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Cheat Sheet PDF
SURVEYING
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF ENGINEERING EXAMINATION
TRANSPORTATION DESIGN STANDARDS
1
Transportation—Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC
FFS = FFSi – fLW – fLC – fN – fID (Eq 23-1 on Page 23-4 HCM, 2000)
FFS = estimated free-flow speed
FFSi = ideal free-flow speed, 70-75 mph
fLW = adjustment for lane width (Exhibit 23-4, page 23-6)
fLC = adjustment for right shoulder clearance (Exhibit 23-5 page 23-6)
fN = adjustment for number of lanes (Exhibit 23-6 on page 23-6)
fID = adjustment for interchange density (Exhibit 23-7 on page 23-7)
Determining Freeway Level of Service procedure (Exhibit 23-1,Page 23-2, HCM,2000)
2
Multilane Highways (page 12-1 through 12-10 of HCM, 2000)
V = vp * PHF * N * fHV (Eq 21-3 on Page 21-7 HCM, 2000)
vp = 15-minute passenger car equivalent flow rate per lane (pcphpl)
V = hourly volume (vph)
PHF = peak hour factor
N = number of lanes in each direction
fHV = heavy-vehicle adjustment factor (use eq. 21-4 on page 21-7 of HCM, 2000 factors from Exhibit 21-8,21-9,21-10 or
21-11depending on given grade information)
FFS = FFSI – fM – fLW – fLC - fA (Eq 21-1 on Page 21-5 HCM,2000)
FFS = estimated free-flow speed
FFS = ideal free-flow speed
fM = adjustment for median type (Exhibit 21-6 on page 21-6, HCM 2000
fLW = adjustment for lane width (Exhibit 21-4 on page 21-5)
fLC = adjustment for lateral clearance (Exhibit 21-5 on page 21-6)
fA = adjustment for access points (Exhibit 21-7 on page 21-7)
Determining Multilane Highways Level of Service procedure (Exhibit 21-1, HCM,2000)
V
vp = (eq.20-3, 20-6, HCM 2000)
PHF * f G * f HV
3
vp = 15-minute passenger car equivalent flow rate per lane (pcphpl)
V = demand hourly volume (vph)
PHF = peak hour factor
fG = grade adjustment factor (exhibit 20-7 or 20-8 depending on the flow characteristic being computed)
fHV = heavy-vehicle adjustment factor (use equ.20-4, page 20-8 and Exhibits 20-9, 20-10, 20-15, 20-16, 20-17, or 20-18
depending on the grade and its purpose)
ATS = average travel speed for both directions of travel combined (mi/h)
FFS = free flow speed
vp = passenger-car equivalent flow rate for peak 15-min period (pc/h)
fnp = adjustment for percentage of no passing zones (Exhibit 20-11)
4
Traffic Control Devices, Signal Timing
Signal Timing (see also Appendix B Chapter 16, HCM 2000)
Cycle length
1.5 L + 5
Co =
1 − ∑ Yi
5
Saturation
s = so N fW fHV fg fP fbb fa fLU fRT fLTfLpbfRpb
s = saturation flow for the lane group, vphg
s0 = base saturation rate per lane, usually 1900 pcphpl
N = number of lanes in analysis group
fw = adjustment factor for lane width (Exhibit 16-7 on page 16-11, 2000 HCM)
fHV = Heavy vehicle factor (Exhibit 16-7 on page 16-11, HCM 2000)
fg = grade factor (Exhibit 16-7 on page 16-11, HCM 2000)
fp = parking factor (Exhibit 16-7 on page 16-11, HCM 2000)
fbb = bus blockage factor (Exhibit 16-7 on page 16-11, HCM 2000)
fa = area factor (Exhibit 16-7 on page 16-11, HCM 2000)
fLU = Lane utilization factor (Exhibit 16-7 on page 16-11, HCM 2000)
fRT = right turn factor (Exhibit 16-7 on page 16-11, HCM 2000)
fLT = left turn factor (Exhibit 16-7 on page 16-11, HCM 2000)
fLpb = pedestrian adjustment factor for left turn movements (Exhibit 16-7 on page 16-11, HCM 2000)
fRpb = pedestrian adjustment factor for right turn movements (Exhibit 16-7 on page 16-11, HCM 2000)
Degree of Saturation
Xi= (v/c)ì = vi/(sigi/C) = viC/(sigi) (eq. 16-7, p.16-14, HCM 2000)
Xi = (v/c)ì = ration for lane group i,
vi = actual or projected demand flow rate for lane group i, vphg
gi = effective green time for lane group i, seconds
C = cycle length in seconds
Capacity
ci = si *(gi/C) (eq.16-6, p. 16-14, HCM 2000)
ci = capacity of lane group i, vph
si = saturation flow rate for lane group i, vphg
gi = effective green time for lane group i, seconds
C = cycle length in seconds
6
gi/C = effective green ratio for group i
gi = Gi + Yi - tL
PHF = Peak Hour Factor represents a measure of the worst 15-minutes during the peak
7
Fundamental Diagrams of Traffic Flow
Slope of this line gives
mean free speed
A
E
B
K K Kc Kb
Jam
Slopes of these line give space Density
mean speeds for kb, ke, and kc.
