Panofsky, H. A., "The Structure of
Atmospheric Turbulence," Monographs and Texts in
Physics and Astronomy 12 (Interscience Publishers,
-
Inc., New York, 1964).
5. Panofsky, H. A., "Determination of Stress from Wind and
Temperature Measurements," Quarterly Journal of the
Royal Meteorological -
Society
89:85-94 (1963).
6. Panchev, S., Random Functions and Turbulence (Pergamon

Press, New York, 1971).
7. Plate, E. J., Aerodynamic Characteristics of Atmospheric

Boundary Layers," Atomic Energy Commission, Critical
Review Series (1971).
8. Tennekes, H. and Lumley,J. L., A First Course in Turbu-
lence (The MIT Press, Cambridge,
Mass., 1972).
31
Wing Horizontal Vertical
Tail Tail
Reference Area, ft2 351.58 65.4* 33.58**

Span, ft 15.0 47.64 5.42
Mean Aerodynamic Chord, ft 8.06 5.16 NA
b 1
* includingelevator
** total, both tails
TABLE 1. BEECHCRAFT D-18s PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS
32
I
- "
Estimated Value
I
Mode C h a r a c t e r i s t i c ~-
j Theory Windtunnel F l i g h t test
I - -
Roots: Real n : - .016 .016 .010
Imaginary w i + .166 + .163 .150
1
Phugoid Period T sec
Time
to
Half
j
1
'
37.9
41.8
38-6
42.3
r 42.0
69.O
Amplitude, sec
__. - -. ." - -. __ "_
!
"_ "_
i~ol
" .
Short Roots: Real n .- 1 1 - 2.92

Period Imaginary w 3.15 ~
2.71
1
Period T,1.99
sec
I
i I 2.32
I
Time to Half
Amplitude,
sec 1
!
.23 .24
Time ConstantT "- 17.05
Time to Double ' 35.79 11.8

Amplitude,sec i
- . . - .- - .
" .. .
Rolling
Convergence
Time ConstantT
Time to Half
I -24
.17
.23
.16 "-
Amplitude, sec
-.28
"" "
Roots:
Real n -.22 -"
Imaginary w 2.4 2.2 -"
Period T, 2.61
sec 2.92 "-
Time to Half
Amplitude. sec
TABLE 2. CHARACTERISTICSOF THE NATURALMODES
OF THEBEECHCRAFT D-18s.
33
Flight Date Winds I T e s t Items P e r f o r m e d
~.
Instru-
~ ~~
Motions
-.
Data
-r Area
ment Op. at
Runs
Verifica- Altitude
. - . .I. - - ..t-
i o..n
-I-._ .. .1’..__.
_:.= -.:
1-5 Various l s t r u m e n t a t In Check F l i g h t s T S t r a i t s of
6 6/13/73 230105
I 4
J u a n d e Fuc:
7 8/9/73 225110 1 Hood Canal
8 8/21/73 030/10G15 Straits of

4
J u a n d e Fucz
9 7/25/74 210/05 I
5 Pt . Angeles
10 8/1/74 030108 1 Hood Canal
11 8/15/74 A b o r t e dd u et o mal-
functioning pressure
transducers.
12 8/26/74 Straitsof
310106 2
J u a n d e Fuca
13 A 9/6/74 310106 P u g e t Sound
13 B 9/7/74 310107 P u g e t Sound
14 10/18/74 250107 P u g e t Sound
Straitsof
15 11/25/74 260/18G24 4
Juan de Fuca
Straitsof
16 12/17/74 080/06 4
JuandeFuca
c -
TABLE 3. F L I G H T S PERFORMED WITH

BEECHCRAFT
D-18s N 4 5 4 5
34
I
- ~ ~~
:h. Measured Instrument Make Model Range

io. Variable
L
1 l i f f . p r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r Statham PM283TC k .15 p s i d

x' Left
2 l i f f . p r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r Statham PM283TC k . 1 5p s i d
'py Left
3
'pz Left
liff . pressure transducer Statham PM283TC f . 1 5p s i d
4 l i f f .p r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r Statham PM2 83TC f .15 p s i d

"x Right
5 l i f f .p r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r Statham PM283TC f . 1 5p s i d
"y Right
6 l i f f .p r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r Statham PM283TC f . 1 5p s i d
"z Right
7 r o l l rate :ate g y r o Honeywell JG7005A- ?s 6 deg/sec

P 11
8 p i t c h r a t e :ate g y r o Honeywell JG7005A- f 6 deg/sec

q 11
9 yaw r a t e r :ate g y r o Honeywell JG7005A- ? 6 deg/sec

11
.o lateral lccelerometer Statham A301TC f l g

accelera-
tion a
Y
.1 vertical tccelerometer Statham NA1 D47

accelera-
tion a
z
-2 roll rertical gyro Honeywell JG7044A- f 85"

angle @ 17
TABLE 4 . DATA INSTRUMENTS.

FLIGHT15/RUN 1 I N I T I A LC O N D I T I O N S
TEST LOCATION S T R A I T S J U A N DE FUCA

LOCAL ALTIMETER
SETTING
30.29 I N HG
2 9 0WIND D I R E C T I O N MAGNETIC
W I N D VELOCITY 2 0 KNOTS
DIRECTION OF FLIGHT 290 MAGNETIC
RELATIVE W I N D COMPONENTS
34 FPS, FROM
AHEAD
0 FPS,
CALIBRATEDAIRSPEED 132 MPH

PRESSUREALTITUDE 200 FT
HEIGHT ABOVE SURFACE 200 FT
O U T S I D EA I R TEMPERATURE 48 DEG F
ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY
(RO) .002411 SL/CUFT
AIRCRAFT TRUE AIRSPEED 192.2 FPS
DYNAMIC PRESSURE 44.55 PSF
LOCATION
JUAN
STRAITS
TEST DE FUCA
LOCAL ALTIMETER
SETTING
30.29 I N HG
W I N D DIRECTION FROM 290 MAGNETIC
W I N D VELOCITY 20 KNOTS
DIRECTION OF FLIGHT 115 MAGNETIC
34 FPS, FRM BEHIND
3 FPS, FROM RIGHT

OUTSIDEAIR TEMPERATURE 48 DEG F
ATMOSPHERICDENSITY
(RO) .002411 SL/CU F T
TABLE 5A. FLIGHT

CONDITIONS,
FLIGHT #15
RUNS 1 AND 2 .
36
TEST LOCATION JUAN

STRAITS DE FUCA
LOCAL ALTIMETER
SETTING 30.29 I N HG
WIND DIRECTION 290 MAGNETIC
WIND VELOCITY 20 KNOTS
FLIGHT OF
DIRECTION 220 MAGNETIC
RELATIVE WIND COMPONENTS
12 FPS, FROMAHEAD
32 FPS, FROM RIGHT

