eroberogeday lwm pl:ún

briBaØabR&tKNitviTüa nig BaNiC¢kmμ

Problems and Solutions

 sñaédeá£Bum<pßay
esovePAKNitviTüa ½
1-dMeNa£RsaylMhat´KNitviTüa eá£Bum< qñaM2000
( sRmab´eRtomRbLgcUlsaklviTüal&y nig GaharUbkrN_ )
2-BiPBsVIútcMnYnBit ( sRmab´fñak´TI11 nig sisßBUEkKNitviTüa )
3- GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt ( sRmab´fñak´TI11 nig sisßBUEkKNitviTüa )
4- dMeNa£RsayKMrU cMnYnkMupøic lImIt edrIev ( sRmab´fñak´TI12)
5- segçbrUbmnþKNitviTüa ( sRmab´fñak´TI11-12 )
6- KMrUsikßaGnuKmn_ ( sRmab´fñak´TI11-12 )
7- kMEnlMhat´KNitviTüafñak´TI10kmµviFIsikßafµI ( PaK1 qñaM2008 )
8- 151 KNnalImIt ( sRmab´fñak´TI11-12 )


 GñkcUlrYmRtYtBinitübec©keTs
elak lwm qun
elak Esn Bisidæ
elakRsI Tuy rINa
elak Titü em¨g
elak RBwm sunitü
elak pl b‘unqay
GñkRtYtBinitüGkçraviruTæ
elak lwm miKþsir
karIkMuBüÚT&r
kBaØa lI KuNÑaka
GñkniBnæ nig eroberog
elak lwm plþún nig elak Esn Bisidæ
 GarmÖkfa
esovePA KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak PaK2 EdlGñksikßakMBugkan´
enAkñúgéden£ xMJúáTáneroberogeLIgkñúgeKalbMngTukCaÉksar sRmab´
CaCMnYydl´GñksikßaykeTAsikßaRsavRCavedayxøÜnÉg nig müa¨geTot
kñúgeKalbMngcUlrYmelIksÞÜyvis&yKNitviTüaenARbeTskm<úCaeyIg
[kan´EtrIkceRmInEfmeTotedIm,Ibeg;InFnFanmnusß[mankan´EteRcIn
edIm,ICYyGPivDÄn_RbeTsCatirbs´eyIg .
enAkñúgesoven£eyIgxMJúánxitxMRsavRCaveRCIserIsyklMhat´ya¨g
sRmaMgbMputBIÉksarbreTsya¨geRcInbMputdUcCa 103 Trigonometry Problems ,
Five Hundred Mathematical Challenges,Complex Numbers From A to … Z ,
Mathematical Olympiad in China,Mathematical Olympiad Challenges,
Mathematical Olympiad Treasures, International Mathematical Olympiads 1959-1977,
The IMO Compendium ( 1959-2004 ) , 360 Problems for Mathematical contest…
nigÉksarbreTsepßg@eTottamy¼Internet ykmkeFIVdMeNa£Rsay
ya¨gek,a£k,ayEdlGac[elakGñkgayyl´qab´cgcaMGMBIsil,£énkar
eda£RsayTaMgGs´en£ . b¨uEnþeTa£Caya¨gNak¾eday kgV£xat nig
kMhusqþgedayGectnaRákdCamanTaMgbec©keTs nig GkçraviruTæ .
GaRs&yehtuen£ eyIgxMJúCaGñkeroberogrg´caMedayrIkrayCanic©nUv
mtiri£Kn´EbbsSabnaBIsMNak´GñksikßakñúgRKb´mCÄdæanedIm,ICYyEklMG
esovePAen£[ánkan´EtsuRkiRtPaBEfmeTot .
 CaTIbBa©b´en£eyIgxMJúGñkeroberogsUmeKarBCUnBrdl´Gñksikßa
TaMgGs´[mansuxPaBmaMmYn nig TTYlC&yCMn£RKb´Parkic© .

át´dMbgéf¶TI 14 kumÖ¼ 2009

GñkniBnæ lwm plþún
Tel : 017 768 246
lwm plþún nig Esn Bisidæ

Problems and Solutions

rkßasiT§iRKb´y¨ag
KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

-1-
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
1-eK[BIrcMnYnBitviC¢man a nig b .
cUrbgHajfa (1 + a)(1 + b) ≥ (1 + ab ) 2
Gnuvtþn_ rktémøtUcbMputénGnuKmn_ ½
sin 2 x
f ( x ) = (1 + 4 )(1 + 4 ) Edl x ∈ IR .
cos 2 x

2-eK[bIcMnYnBitviC¢man a , b nig c .
cUrbgHajfa a + b + c ≥ ab + bc + ca
2 2 2

3-eK[bIcMnYnBitviC¢man a , b nig c .
cUrbgHajfa (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) ≥ 8abc
4-eK[ n cMnYnBitviC¢man a ; a ; a ; .... ; a
1 2 3 n

EdlplKuN a .a .a ....a = 1 .
1 2 3 n

cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa (1 + a )(1 + a )....(1 + a ) ≥ 2

1 2 n
n

5-eK[ 0 < a < π nig 0 < b < π .

2 2
2 2
⎛ sin 2 a ⎞ ⎛ cos 2 a ⎞
cUrbgHajfa ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1
⎝ sin b ⎠ ⎝ cos b ⎠
lu¼RtaEt a=b .

-2-
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
6-cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnBit x cUrRsayfa ½
3
(1 + sin x )(1 + cos x ) ≤ + 2
2
a −5
2
7-eK[ a0 = 2 + 3 + 6 nig a n +1 = n
2(a n + 2)
cMeBa¼RKb´ n≥0 .
⎛ 2n− 3 π ⎞
cUrRsayfa a n = cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2 cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN .
⎝ 3 ⎠
8-eda¼RsayRbB&næsmIkarxageRkam ½
⎧ 1 1
⎪⎪ x + y = 9
⎨
⎪ ( 1 + 1 ) ( 1 + 1 ) ( 1 + 1 ) = 18
⎪⎩ 3 x 3 y 3
x 3 y

9-cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
1 1 1 1
n( n n + 1 − 1) < 1 + + + ... + < 1 + n(1 − n )
2 3 n n
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnKt´viC¢man n .
10-eK[ n cMnYn
a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ...., a n ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ehIyeKtag
a 1 .a 2 .a 3 ....a n
tn = n . .
a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n

-3-
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
cUrRsayfa ∑ (log t ) ≥ (n − 1) n .
n

ak n
k =1

11-eK[ m nig n CaBIrcMnYnKt´viC¢man .

x mn − 1 x n − 1
cUrRsayfa ≥
m x
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnBitviC¢man x .
12-eK[ xn = 2 + 12n
cMeBa¼RKb´ n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ... .
1 2 22 2n −1 1
cUrRsayfa + + + .... + <
x1 x 2 x 3 xn 3
13-eK[ f : (0 , + ∞ ) → IR ehIymancMnYnBit a > 0
Edl f (a) = 1 .
cUrbgHajfaRbsinebI f ( x)f ( y ) + f ( a )f ( a ) = 2f ( xy)
x y
cMeBa¼RKb´ x , y ∈ ( 0 , + ∞ ) ena¼ f ( x ) CaGnuKmn_efr
.
14-eK[ ABC CaRtIekaNmYyEdlepÞógpÞat´lkç&x&NÐ
sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 1 + sin B sin C cos A .
bgHajfa ABC CaRtIekaNEkg .

-4-
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
15- cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
23 − 1 33 − 1 n3 − 1 2
+ 3 + ...... + 3 > (n − 1) ( n −1 )
2 +1 3 +1
3
n +1 3
x 2 + 2mx + 3m − 8
16-eK[GnuKmn_ y =
2 ( x 2 + 1)
Edl x ∈ IR nig m Caá¨ra¨Em¨Rt .
etIeKGackMnt´témø m edIm,I[GnuKmn_en¼Gactag[témø
kUsIunUsénmMumYyán¦eT?
17-eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) = ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) , x ∈ IR
a+b a b
cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa f ( ) < f( + )
1+ a+ b 1+ a 1+ b
cMeBa¼RKb´ a > 0 , b > 0 .
18-cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
cos 4x + 4 sin 4x + 1 8
−2 ≤ ≤
cos 4x + 2 3
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnBit x .
19-eK[sIVúténcMnYnBit U n = 6 + 6 + 6 + .... + 6 + 6
man n ra¨DIkal´ .

-5-
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
cUrRsayfa U < 3 cMeBa¼RKb´
n n ∈ IN .
20-eK[cMnYnkMupøic ½
1 1
Z = (cos 2 x + 2
) + i .(sin 2
x + 2
)
cos x sin x
Edl x CacMnYnBit.
cUrkMnt´rkm¨UDulGb,brmaéncMnYnkMupøicen¼ ?
21-eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) = x + x + x + ..... + x +
1
+ x+
1
2 4
cUrkMnt´bNþatémø x ∈ IN edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøelx
CacMnYnKt´ .
22-eK[ x CacMnYnBitEdl 60x 2 − 71x + 21 < 0 .
cUrbgHajfa sin ⎛⎜ π ⎞⎟ < 0 .
⎝ 3x − 1 ⎠
23-eK[GnuKmn_ ½
( x 2 − y 2 )(1 − x 2 y 2 )
f (x , y ) = , x ; y ∈ IR
(1 + x ) (1 + y )
2 2 2 2

1
cUrbgHajfacMeBa¼RKb´ x , y ∈ IR eKán | f (x ; y ) | ≤
4

-6-
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

24- eK[sIVút U n = 2 + 2 + 2 + ..... + 2 + 3

 

(n)

cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN * .
k-cUrkMnt´ U CaGnuKmn_én n .
n

x-cUrbgHajfa U × U × U × ...... × U =
3 .
1 2 3 n
π
2 sin
3.2 n
K-eKBinitüsIVút Vn = 2 n 2 − 2 + 2 + ..... + 2 + 3
 

.
(n)

cUrKNna V nig lImIt nlim Vn .

n
→ +∞

25-eK[ a ≥ 1 nig b ≥ 1 .
a+b
cUrbgHajfa log 2 a + log 2 b ≤ 2 log 2 ( )
2
26-eK[ θ CacMnYnBitEdl 0 < θ < π .
2
cUrbgHajfa (sin θ ) cos θ + (cos θ ) sin θ > 1
27-eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy .
3 3
k-cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa sin A + sin B + sin C ≤ .
2

-7-
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

x-bgHajfa cos A cos B cos C ≤ 3 3 .

2 2 2 8
28-eK[smIkar ½
(E) : x 2 + 2( 2m + 3)x + 4m 2 + 8m + 8 = 0
k-cUrkMnt´bNþatémø m ∈ IN edIm,I[smIkaren¼man¦s
CacMnYnKt´rWLaTIhV .
x-rk¦sEdlCacMnYnKt´rWLaTIhVrbs´smIkar .
29- M Cama¨RTIskaerlMdab´bIEdlmanFatuTaMgGs´CacMnYKt´ .
eKdwgfaplKuNénFatuTaMgbItamCYredknImYy@ plKuNén
FatuTaMgbItamCYrQrnImYy@nig plKuNénFatuTaMgbItam
Gg;t´RTUgesμInwg m dUcKña .
bgHajfa m CaKUbéncMnYnKt´ .
30-eK[bYncMnYnviC¢man a , b , c , d .
cUrbgHajfa ½
a b c d
1< + + + <2
a+b+c b+c+d c+d+a d+a+b

-8-
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
31-eKmanbIcMnYnBit a > 0 ; b > 0 ; c > 0 .
cUrRsayfa ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) ≥ 6abc
32-eK[BIrcMnYn x nig y xusBIsUnü nig mansBaØadUcKña .
cUrbgHajfa y 2 + x2 − 3 ⎛⎜ yx + yx ⎟⎞ + 4 ≥ 0 .
x2 y 2
⎝ ⎠
33-eK[smIkar ax + bx + c = 0 , a ≠ 0 , a ≠ c .
2

tag tan α nig tan β Ca¦srbs´smIkarxagelI .

cUrKNnatémøénkenßam ½
A = a sin 2 (α + β ) + b sin( α + β ) cos(α + β ) + c cos 2 ( α + β )
34-cMnYnKt;viC¢man n Ecknwg * [sMNl; ! .
cMnYn n enaHEcknwg % [sMNl; @ .
k-ebIcMnYn n enaHEcknwg $0 [sMNl;b:unμan ?
x-rkcMnYn n enaHedaydwgfa 3940 < n < 4000 .
35-edaHRsayRbBn½æsmIkar
⎧ 5 ( log y x + log x y ) = 26
⎨
⎩ x y = 64

-9-
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
⎧ 1
⎪⎪ 4 x
. 5 y
=
36-edaHRsayRbBn½æsmIkar ⎨
400
⎪ 5x .6 y = 1
⎪⎩ 900

37-eda¼RsaysmIkar ½
2 2 2
−x
9x + 31− x = 3 ( x−1) + 1
38-eK[ CabIcMnYnBitviC¢mandac´xat .
a;b;c

cUrbgHajfa b + c + c + a + a + b ≥ a + b2 + c
a2 b2 c2

39-cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ f (x) nig g(x) ebIeKdwgfa ³

f ( 2x − 1) + 2g( 3x + 1) = x 2
nig f (4x − 3) − g(6x − 2) = −2x 2
+ 2x + 1

cMeBaHRKb; x ∈ IR .
40-eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCúg a , b , c .
kMnt´RbePTénRtIekaN ABC ebIeKdwgfa ½
cos A cos B cos C 1 1 1 1
+ + = ( + + )
a b c 2 a b c

- 10 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
41-k¿ cUrRsaybBa¢ak´TMnak´TMng tan x = cot x − 2 cot 2x
x¿ cUrKNnaplbUkxageRkam ½
1 a 1 a 1 a
S n = tan a + tan + 2 tan 2 + .... + n tan n
2 2 2 2 2 2
42-eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) = x − 2 Edl x ∈ IR
2

k-eKyk U1 = f (x) nig U n 1 = f (U n ) cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN * .

+

cUrbgHajfa U n = fn [ f [.......f [f (x)].......] ] .

x-RsayfaebI x > 2 eKán U n > 2 RKb´ n ∈ IN * .
K-eKtag Vn = U n − U n 2 − 4 RKb´ n ∈ IN * nig x > 2 .
cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN * cUrbgHajfa 2Vn+1 = Vn 2 .
X-snμtfa Wn = ln Vn − ln 2 cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN * .
cUrrkRbePTénsIVút Wn .
g-eRbIlTæplxagelIcUrTajrkGnuKmn_ ½
Fn ( x) = f n [ f [........f [ f ( x ) ].........] ] .

43-eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) = x + 3x − 3x + 1 RKb´ x ∈ IR

3 2

2
3x − 3x + 1
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnBitviC¢man a nig b

- 11 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
⎛1+ a + b⎞ ⎛ 1 + a + b + ab ⎞
f⎜ ⎟ ≥ f ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2+a+b ⎠
x 2 + 4mx − 4m 2 + 1
44-eK[Exßekag (C m ) : y = f m ( x ) =
m−x
cUrbgHajfamanExßekagBIrénRKYsarExßekag (Cm )
Edlkat´tamcMnuc M 0 (x 0 ; y 0 ) cMeBa¼RKb´ (x 0 ; y 0 ) ∈ IR 2 .
m Caá¨ra¨Em¨Rt .
45-eK[ P(x) CaBhuFadWeRkTIbI .
eKdwgfa P(x) + 2 Eckdac´nwg (x + 1) 2

ehIy P(x) − 2 Eckdac´nwg (x − 1) . 2

cUrkMnt´rkBhuFa P(x) .
n n
46-eK[ A = ⎛⎜ 13 + i ⎞⎟ − ⎛⎜ 13 − i ⎞⎟ , n ∈ IN .
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
cUrbgðajfa A = i . 2 . sin n3π cMeBaHRKb; n ∈ IN .
n +1

n
( 3)
47-eK[sIVúténcMnYnBit (U ) kMnt;eday ³n

U = ln 3 nig U
0 = ln ( 1 + e ) , n ∈ IN .
n +1
Un

cUrKNna U CaGnuKmn_én n .
n

- 12 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
48-edaHRsaysmIkar 47x + 29y = 1 kñúgsMNMucMnYnKt;rWLaTIhV .
49-cUrbgðajfa A n = 3 3n+ 2 + 7 2n+ 3 Eckdac;nwg !!
Canic©RKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .
50-cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn E = 447 + 462 − 122 − 124
n
n n n n

Eckdac;nwg 221 Canic©cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .

51-eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) = e . cos xx

k> KNna f '(x) rYcbgðajfa f ' (x) = 2 e cos(x + π4 )

x

x> edayeFIVvicartamkMeNIncUrbgðafaedrIevTI n kMnt;eday

n nπ
f ( n ) ( x ) = 2 e x . cos( x + )
4
52-eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug
BC = a , AC = b , AB = c .
]bmafa M CacMnucmYyenAkñúgRtIekaNenH ehIyeKtag x , y
nig z CacMgayerogKñaBIcMnuc M eTARCug BC , AC nig AB
énRtIekaN . cUrKNnatémøGb,brmaén T = x + y + z 2 2 2

CaGnuKmn_én a , b , c .