uf
uf
Space Mean Speed
O kj O
Density q max
(b) Space mean speed versus density (c) Space mean speed versus volume
8
Traffic Flow Theory – Speed-flow-density, shock wave, gap acceptance, queuing
Speed Flow-Density
9
Accidents
Intersection Accident rates
A *1, 000, 000
RMEV =
VMT
RMEV = Rate per million of entering vehicles;
A = accidents (total or by type) occurring in 1 year at that location
V = Average daily traffic (ADT * 365 days)
10
Photogrammetry
The relationship governing aerial photogrammetry that is required is given by:
f
S=
H −h
where S = photographic scale = 1/24,000
f = camera focal length (feet) = 5.5/12
H = aircraft height (feet)
h = average elevation of terrain (feet) = 2,450
Geometric Design
Horizontal Curve Radii and Super-Elevation
Stopping Sight Distance – Reaction and Braking
(u12 – u22)
SSD = PIEV + Braking => t(1.47)(ui) +
30(f ± G)
(u12 – u22)
= PIEV + Braking => t(1.47)(ui) +
30(a/g ± G)
a
AASHTO represents f as
g
ui = initial speed in mph a = recommended deceleration rate = 11.2 ft/sec2
uf = final speed in mph g = acceleration due to gravity = 32.2 ft/sec2
t = reaction time in seconds (usually 2.5 seconds (refer p.111-114, AASHTO 2001)
assumed)
G = grade of road in decimal form (2% is .02)
11
u2 e = super elevation (ranges from 0 to 0.12)
Rmin = fs= side friction based on speed and super elevation
15(e + f s )
(Exhibit 3-14 on page 145, AASHTO 2001)
Rmin = minimum safe radius in feet
u = speed in mph
Super elevation runoff see Exhibit3-29, page 174, (AASHTO 2001)
PCE = Passenger Car Equivalents - a measure that converts trucks and busses into a representative passenger car value.
PVI
y
e
Y e PVT
PVC
x G2
G1
L/2 L/2
For the simple parabolic curve, the vertical offset 'y' at any point 'x' along the curve is given by:
12
G − G1 2
y = − 2 x
2L
where Y = the elevation of the curve at a point x along the curve,
y, measured downward from the tangent, gives the vertical offset at any point x along the curve.
The max and min points are given by differentiating wrt x, and equating to zero:
dy G2 − G1
= x + G1 = 0
dx L
LG1 LG12
x= and y=
G1 − G2 2(G1 − G2 )
2158
Lmin = 2S − (S>L)
A
AS 2 OR Lmin = KA
Lmin = (S<L)
2158
Sag
(400 + 3.5S )
Lmin = 2S − (S>L)
A
AS 2
Lmin = (S<L)
(400 + 3.5S )
13
Au 2
Comfort Lmin =
46.5
3.15u 3
Spiral Curve Lmin =
RC
Lmin = minimum length of spiral curve C = rate of increase of centripetal acceleration,
2
R = radius in feet ft/sec (Ranges from 1 to 3)
S = Stopping sight distance in feet K = a factor for vertical curves used as an alternative
A = Arithmetic grade difference between approach to the equation.
and departure tangents
u = speed in mph
K factors are found in the 2001 AASHTO, page 276, Exhibit 3-77 for crests and page 280 Exhibit 3-79 for sags.