PRESSURE ALTITUDE 200 FT
ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY
(RO) -002411 SL/CU F T
FLIGHT15/RUN4INITIALCONDITIONS
TEST LOCATION S T R A I T S JUAN DE FUCA

LOCAL ALTIMETER
WIND DIRECTION FROM 2 9 0 MAGNETIC
WIND VELOCITY 2 0 KNOTS
DIRECTION OF FLIGHT 3 0 MAGNETIC
6 FPS, FRM BEHIND
33 FPS, FROM LEFT

OUTSIDE A I R TEMPERATURE 48 DEG F
ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY
(RO) .(IO2411 SL/CU F T
TABLE 5B. FLIGHT

CONDITIONS,
FLIGHT #15
RUNS 3 AND 4 .
37
FLIGHT 16/RUN 1 INITIAL CONDITIONS
TEST
LOCATION
WEST
SAN
OF
JUAN
ISLANDS
LOCAL
ALTIMETER
SETTING
30.12
IN
HG
DIRIXTION
MAGNETIC
WIND
255
FROM
VELOCITYWIND 10 KNOTS
DIRECTION
OF FLIGHT
MAGNETIC
552
17 FPS, FROM AHEAD
0 FPS,
CALIBRATED AIRSPEED 132 MPH

HEIGHT ABOVE SURVACE 95 FT
OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE 58 DEG F
ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY (RO) .002373 SL/CU FT
FLIGHT 16/RUN 2 INITIAL CONDITIONS

TEST
LOCATION
WEST
SAN
OF
JUAN
ISLANDS
LOCAL
ALTIMETER
SETTING
30.12
IN
HG
DIRECTION
MAGNETIC
WIND
255
FROM
VELOCITYWIND 10 KNOTS
FLIGHT
DIRECTION
OF 95 MAGNETIC
16 FPS, FRM BEHIND
6 FPS, FROM RIGHT
CALIBRATED AIRSPEED 132 MPH
OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE 58 DEG F
ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY (RO) .002372 SL/CU FT
TABLE 6A. FLIGHTCONDITIONS,FLIGHT#16

RUNS 1 AND2.
38
TEST LOCATION WEST OF SAN ISLANDS

JUAN
LOCAL ALTIMETER
WIND DIRECTION FROM 255 MAGNETIC
WIND VELOCITY 1 0 KNOTS
FLIGHT
DIRECTION
OF 350 MAGNETIC
RELATIVE WINDCOMPONENTS
1 FPS, FRM BEHIND
1 7 FPS, FROM L E F T

O U T S I D EA I R TEMPERATURE 58 DXG F
ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY
(RO) .002373 SL/CU F T
T E S T LOCATION WEST OF SAN ISLANDS

JUAN
LOCAL ALTIMETERSETTING 30.12 I N HG
WIND DIRECTION FROM 255 MAGNETIC
WIND VELOCITY 10 KNOTS
FLIGHT
DIRECTION
OF 1 7 0 MAGNETIC
1 FPS, FROMAHEAD
1 7 FPS, FROM RIGHT

PRESSUREALTITUDE 100 FT a

ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY
(RO) .002373 SL/CU F T
TABLE 6B. FLIGHT

CONDITIONS,
FLIGHT #16
RUNS 3 AND 4 .
39
T
( O K )
15 1.5 .5 282. S
16 1.2 .6 283.1
l? = I°C/lOO m
g = 9.81 m/sec2
TABLE 7- CALCULATION OF THEGRADIENT

RICHARDSON NUMBER FOR FLIGHT
# 15 AND #16.
40
i
Auto
Correlation Cross
Run Run
Correlation
Flight
Direc- (left & Direc-
tion right) tion
"" ..."
Compo- Compo-
nent nent
15 down- U .98 vL -v R .53
wind
L wind
U .90 v -1) .71
R wind
L R
cross- V .62 u -u .87
L L R
wind
V .66 .97
R
TABLE 8- COMPARISON BETWEEN THE AUTOCORRELATION AND

THE CROSS CORRELATIONOF LONGITUDINAL AND
LATERAL GUSTS.
Run Autocorrelation
~- T
""
C r o s sC o r r e l a t i o n
Flight
'I tion
Direc-
Compo-
nent
~-
Compo-
nent
w
15 1 upwind W
L .43
L - wR .51
W .70
R
2 down- W .13 w - w .17
wind
L L R
.18
wR
w
3 cross-
wind
W
L .32
L - wR .45
W .34
R
w
4 cross- W
L .82
L - wR .77
wind
W .75
R
TABLE 9. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE AUTOCORRELATION AND

THE CROSS CORRELATIONOF VERTICAL GUSTS.
41
I II
i Scale Length
Flight. Run
L
U
L LwR
15 upwind 205 113 53 234 125 51
downwind 243 130 83 251 140 72
crosswind 260 128 62 240 111 54
crosswind 299 205 119 353 183 99
16 upwind 165 140 52 2 05 135 44
downwind 294 171 90 359 159 84
crosswind 249 239 93 262 219 91
crosswind 135 14 7 81 170 229 68
TABLE 10. SCALE LENGTHS OF ATMOSPHERIC

TURBULENCE (ft ) .
42
I
GAUSSIAN
ITE-NOISE LINEAR I
SOURCES FILTERS
FIGURE 1, THE N O N - G A U S S ITAUNR B U L E NSCI M

E U L A T IMO ON D E L
FIGURE 2. THE TEST AIRCRAFT, BEECHCRAFT r)-18 S , N-4545
”
-
p r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r s
v e r t i c a l gyro
oscilloscope accelerometers
t a p er e c o r d e r -
b r i d g e completion box1 \
FIGURE 3. INSTRUMENTATION
45
...
FIGURE 4. PROBEHEAD WITL PRESSURE

TRANSDUCERS
46
4 @
FLIGHT LINE
FIGURE 5. GEME3AL TEST AREA FOR ATIYOYPHERIC TURBULENCE DATA FLIGHTS

". .. " . .. . , . .. ...
FIGURE 6. FLIGHT PATTERN AND WIND DATA, FLIGHT 15
48
. ...- .. .....
FIGURE 7. FLIGHT FATTERN AND WIND DATA, FLIGHT 16
49
.. . 1IIIIIIUI Y
"- QUILLAYUTE
ADIABATIC
T ( O ) = 9.4 OC
0 FLIGHT UATA
Eo c
UI
0
40 C
2OC
I I L I I
0 2 4 6 a 10
TEMPERATURE
( OC>
FIGURE 8. TEMFERATURE VS . ALTITUDE,FLIGHT 15
\ '\ " "QUILLAYUTE;
ADIABATIC
DATP
T ( 0 ) = 10.2 OC
ALTITUDE 0 FLIGHT DATA