- 13 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
53-cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ y = f (x) ebIeKdwgfa ³
x2 − 1
f ( x + x − 2x + 2 ) =
2
x +1
2
cM e BaHRKb; c M n Y n Bi t x.
→ →
54-kñúgbøg;kMupøic (O , i , j ) eK[bYncMnuc A , B , C , D
EdlmanGahVikerogKña
Z = 1 + 6i , Z = 4 + 5i , Z = 5 + 4i nig Z = −2 − 3i .
A B C D

cUrRsayfactuekaN ABCD carikkñúgrgVg;mYyEdleKnwgbBa¢ak;p©it

nig kaMrbs;va .
55-eK[RtIFa f (x) = ax + bx + c Edl a ≠ 0 , a, b, c ∈ IR
2

k-cUrRsayfaebI Δ = b − 4ac < 0 nig a > 0 ena¼eKán

2

f ( x ) > 0 , ∀x ∈ IR
x-kñúgkrNIen¼eKsnμtfa Δ = b − 4ac < 0 nig
2
a>0 .
ebI b > a cMeBa¼RKb´ λ ∈ IR cUrbgHajfa ½
a( λ2 − k ) + b( λ + k ) + c
>k
b−a
Edl k CacMnYnBitefrmYyEdleK[ .
K-Gnuvtþn_ cMeBa¼RKb´RtIFa f (x) = ax + bx + c
2

- 14 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
Edl a ≠ 0 , a, b, c ∈ IR
ebI Δ = b − 4ac < 0 nig a > 0 ena¼bgHajfaeKman ½
2

a+b+a
b−a
>3 .
56-eK[ 0 < x < π2 . cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜1 + ⎟ ≤ 1+ 2
⎝ sin x ⎠ ⎝ cos x ⎠
⎧⎪4 x .3 y +1 + 27 y = 171
57-cUreda¼RsayRbBnæ&smIkar ⎨ x
⎪⎩8 + 2 x .31+ 2 y = 172
58-cUreda¼RsayRbBnæ&smIkar ½
⎧⎪7 x 3 − 3x 2 y − 21xy 2 + 26y 3 = 342
⎨ 3
⎪⎩9x − 21x 2 y + 33xy 2 − 28y 3 = 344
59-eK[smIkar (E): x − 2 2 + a + b .x + (1 + a)(1 + b) = 0
2 2 2

Edl a nig b CaBIrcMnYnBit .

k-cUrkMnt´témø a nig b edIm,I[smIkaren¼man¦sDub
rYcKNna¦sDubena¼ .
x-eRkABItémø a nig b xagelIcUrbgHajfasmIkar (E) man¦sBIr
Canic©kñúg IR .

- 15 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
60-eK[BhuFa ½
Pn ( x ) = 1 + c1 x + c 2 x 2 + ....... + c n −1 x n −1 + x n
Edl c1 , c 2 , c 3 , ......., cn−1 ≥ 0 .
snμtfasmIkar Pn (x) = 0 man n ¦sCacMnYnBitGviC©man .
cUrbgHajfa Pn (2) ≥ 3 n .
61-k-RbsinebI p ≥ −1 cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN * cUrbgHajfa ½
(1 + p ) ≥ 1 + np (1) .
n

x-eK[ a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ......, a n Ca n cMnYnminGviC¢man .

eKtag A n = a1 + a 2 + an3 + .... + a n
nig G n = n a1 .a 2 .a 3 ......a n .
bgHajfaRbsinebI G k ≤ A k ehIy A k ≠ 0
eKán G k k .a k +1 ≤ A k k +1 (1 + p) Edl p = aA − 1 . k +1

K-edayeRbIlTæplxagelIcUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ..... + a n ≥ n n a 1a 2 a 3 ....a n .

- 16 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
62-eK[ A , B , C CargVas´mMukñúgrbs´RtIekaN ABC mYy .
k-cUrbgHajfa cos A + cos B + cos C ≤ 32
x-cUrbgHajfa cos A2 + cos B2 + cos C2 ≤ 94
2 2 2

K-cUrbgHajfa sin A2 + sin B2 + sin C2 ≥ 43

2 2 2

X-cUrbgHajfa cos A2 cos B2 cos C2 ≤ 3 8 3

63-eK[smPaB
π 2π 3π nπ n( 2n − 1)
cot 2 + cot 2 + cot 2 + ...... + cot 2 =
2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1 3
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ π2
cUrbgHajfa 1 1
.
lim ⎜ + 2 + 2 + ........... + 2 ⎟ =
n → +∞ ⎝ 1 2 2 3 n ⎠ 6
64-eKtag r nig R erogKñaCakaMénrgVg´carikkñúg nig carikeRkA
Rbs´RtIekaNEkg ABC mYy .
cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa R ≥ (1 + 2 ) r ?
65-eK[ a , b , c CaRCugrbs´RtIekaNmYy .
cUrRsaybBa¢ak´vismPaB ½
a b(a − b ) + b c(b − c) + c a(c − a ) ≥ 0 ?
2 2 2

- 17 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
66-eK[ a , b , c CaRCugrbs´RtIekaNmYyEdlmanépÞRkTLa
esμInwg S . cUrRsayfa a + b + c ≥ 4 3 S ?
2 2 2

67-eKyk I Cap©itrgVg´carwkkñúgRtIekaN ABC mYyEdl

BC = a , AC = b , AB = c .
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnuc X cUrRsayfa ½
a.XA 2 + b.XB 2 + c.XC2 = (a + b + c) XI 2 + abc
68-eKtag r nig R erogKñaCakaMrgVg´carikkñúg nig carwkeRkA
énRtIekaNmYy . cUrRsaybBa¢ak´faebI d Cacm¶ayrvagp©it
rgVg´carwkkñúg nig carwkeRkArbs´RtIekaNena¼eKán ½
d = R( R − 2r ) ?
2

69-eKyk I Cap©itrgVg´carwkkñúgRtIekaN ABC mYyEdl

manRCug BC = a , AC = b , AB = c .
2 2 2
cUrRsayfa IAbc + IBca + IC ab
=1 .

70-cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnBitviC¢man a , b , c cUrbgHajfa ½
(a + 2)(b + 2)(c + 2) ≥ 9(ab + bc + ca) .
2 2 2

- 18 -
KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

- 19 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI1
eK[BIrcMnYnBitviC¢man a nig b .
cUrbgHajfa (1 + a)(1 + b) ≥ (1 + ab ) 2
Gnuvtþn_ rktémøtUcbMputénGnuKmn_ ½
f ( x ) = (1 + 4 sin 2 x
)(1 + 4 ) Edl x ∈ IR .
cos 2 x

dMeNa¼Rsay
bgHajfa (1 + a)(1 + b) ≥ (1 + ab ) 2
eyIgman (1 + a)(1 + b) = 1 + (a + b) + ab (1)
tamvismPaB AM − GM eKman a + b ≥ 2 ab
tam (1) eKTaján (1 + a)(1 + b) ≥ 1 + 2 ab + ab
eday 1 + 2 ab + ab = (1 + ab ) 2
dUcen¼ (1 + a)(1 + b) ≥ (1 + ab ) 2
edayeRbIvismPaBxagelIen¼eKTaján ½
sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x + cos 2 x 2
f ( x ) = (1 + 4 )(1 + 4 ) ≥ (1 + 4 ) =9
dUcen¼témøGb,brmaénGnuKmn_esμInwg 9 .

- 20 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI2
eK[bIcMnYnBitviC¢man a , b nig c .
cUrbgHajfa a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ≥ ab + bc + ca

dMeNa¼Rsay
bgHajfa a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ≥ ab + bc + ca
tamvismPaB AM − GM eKman ½
a2 + b2
≥ ab (1)
2
b2 + c2
≥ bc ( 2)
2
c2 + a2
≥ ca ( 3)
2
bUkvismPaB (1) , (2) nig (3) Gg:nwgGg:eKán ½
a2 + b2 + b2 + c2 + c2 + a2
≥ ab + bc + ca
2
dUcen¼ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ≥ ab + bc + ca .

- 21 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI3
eK[bIcMnYnBitviC¢man a , b nig c .
cUrbgHajfa (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) ≥ 8abc

dMeNa¼Rsay
bgHajfa (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) ≥ 8abc
tamvismPaB AM − GM eKman ½
a + b ≥ 2 ab (1)
b + c ≥ 2 bc ( 2)
c + a ≥ 2 ca ( 3)
eFIVviFIKuN (1) , (2) nig ( 3) Gg:nwgGg:eKán ½
(a + b )(b + c)(c + a ) ≥ 8 ab . bc . ca
dUcen¼ (a + b )(b + c)(c + a ) ≥ 8abc .

"""""

- 22 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI4
eK[ n cMnYnBitviC¢man a1 ; a 2 ; a 3 ; .... ; a n
EdlplKuN a .a .a ....a = 1 .
1 2 3 n

cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa (1 + a1 )(1 + a 2 )....(1 + a n ) ≥ 2n

dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak´fa (1 + a1 )(1 + a 2 )....(1 + a n ) ≥ 2n
tamvismPaB AM − GM eKman ½
1 + a1 ≥ 2 a1
1 + a2 ≥ 2 a2
1 + a3 ≥ 2 a3
−−−−−−−−
1 + an ≥ 2 an
eKán (1 + a )(1 + a )....(1 + a ) ≥ 2 a .a
1 2 n
n
1 2 ....a n
eday a .a .a ....a = 1 .
1 2 3 n

dUcen¼ (1 + a1 )(1 + a 2 )....(1 + a n ) ≥ 2n .

- 23 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI5
eK[ 0 < a < π nig 0<b<
π
.
2 2
2 2
⎛ sin 2 a ⎞ ⎛ cos 2 a ⎞
cUrbgHajfa ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1
⎝ sin b ⎠ ⎝ cos b ⎠
lu¼RtaEt a=b .

dMeNa¼Rsay
karbgHaj
2 2
⎛ sin 2 a ⎞ ⎛ cos 2 a ⎞
eKman ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1
⎝ sin b ⎠ ⎝ cos b ⎠
⎛ sin 4 a cos 4 a ⎞
smmUl (sin b + cos b)⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ = 1
2 2

⎝ sin b cos b ⎠
cos 2 b 4 sin 2 b
sin a + cos a +
4 4
sin a + cos 4
a=1
sin 2 b cos 2 b
2 2
cos b sin b
1 − 2 sin 2 a cos 2 a + 2
sin 4
a + 2
cos 4 a = 1
sin b cos b
2
⎛ cos b 2 sin b ⎞
⎜ sin a − cos 2 a ) ⎟ = 0
⎝ sin b cos b ⎠

- 24 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
cos b 2 sin b
eKTaj sin a = cos 2 a
sin b cos b
sin 2 a sin 2 b
smmUl =
cos a cos 2 b
2

smmUl tan 2 a = tan 2 b

π π
eday 0<a< nig 0<b< ena¼eKTaj a=b .
2 2

lMhat´TI6
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnBit x cUrRsayfa ½
3
(1 + sin x )(1 + cos x) ≤ + 2
2

dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak´fa (1 + sin x)(1 + cos x) ≤ 3 + 2
2
eyIgman (a − b) 2 ≥ 0 cMeBa¼RKb´ a , b ∈ IR
eKán a 2 − 2ab + b 2 ≥ 0
a2 + b2
eKTaj a.b ≤
2

- 25 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
edayeRCIserIsyk a = 1 + sin x nig b = 1 + cos x
(1 + sin x ) 2 + (1 + cos x ) 2
eKán (1 + sin x)(1 + cos x) ≤
2
3 + 2(sin x + cos x)
(1 + sin x )(1 + cos x) ≤ (1)
2
eKman sin x + cos x = 2 sin( x + π ) ≤ 2
4
tam (1) eKTaj (1 + sin x)(1 + cos x) ≤ 3 + 2 2
2
dUcen¼ (1 + sin x)(1 + cos x) ≤ 3 + 2 .
2

"""""

- 26 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI7
a −5
2
eK[ a0 = 2 + 3 + 6 nig a n +1 = n
2(a n + 2)
cMeBa¼RKb´ n≥0 .
⎛ 2n− 3 π ⎞
cUrRsayfa a n = cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2 cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN .
⎝ 3 ⎠

dMeNa¼Rsay
⎛ 2n− 3 π ⎞
RsaybBa¢ak´fa a n = cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2
⎝ 3 ⎠
π
cMeBa¼ n = 0 eKán a 0 = cot − 2
24
π 2 π π
cos 2 cos 1 + cos
π 24 = 24 = 12
cot =
24 π π π π
sin 2 sin cos sin
24 24 24 12
π π 6+ 2
1 + cos( − ) 1 +
3 4 4 4+ 6+ 2
= = =
π π 6− 2 6− 2
sin( − )
3 4 4

- 27 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
π 4( 6 + 2 ) + ( 6 + 2 ) 2
cot =
24 4
4( 6 + 2 ) + 8 + 4 3
=
4
= 2+ 2+ 3 + 6
eKTaj a0 = 2 + 3 + 6
⎛ 2n− 3 π ⎞
ehtuen¼ a n = cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2 BitcMeBa¼ n=0 .
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2k − 3 π ⎞
snμtfavaBitdl´tYTI k KW a k = cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2 Bit
⎝ 3 ⎠
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl´tYTI k + 1 KW ½
⎛ 2k − 2 π ⎞
a k + 1 = cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2 Bit .
⎝ 3 ⎠
ak − 5
2
⎛ 2k − 3 π ⎞
eyIgman a k +1 = eday a k = cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2
2(a k + 2) ⎝ 3 ⎠
2
⎡ ⎛ 2k − 3 π ⎞ ⎤
⎢cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2⎥ − 5
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦
ena¼ a k +1 =
⎛ 2k − 3 π ⎞
2 cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠

- 28 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
⎛ 2 k−3
π ⎞ ⎛ 2 k−3
π⎞
cot ⎜⎜
2
⎟⎟ − 4 cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1
a k +1 = ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2k − 3 π ⎞
2 cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2k − 3 π ⎞
cot ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ − 1
= ⎝ 3 ⎠
−2
k−3
⎛2 π⎞
2 cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
cot 2 a − 1
edayeRbIrUbmnþ cot 2a =
2 cot a
⎛ 2k − 2 π ⎞
eKán a k +1 = cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2 Bit .
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2n− 3 π ⎞
dUcen¼ a n = cot⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2 .
⎝ 3 ⎠

- 29 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI8
eda¼RsayRbB&næsmIkarxageRkam ½
⎧ 1 1
⎪⎪ x + y = 9
⎨
⎪ ( 1 + 1 ) ( 1 + 1 ) ( 1 + 1 ) = 18
⎪⎩ 3 x 3 y 3
x 3 y

dMeNa¼Rsay
eda¼RsayRbB&næsmIkar
⎧ 1 1
⎪⎪ x + y = 9
⎨
⎪ ( 1 + 1 ) ( 1 + 1 ) ( 1 + 1 ) = 18
⎪⎩ 3 x 3 y 3
x 3 y

edayeRbIÉklkçN¼PaB
( a + b + c) 3 = a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + 3( a + b)( b + c)( c + a )
1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
(1 + 3
+ ) = 1 + + + 3 (1 + 3
)(1 + )( 3
+ )
x 3 y x y x 3 y x 3 y
1 1 3
(1 + 3 + ) = 1 + 9 + 3(18 ) = 64
x 3 y

- 30 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

eKTaj 1 + 3 1 +
1
=4 ¦ 3
1
+
1
=3
x 3 y x 3 y
1 1 3
eKán (3 + ) = 27
x 3 y
1 1 3 1 1
+ +3 (3 + ) = 27
x y x. y x
3 3 y
3
9+ ( 3 ) = 27
3 xy

1
1+ =3
3 xy

1
xy =
8
⎧ 1+1 =9 ⎧x+y = 9
⎪⎪ x y
eKánRbB&næ ⎨ ¦ ⎪⎨ 8
⎪ xy = 1 ⎪ xy = 1
⎪⎩ 8 ⎩ 8
bnÞab´BIeda¼RsaysmIkarEvüt z 2 − 9 z + 1 = 0
8 8
eKTTYlánKUcemøIy ½
( x=1,y= 1 ) ¦ ( x=
1
,y=1 ).
8 8

- 31 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI9
cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
1 1 1 1
n( n n + 1 − 1) < 1 + + + ... + < 1 + n(1 − n )
2 3 n n
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnKt´viC¢man n .

dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
1 1 1 1
n( n n + 1 − 1) < 1 +
+ + ... + < 1 + n(1 − n )
2 3 n n
tamvismPaB AM − GM eKman ½
1 n ⎛ k + 1⎞ n
⎛ k + 1⎞
∑⎜ ⎟ > n ∏ ⎜ ⎟
n k =1⎝ k ⎠ k =1 ⎝ k ⎠
1 n ⎛1⎞ n
¦ 1 + k∑=1⎜ ⎟ > n + 1
n ⎝k⎠
1 1 1
¦ 1 + + + .... + > n( n n + 1 − 1) (1)
2 3 n
dUcKñaEdrtamvismPaB AM − GM eKman ½

- 32 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
1⎛ 1 2 n − 1⎞ n 1 2 n − 1
⎜ 1 + + + .... + ⎟ > 1. . ....
n⎝ 2 3 n ⎠ 2 3 n
1⎛ 1 2 n − 1⎞ n 1
⎜ 1 + + + .... + ⎟>
n⎝ 2 3 n ⎠ n
1 2−1 3−1 n−1 1
(1 + + + ... + )> n
n 2 3 n n
1 1 1 1 1
(1 + 1 − + 1 − + ... + 1 − ) > n
n 2 3 n n
1 1 1 1 1
1 − ( + + .... + ) > n
n 2 3 n n
1 1 1 1
1 + + + ... + < n(1 − n ) + 1 ( 2)
2 3 n n
tam (1) nig ( 2) eKTaján ½
1 1 1 1
n( n n + 1 − 1) < 1 + + + ... + < 1 + n(1 − n )
2 3 n n



- 33 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI10
eK[ n cMnYn a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ...., a n ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ehIyeKtag
a 1 .a 2 .a 3 ....a n
tn = n . .
a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n
cUrRsayfa ∑ (log t n ) ≥ (n − 1) n .
n

ak
k =1

dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa ∑ (log t ) ≥ (n − 1) n
n

ak n
k =1

tamvismPaB AM − GM RKb´ a , a , a , ...., a ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) 1 2 3 n

a + a + a + ... + a
eKman 1 2
≥ a .a .a ...a
3 n n
1 2 3 n
n
n −1
eKTaj t n ≤ ( a1 .a 2 .a 3 ....a n ) n eday 0 < a k < 1
eKTaj log a (t n ) ≥ n − 1 . log a (a1 .a 2 ...a k )
k
n k

n−1 n
¦ k∑=1[log a (t n )] ≥ . ∑ [log a (a 1 .a 2 ...a k )] (*)
n

k
n k =1 k

tag S n = ∑ [log a (a1 .a 2 ....a k )]

n

k
k =1

- 34 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
= n + (loga a2 + loga a1 ) + ... + (loga a1 + loga an ) + ... +
1 2 n 1

....+ (loga an + loga an−1 )

n−1 n

1
tamvismPaB ≥ 2 , ∀t > 0 eKTaján ½
t+
t
S n ≥ n + 2(n − 1) + 2(n − 2) + ... + 2 ] = n 2
tamTMnak´TMng (*) eKTaján ½
∑ (log t ) ≥ (n − 1) n .
n

ak n
k =1

lMhat´TI11
eK[ m nig n CaBIrcMnYnKt´viC¢man .
x mn − 1 x n − 1
cUrRsayfa ≥
m x
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnBitviC¢man x .

dMeNa¼Rsay
x mn − 1 x n − 1
Rsayfa ≥
m x
eday x > 0 ena¼vismPaBxagelIsmmUl ½

- 35 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
x( x mn − 1) − m( x n − 1) ≥ 0
( x n − 1) [ x( x n ) m − 1 + x( x n ) m − 2 + .... + x − m ] ≥ 0 (*)
- cMeBa¼ x = 1 vismPaB (*) køayCasmPaB .
- cMeBa¼ x > 1 eKman x − 1 > 0 n

nig x(x ) + x(x ) + ... + x − m > 0

n m −1 n m−2

naM[vismPaB (*) BitCanic© .

- cMeBa¼ x < 1 eKman x − 1 < 0 n

nig x(x ) + x(x ) + ... + x − m < 0

n m −1 n m−2

naM[vismPaB (*) BitCanic© .

x mn − 1 x n − 1
srubmkeKán ≥ .
m x

- 36 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI12
eK[ x = 2 n
2n
+1 cMeBa¼RKb´ n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ... .
1 2 22 2n −1 1
cUrRsayfa + + + .... + <
x1 x 2 x 3 xn 3

dMeNa¼Rsay
1 2 22 2n −1 1
Rsayfa + + + .... + <
x1 x 2 x 3 xn 3
tag y = 2 − 1 RKb´ n ≥ 1
n
2n

eKán y = 2 − 1 = (2 + 1)(2 − 1)
n +1
2 n +1 2n 2n

¦ y =y x .
n+1 n n

eKman 1 − 2 = 1 − 2 = x − 2 n

yn y n+1 yn xn y n xn y n
eday x − 2 = 2 n
+ 1 − 2 = 22 − 1 = y n
2n n

eKTaj 1 − 2 =
1
yn y n +1 x n
2n −1 2n 2n +1
naM[ = −
xn y n y n+1

- 37 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
cMeBa¼ n = 1 , 2 , 3 , .... eKán ½
1 2 22 2n −1 1 2n +1 1
+ + + .... + = − <
x1 x 2 x 3 xn y 1 y n+1 y 1
eday y 1 = 22 − 1 = 3
1 2 22 2n −1 1
dUcen¼ + + + .... + < .
x1 x 2 x 3 xn 3

lMhat´TI13
eK[ f : (0 , + ∞ ) → IR ehIymancMnYnBit a > 0 Edl
f (a ) = 1 .

cUrbgHajfaRbsinebI f ( x)f ( y ) + f ( a )f ( a ) = 2f ( xy)

x y
cMeBa¼RKb´ x , y ∈ ( 0 , + ∞) ena¼ f ( x ) CaGnuKmn_efr .

dMeNa¼Rsay
bgHajfa f (x) CaGnuKmn_efr
eKman f ( x)f ( y ) + f ( a )f ( a ) = 2f ( xy)
x y

- 38 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
yk x = y = 1 eKán f (1) + f (a) = 2f (1)
2 2

eday f (a) = 1 ena¼ (f (1) − 1) = 0 ¦ f (1) = 1 .

2

yk y = 1 eKán f ( x)f (1) + f ( a )f (a) = 2f ( x)

x
a
eKTaj f ( x) = f ( ) .
x
yk y = a eKán f ( x)f ( a ) + f ( a )f ( x) = 2f (a)
x x x
eKTaj f ( x)f ( a ) = f (a) = 1 eday f ( x) = f ( a )
x x
ehtuen¼ f 2 ( x) = 1 , ∀x > 0 .
a
yk x = y = t eKán f ( t ) + f ( ) = 2f (t )
2 2

t
eKTaj f (t ) > 0 , ∀t > 0 .
dUcen¼ f (x) = 1 CaGnuKmn_efrRKb´ x>0 .

"""""

- 39 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI14
eK[ ABC CaRtIekaNmYyEdlepÞógpÞat´lkç&x&NÐ
sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 1 + sin B sin C cos A .
bgHajfa ABC CaRtIekaNEkg .
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgHajfa ABC CaRtIekaNEkg
tamRTwsþIbTsIunUseKman a = b = c = 2R
sin A sin B sin C
eKTaj a = 2R sin A , b = 2R sin B , c = 2R sin C
eday a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A ( RTwsþIbTkUsIunUs )
eKTaján ½
4R 2 sin 2 A = 4R 2 (sin 2 B + sin 2 C − 2 sin B sin C cos A )
sin 2 A = sin 2 B + sin 2 C − 2 sin B sin C cos A (1)
Et sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 1 + sin B sin C cos A (2)
yksmIkar (2) CYsenAkñúg (1) eKTaj sin 2 A = 1
naM[ A = 90 0 . dUcen¼ ABC CaRtIekaNEkg .

- 40 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI15
cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
23 − 1 33 − 1 n3 − 1 2
+ 3 + ...... + 3 > (n − 1) ( n −1 )
2 +1 3 +1
3
n +1 3

dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak´
tamvismPaB AM − GM eKán ½
23 − 1 33 − 1 n3 − 1 23 − 1 33 − 1 n3 − 1
+ + ...... + 3 > (n − 1) ( n −1 )
. .....
23 + 1 33 + 1 n +1 23 + 1 33 + 1 n 3 + 1
n3 − 1 n − 1 n2 + n + 1
eKman = .
n3 + 1 n + 1 n2 − n + 1
cMeBa¼ n = 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; .....; n eKán ½
23 − 1 1 7
= .
2 +1 3 3
3

3 3 − 1 2 13
= .
3 +1 4 7
3

−−−−−−−−
n3 − 1 n − 1 n2 + n + 1
= . 2
n +1 n+1 n −n+1
3

- 41 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
KuNsmPaBen¼Gg:nwgGg:eKán ½
23 − 1 33 − 1 n3 − 1 2 n2 + n + 1
. 3 ...... 3 = .
2 +1 3 +1
3
n +1 n ( n + 1) 3
2⎡ 1 ⎤ 2
= ⎢1 + ⎥ >
3 ⎣ n(n + 1) ⎦ 3
23 − 1 33 − 1 n3 − 1
dUcen¼ + 3 + ...... + 3 > (n − 1) ( n −1 )
2
2 +1 3 +1
3
n +1 3

lMhat´TI16
x 2 + 2mx + 3m − 8
eK[GnuKmn_ y=
2 ( x 2 + 1)
Edl x ∈ IR nig m Caá¨ra¨Em¨Rt .
etIeKGackMnt´témø m edIm,I[GnuKmn_en¼Gactag[témø
kUsIunUsénmMumYyán¦eT?

dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt´témørbs´ m
edIm,I[GnuKmn_en¼tag[témøkUsIunUsénmMumYylu¼RtaEtcMeBa¼

- 42 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
x 2 + 2mx + 3m − 8
RKb´ x ∈ IR eKán −1 ≤ ≤1
2( x + 1)
2

edayeKman 2(x 2 + 1) > 0 , ∀x ∈ IR

eKTaj − 2x 2 − 2 ≤ x 2 + 2mx + 3m − 8 ≤ 2x 2 + 2
⎧ 3x 2 + 2mx + 3m − 6 ≥ 0 (1)
¦ ⎨ 2
⎩ x − 2mx − 3m + 10 ≥ 0 ( 2)
cMeBa¼ (1) : 3x 2 + 2mx + 3m − 6 ≥ 0
⎧a = 3 > 0
smmUl ⎨
⎩ Δ ' = m − 9m + 18 ≤ 0
2

eday m 2 − 9m + 18 = (m − 3)(m − 6)
eKán Δ' = (m − 3)(m − 6) ≤ 0
naM[ 3 ≤ m ≤ 6 ¦ m ∈ [ 3 , 6 ]
cMeBa¼ (2) : x 2 − 2mx − 3m + 10 ≥ 0
⎧a = 1 > 0
smmUl ⎨
⎩ Δ' = m + 3m − 10 ≤ 0
2

eday m 2 + 3m − 10 = (m − 2)(m + 5)
eKán Δ' = (m − 2)(m + 5) ≤ 0
naM[ − 5 ≤ m ≤ 2 ¦ m ∈ [−5 , 2 ]

- 43 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
edayykcemøIy m ∈ [ 3 , 6 ] RbsBVnwg m ∈ [−5 , 2 ]
ena¼eKán m ∈ φ .
dUcen¼eKminGackMnt´témø m edIm,I[GnuKmn_en¼Gactag[témø
kUsIunUsénmMumYyáneT .

lMhat´TI17
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) = ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) , x ∈ IR
cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa f ( a + b ) < f ( a + b )
1+ a + b 1+ a 1+ b
cMeBa¼RKb´ a > 0 , b > 0 .

dMeNa¼Rsay
a+b a b
RsaybBa¢ak´fa f ( ) < f( + )
1+ a + b 1+ a 1+ b
eyIgman f (x) = ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) , x ∈ IR
2x
1+
( x + 1 + x 2 )' + 2
eyIgán f ' ( x) = = 2 1 x
x + 1 + x2 x + 1 + x2

- 44 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
1 + x2 + x 1
f ' (x) = =
( x + 1 + x 2 )( 1 + x 2 ) 1 + x2
eday f ' (x) = 1 2 > 0 , ∀x ∈ IR
1+ x
dUcen¼GnuKmn_ f (x) CaGnuKmn_ekInCanic©elI IR .
müa¨geTotcMeBa¼RKb´ a > 0,b > 0 eKman ½
a a b b
< nig <
1+ a + b 1+ a 1+ a+ b 1+ b
eKTaj a + b < a + b
1+ a+ b 1+ a+ b 1+ a 1+ b
¦ a+b < a + b
1+ a + b 1+ a 1+ b
edaysarEtGnuKmn_ f (x) CaGnuKmn_ekInCanic©elI IR
ehtuen¼tamlkçN¼GnuKmn_ekIneKán½
a+b a b
< +
1+ a + b 1+ a 1+ b
a+b a b
naM[ f ( ) < f( + )
1+ a + b 1+ a 1+ b
dUcen¼ f ( a + b ) < f ( a + b )
1+ a+ b 1+ a 1+ b
cMeBa¼RKb´ a > 0 , b > 0 .

- 45 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI18
cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
cos 4x + 4 sin 4x + 1 8
−2 ≤ ≤
cos 4x + 2 3
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnBit x .

dMeNa¼Rsay
cos 4x + 4 sin 4x + 1 8
RsaybBa¢ak´fa −2 ≤ ≤
cos 4x + 2 3
cos 4x + 4 sin 4x + 1
eyIgtag y= , ∀x ∈ IR
cos 4x + 2
eyIgán cos 4x + 4 sin 4x + 1 = y cos 4x + 2y
¦ (1 − y ) cos 4x + 4 sin 4x = 2y − 1 (1)
eyIgeRCIserIsviucT&rBIr ½
→ →
U ( 1 − y , 4 ) nig V ( cos 4x , sin 4x )
tamkenßamviPaKplKuNs;aEl ½
→ →
U . V = (1 − y ) cos 4x + 4 sin 4x ( 2)

- 46 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
→ →
tam (1) nig (2) eKTaj U . V = 2y − 1 .
→ → → →
müa¨geTottamniymn&y U . V = || U || . || V || . cos θ
eday − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 , ∀θ ∈ IR
→ → → → → →
eKTaj − || U || . || V || ≤ U . V ≤ || U || . || V ||
2
⎛→ →⎞ → →
¦ ⎜ U . V ⎟ ≤ || U || . || V ||
2 2

⎝ ⎠
→ →
eday || U || = (1 − y ) + 16 , || V ||= 1
2 2

→ →
nig U . V = 2y − 1
eKán (2y − 1) 2 ≤ (1 − y ) 2 + 16
¦ 3y 2 − 2y − 16 ≤ 0
eday 3y 2 − 2y − 16 = (y + 2)(3y − 8)
ehtuen¼ 3y 2 − 2y − 16 ≤ 0 smmUl − 2 ≤ y ≤ 8 .
3
dUcen¼ − 2 ≤ cos 4x + 4 sin 4x + 1 ≤
8
cos 4x + 2 3
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnBit x .

- 47 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI19
eK[sIVúténcMnYnBit U = 6 +
n 6 + 6 + .... + 6 + 6
man n ra¨DIkal´ .
cUrRsayfa U n < 3 cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN .

dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa U n < 3 cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN
smμtikmμ U n = 6 + 6 + 6 + .... + 6+ 6
eyIgman U 1 = 6 < 3 Bit
U 2 = 6 + 6 = 6 + U1 < 6 + 3 < 3 Bit .
snμtfavaBitdl´tYTI k KW U k = 6 + 6 + ... + 6 < 3
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl´tYTI k + 1 KW
U k +1 = 6 + 6 + 6 + .... + 6 < 3
eyIgman U = 6 + U eday U < 3 naM[
k +1 k k 6 + Uk < 9
eKTaján U = 6 + U < 3 Bit .
k +1 k

dUcen¼ U n < 3 cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN .

- 48 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI20
eK[cMnYnkMupøic Z = (cos x + 1 ) + i.(sin
2
2
2
x+
1
2
)
cos x sin x
Edl x CacMnYnBit.
cUrkMnt´rkm¨UDulGb,brmaéncMnYnkMupøicen¼ ?

dMeNa¼Rsay
rkm¨UDulGb,brmaéncMnYnkMupøic
1 2 1 2
eyIgán | Z |= (cos 2 x + 2
) + (sin 2
x + 2
)
cos x sin x
1 2 1 2
tag f ( x ) = (cos 2 x + 2
) + (sin 2
x + 2
)
cos x sin x
1 1
= cos 4 x + 2 + + sin 4
x + 2 +
cos 4 x sin 4 x
1 1
= 4 + (cos 4 x + sin 4 x ) + ( 4 + 4
)
sin x cos x
cos 4 x + sin 4 x
= 4 + (cos x + sin x ) + (
4 4
4 4
)
sin x cos x

- 49 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
1
f ( x ) = 4 + (cos 4 x + sin 4 x )(1 + 4 4
)
sin x cos x
[ ]
= 4 + (cos 2 x + sin 2 x ) 2 − 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x (1 +
16
sin 4 2x
)

1 16
= 4 + (1 − sin 2 2x )(1 + 4
)
2 sin 2x
1 1
edayeKman sin 2 2x ≤ 1 naM[ 1 − sin 2 2x ≥
2 2
16
nig 1+ 4
≥ 17
sin 2x
1 2 16 17 25
eKTaj 4 + (1 − sin 2x)(1 + 4 ) ≥ 4 + =
2 sin 2x 2 2
eyIgán f (x) = 4 + (1 − 1 sin 2 2x)(1 + 164 ) ≥ 25
2 sin 2x 2
eday | Z |= f (x) eKTaján | Z | ≥ 5 = 5 2
2 2
5 2
dUcen¼m¨UDulGb,brmaén Z KW | Z |min = .
2

- 50 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI21
eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x ) = x + x + x + ..... + x +
1
+ x+
1
2 4
cUrkMnt´bNþatémø x ∈ IN edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f ( x ) mantémøelx
CacMnYnKt´ .
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt´témø x ∈ IN ´
eyIgman ½
1 1 1 1 1 1
x + + x + = + 2. x + . + (x + )
2 4 4 2 4 4
1 1
= ( + x + )2
2 4
eKTaján f ( x) = 1 + x + 1 .
2 4
smμtfamancMnYnKt´ k ∈ IN * Edl f (x) = k
1 1
eKán + x+ =k
2 4
1 1 2 1
¦ x + = (k − ) = k − k +
2

4 2 4

- 51 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eKTaj x = k (k − 1)
eday k ∈ IN * ena¼ x = k (k − 1) ∈ IN
dUcen¼bNþatémø x EdlRtUrkena¼KW ½
x = k (k − 1) , ∀k ∈ IN * .

lMhat´TI22
eK[ x CacMnYnBitEdl 60x 2 − 71x + 21 < 0 .
⎛ π ⎞
cUrbgHajfa sin ⎜ ⎟ <0 .
⎝ 3 x − 1 ⎠

dMeNa¼Rsay
bgHajfa sin ⎛⎜ π ⎞⎟ < 0
⎝ 3x − 1 ⎠
tag f (x) = 60x 2 − 71x + 21
ebI f (x) = 0 ⇔ 60x 2 − 71x + 21 = 0
Δ = ( −71) 2 − 4(60)( 21) = 5041 − 5040 = 1
eKTaj¦s x1 = 71 − 1 = 7 , x 2 = 71 + 39 = 3
120 12 120 5

- 52 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eyIgán f ( x) = 60x 2 − 71x + 21 < 0
naM[ 7 < x < 3 ¦ 7 < 3x < 9
12 5 4 5
¦ 3 < 3x − 1 < 4 naM[ 4 < 1 < 4
4 5 5 3x − 1 3
eKTaj 4π < π < 4π naM[ sin ⎛⎜ π ⎞⎟ < 0 .
5 3x − 1 3 ⎝ 3x − 1 ⎠
dUcen¼ ebI x CacMnYnBitEdl 60x 2 − 71x + 21 < 0
⎛ π ⎞
ena¼eKán sin ⎜ ⎟ <0 .
⎝ 3x − 1 ⎠

lMhat´TI23
eK[GnuKmn_ ½
( x 2 − y 2 )(1 − x 2 y 2 )
f (x , y ) = , x ; y ∈ IR
(1 + x ) (1 + y )
2 2 2 2

1
cUrbgHajfacMeBa¼RKb´ x , y ∈ IR eKán | f (x ; y ) | ≤
4

- 53 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
dMeNa¼Rsay
( x 2 − y 2 )(1 − x 2 y 2 )
eyIgman f (x, y ) =
(1 + x 2 ) 2 (1 + y 2 ) 2
x2 − x4y 2 − y 2 + x2y 4
=
(1 + x 2 ) 2 (1 + y 2 ) 2
x 2 + 2x 2 y 2 + x 2 y 4 − y 2 − 2x 2 y 2 − x 4 y 2
=
(1 + x 2 ) 2 (1 + y 2 ) 2
x 2 (1 + 2 y 2 + y 4 ) − y 2 (1 + 2 x 2 + x 4 )
=
(1 + x 2 ) 2 (1 + y 2 ) 2
x 2 (1 + y 2 ) 2 − y 2 (1 + x 2 ) 2
=
(1 + x 2 ) 2 (1 + y 2 ) 2
x2 y2
= −
(1 + x )
2 2
(1 + y 2 ) 2
eyIgán½
1 x2 1 y2
f ( x, y ) − = − −
4 (1 + x 2 ) 2 4 (1 + y 2 ) 2
4x 2 − (1 + x 2 ) 2 y2
= −
4(1 + x )2 2
(1 + y 2 ) 2
(1 − x 2 ) 2 y2
=− − ≤ 0 , ∀x, y ∈ IR
4(1 + x ) (1 + y )
2 2 2 2

- 54 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
1
eKTaj f ( x, y ) − ≤0
4
1
naM[ f ( x, y ) ≤ , ∀x, y ∈ IR (1)
4
müa¨geToteyIgman ½
1 x2 1 y2
f ( x, y ) + = + −
4 (1 + x )
2 2
4 (1 + y 2 ) 2
x2 (1 + y 2 ) 2 − 4y 2
= +
(1 + x )
2 2
4(1 + y 2 ) 2
x2 (1 − y 2 ) 2
= + ≥ 0 , ∀x, y ∈ IR
(1 + x )
2 2
4(1 + y )2 2

eKTaj f (x, y ) + 1 ≥ 0
4
1
naM[ f (x, y ) ≥ − , ∀x, y ∈ IR (2)
4
tamTMnak´TMng (1) nig (2) eKTaján
1 1
− ≤ f ( x, y ) ≤ , ∀x, y ∈ IR .
4 4
dUcen¼ | f (x ; y ) | ≤ 1 cMeBa¼RKb´ x , y ∈ IR .
4

- 55 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI24
eK[sIVút U n = 2+ 2+
2 + ..... + 2 + 3


(n)

cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN * .
k-cUrkMnt´ U CaGnuKmn_én n .
n

x-cUrbgHajfa U × U × U × ...... × U =
3 .
1 2 3 n
π
2 sin
3.2 n
K-eKBinitüsIVút Vn = 2 n 2 − 2 + 2 + ..... + 2 + 3
 

.
(n)

cUrKNna Vn nig lImIt lim Vn

n → +∞
.

dMeNa¼Rsay
k-kMnt´ U CaGnuKmn_én n
n

eyIgman U n = 2+ 2+
2 + ..... + 2 + 3


(n)
π
eyIgán U 1 = 3 = 2 cos
6

- 56 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
π π
U 2 = 2 + 3 = 2 + U 1 = 2 + 2 cos = 2 cos
6 12
π π
U 3 = 2 + 2 + 3 = 2 + U 2 = 2 + 2 cos = 2 cos
12 24
---------------------------------------------------------
eyIgsnμtfavaBitdl´tYTI U = 2 cos π . k k
3.2
eyIgnwgRsaybBa¢ak´favaBitdl´tYTI (k + 1) KW ½
π
U = 2 cos
k +1 Bit
k +1
3.2
eyIgman ½
U k +1 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2 + 3 = 2 + U k
π
edaytamkarsnμteKman U k = 2 cos
3.2 k
eyIgán ½
U k +1 = 2 + 2 cos
π
= 4 cos 2 π
= 2 cos
π Bit .
3.2 k 3.2 k +1 3.2 k +1

dUcen¼ U = 2 cos π .
n n
3.2
x-bgHajfa U × U × U × ...... × U =
3
1 2 3 n
π
2 sin
3.2 n

- 57 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
2π
sin
eyIgman π 3 . 2 n
U n = 2 cos n =
3.2 π
sin n
3.2
( rUbmnþ sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a )
eyIgán ½
⎧ π
⎪ sin
3
⎪ U 1 = π
⎪ sin
⎪ 6
⎪ π
⎪ sin
⎪ U 2 = 6
⎨ π
sin
⎪ 12
⎪− − − − − − − − − − − − − −
⎪
⎪ 2π
⎪ sin n
3 . 2
⎪ U n = π
⎪ sin
⎩ 3 .2 n
π
sin
dUcen¼ U 1 × U 2 × U 3 × ...... × U n = 3 = 3 .
π π
sin n 2 sin n
3 .2 3.2

- 58 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
K-KNna Vn nig lImIt lim Vn
n → +∞

eyIgman Vn = 2 n 2 − 2 + 2 + ..... + 2 + 3
 

(n)

Vn = 2 n 2 − 2 + 2 + .... + 2 + 3
 

( n −1 )

Vn = 2 n 2 − U n −1
π π
eday U n = 2 cos n ena¼ U n −1 = 2 cos n −1
3.2 3.2
eyIgán ½
π
Vn = 2 n 2 − 2 cos
3.2 n −1
π n +1 π
= 2 n 4 sin 2 = 2 sin
3.2 n 3.2 n
dUcen¼ Vn = 2n+1 sin π n .
3.2
π 2π
ehIy nlim
→ +∞
Vn = lim 2 n +1 sin n =
n → +∞
.
3.2 3

- 59 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI25
eK[ a ≥ 1 nig b≥1 .
a+b
cUrbgHajfa log 2 a + log 2 b ≤ 2 log 2 ( )
2

dMeNa¼Rsay
bgHajfa log a + log b ≤ 2 log ( a + b )
2 2 2
2
cMeBa¼ a ≥ 1 nig b ≥ 1
eyIgman a + b ≥ 2 a.b ( vismPaB AM − GM )
¦ a + b ≥ a.b
2
a+b 1
naM[ log 2 ( ) ≥ ( log 2 a + log 2 b )
2 2
a+b
¦ log 2 a + log 2 b ≤ 2 log 2 ( ) (1)
2
müa¨geToteKman ½
log 2 a + log 2 b ≥ 2 log 2 a . log 2 b

- 60 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
2(log 2 a + log 2 b ) ≥ log 2 a + 2 log 2 a . log 2 b + log 2 b
2(log 2 a + log 2 b ) ≥ ( log 2 a + log 2 b ) 2
1
log 2 a + log 2 b ≥ ( log 2 a + log 2 b ) 2 ( 2)
2
tamTMnak´TMng (1) nig ( 2) eyIgTaj½
1 a+b
( log 2 a + log 2 b ) 2 ≤ 2 log 2 ( )
2 2
a+b
( log 2 a + log 2 b ) 2 ≤ 4 log 2 ( )
2
a+b
log 2 a + log 2 b ≤ 2 log 2 ( )
2
a+b
dUcen¼ log 2 a + log 2 b ≤ 2 log 2 (
2
) .

- 61 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI26
eK[ θ CacMnYnBitEdl 0 < θ < π .
2
cUrbgHajfa (sin θ ) cos θ + (cos θ ) sin θ > 1

dMeNa¼Rsay
bgHajfa (sin θ ) cos θ + (cos θ ) sin θ > 1
tamvismPaB Bernoulli
eKman (1 + x) α ≤ 1 + αx , ∀x > −1 , α > 0
eyIgman ½
cos θ cos θ
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 − sin θ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ sin θ ⎠ ⎝ sin θ ⎠
cos θ
⎛ 1 ⎞ cos θ(1 − sin θ )
⎜ ⎟ < 1+
⎝ sin θ ⎠ sin θ
cos θ
⎛ 1 ⎞ sin θ + cos θ − sin θ cos θ
⎜ ⎟ <
⎝ sin θ ⎠ sin θ
sin θ
¦ (sin θ)cos θ > (1)
sin θ + cos θ − sin θ cos θ

- 62 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
RsaydUcxagelIen¼EdreyIgán½
cos θ
(cos θ )sin θ > ( 2)
sin θ + cos θ − sin θ cos θ
bUkvismPaB (1) nig ( 2) xagelIen¼eyIgán ½
sin θ + cos θ
(sin θ )cos θ + (cos θ )sin θ >
sin θ + cos θ − sin θ cos θ
sonθ + cos θ
edayeKman >1
sin θ + cos θ − sin θ cos θ
dUcen¼ (sin θ ) cos θ + (cos θ ) sin θ > 1 .

lMhat´TI27
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy .
3 3
k-cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa sin A + sin B + sin C ≤ .
2
A B C 3 3
x-bgHajfa cos cos cos ≤ .
2 2 2 8
dMeNa¼Rsay
3 3
k-RsaybBa¢ak´fa sin A + sin B + sin C ≤
2

- 63 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eyIgmanplbUkmMukñúgRtIekaN A + B + C = π .
eyIgán sin A + sin B = 2 sin A + B cos A − B (1)
2 2
edayeKman cos A − B ≤ 1 nig 2 sin A + B > 0
2 2
A+B A−B A+B
eKán 2 sin cos ≤ 2 sin ( 2)
2 2 2
tam (1) nig (2) eKTaj ½
A+B
sin A + sin B ≤ 2 sin ( 3)
2
dUcKñaEdreKman ½
A+B+C
C+
A+B+C 3
sin C + sin ( ) ≤ 2 sin
3 2
A+B+C A + B + 4C
sin C + sin( ) ≤ 2 sin ( ) ( 4)
3 6
bUkvismIkar (3) nig (4) eyIgán½
A+B+C ⎡ A+B A + B + 4C ⎤
sin A + sin B + sin C + sin( ) ≤ 2 ⎢ sin + sin( )⎥
3 ⎣ 2 6 ⎦
A + B A + B + 4C
+
A+B A + B + 4C 2 6 A+B+C
sin + sin( ) ≤ 2 sin( ) = 2 sin( )
2 6 2 3

- 64 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eKTaj ½
A+B+C A+B+C
sin A + sin B + sin C + sin( ) ≤ 4 sin( )
3 3
¦ sin A + sin B + sin C ≤ 3 sin (
A+B+C π 3 3
) = 3 sin =
3 3 2
3 3
dUcen¼ sin A + sin B + sin C ≤ .
2
A B C 3 3
x-bgHajfa cos cos cos ≤
2 2 2 8
eyIgman ½
A+B A−B C C
sin A + sin B + sin C = 2 sin cos + 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
A+B π C C
eday sin = sin( − ) = cos
2 2 2 2
nig cos A + B = sin C
2 2
eKán C A−B C C
sin A + sin B + sin C = 2 coscos + 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
C A−B C
sin A + sin B + sin C = 2 cos ( cos + sin )
2 2 2
C A−B A+B
sin A + sin B + sin C = 2 cos (cos + cos )
2 2 2
A B C
sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2

- 65 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
3 3
eday sin A + sin B + sin C ≤
2
eKTaj 4 cos A cos B cos C ≤ 3 3
2 2 2 2
naM[ cos A cos B cos C ≤ 3 3
2 2 2 8
dUcen¼ cos A cos B cos C ≤ 3 3 .
2 2 2 8

lMhat´TI28
eK[smIkar (E) : x + 2(2m + 3)x + 4m + 8m + 8 = 0
2 2

k-cUrkMnt´bNþatémø m ∈ IN edIm,I[smIkaren¼man¦s
CacMnYnKt´rWLaTIhV .
x-rk¦sEdlCacMnYnKt´rWLaTIhVrbs´smIkar .

dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt´témø m
smIkar (E) : x 2 + 2(2m + 3)x + 4m 2 + 8m + 8 = 0

- 66 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eKman Δ' = (2m + 3) 2 − (4m 2 + 8m + 8) = 4m + 1
edIm,I[smIkaren¼man¦sCacMnYnKt´rWLaTIhVlu¼RtaEt½
Δ' = 4m + 1 CakaerRákd
mann&yfa 4m + 1 = k 2 , ∀k ∈ IN *
k2 −1
eKán m = EtedaysarEt m ∈ IN *
4
dUcen¼eKRtUv[ k CacMnYness
BIeRBa¼ebI k = 2p − 1 , ∀p ∈ IN *
( 2p − 1) 2 − 1
ena¼ m = = p(p − 1) CacMnYnKt´ .
4
dUcen¼ m = p(p − 1) , ∀p ∈ IN * .
x-rk¦sEdlCacMnYnKt´rWLaTIhVrbs´smIkar
tamsRmayxagelIebI m = p(p − 1) , ∀p ∈ IN *
eKán Δ' = 4m + 1 = 4p(p − 1) + 1 = (2p − 1) 2
eKTaj¦s ⎡⎢x = −(2m + 3) + (2p − 1) = −2p + 4p − 4
2
1

⎣ x 2 = − ( 2m + 3) − ( 2p − 1) = −2p − 2
2

dUcen¼ x 1 = −2p 2 + 4p − 4 , x 2 = −2p 2 − 2 , ∀p ∈ IN * .