Sight Distance of Crest Vertical Curve (S<L)
P X1 X3 = L/2 X2
H1
N
PVC
G1 C PVT H2
L
D G2
S
L = length of vertical curve (ft)
S = sight distance (ft)
H1 = height of eye above roadway surface (ft) G2 = slope of second tangent
H2 = height of object above roadway surface (ft) PVC = point of vertical curve
G1 = slope of first tangent PVT = point of vertical tangent
14
Sight Distance of Crest Vertical Curve (S>L)
P
H1 N
PVC C H2
G1 S1 S2
S PVT
G2
L
15
Headlight Sight Distance on Sag Vertical Curves (S>L)
Headlight
Beam
D
L
S
Horizontal Curve
Vertical Curve Stationing
BVC = PVI – ½ L R = 5729.6/D
EVC = PVI + ½ L D = Degree of Curve (angle per 100 feet)
A R = radius in feet
Y= x2 T = R tan (∆/2)
200 L
C = 2Rsin (∆/2)
2
L * G1 M = R (1 – cos(∆/2))
Xhigh =
(G1 − G2 ) R Dp
L =
2 180
L * G1
Yhigh =
200*(G1 − G2 )
16
Horizontal Stationing )
ta nce ( S
s
Rπδ1 t Di
11 = Sigh
y
180 hwa
Hig ne
L1 L L2 s id e La D
= = In
d1 D d2 M
Line of Sight
C1 = 2Rsin (δ1/2)
CD = 2Rsin (D/2)
C2 = 2Rsin (δ2/2) R
Sight
Obstruction
5730 (1 − C os SD ) 28.65S
M= M = R 1 − Cos
D 200 R
5730 SD
R= and θ =
D 200 where
M = R (1 − cos θ ) S = Stopping Sight Distance (ft)
D = Degree of Curve
M = Middle Ordinate (ft)
R = Radius (ft)
17
Layout of a Simple Horizontal Curve
PI
V ∆
E
T T
PC ∆/2 M PT
A B
∆/2
∆
18
Layout of a Crest Vertical Curve for Design
L L
PVI
Y E
BVC Y1 EVC
G1 G2
T1 T2
L
PVI = point of vertical intersection
BVC = beginning of vertical curve (same point as PVT)
E = external distance
G1, G2 = grades of tangents (%)
L = length of curve
A = algebraic difference of grades, G1 – G2
19
Layout of a Compound Curve
T1 ∆
T2
G ∆2
t1 ∆1 PCC H
t2
PC
PT
∆2
R1 ∆1 R2
20
Geometry of a Reverse Curve with Parallel Tangents
R
Z
∆1
∆1
2
R
O D
R
∆2
∆2
2 ∆2
X Y
2
Transportation Planning
Planning Directional Traffic
DDHV = AADT*K*D; DDHV = Directional Design-Hour Volume
AADT = Average Annual Daily Traffic
K = proportion of AADT during peak hour, (range from 0.08 to 0.12 in urban areas)
D = directional percentage in peak hour for the peak direction
21
Earthworks & the Mass-haul diagram
L( A1 + A2 )
V= End Area Method
54
Most common method and likely to be on the PE
Pyramidal Method
L(area of base * length)
V=
6
For more accuracy than the end area method
V = Volume (ft2)
A1 and A2 = end areas (ft2)
Am = middle area determined by averaging linear dimensions of end sections (ft2)
Parking
Space Hours of Demand
D = Σniti
D = space hours demand for a specific time period
ti = midparking duration of the ith class
ni = number of vehicles parked for the ith duration range
22
Geotechnics
Soil Properties
Property symbol units
moisture content w %
bulk density γ pounds per cubic foot
submerged density γ1 pound per cubic foot
dry density γd pounds per cubic foot
unit weight of water γw pounds per cubic foot
saturated density γsat pounds per cubic foot
specific gravity Gs dimenstionless
soil volulme V cubic feet
volume of voids Vv cubic feet
volume of air Va cubic feet
volume of water Vw cubic feet
volume of solids Vs cubic feet
soil weight W pounds
weight of water Ww pounds
weight of solids Ws pounds
W = Ww + Ws
w = (Ww/Ws) * 100
γw = Ww/Vw
(Gs* γw) = Ws/Vs
e = Vv/Vs
n = Vv/V = Vv/(Vv + Vs)
y = W/V
γd = Ws/V
γd = y/(1+w)
γsat = Yd + n yw
23
Vertical Stress
∆pav = 1/6(∆pA + 4pB + ∆pC)
Permeability
Darcy’s law – Aquifer Flow
qx log e (r2 / r1 )
q = kiA k=
q = the flow (gal/min) π (h12 − h21 )
k = coefficient of permeability (ft/day) where
i = hydraulic gradient
A = cross–sectional area (ft2) q = steady state well discharge; r1 = distance to first
Darcy’s Law states that the permeability of a soil is given by: observation well