(mTERS )
600
200
0 '2 4 10
T,EMPERAFURE
FIGURE 9. : TGKIIF,RATURE VS. AL'TI'I"UDE, FLIGHT 16
( c>
4'
3.2 -
a) LONGITUDINALCOMPONENTS
COMPONENTS
c ) VERTICAL COMPONENTS
FIGURE IO. PROBABILITY DENSITY

DISTRIBUTION. FLIGHT 15 RUN I
52
I
7
P(X 1 P(X 1
lrm = .IO lERl i .IS
670.M. = 2.m 670.M. = 2.28
7
; \ '\
.B I.a 2.4 . .a 1.1 2.4 ,

ST VELOCITY ST VELOCITY
W E R I ~ Tmm
RL
100 WLEU6ECLXM
NORflALIZED OUST VELOCITY

h
b) LATERAL COMPONENTS
mm
~ R R I ~ W
Im s~pw~cun
NORHRLIZEO OUST VELOCITY
c) VERTICAL COMPONENTS
FIGURE I I . PROBABILITY DENSITY

DISTRIBUTION. FLIGHT 15 RUN 2
53
I ..,,,, ,,,,,,
_.___.._.........._.~...l~,.,.,..."~.,,~,..
I,..,,I. I, .,.II
I 1.111.1111111 1111111.1111 I11111111 1111 II1 I I1
lLRl i .I3
6m. m.= 1.14
mmm mrR
" 35
-2.4 -1.6 -.B 0 .B 1.6 2.1 3.2

NORnRLIZELJ GUST VELOCITY
FIGURE 12. PROBABILITY DENSITY

-2.1 -1.6 -.I
NORHRLIZEO
a) LONGITUDINAL COMPONENTS
FIGURE IS. PROBABILITY DENSITY

55
FLIMT 16 . RW I .
m u i -.I4 LRTERRL mr mmr
L
ml Y l f f i AWE
sm. OEV.
: 1.70
E
xpE
R 1
m 1
R L ORlR
SO SAnPLES/SECOIO
NORMRLIZEO GUST VELOCITY

DISTRIBUTION. FLIGHT 16 RUN I
56
I
PIX)
Em i -.I9
so. EV. i 2.12
J
L -3.2 -
""
-2.k -1.8 ::a-
NORtlRLIZEO
1
ST V E L O.8C I T Y 1.8
'\ 2.1
.!

57
~ I I M T Rmm
somTLEw§tmm
b
-3.2 -2.1 -1.6 -.6 0 .0 -l!i.. 2.1 .$2
NORHRLIZED GUST VELOCITY
m =-.m
RlML6
LR~YL
. RH 3.
mr m m m
61. m.= 2.12
-2.1 -1.6 -.a -2.1 -1.6 -.a 0 .6 1.6 2.1

NORHRLIZEO NORHRLIZED GUST VELOCITY
I
-3.2 -2.1 -1.6 -.a

NORMRLIZED GU

58
I I
I
I 1
-3.2
b) L A T E R A L COMPONENTS

IJSTRIBUTION. FLIGHT 16 RUN 4
59
PIX1 FLIGHT 15 RUN 3.
.5 VERTICAL GUST
COMPONENT
LEFT WING PROBE
””
NON-GAUSS I AN R=l
“Q - GFlUSS IAN
.1
I I
a8 1a 6 3
NORMALIZED GUST VELOCITY
FIGURE 18 PROBABILITY DENSITY DISTRIBUTION

FREQUENCY (HERTZ1
FREQUENCY (HERTZ1
FREQUENCY [HERTZ1
FIGURE 19. POWER SPECTRAL

DENSITY. FLIGHT 15 RUN I
61
10-
10-2 10-1 100 101
FREQUENCY IHESTZJ
FIGURE 2 0 . POWER SPECT.RAL

DENSITY. FLIGHT 15 RUN 2
62
i
lo-'ll I * -
.a- lo-ql . . ,.LL ....I
_cl . . . . . . .J
10-2 10-1 100 10' 10-2 I O"1 IO0 101
FREQUENCY (HERTZ1 FREWENCY (HERTZ1
1
ICAL

DENSITY. FLIGHT 15 R U N 3
63
FREOUENCY [HERTZ] FREOUENCY 1HERTZl
lo.31 . . . .. ..I , . .. I . . , . . . .J I 0-41 I . . . ...-I I

10-2 10-1 100 101 10-2 10-1 100 101
FREOUENCY [HERTZ) FREOUENCY IHERTZl
FIGURE 2 2 . POWER SPECTRAL

FREWENCY IHERTZI FREQUENCY [HERTZ]
FREQUENCY [HERTZ)
b) LATERAL COM
FREWENCY IHERTZ I

DENSITY. FLIGHT 16 RUN I
65
b) LAT'ERAL COM

66
jl
l o - 4 L " " L ~
10-2 IO" 100 101
FREDUENCY IHERTZI FREQUENCY IHERTZ 1
FREQUENCY (HERTZ1
1
I 1
-2
10-10-2 FREQUENCY
10-1 IHERTZI
100 101
FIGURE 25. POWERSPECTRAL

67
FREQUENCY (HERTZ) FREGWNCY
[HERTZ
FREQUENCY (HERTZ1 FREQUENCY (HERTZ]
FIGURE 2 6 . POWER SPECTRAL

68
Y
FIGURE 27. FLOW MODEL OF THE HELICAL FLOW PATTERN

- ...... - "
a) RUN I
.",
b) RUN 2
2B +".
u)
d l RUN 4
FIGURE 28.CROSS SPECTRAL

70 DENSITY. FLIGHT 15
10-1 100
FREQUENCY. [HERTZ]
RUN I
b) RUN 2
.. .
-.30L
10-2 10-1 100
FREQUENCY, [HERTZ] FREOUENCY. (HERTZ1
c)RUN 3
) RUN 4
FIGURE 29. CROSS SPECTRAL DENSITY. FLIGHT 16

71
e) FLIGHT 16 RUN I
-.301 ' ' ' '""I ' ' ' ""'I

10-2 10-1 100 101
FREQUENCY. (HERTZ1
b) FLIGHT 15 R.UN 2 f ) FLIGHT 16 RUN 2
.""
10-2 10-1 100
FREQUENCY. (HERTZ1
c ) FLIGHT 15 RUN 3
-.30' ' ' "'"'I ' ' A '

10-2 IO" 100 101
FREQUENCY. (HERTZ1
h) FLIGHT 16 RUN 4
FIGURE 30. CROSS SPECTRAL DENSITY.

LONGITUDINAL COMPONENTS.
72
e) FLIGHT 16 RUN I
0 3 -
10-2 10-1 100 101
FREQUENCY, (HERTZ1
c) FLIGHT 15 RUN 3 g) FLIGHT 16 RUN 3
-.30
10-1 100 10-2 10-1 I00 101
FREQUENCY. IHERTZI FREOUENCY. IHERTZl
d ) FLIGHT 15 RUN 4 h) FLIGHT 16 RUN 4
FIGURE 31. CROSS SPECTRAL DENSITY.