- 67 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI29
M Cama¨RTIskaerlMdab´bIEdlmanFatuTaMgGs´CacMnYKt´ .

eKdwgfaplKuNénFatuTaMgbItamCYredknImYy@ plKuNén
FatuTaMgbItamCYrQrnImYy@nig plKuNénFatuTaMgbItam
Gg;t´RTUgesμInwg m dUcKña .
bgHajfa m CaKUbéncMnYnKt´ .
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgHajfa m CaKUbéncMnYnKt´ ½
⎛a a a ⎞
tag M = ⎜ a a a ⎟⎟ Edl a
⎜11

21
12

22
13

23
ij ∈ IN , i = 1 ; 2 ; 3 , j = 1 ; 2 ; 3
⎜a
⎝ 31 a 32 a 33 ⎟⎠
⎧a 11 .a 12 .a 13 = m (1)
⎪a .a .a = m ( 2)
⎪ 21 22 23
⎪a 31 .a 32 .a 33 = m ( 3)
⎪
tambMrab´eyIgán ⎪a 11 .a 21 .a 31 = m ( 4)
⎨
⎪a 12 .a 22 .a 32 = m ( 5)
⎪a 13 .a 23 .a 33 = m ( 6)
⎪
⎪a 11 .a 22 .a 33 = m (7)
⎪a .a .a = m
⎩ 31 22 13 ( 8)

- 68 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
KuNsmIkar (1) nig ( 3) eKán ½
a 11 .a 12 .a 13 .a 31 .a 32 .a 33 = m 2 (9)
KuNsmIkar (7) nig ( 8) eKán ½
a 11 .a 22 .a 33 .a 31 .a 22 .a 13 = m 2 (10)
EcksmIkar ( 9) nig (10) eKán ½
a 11 .a 12 .a 13 .a 31 .a 32 .a 33 m 2
= 2
a 11 .a 22 .a 33 .a 31 .a 22 .a 13 m
naM[ a12 .a 32 = a 22 2 ykeTACYskñúg (5)
eKán (a 22 ) 3 = m .
dUcen¼ m = ( a 22 ) 3 CaKUbéncMnYnKt´ .

- 69 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI30
eK[bYncMnYnviC¢man a, b , c , d .
cUrbgHajfa ½
a b c d
1< + + + <2
a+b+c b+c+d c+d+a d+a+b

dMeNa¼Rsay
bgHajfa 1 < a + b + c + d < 2
a+b+c b+c+d c+d+a d+a+b
cMeBa¼RKb´ a > 0 , b > 0 , c > 0 , d > 0
⎧a + b + c + d > a + b + c > a + c
⎪a + b + c + d > b + c + d > b + d
eyIgman ⎪
⎨
⎪a + b + c + d > c + d + a > c + a
⎪⎩a + b + c + d > d + a + b > b + d
⎧ a a a
< <
⎪a + b + c + d a + b + c a + c
⎪
eKTaj ⎪ b
<
b
<
b
⎪a + b + c + d b + c + d b + d
⎨
⎪ c c c
< <
⎪a + b + c + d c + d + a a + c
⎪ d d d
⎪ < <
⎩a + b + c + d d + a + b b + d

- 70 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
edaybUkTMnak´TMngTaMgen¼Gg:nwgGg:eKán ½
a b c d
1< + + + <2
a+b+c b+c+d c+d+a d+a+b
dUcen¼vismPaBRtUvánRsaybBa¢ak´ .

lMhat´TI31
eKmanbIcMnYnBit a > 0 ; b > 0 ; c > 0 .
cUrRsayfa ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) ≥ 6abc

dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) ≥ 6abc
tag A = ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) − 6abc
A = a 2 b + ab 2 + b 2c + bc 2 + c 2 a + a 2c − 6abc
A = (a 2b + bc 2 − 2abc) + (ab 2 + ac2 − 2abc) + (ca2 + cb 2 − 2abc)
A = b(a 2 + c 2 − 2ac) + a(b 2 + c 2 − 2bc) + c(a 2 + b 2 − 2ab)
A = b(a − c) 2 + a(b − c) 2 + c(a − b) 2 ≥ 0 , ∀a, b, c > 0
dUcen¼ ab(a + b ) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a ) ≥ 6abc .

- 71 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI32
eK[BIrcMnYn x nig y xusBIsUnü nig mansBaØadUcKña .
cUrbgHajfa y 2 + x2 − 3 ⎛⎜ yx + yx ⎞⎟ + 4 ≥ 0 .
x2 y 2
⎝ ⎠

dMeNa¼Rsay
2
y2 ⎛x y⎞
bgHajfa x 2
+ 2
− 3 ⎜ + ⎟+4≥ 0
y x ⎝y x⎠
tag eKán
2
x y ⎛x y⎞ x2 y 2
P= + P =⎜ + ⎟ = 2 + 2 +2
2
y x ⎝y x⎠ y x
x2 y2 ⎛x y⎞
yk M= + − 3 ⎜ + ⎟+4
y2 x2 ⎝y x⎠
eKán M = P − 2 − 3P + 4 = P − 3P + 2 = (P − 1)(P − 2)
2 2

eday P − 2 = x + y − 2 = (x − y ) ≥ 0
2

y x xy
( eRBa¼ x nig y mansBaØadUcKña )
ehtuen¼ M = (P − 2)(P − 1) ≥ 0 .
x2 y 2 ⎛x y⎞
dUcen¼ 2
+ 2
− 3 ⎜ + ⎟+4≥ 0 .
y x ⎝y x⎠

- 72 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI33
eK[smIkar ax + bx + c = 0 , a ≠ 0 , a ≠ c .
2

tag tan α nig tan β Ca¦srbs´smIkarxagelI .

cUrKNnatémøénkenßam ½
A = a sin 2 (α + β ) + b sin( α + β ) cos(α + β ) + c cos 2 ( α + β )

dMeNa¼Rsay
KNnatémøénkenßam ½
A = a sin 2 (α + β ) + b sin( α + β ) cos(α + β ) + c cos 2 ( α + β )
eday tan α nig tan β Ca¦srbs´smIkareKán ½
⎧ b
⎪⎪ tan α + tan β = −
a
⎨
⎪tan α. tan β = c
⎪⎩ a
b
−
eyIgán tan(α + β ) =
tan α + tan β
= a =−
b
=
b
1 − tan α tan β c a−c c−a
1−
a
eyIgán A = a sin 2 ( α + β ) + b sin( α + β ) cos( α + β ) + c cos 2 ( α + β )

- 73 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
[
A = cos 2 (α + β ) a tan 2 (α + β ) + b tan(α + β ) + c ]
=
1
1 + tan 2 (α + β )
a [
tan 2
(α + β ) + b tan(α + β ) + c ]
⎡ (c − a )2 ⎤ ⎛ ab 2 b2 ⎞
=⎢ ⎜
2⎥ ⎜
+ + c ⎟
− 2
+ − 2
− ⎟
⎣ ( c a ) b ⎦⎝ ( c a ) c a ⎠
(c − a ) 2 ab 2 + b 2 (c − a ) + c(c − a )2
= × =c
(c − a ) 2 + b 2 (c − a ) 2
dUcen¼
A = a sin 2 (α + β ) + b sin(α + β ) cos(α + β ) + c cos 2 (α + β ) = c

lMhat´TI34
cMnYnKt;viC¢man n Ecknwg * [sMNl; ! . cMnYn n enaHEcknwg %
[sMNl; @ .
k-ebIcMnYn n enaHEcknwg $0 [sMNl;b:unμan ?
x-rkcMnYn n enaHedaydwgfa 3940 < n < 4000 .

dMeNa¼Rsay
k> ebIcMnYn n enaHEcknwg 40 [sMNl;b:unμan ?

- 74 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
]bmafa n Ecknwg * [plEck q ∈ IN nigsMNl; !
1

nig cMnYn n enaHEcknwg % [plEck q ∈ IN nigsMNl; @ .

2

tamGWKøIt eyIg)an ⎧⎨ nn == 58qq ++ 12 ((16

1 −15)
⎩ 2 )
⎧ − 15n = −120q 1 − 15 (1)
b¤ ⎨
⎩ 16n = 80q 2 + 32 ( 2)
bUksmIkar ¬!¦ nig ¬@¦
eyIg)an n = 80q − 120q + 17 = 40 q + 17
2 1

Edl q = 2q − 3q .
2 1

tamTMnak;TMng n = 40q + 17 bBa¢ak;faebIcMnYn n enaHEcknwg 40

[sMNl; r = 17
x> rkcMnYn n enaHedaydwgfa 3940 < n < 4000
eyIgman n = 40q + 17 eday 3940 < n < 4000
eKTaj 3940 < 40q + 17 < 4000
b¤ 98 + 403 < n < 100 + 17
40
eday q ∈ IN naM[eKTaj)an q = { 99 , 100 }
ehIy n = { 3977 , 4017 } .

- 75 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI35
edaHRsayRbBn½æsmIkar
⎧ 5 ( log y x + log x y ) = 26
⎨
⎩ x y = 64

dMeNa¼Rsay
edaHRsayRbBn½æsmIkar
⎧ 5 ( log y x + log x y ) = 26 (1)
⎨
⎩ x y = 64 ( 2)
⎧x > 0 , y > 0
lkçx½NÐ ⎨
⎩x ≠ 1 , y ≠ 1
smIkar (1) Gacsresr log y x +
1
=
log y x 5
26

b¤ (log x) − 265 . log x + 1 = 0 tag t = log

y
2
y y x

eK)an t − 265 t + 1 = 0 , Δ' = 169

2
25
−1=
144
25
naM[ t = 135 − 125 = 15 , t = 135 + 125 = 5
1 2

1
- cMeBaH t=
1
5
eK)an log y x =
1
5
naM[ x= y5 ( 3)

- 76 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
1
yk ¬#¦ CYskñúg ¬@¦ eK)an = 64 naM[ y = 32
y .y 5
1
ehIytam ¬#¦ eK)an x = (32) = 2 . 5

- cMeBaH t = 5 eK)an log x = 5 naM[ x = y (4)

y
5

yk ¬$¦ CYskñúg ¬@¦ eK)an y.y = 64 naM[ y = 2

5

ehIytam ¬$¦ eK)an x = 2 = 32 . 5

dUcenHRbB½næmanKUcemøIy (x = 2 , y = 32 ) b¤ (x = 32 , y = 2)

lMhat´TI36
⎧ 1
⎪⎪ 4 x
. 5 y
=
edaHRsayRbBn½æsmIkar ⎨
400
⎪ 5x .6 y = 1
⎪⎩ 900

dMeNa¼Rsay
edaHRsayRbBn½æsmIkar ³
⎧ 1
⎪⎪ 4 x
. 5 y
=
400
⎨
⎪ 5x .6 y = 1
⎪⎩ 900

- 77 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eyIgman ln (4 .5 ) = ln( 400
x 1
) y

b¤ x ln 4 + y ln 5 = −2 ln 4 − 2 ln 5 (1)
ehIy ln(5 .6 ) = ln( 900
x 1
y
)

b¤ x ln 5 + y ln 6 = −2 ln 6 − 2 ln 5 (2)
tam (1) & (2) eK)anRbBnæ½ xageRkam
⎧ x ln 4 + y ln 5 = −2 ln 4 − 2 ln 5 ( − ln 6)
⎨
⎩ x ln 5 + y ln 6 = −2 ln 6 − 2 ln 5 ( ln 5)
⎧ − x ln 4. ln 6 − y ln 5. ln 6 = 2 ln 4. ln 6 + 2 ln 5. ln 6 ( 3)
⎨
⎩ x ln 5 + y ln 5. ln 6 = −2 ln 6. ln 5 − 2 ln 5
2 2
( 4)
bUksmIkar (3) & (4) eK)an
(ln 2 5 − ln 4. ln 6) x = 2(ln 4. ln 6 − . ln 2 5) naM[ x = −2

tamsmIkar 4 .5 = 400
x 1
eKTaj 4 .5 = 400
y 1 −2 y

naM[eKTaj y = −2 .
dUcenHRbB½næsmIkarmanKUcemøIy x = −2 , y = −2 .

- 78 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI37
eda¼RsaysmIkar ½
2 2 2
−x
9x + 3 1− x = 3 ( x − 1 ) + 1

dMeNa¼Rsay
eda¼RsaysmIkar ½
9x
2
−x 2 2
+ 3 1− x = 3 ( x − 1 ) + 1 mann&yRKb´ x ∈ IR

smIkarGacsresr 3 +3 =3 2( x 2 − x ) 1− x 2 ( x −1 ) 2
+1

tag 3 = X nig 3 = Y Edl

2( x 2 − x ) 1− x 2
X>0,Y>0

eKán X.Y = 3 =3 2 ( x 2 − x ) + 1− x 2 ( x −1 ) 2

smIkarkøayCa X + Y = X.Y + 1
( X − XY) − (1 − Y ) = 0
X(1 − Y ) − (1 − Y ) = 0
( X − 1)(1 − Y ) = 0
⎡X = 1 ⎡ 3 2( x 2 − x ) = 1
eKTaj ⎢Y = 1 smmUl ⎢
⎣ ⎢⎣ 31− x 2 = 1

- 79 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
⎡ 2( x 2 − x ) = 0
smmUl ⎢
⎢⎣1 − x 2 = 0
eKTaj¦s x∈{ − 1 , 0 , 1 } .

lMhat´TI38
eK[ a ; b ; c CabIcMnYnBitviC¢mandac´xat .
cUrbgHajfa b + c + c + a + a + b ≥ a + b2 + c
a2 b2 c2

dMeNa¼Rsay
a2 b2 c2 a+b+c
bgHajfa + +
b+c c+a a+b
≥
2
a2 b2 c2
tag T= + +
b+c c+a a+b

- 80 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
a2 b2 c2
T=( + a) + ( + b) + ( + c ) − (a + b + c )
b+c c+a a+b
a(a + b + c) b(b + c + a ) c(c + a + b )
T= + + − (a + b + c )
b+c c+a a+b
a b c
T = (a + b + c)( + + − 1)
b+c b+c a+b
⎡ a b c ⎤
T = (a + b + c ) ⎢( + 1) + ( + 1) + ( + 1) − 4⎥
⎣ b+c c+a a+b ⎦
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
T = (a + b + c ) ⎢(a + b + c) ( + + ) − 4⎥ (1)
⎣ b+c c+a a+b ⎦
tamvismPaB AM − GM eyIgman ½
(a + b ) + (b + c ) + (c + a ) ≥ 3 3 (a + b )(b + c)(c + a )
2(a + b + c) ≥ 3 3 (a + b )(b + c)(c + a )
eKTaj a+b+c≥
3 3
2
(a + b )(b + c)(c + a ) ( 2)

nig 1
+
a+b b+c c+a
1
+
1
≥ 3 3 (a + b )(b + c)(c + a ) ( 3)

KuNvismPaB (2) nig (3) Gg:nwgGg:eKán ½

1 1 1 9
(a + b + c ) ( + + )≥
a+b b+c c+a 2
1 1 1 9
(a + b + c ) ( + + )−4≥ −4
a+b b+c c+a 2
1 1 1 1
(a + b + c ) ( + + )−4≥
a+b b+c c+a 2

- 81 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
KuNGg:TaMgBIrnwg a+b+c> 0 eKán ½
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ a+b+c
(a + b + c) ⎢(a + b + c)( + + ) − 4⎥ ≥ ( 5)
⎣ a+b b+c c+a ⎦ 2
a+b+c
tamTMnak´TMng (4) nig (5) eKán
2
T≥
2 2 2
a+b+c
dUcen¼ a
+
b
b+c c+a a+b
+
c
≥
2
.

lMhat´TI39
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ f (x) nig g(x) ebIeKdwgfa ³
f ( 2x − 1) + 2g( 3x + 1) = x 2
nig f (4x − 3) − g(6x − 2) = −2x 2
+ 2x + 1

cMeBaHRKb; x ∈ IR .
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt;rkGnuKmn_ f (x) nig g(x) ³
eKman f (2x − 1) + 2g(3x + 1) = x (1)2

nig f (4x − 3) − g(6x − 2) = −2x + 2x + 1 (2)

2

eyIgtag 2x − 1 = 4t − 3 naM[ x = 2t − 1

- 82 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
yk x = 2t − 1 CYskñúg ¬!¦ eK)an ³
f [2( 2t − 1) − 1] + 2g[3( 2t − 1) + 1] = ( 2t − 1) 2
f ( 4t − 3) + 2g(6t − 2) = 4t 2 − 4t + 1 ( 3)
ebIeKyk x = t CYskñúg¬@¦ eK)an
f ( 4t − 3 ) − g ( 6t − 2 ) = − 2t 2 + 2t + 1 ( 4 )
tam ¬#¦ nig ¬$¦ eK)anRbB½næ
⎧⎪f (4t − 3) + 2g(6t − 2) = 4t 2 − 4t + 1 ( 3)
⎨
⎪⎩f (4t − 3) − g(6t − 2) = −2t 2 + 2t + 1 ( 4)
dksmIkar¬#¦nig¬$¦eK)an
3g(6t − 2) = 6t − 6t naM[ g( 6t − 2) = 2t − 2
2 2

yk x = 6t − 2 naM[ t = x +6 2
ehIy g(x) = 2( x +6 2 ) − 2 = (x − 418)(x + 8)
2

tam ¬$¦naM[ f (4t − 3) − (2t − 2) = −2t + 2t + 1

2 2

naM[ f (4t − 3) = 2t − 1 yk x = 4t − 3 naM[ t = x +4 3

eKTaj f (x) = 2( x +4 3 ) − 1 = x +2 1
dUcenH f (x) = x +2 1 , g(x) = (x − 418)(x + 8) .