k = 1/Ai h1 = piezometric height above impermeable layer, at
The permeability of a soil stratum overlying an impermeable observation hole (1)
layer is given by: h2 = piezometric height above impermeable layer, at
observation hole (2)
24
Unified soil classification system (ASTM D-2487)
Group
Major Divisions Typical Names Laboratory Classification Criteria
Symbols
D60
Depending on percentage of fines (fraction smaller than No 200 sieve size), coarse-grained
(More than half of coarse fraction greater than 4;
GW,G{,SW, SP
between 1 and 3
Gravels
is
GM2
with fines
le amount
mixtures or PI less than 4 Above “A” line with PI between 4 and 7 are
Gravels
soils
SW sands, little Not meeting all gradation requirements for SW
Clean sands (Little or no
or no fines
D60
Cu =
fines)
greater than 6
D10
4 sieve size)
5 to 12 percent
between 1 and 3
D10 xD60
d
amount of fines)
SMa Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures Not meeting all gradation requirements for SW
(Appreciable
Sands with
u
fines
sands, rock
Fine-grained soils
60
sieve)
plasticity
Inorganic clays of low to
medium 50
CL plasticity, gravelly clays, sandy
CH
CITY INDEX
clays,
silty clays, lean clays 40
N E
30 LI
A”
25
Organic silts and organic silty
OL clays of
low plasticity
Inorganic silts, micaceous or
diatomaceous fine sandy or
MH
silty soils,
Pt
a
Division of GM and SM groups into subdivisions of d and u are for roads and airfields only. Subdivision is bases on Atterberg limits; suffix d used
when LL is 28 or less and the PI is 6 or less; the suffix u used when LL is greater than 28.
b
Borderline classification, used for soils possessing characteristics of two groups, are designated by combinations of group symbols. For example
GW-GC, well graded gravel- sand mixture with clay binder
26
Coulomb’s Equation
τ = c + σ tanφ
where
τ = shear stress, in lb/in2 σ = normal stress, in lb/in2
c = cohesion, in lb/in2 φ = friction angle, in degrees
1
The plane of failure is inclined at the angle θ = 45 D + φ obtained from Coulomb’s equation.
2
Effective stress parameters: S us = c ′ + σ ′ tan φ ′ , where c ′ and φ ′ are the effective stress parameters. The effective soil pressure is given
by σ ′ = σ − µ .
Boussinesq’s Equation
The equation determines the increase in vertical stress (∆p) at a point A in a soil mass due to a point load (Q) on the surface
which can be expressed as
3Q z3
∆p = where r = x 2 + y 2
2π (r + z )
2 2 5/ 2
27
An approximation to Boussinesq’s equation is represented in the
graph below that relates the increase in stress, ∆p, below the
center of a foundation, due to the distributed load q.
28
Consolidation Theory
Consolidation settlement is provided by the following: Cc = 0.009(LL – 10)
CcH p + ∆p The time of consolidation relationship is provided by the following:
S= log 0
1 + e0 p0
cv t
Tv =
where h2
S = settlement, in inches where
Cc = compression index (slope of e-log p plot)
Tv = time factor
H = thickness of compressible layer
cv = coefficient of consolidation
p0 = mean overburden pressure
t = time
∆p = increase in pressure (usually due to fill)
For undisturbed clays (Skempton): h = thickness of sample clay layer
29
Water Engineering
Rational Method Hazen-Williams Equation
Q = CIA
V = k1CR 0.63 S 0.54 , where
Q = cubic feet per second (cfs); C = coefficient of C = roughness coefficient
imperviousness; I = intensity of rainfall (in/hr); A = Area k1 = 0.849 for SI units, and
(acres) k1 = 1.318 for USCS units,
1.008cfs = 1.00 acre-in/hr R = hydraulic radius (ft or m),
Cw = weighted coefficient S = slope of energy gradeline,
= hf /L (ft/ft or m/m), and
Cw =
∑C Ai i V = velocity (ft/s or m/s).