LATERAL COMPONENTS.
73
.30
jj$m
3
I
I
.10
Y
02
; a
.x
E-.lO
c:
2
s-.20
0
-30
10-2 10-1 100 10' 10-2 10-1 100 101
FREQUENCY. IHERTZ 1 FREQUENCY. IHERTZ 1
a ) FLIGHT 15 RUN I e) FLIGHT 16 RUN I
f ) FLIGHT 16 RUN 2
-30)
10-2
' ' ' '.."I
10-1
' '
100
FREQUENCY. [HERTZ]
101
10-1
FREQUENCY.
g) F L I G H T 16 RUN 3
[HERTZ1
100
J 101
c ) FLIGHT 15 RUN 3
-30' ' ' ' ''...I . A '"...I ' ' ''-..I

10-2 10-1 IO0 101
FREQUENCY. (HERTZI
d ) FLIGHT 15 RUN 4 h) FLIGHT 16 RUN 4
FIGURE 32. CROSS SPECTRALDENSITY.

VERTICALCOMPONENTS.
74
APPENDIX A
INSTRUMENTATION
This appendix presents a description of the instrumen-

I tation system used in this research, as well as of the methods
of calibration for the different instruments. A separate sec-
tion, A.3, gives special attention to the problem of measuring
gusts in the direction of flight, as this proved to be a major
problem in this research program.
A.l Description of the Data Instruments
In table A1 a summary of the data instruments with

their most important characteristics is given.
The Pressure Transducers.-Statham Instruments Inc. model

PM 283TC,were selected particularly because of their low
The approximate natural frequency of the pressure trans-

as 2,000 H z , which is
ducers is given by the manufacturers
well above the region of interest this
in research program.
The Accelerometers.-These were located behind the instru-

ment panel in the right front corner of the cabin, against the
bulkhead dividing the cockpit and the cabin. Both accelero-
meters were manufactured by Statham Laboratories, Inc. The
lateral accelerometer was a model A 301TC-1-350-12425, with
a range of k Zg , while the vertical accelerometer was a
model
75
N A 1 D47-T-30, with a range
k 3g .
Both accelerometers were fixed on a platform, which coul
so that the platform could be brought
be tilted and rotated,
to a level position for calibration purposes.
The Vertical Gyro.-Thiswas also located in the nose bay

of the aircraft, and was used to measure the roll of angle
the aircraft. This gyro was manufactured by Honeywell, model
number JG 7044A-17. The platform on which the gyro was fixed
could be tilted for calibration of the gyro.
A.2 Calibration of the Data Instruments
The data instruments were calibrated by subjecting the

instruments to a known physical input and then adjusting the
output voltages to a value that would give sufficient sensi-
tivity during the data
runs, but atthe same time would not
result in peaked-out signals during motions of the aircraft
or in high gusts.
The Pressure Transducers.-These were calibrated in a test

set-up as shown in Fig. Al. The pressure in the enclosed
volume was changed by-moving the neoprene piston in the plastic
cylinder. The magnitude of the pressure was measured by the
manometer which was set at an angle of 28.8O so that 1"
difference in fluid level on the manometer would correspond
to 2 psi differential pressure.
The calibrations were performed by first putting a pres-
sure load on the pressure transducer and measuring the cor-
responding output. The pressure would then be returned to
zero level and by pushing the calibration button the normally
open switch (Fig. A1 would be closed, shifting the balance
of the bridge, which resulted in a jump in the output voltage
This voltage then corresponded to the calibration value for
that channel. The calibration values used for flight #15
and #16 are given in table A2.
The Rate Gyros.-These were calibrated

by positioning
them on a rocker table, which oscillated.
The angle traversed
76
by the rocker table was measured accurately. Its value,
14O 35' would then correspond to the area under the rate vs.
time curve. This curve was obtained by plotting the output
voltage of the rate gyro on mm graph paper. From this the
physical equivalent of 1 m m would be known and thus the
equivalent of the calibration jump could be calculated in
rad/sec. Table A 2 presents the values that were used for
the calibration jumpsof the rate gyros.
The Accelerometers.-These were calibrated by first bring-

ing the platform on which they were fixed, to a level position.
In-this position the lateral accelerometer would
sense-zero
acceleration while the vertical accelerometer would be subject-
ed to 2 g . The output voltages of the accelerometers were
zeroed in this position.
The platform was then rotated over a prescribed angle
a ( + l U o for the lateral accelerometer and + 45' for the verti-
cal accelerometer). The component of the gravitational
acceleration in the sensitive direction of the accelerometers at
these angles could be calculated from the following relations:
a = g sin a
Y
a
z
= g(l - cos a )
These accelerations, with the accelerometers at the respective

calibration angles, would then correspond to the output voltages
measured at the output of the accelerometers. These relations
were then used to calculate the accelerations which would cor-
respond to the voltage outputs which occurred when the calibra-
tion button was pushed.
The Vertical Gyro.-This was calibrated by rotating the