- 83 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI40
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCúg a , b , c .
kMnt´RbePTénRtIekaN ABC ebIeKdwgfa ½
cos A cos B cos C 1 1 1 1
+ + = ( + + )
a b c 2 a b c

dMeNa¼Rsay
RbePTénRtIekaN ABC
tamRTwsþIbTkUsIunUskñúgRtIekaN ABC eKman ½
b2 + c2 − a2 cos A b 2 + c 2 − a 2
cos A =
2bc
naM [ a
=
2abc
(1)
cos B a 2 + c 2 − b 2
dUcKñaEdreKTaj b
=
2abc
( 2)

cos C a 2 + b 2 − c 2
nig c
=
2abc
( 3)

bUkTMnak´TMng (1) , (2) , (3) Gg:nwgGg:eKán ½

cos A cos B cos C a 2 + b 2 + c 2
+ + =
a b c 2abc
eday cos A cos B cos C 1 1 1 1
a
+
b
+
c
= ( + + )
2 a b c

- 84 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eKTaján ½
a2 + b2 + c2 1 1 1 1
= ( + + )
2abc 2 a b c
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 bc + ca + ab
=
2abc 2abc
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = ab + bc + ac
2a 2 + 2b 2 + 2c 2 = 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
(a 2 − 2ab + b 2 ) + (b 2 − 2bc + c 2 ) + (c 2 − 2ac + a 2 ) = 0
( a − b ) 2 + ( b − c ) 2 + (c − a ) 2 = 0
eKTajánsmPaB a = b = c .
dUcen¼ ABC CaRtIekaNsmát .

- 85 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI41
k¿ cUrRsaybBa¢ak´TMnak´TMng tan x = cot x − 2 cot 2x
x¿ cUrKNnaplbUkxageRkam ½
1 a 1 a 1 a
S n = tan a + tan + 2 tan 2 + .... + n tan n
2 2 2 2 2 2

dMeNa¼Rsay
k¿ RsaybBa¢ak´TMnak´TMng tan x = cot x − 2 cot 2x
tag A = cot x − 2 cot 2x
⎧ 1
⎪⎪ cot x =
eday ⎨
tan x
⎪cot 2x = 1 = 1 − tan x
2

⎪⎩ tan 2x 2 tan x
eKán
1 1 − tan 2 x
A= −2( )
tan x 2 tan x
1 − 1 + tan 2 x
= = tan x
tan x
dUcen¼tan x = cot x − 2 cot 2x .

- 86 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
x¿ KNnaplbUkxageRkam ½
1 a 1 a 1 a
S n = tan a + tan + 2 tan 2 + .... + n tan n
2 2 2 2 2 2
n
⎛ 1 a ⎞
= ∑ ⎜ k tan k ⎟
k = 0⎝ 2 2 ⎠
n
⎡1 a a ⎤
= ∑ ⎢ k (cot k − 2 cot k −1 )⎥
k = 0⎣ 2 2 2 ⎦
n
⎛ 1 a 1 a ⎞ 1 a
= ∑ ⎜ k cot k − k −1 cot k −1 ⎟ = n cot n − 2 cot 2a
k = 0⎝ 2 2 2 2 ⎠ 2 2
dUcen¼
1 a 1 a 1 a
S n = tan a + tan + .... + n tan n = n cot n − 2 cot 2a
2 2 2 2 2 2

- 87 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI42
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) = x − 2 Edl x ∈ IR
2

k-eKyk U1 = f (x) nig U n+1 = f (U n ) cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN * .

cUrbgHajfa U n = f n [ f [.......f [f (x)].......] ] .
x-RsayfaebI x > 2 eKán U n > 2 RKb´ n ∈ IN * .
K-eKtag Vn = U n − U n 2 − 4 RKb´ n ∈ IN * nig x > 2 .
cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN * cUrbgHajfa 2Vn+1 = Vn 2 .
X-snμtfa Wn = ln Vn − ln 2 cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN * .
cUrrkRbePTénsIVút Wn .
g-eRbIlTæplxagelIcUrTajrkGnuKmn_ ½
Fn ( x) = f n [ f [........f [ f ( x ) ].........] ] .

dMeNa¼Rsay
k-bgHajfa U n = fn [ f [.......f [f (x)].......] ]
eyIgman U1 = f (x) Bit ( tamsmμtikmμ )
U 2 = f ( U 1 ) = f [f ( x)] Bit ( eRBa¼ U n +1 = f ( U n ) )

- 88 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
U 3 = f ( U 2 ) = f [f [f ( x )]] Bit
eyIgsnμtfavaBitdl´tYTI k KW ½
U k = f k [f [.......f [f ( x)].......] ] Bit
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl´tYTI k + 1 KW ½
U k +1 = f k +1 [f [.......f [f ( x )].......] ] Bit
eyIgman
U k + 1 = f (U k ) = f [ fk [f [........f [f ( x )]......]] ]
= fk + 1 [f [.......f [f (x )].......] ]
dUcen¼ U n = f n [ f [.......f [f (x)].......] ] .
x-RsayfaebI x > 2 eKán U n > 2 RKb´ n ∈ IN *
eyIgman U n+1 = f (U n ) = U n 2 − 2
ebI x > 2 ena¼ U1 = f (x) = x 2 − 2 > 2 ¦ U1 > 2 Bit
eyIgsnμtfavaBitdl´tYTI k KW U k > 2 Bit
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl´tYTI k + 1 KW U k +1 > 2 Bit
eyIgman U k +1 = U k 2 − 2
eday U k > 2 naM[ U k 2 > 4 ¦ U k 2 − 2 > 4 − 2 = 2
eKTaj U k +1 = U k 2 − 2 > 2 Bit .

- 89 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
dUcen¼ ebI x > 2 eKán U n > 2 RKb´ n ∈ IN * .
K-bgHajfa 2Vn+1 = Vn 2
eyIgman Vn = U n − U n 2 − 4
eyIgán Vn+1 = U n+1 − U n+1 2 − 4 Et U n+1 = U n 2 − 2
Vn + 1 = U n − ( U n − 2)2 − 4
2 2

Vn + 1 = U n − U n − 4U n
2 4 2

Vn + 1 = U n − U n U n − 4
2 2

2Vn + 1 = 2Un − 2U n Un − 4
2 2

2Vn + 1 = U n − 2U n Un − 4 + ( U n − 4 )2
2 2 2

(
2Vn + 1 = U n − Un − 4
2
) 2
= Vn
2

dUcen¼ 2Vn+1 = Vn 2 .
X-rkRbePTénsIVút Wn .
eKman Wn = ln Vn − ln 2 cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN *
eKán Wn+1 = ln Vn+1 − ln 2 eday 2Vn+1 = Vn 2
2
V
Wn +1 = ln n − ln 2 = 2 ln Vn − 2 ln 2 = 2Wn
2
dUcen¼ ( Wn )CasIVútFrNImaRtmanersug q=2 .

- 90 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
g-rkGnuKmn_ Fn (x) = f n [ f [........f [ f (x) ].........] ]
eday U n = f n [ f [.......f [f (x)].......] ]
eKTaján Fn (x) = U n .
tamsRmayxagelIeyIgman ( Wn ) CasIVútFrNImaRtman
ersug q = 2 .
tamrUbmnþ Wn = W1 × q n−1 = 2n−1 . W1
eday W = ln V − ln 2 = ln⎛⎜ V2 ⎞⎟
1 1
1
⎝ ⎠
Et V1 = U1 − U12 − 4 = f (x) − f 2 (x) − 4
V1 = x 2 − 2 + ( x 2 − 2)2 − 4
V1 = x 2 − 2 − x 4 − 4x 2
1
= x 2 − 2 − x x 2 − 4 = ( x − x 2 − 4 )2
2
2
⎡ (x − x 2 − 4 )2 ⎤ ⎛ x − x2 − 4 ⎞
eKán W1 = ln ⎢ ⎥ = ln⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2 2n
⎛ x − x2 − 4 ⎞ ⎛ x − x2 − 4 ⎞
ehtuen¼ n −1
Wn = 2 . ln ⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
= ln⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛V ⎞
eday Wn = ln Vn − ln 2 = ln⎜ n ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠

- 91 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
2n
⎛ Vn ⎞ ⎛x− x −4⎞ 2
eKTaj ln⎜ ⎟ = ln⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2n
⎛x− x −4⎞ 2
¦ Vn = 2 ⎜
⎜ 2
⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠
müa¨geToteKman Vn = U n − U n − 4
2

U n − Vn = U n − 4
2

U n − 2U n Vn + Vn = U n − 4
2 2 2

2U n Vn = Vn + 4
2

V +4 1
2
2
Un = n = Vn +
2Vn 2 Vn
2n
⎛x− x −4⎞ 2
eday Vn = 2 ⎜
⎜ 2
⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠
2n
eKán ⎛x− x −4⎞
Un = ⎜ ⎟
2
+
1
⎜ 2 ⎟ 2n
⎝ ⎠ ⎛ x − x2 − 4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
2n
⎛x+ x −4⎞ 2
KuNnwgkenßam ⎜
⎜ 2
⎟
⎟
eKán ½
⎝ ⎠

- 92 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
2n
⎛ x + x2 − 4 ⎞
2n
⎜ ⎟
⎛x− x −4⎞
2 ⎜ 2 ⎟
Un = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎝ ⎠
⎜ 2 ⎟ 2n 2n
⎝ ⎠ ⎛x− x −4⎞
2 ⎛x+ x −4⎞ 2
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2n
⎛x+ x −4⎞ 2
n ⎜ ⎟
⎛ x − x2 − 4 ⎞
2
⎜ 2 ⎟
Un = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎝ ⎠
⎜ 2 ⎟ 2n
⎝ ⎠ ⎛ x2 − x2 + 4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
2n 2n
⎛ x − x2 − 4 ⎞ ⎛ x + x2 − 4 ⎞
Un = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2n 2n
⎛x− x −4⎞ ⎛x+ x −4⎞
dUcen¼ .
2 2
Fn ( x ) = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

- 93 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI43
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) = x + 3x − 3x + 1
3 2

3x − 3x + 1
2

kMnt´cMeBa¼RKb´ x ∈ IR .
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnBitviC¢man a nig b cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
⎛1+ a + b⎞ ⎛ 1 + a + b + ab ⎞
f⎜ ⎟ ≥ f⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2+a+b ⎠

dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak´fa ⎛1+ a + b⎞ ⎛ 1 + a + b + ab ⎞
f⎜ ⎟ ≥ f ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2+a+b ⎠
x 3 + 3x 2 − 3x + 1
eyIgman f (x) = kMnt´cMeBa¼RKb´ x ∈ IR
3x 2 − 3x + 1
( 3x 2 + 6x − 3)( 3x 2 − 3x + 1) − ( 6x − 3)( x 3 + 3x 2 − 3x + 1)
f ' ( x) =
( 3x 2 − 3x + 1) 2
3x 4 − 6x 3 + 3x 2 3x 2 ( x − 1) 2
= = ≥ 0 , ∀x ∈ IR
( 3x − 3x + 1)
2 2
( 3x − 3x + 1)
2 2

dUcen¼ f (x) CaGnuKmn_ekInelI IR .

müa¨geToteyIgsnμtfa 1 + a2 + b ≥ 1 +2a++ab++bab
eKán 1 + a2 + b ≤ 1 +2a++ab++bab

- 94 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
2 (1 + a ) + (1 + b )
≤
1+ a + b (1 + a )(1 + b )
2 1 1
≤ +
1+ a + b 1+ a 1+ b
eday 1
≤
1
1+ a + b 1+ a
nig
1
≤
1
1+ a + b 1+ b
RKb´cMnYnBitviC¢man a nig b .
eKTaj 1 + a2 + b ≤ 1 +1 a + 1 +1 b
naM[karsnμt 1 + a2 + b ≥ 1 +2a++ab++bab Bit.
dUcen¼tamlkçN¼GnuKmn_ekIneKTaján ½
⎛1+ a + b⎞ ⎛ 1 + a + b + ab ⎞
f⎜ ⎟ ≥ f⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2+a+b ⎠

- 95 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI44
x 2 + 4mx − 4m 2 + 1
eK[Exßekag (Cm ) : y = fm (x) = m−x
cUrbgHajfamanExßekagBIrénRKYsarExßekag (Cm )
Edlkat´tamcMnuc M 0 (x 0 ; y 0 ) cMeBa¼RKb´ (x 0 ; y 0 ) ∈ IR 2 .
m Caá¨ra¨Em¨Rt .

dMeNa¼Rsay
karbgHaj ½
ebI M ∈ (C ) eKán y = x + 4mx − 4m + 1
2 2
0 0
m−x
0 m 0
0

smmUl y ( m − x ) = x + 4 mx − 4 m + 1
0 0 0
2
0
2

my 0 − x 0 y 0 = x 0 + 4mx 0 − 4m 2 + 1
2

4m 2 + ( y 0 − 4x 0 )m − x 0 − x 0 y 0 − 1 = 0 (1)
2

DIsRKImINg´énsmIkar (1) sresr ½

Δ = ( y 0 − 4x 0 ) 2 − 16( − x 0 − x 0 y 0 − 1)
2

= y 0 − 8x 0 y 0 + 16x 0 + 16x 0 + 16x 0 y 0 + 16

2 2 2

= ( y 0 + 8x 0 y 0 + 16x 0 ) + 16( x 0 + 1)
2 2 2

= ( y 0 + 4x 0 ) 2 + 16( x 0 + 1) > 0 ; ∀x 0 , y 0 ∈ IR
2

- 96 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eday Δ > 0 naM[smIkar (1) man¦sBIrepßgKñaCanic© .
dUcen¼manExßekagBIrénRKYsarExßekag (Cm ) Edlkat´tam
cMnuc M 0 (x 0 ; y 0 ) cMeBa¼RKb´ (x 0 ; y 0 ) ∈ IR 2 .

lMhat´TI45
eK[ P(x) CaBhuFadWeRkTIbI .
eKdwgfa P(x) + 2 Eckdac´nwg (x + 1) 2

ehIy P(x) − 2 Eckdac´nwg (x − 1) . 2

cUrkMnt´rkBhuFa P(x) .

dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt´rkBhuFa P( x ) ½
⎧⎪ P( x ) + 2 = ( x + 1) 2 (ax + b ) (1)
tambMrab´eKGacsresr ⎨
⎪⎩ P( x ) − 2 = ( x − 1) 2 (cx + d ) ( 2)
⎧ P( −1) + 2 = 0 ⎧ P( −1) = −2
eKán ⎨
− =
naM[
⎨
⎩ P (1) 2 0 ⎩ P(1) = 2
edayeFIVedrIevelI (1) nig ( 2) eKán ½

- 97 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
⎧⎪ P' ( x ) = 2( x + 1)(ax + b ) + a( x + 1)2
⎨
⎪⎩ P' ( x ) = 2( x − 1)(cx + d ) + c( x − 1)2
⎧ P' ( x ) = ( x + 1)[2(ax + b ) + a( x + 1)] ( 3)
⎨
⎩ P' ( x ) = ( x − 1)[2(cx + d ) + c( x − 1) ( 4)
tam (3) nwg (4) bBa¢ak´fa P'(x) Eckdac´nwg (x + 1)(x − 1)
eKTaj P' (x) = k (x + 1)(x − 1)
( eRBa¼ P(x) CaBhuFadWeRkTI3 )
x3
eKán P(x) = k ∫ (x − 1).dx = k ( 3 − x) + r
2

⎧ 2
⎪⎪ P ( − 1) = k + r = −2
cMeBa¼ x = ±1 eKán ⎨
3
⎪ P(1) = − 2 k + r = 2
⎪⎩ 3
eda¼RsayRbB&næen¼eKán k = 3 , r = 0
x3
dUcen¼ P(x) = 3 ( 3 − x) = x 3 − 3x .