∑A
Time of concentration, Tc = L/V = distance traveled Values of Hazen-Williams Coefficient C
/velocity Pipe Material C
Time of concentration is the duration of design storm Concrete(regardless of age) 130
length and is used to find the intensity (in/hr) from I-T-T Cast iron:
curves for a given area. New 130
5 yr old 120
Manning’s Equation 20 yr old 100
Welded steel, new 120
1.49 2 / 3 1 / 2
Q= rH S A Wood stave (regardless of age) 120
n Vitrified clay 110
n = manning roughness coefficient Riveted steel, new 110
A = Area of cross – section (ft2) Brick Sewers 100
rH = hydraulic radius (A/P) (1ft) Asbestos-cement 140
S = slope (ft/ft) Plastic 150
Q= flow (cfs)
v = velocity of the flow (ft/sec)
30
Froude Number
Friction loss in open channel flow
v
hf = SL N FR =
( gd )1/ 2
Ln 2 v 2 where:
hf =
2.21(rH ) 4 / 3
NFR is a dimensionless number
hf =friction loss in feet d is the flow height in feet
L =length of pipe in feet v is the flow velocity in ft/sec
n = manning’s roughness factor g is the gravitational constant 32.2 ft/sec2
v = the flow velocity in ft/sec
rH = the hydraulic radius Hydraulic Jumps
S =slope 2 gd 2 (d1 + d 2 )
v1 =
2d1
Circular Pipe Flow
1/ 2 1/ 2
For a half-full circular pipe 2v 22 d12 d12 2v12 d12 d12
Diameter, D equals 2* the depth of the water which is d1 = −1 / 2d1 + + ; d 2 = −1 / 2d 2 + +
g 4 g 4
related by:
D = 2d = 1.73 (n*Q*S-1/2)3/8 v
2
v
2
∆E = d1 + 1 − d 2 + 2
For full pipe flow: 2g 2g
31
Rectangular Sections Non-Uniform Sections
3 Q2 Q 2 A3
dc = =
gw2 g b
dc = 2 / 3 E c where
Miscellaneous
Concrete / Asphalt
ESAL is equivalent single axle load which is defined as 18,000 lbs. It is used in road design to estimate equivalent loads applied to
the surface.
ESAL = Design lane factor * % category * days per year * axles * truck factor
32
ENGINEERING ECONOMICS
Factor Name Converts Symbol Formula
Single Payment
to F given P (F/P, i%, n) (1+i)n
Compound Amount
Single Payment
to P given F (P/F, i%, n) (1+i)n
Present Worth
Uniform Series i
Sinking Fund to A given F (A/F, i%, n) −1
(1 + i ) n
Capital Recovery i (1 + i ) n
to A given P (A/P, i%, n)
(1 + i ) n − 1
Uniform Series (l + i ) n − 1
Compound Amount to F given A (F/A, i%, n)
i
Uniform Series (l + i ) n − 1
Present Worth to P given A (P/A, i%, n)
i (1 + i ) n
Uniform Gradient** (1 + i ) n − 1 n
Present Worth to P given G (P/G ,i%, n) −
i (1 + i )
2 n
i (1 + i ) n
Uniform Gradient † (1 = i ) n − 1 n
to F given G (F/G, i%,n) −
Future Worth i2 i
Uniform Gradient ‡ 1 n
to A given G (A/G, i%, n) −
Uniform Series i 1 = i)n − 1
NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS F = Future worth, value, or amount
A = Uniform amount per interest period ƒ = General inflation rate per interest period
B = Benefit G = Uniform gradient amount per interest period
BV = Book Value ι = Interest rate per interest period
C = Cost ie = Annual effective interest rate
d = Combined interest rate per interest period m = Number of compounding periods per year
Dj = Depreciation in year j
33
n = Number of compounding periods; or the (n is the number of years)
expected life of an asset (F/P,r%,n)= er n
P = Present worth, value, or amount (P/F,r%,n)= e-r n
r = Nominal annual interest rate er − 1
Sn = Expected salvage value in year n ( A / F , r %.n) = rn
e −1
Subscripts
j = at time j ern − 1
n = at time n ( F / A, r %, n) =
er − 1
** = P/G=(F/G)/(F/P) = (P/A)x(A/G)
† = F/G=(F/A – n)/i=(F/A)x(A/G)
er − 1
‡ = A/G=[1 – n(A/F]/i ( A / P, r %, n) =
1 − e − rn
NON-Annual Compounding 1 − e − rn
( P / A, r %, n) =
r
m
er − 1
ie = 1 + − 1
m
BOOK VALUE
Discount Factors for Continuous Compounding
BV=initial cost -ΣDj
34