platform on whichit was fixed over al U o angle about an
angle parallel to the aircraft roll axis. The value for the
calibration jump that resulted from this calibration is given
in tableA 2 .
77
A.3 Measurement of t h eL o n g i t u d i n a lG u s t s
The measurement of t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l g u s t s ( g u s t s i n
t h e d i r e c t i o n of f l i g h t ) p o s e d a major problem i n t h i s r e s e a r c h
program. The i n i t i a l c o n c e p t w a s t o m e a s u r et h ed i f f e r e n c e
b e t w e e n t h e s t a t i c a n d t h e t o t a l h e a d p r e s s u r e s on t h e p r o b e -
head,which i n e s s e n c e i s t h e d y n a m i cp r e s s u r e
From t h i s t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s l o n g i t u d i n a l v e l o c i t y of t h e
flow w . r . t . t h ep r o b e h e a dc o u l db ec a l c u l a t e d .S u b t r a c t i n g
theaverageairspeed 0.f the a i r c r a f t from Llis i n s t a n t a n e o u s
v e l o c i t y would g i v e t h e g u s t v e l o c i t y i n l o n g i t u d i n a l d i r e c t i o n .
T h i ss e t - u pp o s e s a problem when t h e a i r c r a f t u n d e r g o e s s l i g h t
c h a n g e si na l t i t u d e ,e . g . a decreaseinaltitude, whichmeans
anincreaseindensity, i s u s u a l l ya c c o m p a n i e d by a n i n c r e a s e
i n v e l o c i t y of t h e a i r c r a f t . Such a maneuverwouldthen be
r e g i s t e r e d as a . g u s t , w h i l e i n a c t u a l i t y n o g u s t h a d t a k e n p l a c e .
F i r s t i t was a t t e m p t e d t o s o l v e t h i s p r o b l e m by s e t t i n g
up a system a s shown i n F i g . A 2 . P r e s s u r ep o r t #1, con-
nected t o t h e f r o n t s i d e of t h e p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r , m e a s u r e s
thepressurefromwhichthegustvelocitywouldbecalculated.
P r e s s u r ep o r t # 2 , c o n n e c t e d v i a a c a v i t y t o t h eb a c ks i d e of
thepressuretransducer,provides a r e f e r e n c ep r e s s u r ew h i c h ,
throughproperdimensioningofthecavitysize, wouldvarywith
a l t i t u d ec h a n g e s of t h e a i r c r a f t . The v a r i a t i o n s of t h ep r e s -
s u r e a t p r e s s u r ep o r t # 2 w h i c hh a v ef r e q u e n c i e sh i g h e rt h a n
t h e a l t i t u d e v a r i a t i o n s of t h e a i r c r a f t , wouldbe damped o u t
i nt h ec a v i t y .C a l c u l a t i o n s showed however, t h a tt h i st y p eo f
physical f i l t e r doesnothave a cut-off that wouldbeadequate-
l y s h a r p t o f i l t e r outtheatmosphericturbulencefrequencies,
whilelettingthefrequenciesintherange of t h ec h a n g e of
a l t i t u d e of t h e a i r c r a f t t h r o u g h .
The s e c o n d p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n f o r t h i s p r o b l e m w a s based
on t h ef o l l o w i n gc o n c e p t . A v e n t u r ip r o b ec a n be dimensioned
so t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n is valid:
1
P2 = PI - "p U 2
2 1
78
f
ji
: T h i sv e n t u r p
i robe i s connected t o t h ef r o n ts i d e of t h e
i p r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r ,w h i l et h eb a c ks i d eo ft h et r a n s d u c e r
1 i s c o n n e c t e d , v i a a v a l v e , t o a similar v e n t u r i p r o b e
(Fig.A3 ). A t t h eb e g i n n i n go fe a c h data r u nt h ev a l v e
i s c l o s e d . I n t h i sa r r a n g e m e n tt h ep r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e rm e a s u r e s
Thissystem w a s b u i l t , e x t e n s i v e l y t e s t e d i n t h e V e n t u r i
windtunneloftheDepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics
of t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W a s h i n g t o n , a n d i n s t a l l e d on t h e p r o b e -
heads(Fig. A 4 ). S e v e r a lf l i g h t s w e r e made w i t ht h i s set-
up.The systemworked w e l l i n s o f a r a s change i n a i r c r a f t
a l t i t u d ed i dn o ta f f e c tt h es i g n a ll e v e l . However, t h ef l o w
throughtheventuriprobesgeneratednoisein t h e s i g n a l ,w h i c h
could not be filtered out as some of t h e n o i s e was v e r y c l o s e
tothefrequencyrangeofinterestinthisresearchprogram.
The s y s t e m e v e n t u a l l y u s e d f o r t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e
l o n g i t u d i n a l g u s t s rests on t h e f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p l e .
The f r o n t s i d e of t h e p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r w a s connected
to the total head pressure port on t h e h e m i s p h e r i c a l p r o b e -
head. The back side of t h e t r a n s d u c e r w a s c o n n e c t e dv i a a
v a l v et oa n o t h e rt o t a lh e a dp r e s s u r ep o S t (Fig- A 5 ) - When
t h e v a l v e i s c l o s e d , the p r e s s u r e t r a n s a u c e r m e a s u r e s
The v a l v e s were c l o s e d a f t e r t h e a i r c r a f t hadbeen

e s t a b l i s h e d on a course and w a s m a i n t a i n i n g t h e a l t i t u d e
selected f o r t h i s f l i g h t a c c u r a t e l y . A f t e r c l o s u r e o f t h e
valves,thedatarecordingequipment was s t a r t e d .
79
~" .. ...... .. "

-
:h. Model Range
In.
" .." ..
3. d i f f .p r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r Statham PM283TC ? .15 p s i d

* ~ xL e f t
2 d i f f . p r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r Statham PN283TC 2 . 1 5p s i d
'py Left
3
" z Left
diff . pressure transducer Statham ~ m a m2 .15 p s i d
4
*'x Right
diff . pressure transducer Statham PX283TC 2 .15 p s i d
5 d i f f .p r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r S t a tham PM283TC 2 -15 2 s i d

"y Right
6 I d i f f .p r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r Statham PX283TC 2 .I5 psid

"z Right
7 r o l l rate rate g y r o Honeywell JG7005A- ? 6 deg/se;

P 11
a p i t c h r a t e rate g y r o Honeywell JC7005A- 2 6 deg/sec

Q il
9 yaw r a t e r rate g y r o Honeywell LG7005A- 5 6 degjsec

11
-0 lateral accelerometer Statham A301TC + l g

accelera- I
tion a
y l
I
L 1 vertical accelerometer Statham K A l D47 2 3g
accelera-
tion a
z
L2 roll vertical gyro Honeywell JG7044A-

a n g l e $I 17
TABLE AI. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DATA INSTRUMENTS
80
~~ ~~
Ground Calibration Bridge Voltage

Chan- Instru- ~ ~~
nel ment Physical Signal Signal Calibration

Calibration Voltage Voltage Value
.~
1 pressure 6 psf .5 .5 6 psf

traris-
ducer
I1
2 9 psf .55 .55 9 psf
11
3 9 psf .5 .5 9 psf
11
4 6 psf .5 .5 6 psf
11
5 9 psf .5 .5 9 psf
11
6 9 psf .55 .52 8.5 psf
7 rate .084 radlsec .41 .56 ,115 radlsec

gyro
11
8 .084 radlsec 1.0 .5 .042 radlsec
11
9 .084 radlsec .66 .55 .07 radlsec
2 2
10 accelero 5.59 ftlsec .975 .48 2.75 f tlsec
meter
11 2 2
11 9.45 ftlsec .65 .72 10.47 ft/sec
12 vertical .174 rad .5 .65 .236 rad

gyro
TABLE A2. CALIBRATION OF THE DATA INSTRUMENTS
81
,
Probehead’
kv
P r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e r
r “ - - - -7
-
I
- -
-to~itput
* O‘I
P i s t o n and c y l i r . d e r
voltage
I
“-“““J
I
e r i d g ec c m p l e t i o n box
i n the aircraft
F I G U R E Al. C A L I B R A T I O N OF THE P R E S S UT R AE N S D U C E R S
T o t a l head p r e s s u r e port
Pressure transducer
Damping cavity
S t a t i c pressure port
FIGURE A2. SYSTEM W1'lI.H D A M P I N G C A V I T Y FOR IviEASUREIWNT
OF LONGITUDINAL G U S T S
-
F r o n t v e n t u r ip r o b e
n
4- I P r e s s u rt er a n s d u c e r
I
1
valve II
‘Probehead
Back v e n t u r i p r o b e
FIGURE A3. SYSTEM W I T H TWO V E N T U R I PROBES FORMEASUREMENT