- 98 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI46
n n
eK[ ⎛ 1
A= ⎜
⎞ ⎛ 1
+ i ⎟ −⎜
⎞
−i ⎟ , n ∈ IN .
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
cUrbgðajfa A = i.
2 n +1
n
. sin
nπ
3
cMeBaHRKb; n ∈ IN .
( 3)

dMeNa¼Rsay
2 n +1
bgðajfa A = i. n
. sin
nπ
3
cMeBaHRKb; n ∈ IN .
( 3)

eyIgman
n n
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
A= ⎜ + i ⎟ −⎜ −i ⎟ , n ∈ IN
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
tag Z = 13 + i = 1 + i3. 3 = 23 ⎛⎜⎜ 12 + i 23 ⎞⎟⎟ = 23 ⎛⎜ cos π3 + i.sin π3 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

tamrUbmnþdWmr½eK)an Z = ⎛⎜ 1 + i ⎞⎟ = 2 ⎛⎜ cos n3π + i. sin n3π ⎞⎟

n
n n

⎝ 3 ⎠ ( 3) ⎝ ⎠ n

ehIy Z = 2 ⎛⎜ cos n3π − i. sin n3π ⎞⎟

n
n

( 3) ⎝ n
⎠

eKTaj A = 2 ⎛⎜ cos n3π + i. sin n3π ⎞⎟ − 2 ⎛⎜ cos n3π − i. sin n3π ⎞⎟

n n

( 3 )n ⎝ ⎠ ( 3 )n ⎝ ⎠
2n ⎛ nπ nπ nπ nπ ⎞ 2 n +1 nπ
= n ⎜
cos + i . sin − cos + i . sin ⎟ = i . . sin
( 3) ⎝ 3 3 3 3 ⎠ ( 3) n
3

2 n +1 nπ
dUcenH A = i.
( 3) n
. sin
3
.

- 99 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI47
eK[sIVúténcMnYnBit (U ) kMnt;eday ³n

U = ln 3 nig U
0 = ln ( 1 + e ) , n ∈ IN .
n +1
Un

cUrKNna U CaGnuKmn_én n .
n

dMeNa¼Rsay
KNna U CaGnuKmn_én n
n

eKman U = ln ( 1 + e ) , n ∈ IN
n +1
Un

eKTaj e = 1 + e
Un +1 Un

b¤ e − e = 1 efr
Un +1 Un

naM[ (e ) CasIVútnBVnþmanplsgrYm d = 1
Un

nigtYTImYy e = e = 3
U0 ln 3

eK)an e = 3 + n naM[ U = ln(n + 3) .

Un
n

- 100 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI48
edaHRsaysmIkar 47x + 29y = 1 kñúgsMNMucMnYnKt;rWLaTIhV .

dMeNa¼Rsay
edaHRsaysmIkar 47x + 29y = 1 kñúgsMNMucMnYnKt;rWLaTIhV
eyIgman 47 = 29 × 1 + 18 naM[ 18 = 47 − 29
29 = 18 × 1 + 11
naM[ 11 = 29 − 18 = 29 − (47 − 29) = 29 × 2 − 47

18 = 11 × 1 + 7
naM[ 7 = 18 − 11 = (47 − 29) − (29 × 2 − 47)
b¤ 7 = 47 × 2 − 29 × 3
11 = 7 × 1 + 4
naM[ 4 = 11 − 7 = (29 × 2 − 47) − (47 × 2 − 29 × 3)
b¤ 4 = −3 × 47 + 29 × 5
7 = 4× 2 − 1
naM[ 1 = 4 × 2 − 7 = ( −3 × 47 + 29 × 5).2 − (47 × 2 − 29 × 3)

- 101 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
b¤ 1 = 47 × (−8) + 29 × (13)
eK)an 47x + 29y = 47 × (−8) + 29 × (13)
47( x + 8) = −29( y − 13)
⎧ x + 8 = −29q
naM[ ⎨
⎩ y − 13 = 47q , ∀q ∈ Z
dUcenH x = −29q − 8 , y = 47q + 13 , ∀q ∈ Z .

lMhat´TI49
cUrbgðajfa A = 3 + 7
n
3n + 2 2n + 3
Eckdac;nwg !!
Canic©RKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .

dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa A n = 3 3n + 2 + 7 2n + 3 Eckdac;nwg !!
eyIgman 3 3
≡ 5 ( mod 11 )

naM[ 3 3n + 2
= 9. 5 n ( mod 11 )

müa:geTot 7 2
≡ 5 (mod 11 ) naM[ 7 2n ≡ 5 n (mod 11 )

ehIy 7 3
≡ 2 (mod 11 )

- 102 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eKTaj)an 7 2n + 3 ≡ 2 .5 n (mod 11 )

eyIg)an
A = 3 3n + 2 + 7 2n + 3 ≡ 9.5 n + 2.5 n = 11.5 n ≡ 0 (mod 11 ) .
dUcenH A = 3 + 7 Eckdac;nwg !!
n
3n + 2 2n + 3

Canic©RKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .

lMhat´TI50
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn E = 447 + 462 − 122 − 124
n
n n n n

Eckdac;nwg 221 Canic©cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .

dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn E Eckdac;nwg 221
n

eyIgeXIjfa 221 = 13 × 17 Edl 13 nig 17 bzmrvagKña

dUcenHedIm,IRsayfa cMnYn E Eckdac;nwg 221 eKRtUvRsay
n

[eXIjfacMnYn E vaEckdac;nwg !#pg nig Eckdac;nwg !& pg.

n

eKman E = 447 + 462 − 122 − 124

n
n n n n

- 103 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

En = (447n − 122n ) + (462n − 124n )

tamrUbmnþ a − b = (a − b)(a + a b + .... + b
n n n −1 n− 2 n −1
)

eyIg)an E = (447 − 122).p + (462 − 124).q

n 1 1

= 325p 1 + 338q 1 = 13 ( 25p 1 + 26q 1 )

Edl p , q ∈ IN * .
1 1

TMnak;TMngenHbBa¢ak;fa cMnYn E Eckdac;nwg !# .

n

müa:geToteKman E = (447 − 124 ) + (462 − 122

n
n n n n
)
= ( 447 − 124).p 2 + (462 − 122).q 2
= 323p 2 + 340q 2
= 17 (19p 2 + 20q 2 ) , p 2 , q 2 ∈ IN *
TMnak;TMngenHbBa¢ak;fa cMnYn E Eckdac;nwg !& .
n

dUcenHsrubesckþIeTAeyIg)an cMnYn E Eckdac;nwg 221 Canic©

n

cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .

- 104 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI51
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) = e . cos x x

k> KNna f '(x) rYcbgðajfa f ' (x) = 2 e cos(x + π4 ) x

x> edayeFIVvicartamkMeNIncUrbgðafaedrIevTI n kMnt;eday

n nπ
f ( n ) ( x ) = 2 e x . cos( x + )
4

dMeNa¼Rsay
π
k> KNna f '(x) rYcbgðajfa f ' (x) = 2 e x cos( x + )
4
eyIgman f (x) = e cos xx

eyIg)an f ' (x) = e cos x − e sin x

x x

= e x (cos x − sin x )
2 2
= 2e x ( cos x − sin x )
2 2
π π π
= 2e x (cos x cos − sin x sin ) = 2 e x cos( x + )
4 4 4
dUcenH f ' (x) = 2 e cos(x + π4 ) .
x

nπ
x> edayeFIVvicartamkMeNInfa f (x) = (n ) n
2 e x . cos( x +
4
)

- 105 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eyIgman f ' (x) = 2 e . cos(x + π4 ) = f
x (1)
(x) Bit
kπ
]bmafavaBitdl;tYTI k KW f (x) = 2 e (k ) k x
. cos( x +
4
) Bit
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl;tYTI k + 1 KW
k +1 x ⎛ (k + 1)π ⎞
f ( k +1) ( x ) = 2 e cos⎜ x + ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
eyIgman f ( k +1)
( x ) = ( f ( k ) ( x ) )'
k kπ k kπ
= 2 e x cos( x + ) − 2 e x sin( x + )
4 4
k ⎡ kπ kπ ⎤
= 2 e x ⎢ cos( x + ) − sin( x + )⎥
⎣ 4 4 ⎦
kπ kπ ⎛ (k + 1)π ⎞
eday cos( x + ) − sin( x + ) = 2 cos⎜ x +
4 4 ⎝ 4
⎟
⎠
⎛ (k + 1)π ⎞
eK)an k +1
f ( k +1) ( x ) = 2 e x cos⎜ x +
⎝ 4
⎟
⎠
Bit .
nπ
dUcenH n
f ( n ) ( x ) = 2 e x . cos( x + )
4
.

- 106 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI52
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug BC = a , AC = b , AB = c
]bmafa M CacMnucmYyenAkñúgRtIekaNenH ehIyeKtag x , y
nig z CacMgayerogKñaBIcMnuc M eTARCug BC , AC nig AB
énRtIekaN . cUrKNnatémøGb,brmaén T = x + y + z 2 2 2

CaGnuKmn_én a , b , c .

dMeNa¼Rsay
KNnatémøGb,brmaén T = x 2
+ y2 + z2 CaGnuKmn_én a , b , c
A

P P
M

B N C

eyIgtag S CaépÞRkLarbs;RtIekaN ABC

eyIg)an S = S + S + S
AMB BMC AMC

- 107 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
1 1 1
S= MQ.AB + MN .BC + MP .AC
2 2 2
1 1 1
S = cz + by + ax
2 2 2
eKTaj)an ax + by + cz = 2S
tamvismPaBEb‘nUyIeyIg)an ³
ax + by + cz ≤ a2 + b2 + c2 . x2 + y 2 + z 2
2S ≤ a2 + b2 + c2 . T
4S 2
eKTaj)an T≥ 2
a + b2 + c2
dUcenHtémøGb,rmaén T = x + y + z
2 2 2

2
KW T = a +4bS + c
min 2 2 2

Edl S = p(p − a)(p − b)(p − c) nig p = a + b2 + c .

- 108 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI53
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ y = f (x) ebIeKdwgfa ³
x −1 2
f ( x + x − 2x + 2 ) =
2
x +1 2
cM e BaHRKb; c M n Y n Bi t x.

dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt;rkGnuKmn_ y = f (x) ³
eKman f (x + x − 2x + 2 ) = xx +− 11
2
2
2
(1)

ebIeyIgtag x + x − 2x + 2 = t
2

eyIg)an x − 2x + 2 = t − x
2

x 2 − 2x + 2 = ( t − x ) 2
x 2 − 2x + 2 = t 2 − 2tx + x 2
2tx − 2x = t2 − 2
2x (t − 1) = t 2 − 2
t2 − 2
x= , t≠1
2(t − 1)
t2 − 2
yktémø x=
2(t − 1)
CMnYskñúg (1) eyIg)an ³

- 109 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
t2 − 2 2
[ ] −1
2(t − 1) t 4 − 4t 2 + 4 − 4t 2 + 8t − 4
f (t ) = 2 = 4
t −2 2 t − 4t 2 + 4 + 4t 2 − 8t + 4
[ ] +1
2(t − 1)
t 4 − 8t 2 + 8t
f (t ) = 4
t − 8t + 8
t ( t 3 − 8t + 8 )
f (t ) = 4
t − 8t + 8
x ( x 3 − 8x + 8)
dUcenH f (x) =
x 4 − 8x + 8
.

lMhat´TI54
→ →
kñúgbøg;kMupøic (O , i , j ) eK[bYncMnuc A , B , C , D
EdlmanGahVikerogKña
Z = 1 + 6i , Z = 4 + 5i , Z = 5 + 4i nig Z = −2 − 3i .
A B C D

cUrRsayfactuekaN ABCD carikkñúgrgVg;mYyEdleKnwgbBa¢ak;p©it

nig kaMrbs;va .

- 110 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
dMeNa¼Rsay
RsayfactuekaN ABCD carikkñúgrgVg;
eyIgtag (c): x + y + ax + by + c = 0
2 2

CasmIkarrgVg;carikeRkARtIekaN ABC .
eyIg)an A ∈ (c) naM[ 1 + 6 + a + 6b + c = 0
2 2

b¤ a + 6b + c = −37 (1)
B ∈ (c) naM[ 4 + 5 + 4a + 5b + c = 0
2 2

b¤ 4a + 5b + c = −41 (2)
C ∈ (c) naM[ ( −2) + ( −3) − 2a − 3b + c = 0
2 2

b¤ − 2a − 3b + c = −13 (3)
⎧a + 6b + c = −37
⎪
eyIg)anRbB½næsmIkar ⎨4a + 5b + c = −41
⎪ − 2a − 3b + c = −13
⎩
bnÞab;BIedaHRsayRbB½næenHeK)ancemøIuy
a = −2 , b = −2 , c = −23 .

smIkarrgVg;carikeRkARtIekaN ABC Gacsresr ³

(c) : x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 2y − 23 = 0

- 111 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
b¤ (c) : (x − 1) + (y − 1) = 25
2 2

müa:geTotedayykkUGredaen D CYskñúgsmIkar
(c) :( −2 − 1) 2 + ( −3 − 1) 2 = 25
vaepÞógpÞat;enaHnaM[ D ∈ (c) .
edaybYncMnuc A , B , C , D sßitenAelIrgVg;mansmIkar
(c) : ( x − 1) + ( y − 1) = 25 EtmYy
2 2

enaHnaM[ctuekaN ABCD carikkñúgrgVg; (c) manp©it I( 1 , 1 )

nig kaM R = 5 .

- 112 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI55
eK[RtIFa f (x) = ax + bx + c Edl a ≠ 0 , a, b, c ∈ IR
2

k-cUrRsayfaebI Δ = b − 4ac < 0 nig a > 0 ena¼eKán

2

f ( x ) > 0 , ∀x ∈ IR
x-kñúgkrNIen¼eKsnμtfa Δ = b − 4ac < 0 nig
2
a>0 .
ebI b > a cMeBa¼RKb´ λ ∈ IR cUrbgHajfa ½
a( λ2 − k ) + b( λ + k ) + c
>k
b−a
Edl k CacMnYnBitefrmYyEdleK[ .
K-Gnuvtþn_ cMeBa¼RKb´RtIFa f (x) = ax + bx + c
2

Edl a ≠ 0 , a, b, c ∈ IR
ebI Δ = b − 4ac < 0 nig a > 0 ena¼bgHajfaeKman ½
2

a+b+a
b−a
>3 .

dMeNa¼Rsay
k-RsayfaebI Δ = b 2 − 4ac < 0 nig a>0 ena¼eKán
f ( x ) > 0 , ∀x ∈ IR

- 113 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eyIgman f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
⎛ b c⎞ ⎡ 2 b b b c⎤
f ( x ) = a ⎜ x 2 + x + ⎟ = a ⎢(x ) + 2( x )( ) + ( ) 2 − ( ) 2 + ⎥
⎝ a a⎠ ⎣ 2a 2a 2a a⎦
⎡⎛ b ⎞ b 2 − 4ac ⎤
2
f ( x ) = a ⎢⎜ x + ⎟ − ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ 2a ⎠ 4a 2 ⎥⎦
⎡⎛ b⎞
2
Δ ⎤
f ( x ) = a ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟ − 2 ⎥ , Δ = b 2 − 4ac
⎣⎢ ⎝ 2a ⎠ 4a ⎦⎥
Δ
eyIgeXIjfaebI Δ<0 ena¼ − 2
>0
4a
2
⎛ b⎞ Δ
naM[ ⎜x+ ⎟ − 2 > 0 .
⎝ 2a ⎠ 4a
⎡ ⎛ b⎞
2
Δ ⎤
ehtuen¼ f ( x) = a ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟ − 2 ⎥ mansBaØadUc a
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2a ⎠ 4a ⎥⎦
ehIyebI a>0 ena¼eKán ½
⎡ ⎛ b⎞
2
Δ ⎤
f ( x ) = a ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟ − 2 ⎥ > 0 , ∀x ∈ IR .
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2a ⎠ 4a ⎥⎦
dUcen¼ebI Δ = b − 4ac < 0 nig a > 0
2

ena¼eKán f (x) > 0 , ∀x ∈ IR .

a( λ2 − k ) + b(λ + k ) + c
x-bgHajfa b−a
>k

tamsRmayxagelIebI Δ = b − 4ac < 0 nig 2

a>0

- 114 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
ena¼ ∀x ∈ IR : f (x) > 0 cMeBa¼RKb´ λ ∈ IR
eKán f (λ ) = aλ + bλ + c > 0
2

EfmGg:TaMgBIrnwg kb − ka
eKán aλ + bλ + c + kb − ka > kb − ka
2

a(λ2 − k ) + b( λ + k ) + c > k (b − a ) (1)

eday b > a ¦ b − a > 0
ena¼eyIgEckTMnak´TMng (1) nwg b − a viC¢man
a( λ2 − k ) + b(λ + k ) + c
eyIgán b−a
>k

CavismPaBEdlRtUvbgHaj .
K-Gnuvtþn_ bgHajfa a +b b− +a a > 3
tamsRmayxagelIcMeBa¼RKb´RtIFa f (x) = ax + bx + c 2

Edl a ≠ 0 , a, b, c ∈ IR
ebI Δ = b − 4ac < 0 nig a > 0 ena¼eyIgman
2

a( λ2 − k ) + b(λ + k ) + c
>k
b−a
Edl λ ∈ IR , k ∈ IR nig k: efr .