OF L O N G I T U D I N A LG U S T S
FIGURE A 4 . VENTURI PROBE MOUNTED O N A
PROBEHEAD
85
T o t a l head p r e s s u r e p o r t
P r e s s u r e transducer
I
Total h e a d p r e s s u r e port
SYSTEM WITH TWO TOTAL HEAD PRESSUREPROBES
FOR NEASUREWENT OF LONGITUUINAL GUSTS

APPENDIX B
DATA REDUCTION
T h i sa p p e n d i xp r e s e n t s a d e s c r i p t i o no ft h ec o m p u t a t i o n s
t h a t w e r e performed t o o b t a i n s p e c t r a l p r o p e r t i e s f r o mt h e
dataasmeasuredin f l i g h t andrecorded on t h e a n a l o g t a p e s .
B.l E v a l u a t i o no f R a w Data
After each flight the data were checked by playing the

analogtapesbackandrecordingthesignals on a c h a r t r e c o r d e r .
T h i sc h a r tc o u l db ec h e c k e dt o see t h a t a l l c h a n n e l s h a d
c o n t i n u o u sd a t a . I f a n yi n s t r u m e n tf a i l u r e s hadoccurreddur-
ing t h e f l i g h t ,t h i sc o u l db ed e t e c t e di m m e d i a t e l y .
From t h e r e c o r d i n g s made d u r i n g t h e m o t i o n s a t a l t i t u d e it
c o u l db ed e t e r m i n e dw h e t h e ra n ys i g n a l sh a dp e a k e do u t i n severe
g u s t s . The a n a l o gr e c o r d s w e r e a l s ou s e d i n c h e c k i n gt h e c a l i -
brationvaluesofthesignalsfromthetransducers.
B.2 Digitizing
A f t e r i t was d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e a n a l o gr e c o r d so f a
f l i g h t c o n t a i n e d no e r r o r s , t h e d a t a were d i g i t i z e d . D i g i t i z i n g
was performed on t h eV a r i a n 620f d i g i t i z e r of theDepartment
ofGeophysicsoftheUniversityofWashington.
The d a t a were playedback on t h e Ampex F R 1 3 0 0 a n a l o g

t a p e r e c o r d e r on w h i c ht h e s ed a t a were r e c o r d e d i n f l i g h t . The
d i g i t i z e r sampledthe 1 2 c h a n n e l s of d a t a a t a s a m p l i n gr a t e
of 1 0 0 samplespersecond. The d a t ap o i n t s ( 1 2 0 0 per
second)
were w r i t t e no n t ot h ed i g i t a lt a p e i n b l o c k s of 996 d a t a
p o i n t s ,g i v i n g - 8 3 s e c o n d so fd a t ap e rb l o c k .
Each f l i g h t c o n s i s t e d of a "motions a t a l t i t u d e " r u n and

f o u rd a t ar u n s . Each r u n w a s d i g i t i z e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l -
lowingformat:
- First a short f i l e containing the calibration data for

therun.
87
I
- Followed by an end-of-file mark.
- In turn followed by a f i l e c o n t a i n i n g t h e d a t a of t h e
run.
- Another end-of-file mark.
A f t e r digitizinghadbeenperformedthequality of t h e
d i g i t i z e d d a t a w a s checked by p l o t t i n g t h e d a t a on a d i g i t a l
plotterandvisuallyexaminingtherecords.
Figure B 1 p r e s e n t s a d i g i t a rl e c o r d of a l l 1 2 c h a n n e l s
f o r t h e c a l i b r a t i o n of f l i g h t # 7 , Motions a t A l t i t u d e . A s can
be s e e n t h e s i g n a lo fc h a n n e l 11, t h ev e r t i c a l accelerometer,
c o n t a i n e dn o i s e . I t was d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h i s n o i s e h a d a
frequency of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 33 H z , and was p r o b a b l y t h e r e s u l t
ofenginevibrationsin the s e n s i t i v e d i r e c t i o n of t h e ac-
celerometer.
I t was d e c i d e d t o f i l t e r o u t this n o i s e t h r o u g h a z - f i l t e r
w i t h a c o r n e r f r e q u e n c y a t 2 5 Hz. T h i s f i l t e r i n g was a l s o p e r -
formedon t h e V a r i a n d i g i t i z e r .
B.3 ComputationofGust T i m e Histories
A f t e r completion of t h e d i g i t i z i n g p r o c e s s the d a t a were

i n the p r o p e rf o r m a t f o r u s e i n t h e c o m p u t a t i o n of t h e g u s t
time h i s t o r i e s .T h i sc o m p u t a t i o n w a s performed on t h e CDC 6 4 0 0
c o m p u t e ro ft h eU n i v e r s i t y of WashingtonComputerCenter.
I n p u t s t o t h ec o m p u t a t i o np r o c e s s were 1 2 c h a n n e l s of
d a t ai nd i g i t i z e df o r m ,i nb l o c k so f . 8 3 s e c o n d so nt h e
d i g i t a tl a p e s O
. u t p u t sf r o mt h ep r o c e s s were 6 c h a n n e l s of
g u s t time h i s t o r i e s ,w r i t t e ni nb l o c k s of . 8 3 seconds on
d i g i t a lt a p e s .
Program GUST was w r i t t e n t o e x e c u t e t h e s e c o m p u t a t i o n s .

The maincomputations of t h i s program were based on t h e f o l -
l o w i n gr e l a t i o n s . A s shown i n s e c t i o n 2 . 3 of t h i s r e p o r t
therelationbetweenthedifferentialpressureandtheangle
of a t t a c k i s g i v e n a s
a = (B.3.1)
PHC*q
88
where PHC i s t h ep r o b e h e a dc o n s t a n t as d e t e r m i n e d i n w i n d -
t u n n e lt e s t i n ga n d q i s t h e dynamic p r e s s u r e . The a n g l e of
a t t a c k and t h e s i d e w a s h a n g l e f o r t h e t w o probeheadson
B e e c h c r a f t D - 1 8 s N4545 are t h e n
a = (B.3.2)
p 5.45 * q
6, = 4.7
AP
: q
(B.3.3)
It is thenpossibletocalculatethevelocity of t h e a i r w.r.t.
t h ep r o b e h e a d .T h e s em e a s u r e dv e l o c i t i e sa r ed e s i g n a t e da s
vrn and wrn
vm = Bp * ( u + u I (B. 3 . 4 )
P c.g.
w
m = aP * ( uP + u c . g . ) (B.3.5)
where u i s t h e v e l o c i t y of t h e center ogf r a v i t y of t h e

c.g.
a i r c r a f t w.r.t. a wind-fixed
coordinate
system. is theu
P
v e l o c i t y of t h e p r o b e h e a d w . r . t . an aircraft-fixed inertial
c o o r d i n a t es y s t e m . u i s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e yaw r a t e s i g n a l
P
in the following manner
(B.3.6)
89
where P i s t h e yaw r a t e and y i s t h ed i s t a n c eb e t w e e n
t h ec e n t e r l i n eo ft h ep r o b ea n dt h ec e n t e ro fg r a v i t yo ft h e
aircraft .
The v e l o c i t y of t h e a i r w . r . t . theprobeheadsin t h e longi-
tudinal direction of the aircraft i s measuredwith a system as
described i na p p e n d i x A . 3 . The r e l a t i o nb e t w e e n the differen-
t i a l p r e s s u r e and t h e m e a s u r e d v e l o c i t y i n 2 - d i r e c t i o n is f o r
t h i ss y s t e m
(B.3.7)
where P i s t h ed e n s i t y of t h ea t m o s p h e r e .
I n o r d e r t o compute t h e g u s t s t h a t a c t u a l l y o c c u r r e d in
t h ea t m o s p h e r e ,t h ev e l o c i t y of t h e a i r w . r . t . t h ep r o b e h e a d s
due -
" t o t h e m o t i o n s of t h e a i r c r a f t had t o be removedfrom the
m e a s u r e dv e l o c i t i e s u
"
m' z,
m and w m .
The motions of
the
p r o b e s were computed i n t h e f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r .
F i r s t t h e v e l o c i t y componentsof t h e center o f g r a v i t y o f
t h e a i r c r a f t were c o m p u t e d f r o m t h e g e n e r a l e q u a t i o n s ofmotion
f o ra i r c r a f t .T h e s ee q u a t i o n sa r e
x
"
m
g s i n e = i + q w - r u
Y +
- g c o s 8 si.n @ = v
. + ru - pw (B.3.8)
m
2
- + g cos 8 c o s @ = w
. + pv - qu
m
where X ,Y and 2 a r e t h e a e r o d y n a m i cf o r c e s on t h ea i r c r a f t ,
90
8 and 9 are the p i t c ha n d r o l l angles,
p , q and r are t h e r o l l , p i t c h and yaw rates and
u ,v and w are t h e v e l o c i t i e s of t h e c . g . of t h e a i r c r a f t
in z , y and z direction.
As t h e a n g l e s are small t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n s c a n b e l i n e a r i z e d
as f o l l o w s
U
e. g .
= a
. + p w (B.3.9)
V
e. g.
= a
Y + g . @ - r - u c.g. c.g.
w
e.g.
(aZ + g ) . U
c.g. - P . V
e. g .
The v e l o c i t yc o m p o n e n t s of t h e c e , n t e r of g r a v i t y of t h e a i r c r a f t
i n y and z d i r e c t i o n are t h e no b t a i n e d from Eq. B.3.9 by
t r a p e z o i di n t e g r a t i c n . The l o n g i t u d i n a lv e l o c i t y of the a i r -
c r a f t i s computed i n a l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t manner. The i n i t i a l
v a l u e i s t a k e n from thehand-taken d a t a andchangesonly if both
t h e l e f t and r i g h t p r o b e m e a s u r e a n i n c r e a s e or decrease of
forward velocity.
The v e l o c i t yc o m p o n e n t s of t h e probes are thencomputed

withthefollowingrelations
V = v + r * x
e. g.
PZeft
V = v + r * x (B.3.10)
e. g.
Gight
W = w - p * y - q * x
e. g .
%eft
91
I
W = w + p * y - q * x
h i g ht c.g.
The g u s t s a c t u a l l y o c c u r r i n g i n the atmosphere are thenfound

by s u b t r a c t i n g t h e v e l o c i t i e s m e a s u r e d by t h e p r o b e s from t h e
probe motion velocities.
B.4 Data F i l t e r i n g f o r D r i f t Removal
The o u t p u t of program GUST w a s checked by p l o t t i n g t h e

g u s t t i m e h i s t o r i e s vs. t i m e . I t was d i s c o v e r e dt h a te x c e s s i v e
driftoccurredinthegusts,particularlyinthe l a t e r a l and
v e r t i c a ld i r e c t i o n ,a l t h o u g ht h el o n g i t u d i n a lg u s t sa l s o
showed some d r i f t .
For t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l g u s t s t h i s d r i f t w a s traced t o a
slow change i n p r e s s u r e i n t h e c l o s e d - o f f volumebetween the
p r e s s u r et r a n s d u c e ra n d t h e valve.Appendix A.3 p r e s e n t s a
f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h i s system. The change i np r e s s u r eo c c u r -
red due t o e q u a l i z a t i o n o f t e m p e r a t u r e i n a n d o u t s i d e t h e
t u b i n g .I n s u l a t i o n of t h et u b i n gp a r t l ys o l v e d t h i s problem.
F i l t e r i n g of t h e d a t a s t i l l was deemed n e c e s s a r y .
The d r i f t i n t h e l a t e r a l and v e r t i c a l g u s t t i m e h i s t o r i e s
was t r a c e d t o t h ei n t e g r a t i o np r o c e d u r ei np r o g r a m GUST. The
v e l o c i t i e s of t h e c e n t e r of g r a v i t y of the a i r c r a f t were ob-
t a i n e d by i n t e g r a t i o n of r a t e g y r o a n d a c c e l e r o m e t e r s i g n a l s
o v e r time. T h e s ei n s t r u m e n t s had beenzeroed as a c c u r a t e l y
as p o s s i b l e , b u t a s l i g h t d e v i a t i o n from the t r u e z e r o i n time
i n t e g r a t e d t o a large v a l u e .
I t w a s d e c i d e d t o s e t up a f i l t e r i n g p r o c e d u r e similar t o
that used in program LO-LOCAT Phase I11 a n dd e s c r i b e d i n [121-
According t o t h i s p r o c e d u r e t h e data are f i r s t f i l t e r e d
through a p r e l i m i n a r y low p a s s f i l t e r , t h e Ormsby f i l t e r , w i t h
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s shown i nF i g . B2 .
The f o l l o w i n gv a l u e s
were s e l e c t e d :
c u t off frequency f = .2 cy/sec
92
r o l l o f ff r e q u e n c yi n t e r v a l Af = 1.66 cy/sec
number of f i l t e r w e i g h t s N = 50
The s a m p l i n g f r e q u e n c y of t h e d a t a w a s a l r e a d y d e t e r m i n e d as
1 0 0 samples/sec. The o u t p u t of t h e Ormsby f i l t e r w a s an
a r r a yo fw e i g h t e dd a t ap o i n t sw i t h a rate of 2 s a m p l e sp e r
second.
T h i s o u t p u t w a s t h e n u s e d as i n p u t f o r t h e s e c o n d a r y l o w
p a s s f i l t e r , t h e Martin-Graham f i l t e r , whichhadcharacter-
istics a s shown i n F i g . B3'. The f o l l o w i n g were t h ev a l u e s
s e l e c t e d for t h i s filter:
c u to f f r e q u e n c y f, = .01 cy/sec
r o l l o f ff r e q u e n c y interval Af = .036 ,$/see
s a m p l i nfgr e q u e n c y 2 samptes/sec
number of f i l t e r w e i g h t s 70
The o u t p u t of t h e Martin-Graham f i l t e r c o n s i s t e d o f t h e
weightedaverage of t h e o r i g i n a l d a t a , which w a s t h e n sub-
t r a c t e d from t hoer i g i n ad la t F
a .i g . B4 , €35 and B6
p r e s e n t f i l t e r e d g u s t t i m e h i s t o r i e s of t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l ,
lateral and vertical gust components.
Computerprogram NODRIFT p e r f o r m e dt h e s ec o m p u t a t i o n s . A
printoutofthisprogram i s g i v e n a t t h e endof this section.
B.5 C o m p u t a t i o no ft h eS p e c t r a lP r o p e r t i e s
The f i l t e r e d g u s t t i m e h i s t o r i e s , o u t p u t of program
NODRIFT, were used i n t h e c o m p u t a t i o n of t h e s p e c t r a l p r o p e r t i e s
of t h ea t m o s p h e r i ct u r b u l e n c e . The computerprogramused to
compute t h e s p e c t r a l p r o p e r t i e s w a s developed by P.M. Reeves.
Some minorchanges w e r e made i n t h i s computerprogram,program
ANALIZ, t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e f o r m a t of t h e d a t a .
A p r i n t o u t of t h e mainprogram of computerprogram ANALIZ i s
given at the end of t h i s s e c t i o n .
93
CHANNEL i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
REC 1
I
WEC
I 2
I
'I I
REC 3
i
5
c .-
REC 5
. .
FIGURE B1. DIGITAL

RECORDS,
FLIGHT # 7, CALIBRATION SIGNALS
-
Af
,
f
'
FIGURE B2. ORMSBY FILTER CHARACTERISTICS
I
" IafC
I
--
+ f ~ *f frequency
-frequency
FIGURE 133. MARTIN-GRAHAM FILTER CHARACTERISTICS

-
LL
t.
5.0
I-
w 0
0
0
J -6.0
" w
>
I
-26.01 I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I
0 10 80 90 10 m 80 70 m 90 100 !IO In, 190 1 0 U
TIME ( SECONDS 1
FIGURE B 4 1 GUST TIMEHISTORY ,CHANNEL NO 1
FLIGHT 16 RUN 3 .
I
-2s.00 I
10
I
20
I
30
I
40
1
W
1
80
I
70
1
80 90
1 I
loo
I
110
I
120
1
160
130
I
140
1
T I ME ( SECONDS 1
FIGURE 0 5 , GUST TIMEHISTORY LHFlNNEL NO 2
FLIGHT 16 RUN 3 I
c
ID
U
U
““I
-20.0 -
-75.00 I
10
I
a0
1
30
1
40
I
W
I
80 70
1 1
80 90
I I
100
I
110
I
140
la0
I
190
I
1
TIME ( SECONDS 1
F IGURE B6 I GUST TIMEHISTORYLHRNNEL NO. 3
FLIGHT 16 RUN 3

Analysis of Altitude Atmospheric Turbulence Data Measured I N Flight

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N A S A CONTRACTOR

ANALYSIS OF LOW ALTITUDE

Victor M . Gunzer,Robert G. Joppu,

NATIONALAERONAUTICSAND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. SEPTEMBER 1977

TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM

"Analysis of Low Altitude Atmospheric Turbulence

Victor M. Ganzer,Robert G. Joppa andGerritvanderWees -

15. Supplementary Notes

A l l three componentsof turbulence were measured simultaneously in flight at each wing

The cross spectra between vertical gusts

7. Key Words(Suggested byAuthor(sjl 18. Distribution Statement

IFIED UNCLASSIFIED 108 $5.50

This rep0r.twas prepared underNASA Grant N o .

NOTATION AND SYMBOLS vii

1.1 Background of Past Research 2

1.2 Purpose of the Present Study 4

2. THE TEST AIRCRAFTAND INSTRUMENTATION 5

2.1 Description of the Aircraft 5

3.1 Flight Planning 9

3.2 Instrument Operation Checks 10

3.3 Data Runs 11

4. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS OF THE RESULTS 14

4.1 Theoretical Background 14

4.3 Power Spectra 22

4.4 Cross Spectra 24

4.5 Spatial Characteristics 25

A.l Description of the Data Instruments 75

A.2 Calibration of the Data Instruments 76

A.3 Measurement of Longitudinal Gusts 78

B.l Evaluation of Raw Data 87

B.3 Computation of Gust Time Histories 88

B.4 Data Filtering for Drift Removal 92

B.5 Computation of Spectral Properties 93

Table 2 Characteristics of the

Table 5A Flight conditions. Flight #15 36

4 Probehead with pressure transducers. 46

21 Power spectral density. Flight 1 5 Run 3 63

22 Power spectral density. Flight 15 Run 4 64

23 Power spectral density. Flight 1 6 Run 1 65

24 Power spectral density. Flight 1 6 Run 2 66

25 Power spectral density. Flight 1 6 Run 3 67

26 Power spectral density. Flight 1 6 Run 4 60

27 Flow modelof the helical flow pattern. 69

28 Cross spectral density. Flight 1 5 70

29 Cross spectral density. Flight 1 6 71

30 Cross spectral density. Longitudinal components 72

b wingspan, f t ; also a random f u n c t i o n o f time

crosscorrelationof random p r o c e s s e s u ( t ) and v ( t )

modified Bessel f u n c t i o n ofsecondtype,orderzero

P roll r a t e ( r i g h t wing down, p o s i t i v e ) , r a d / s e c

AP differential pressure, psi

P probability density function

(Urn, urn,urn) X, JZ andz-componentsof the gust veiocities measured

Gaussian white noise

= value a t reference flight condition

ANALYSIS O F LOW ALTITUDE ATMOSPHERIC

TURBULENCE DATA MEASURED I N FLIGHT

E s t i m a t e s were made o f t h e p r o b a b i l i t y d e n s i t y , t h e power

The power s p e c t r a compare i n t h e i n e r t i a l s u b r a n g e a t

The c r o s s s p e c t r a between v e r t i c a l g u s t s i n the direction

1.1 Background of P a s t Research

The most commonlyknown probability density distribution is the