- 115 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
ebIeyIgeRCIserIs k = 3 nig λ = −2
eyIgán a(4 − 3)b+−ba(−2 + 3) > 3
¦ a +b b− a+ c > 3 Bit .
dUcen¼ cMeBa¼RKb´RtIFa f (x) = ax + bx + c
2

Edl a ≠ 0 , a, b, c ∈ IR
ebI Δ = b − 4ac < 0 nig a > 0
2

ena¼bgHajfaeKman a +b b− +a a > 3 .

lMhat´TI56
eK[ 0 < x < π2 . cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜1 + ⎟ ≤ 1+ 2
⎝ sin x ⎠ ⎝ cos x ⎠

dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜1 + ⎟ ≤ 1+ 2
⎝ sin x ⎠ ⎝ cos x ⎠

- 116 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eyIgman ½
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1 1
⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜1 + ⎟ = 1+ + +
⎝ sin x ⎠ ⎝ cos x ⎠ sin x cos x sin x cos x
tamvismPaB AM − GM eKman ½
1 1 1
+ ≥2
sin x cos x sin x cos x
eKTaj ½
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1
⎜ 1 + ⎟⎜ 1 + ⎟ ≥ 1 + 2 +
⎝ sin x ⎠ ⎝ cos x ⎠ sin x cos x sin x cos x
eday 1
sin x cos x = sin 2x ≤
2
1
2
¦ 1
sin x cos x
≥2
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
eKán ⎜1 + ⎟⎜1 + ⎟ ≥ 1 + 2 2 + 2 = (1 + 2 )
2
⎝ sin x ⎠ ⎝ cos x ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
dUcen¼ ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜1 + ⎟ ≤ 1+ 2 .
⎝ sin x ⎠ ⎝ cos x ⎠

- 117 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI57
cUreda¼RsayRbBnæ&smIkar ½
⎧⎪4 x .3 y +1 + 27 y = 171
⎨ x
⎪⎩8 + 2 x .31+ 2 y = 172

dMeNa¼Rsay
eda¼RsayRbBnæ&smIkar ½
⎧⎪ 4 x .3 y +1 + 27 y = 171 (1)
⎨ x
⎪⎩ 8 + 2 x .31+ 2 y = 172 ( 2)
edaybUksmIkar (1) nig (2) Gg:nigGg:eKán ½
8 x + 4 x .3 y +1 + 2 x .31+ 2 y + 27 y = 343
( 2 x ) 3 + 3( 2 x ) 2 ( 3 y ) + 3( 2 x )( 3 y ) 2 + ( 3 y ) 3 = 343
( 2 x + 3 y ) 3 = 343
2x + 3y = 7 ( 3)
müa¨geTotdksmIkar (1) nig (2) Gg:nigGg:eKán ½
27 y − 2 x .31+ 2 y + 4 x .3 y +1 − 8 x = −1
( 3 y ) 3 − 3( 3 y ) 2 ( 2 x ) + 3( 3 y )( 2 x ) 2 − ( 2 x ) 3 = −1
( 3 y − 2 x ) 3 = −1
2x − 3y = 1 ( 4)

- 118 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
tam (3) nig (4) eyIgánRbBn&æ ½
⎧⎪ 2 x + 3 y = 7 ( 3)
⎨ x
⎪⎩ 2 − 3 y = 1 (4)
bUksmIkar (3) nig (4) eKán 2.2 x = 8 naM[ x=2

dksmIkar (3) nig (4) eKán 2.3 y = 6 naM[ y =1 .

dUcen¼ x = 2 , y = 1 .

lMhat´TI58
cUreda¼RsayRbBnæ&smIkar ½
⎧⎪7 x 3 − 3x 2 y − 21xy 2 + 26y 3 = 342
⎨ 3
⎪⎩9x − 21x 2 y + 33xy 2 − 28y 3 = 344

dMeNa¼Rsay
eda¼RsayRbBnæ&smIkar ½
⎧⎪7 x 3 − 3x 2 y − 21xy 2 + 26y 3 = 342 (1)
⎨ 3
⎪⎩9x − 21x 2 y + 33xy 2 − 28y 3 = 344 ( 2)
edaybUksmIkar (1) nig ( 2) Gg:nigGg:eKán ½

- 119 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
16x 3 − 24x 2 y + 12xy 2 − 2y 3 = 686
2 (8x 3 − 12x 2 y + 6xy 2 − y 3 ) = 686
( 2x − y ) 3 = 343
2x − y = 7 ( 3)
müa¨geTotdksmIkar (1) nig ( 2) Gg:nigGg:eKán ½
− 2x 3 + 18x 2 y − 54xy 2 + 54y 3 = −2
− 2( x 3 − 9x 2 y + 27xy 2 − 27y 3 ) = −2
( x − 3y ) 3 = 1
x − 3y = 1 ( 4)
tam (3 ) nig (4) eyIgánRbBn&æ ½
⎧ 2x − y = 7 ( 3)
⎨
⎩ x − 3y = 1 ( 4)
2 −1
eyIgman D=
1 −3
= −6 + 1 = −5
7 −1 2 7
Dx = = −20 , Dy = = 2 − 7 = −5
1 −3 1 1
D x − 20 Dy − 5
eKán x=
D
=
−5
=4 , y= =
D −5
=1

dUcen¼ x=4 , y =1 .

- 120 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI59
eK[smIkar (E): x − 2 2 + a + b .x + (1 + a)(1 + b) = 0
2 2 2

Edl a nig b CaBIrcMnYnBit .

k-cUrkMnt´témø a nig b edIm,I[smIkaren¼man¦sDub
rYcKNna¦sDubena¼ .
x-eRkABItémø a nig b xagelIcUrbgHajfasmIkar (E) man¦sBIr
Canic©kñúg IR .

dMeNa¼Rsay
k-kMnt´témø a nig b rYcKNna¦sDub½
eKman (E): x − 2 2 + a + b .x + (1 + a)(1 + b) = 0
2 2 2

edIm,I[smIkaren¼man¦sDublu¼RtaEt Δ'= 0
eyIgman Δ' = (2 + a + b ) − (1 + a)(1 + b)
2 2

= 2 + a 2 + b 2 − 1 − a − b − ab
= 1 + a 2 + b 2 − a − b − ab
1
[
= (a 2 − 2ab + b 2 ) + (a 2 − 2a + 1) + (b 2 − 2b + 1)
2
]
1
[
= (a − b ) 2 + (a − 1) 2 + (b − 1) 2
2
]

- 121 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eKán Δ' =
1
2
[ ]
(a − b ) 2 + (a − 1) 2 + (b − 1) 2 = 0
⎧a − b = 0
⎪
naM[ ⎨a − 1 = 0
⎪b − 1 = 0
⎩
eKTaján a = 1 nig b = 1 .
cMeBa¼ a = 1 , b = 1 eKTaj¦sDub ½
x1 = x 2 = 2 + a 2 + b 2 = 2 + 1 + 1 = 2 .
x-bgHajfasmIkar (E) man¦sBIrCanic©kñúg IR
ebI a ≠ 1 , b ≠ 1 ena¼ Δ' = 12 [(a − b) + (a − 1) + (b − 1) ] > 0
2 2 2

dUcen¼smIkar (E) man¦sBIrCanic©kñúg IR .

- 122 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI60
eK[BhuFa Pn (x) = 1 + c1x + c 2 x 2 + ....... + cn−1x n−1 + x n
Edl c1 , c 2 , c 3 , ......., cn−1 ≥ 0 .
snμtfasmIkar Pn (x) = 0 man n ¦sCacMnYnBitGviC©man .
cUrbgHajfa Pn (2) ≥ 3 n .

dMeNa¼Rsay
bgHajfa Pn (2) ≥ 3 n
tag x1 , x 2 , x 3 , ......, xn Ca¦ssmIkar Pn (x) = 0
Edl x k < 0 , ∀k = 1 , 2 ,...., n
eKán Pn (x) = (x − x1 )(x − x 2 )(x − x 3 )......(x − x n )
yk t k = − x k > 0 , ∀k = 1 , 2 , 3 ,......, n
eKán Pn (x) = (x + t 1 )(x + t 2 )(x + t 3 ).......(x + t n )
ebI x = 2 ena¼eKán
Pn ( 2) = ( 2 + t1 )( 2 + t 2 )( 2 + t 3 ).....( 2 + t n ) .

- 123 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
tamvismPaB AM − GM eKman ½
2 + t k = 1 + 1 + t k ≥ 3 3 t k , ∀k = 1 , 2 , 3 , ....n
eyIgán Pn (2) ≥ 3n 3 t 1t 2 t 3 .....t n
eday t .t .t .......t = (−1) .x .x .x ......x
1 2 3 n
n
1 2 3 n = ( −1) n .( −1) n = 1

dUcen¼ Pn (2) ≥ 3n .

lMhat´TI61
k-RbsinebI p ≥ −1 cMeBa¼RKb´ n ∈ IN * cUrbgHajfa ½
(1 + p ) ≥ 1 + np (1) .
n

x-eK[ a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ......, a n Ca n cMnYnminGviC¢man .

eKtag A n = a1 + a 2 + an3 + .... + a n
nig G n = n a1 .a 2 .a 3 ......a n .
bgHajfaRbsinebI G k ≤ A k ehIy A k ≠ 0
eKán G k k .a k +1 ≤ A k k +1 (1 + p) Edl p = aA − 1 . k +1

K-edayeRbIlTæplxagelIcUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ..... + a n ≥ n n a 1a 2 a 3 ....a n .

- 124 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
dMeNa¼Rsay
cUrbgHajfa ½ (1 + p) ≥ 1 + np n
(1)

tamrUbmnþeTVFajÚtuneKman ½
(1 + p ) n = C n0 + C1n p + C n2 p 2 + ..... + C nn p n
(n − 1)n
eday C n0 = 1 , C1n = n , C n2 =
2
(n − 1)n 2
eKán (1 + p ) n = 1 + np +
2
p + ..... + p n
(n − 1)n 2
edaycMeBa¼RKb´ eKman
p ≥ −1
2
p + .... + p n ≥ 0

dUcen¼ (1 + p ) n ≥ 1 + np (1) .
x-bgHajfa G k k .a k +1 ≤ A k k +1 (1 + p)
RbsinebI G k ≤ A k ena¼ G kk a k +1 ≤ A kk a k +1
A kk ak + 1 = A kk [ A k + (ak + 1 − A k )]
ak + 1
= A kk + 1 [ 1 + ( − 1)]
Ak
= A kk + 1 (1 + p )
a
eRBa¼ p = k +1 − 1
Ak
.
dUcen¼ G k .a k +1 ≤ A k
k k +1
(1 + p ) .

- 125 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
K-RsaybBa¢ak´fa ½
a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ..... + a n ≥ n n a 1a 2 a 3 ....a n
eyIgman ( a1 − a 2 )2 = a1 − 2 a 1a 2 + a 2 ≥ 0

naM[ a1 + a 2 ≥ 2 a1a 2 Bit .

snμtfavaBitdl´tYTI k KW ½
a 1 + a 2 + ..... + a k ≥ k k Bit
a 1a 2 .....a k
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl´tYTI k + 1 K W½
a 1 + a 2 + ..... + a k +1 ≥ k k a 1a 2 .....a k +1 Bit
tamkarsnμteyIgman a1 + a 2 + ..... + a k ≥ k k a1a 2 .....a k
smmUl a1 + a 2 + ak3 + ... + a k ≥ k a1a 2a 3 ......a k
¦ Ak ≥ Gk
Edl A k = a1 + a 2 + ak3 + .... + a k
nig G k = k a1 .a 2 .a 3 ......a k .
tamsRmayxagelIeKman G k k .a k +1 ≤ A k k +1 (1 + p)
eday G kk a k +1 = a1 .a 2 .....a k a k +1 = G k +1k +1
eKTaj G kk ++11 ≤ A k k +1 (1 + p)

- 126 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
a k +1
Edl p=
Ak
− 1 ≥ −1 , A k ≠ 0 .
tamrUbmnþ (1) eKán (1 + p) ≤ (1 + k p+ 1) k +1

naM[ A (1 + p) ≤ A (1 + k p+ 1)
k
k +1
k
k +1 k +1

eKTaj G ≤A
k +1
k +1
(1 +
p
k +1
k)
k +1 k +1

¦ G ≤ A (1 + k p+ 1)
k +1 k

eday½
p ⎡ 1 a k +1 ⎤ a − Ak
A k (1 + ) = A k ⎢1 + ( − 1)⎥ = A k + k +1
k +1 ⎣ k + 1 Ak ⎦ k +1
A k k + A k + a k +1 − A k a 1 + a 2 + .... + a k + a k +1
= = = A k +1
k +1 k +1
eKTaj G k +1 ≤ A k k +1 (1 + p) ≤ A k +1
¦ a1 + a 2 + ..... + a k +1 ≥ k k a1a 2 .....a k +1 Bit
dUcen¼ a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ..... + a n ≥ n n a1a 2a 3 ....a n .

- 127 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI62
eK[ A , B , C CargVas´mMukñúgrbs´RtIekaN ABC mYy .
k-cUrbgHajfa cos A + cos B + cos C ≤ 32
x-cUrbgHajfa cos A2 + cos B2 + cos C2 ≤ 94
2 2 2

K-cUrbgHajfa sin A2 + sin B2 + sin C2 ≥ 43

2 2 2

X-cUrbgHajfa cos
A
2
B
2
C 3 3
cos cos ≤
2 8

dMeNa¼Rsay
k-bgHajfa cos A + cos B + cos C ≤ 32
tag T = cos A + cos B + cos C
A+B A−B
= 2 cos cos + cos C
2 2
A+B π C
eday A+B+C= π ena¼
cos
2
= cos( − ) = sin
2 2
C
2
ehIy C C
cos C = cos 2 − sin 2 = 1 − 2 sin 2
2 2
C
2

- 128 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
A−B
eKán T = sin
C
2
cos
2
+ 1 − 2 sin 2
C
2
C A−B C
= −2 sin 2 + cos . sin + 1
2 2 2
tag t = sin
C
2
eKánGnuKmn_ ½
A−B
T(t ) = −2t 2 + cos t+1
2
⎛ 1 A−B 1 A − B⎞ 1 2 A−B
= −2⎜ t 2 − cos t + cos 2 ⎟ + 1 + cos
⎝ 2 2 4 2 ⎠ 2 2
1 A−B 2 1 A−B
= −2(t − cos 2 ) + 1 + cos 2
2 2 2 2
cMeBa¼RKb´ t ∈ IR eKTaj ½
A−B
1
T(t ) ≤ 1 + cos 2
2 2
≤ 1+ =
1 3
2 2
.
dUcen¼ cos A + cos B + cos C ≤
3
2
.
x-bgHajfa A B
cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 ≤
2 2
C 9
2 4
tag A B
U = cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2
2 2
C
2
1 + cos A 1 + cos B 1 + cos C
= + +
2 2 2
3 1
= + (cos A + cos B + cos C)
2 2

- 129 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
eday cos A + cos B + cos C ≤ 32 ( tamsRmayxagelI )
eKTaj U = cos A2 + cos B2 + cos C2 ≤ 32 + 12 32 = 94
2 2 2

dUcen¼ cos A2 + cos B2 + cos C2 ≤ 94 .

2 2 2

K-bgHajfa sin A2 + sin B2 + sin C2 ≥ 43

2 2 2

tag V = sin A2 + sin B2 + sin C2

2 2 2

A B C
= 1 − cos 2 + 1 − cos 2 + 1 − cos 2
2 2 2
⎛ A B C⎞
= 3 − ⎜ cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 2 2⎠
eday A B
cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 ≤
2 2
C 9
2 4
( tamsRmayxagelI )
eKTaj V = sin A2 + sin B2 + sin C2 ≥ 3 − 94 = 43
2 2 2

dUcen¼ sin A2 + sin B2 + sin C2 ≥ 43 .

2 2 2

X-bgHajfa cos A2 cos B2 cos C2 ≤ 3 8 3

tamvismPaB AM − GM eKman ½

- 130 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
A B C A B C
cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 ≥ 3 3 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
naM[ A B
cos cos cos ≤
2 2
C
2
1
27
A B C
(cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 ) 3
2 2 2
eday A B C 9
cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 ≤
2 2 2 4
naM[ A B
cos cos cos ≤
2 2
C 3 3
2 8
.

lMhat´TI63
eK[smPaB
π 2π 3π nπ n( 2n − 1)
cot 2 + cot 2 + cot 2 + ...... + cot 2 =
2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1 3
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ π2
cUrbgHajfa 1 1
lim ⎜ + 2 + 2 + ........... + 2 ⎟ =
n → +∞ ⎝ 1 2
.
2 3 n ⎠ 6

dMeNa¼Rsay
bgHajfa lim ⎛⎜ 1 + 1 + 1 + ........... + 1 ⎞⎟ = π2
n → +∞ ⎝ 12 22 32 n2 ⎠ 6

- 131 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
y

Β
M

θ Α
0 x

eyIgman ½
- épÞRklaRtIekaN OΑM KW S = 12 .OΑ. OM. sin θ = 12 sin θ
1

- épÞRklacMerokfas OMA KW S = 12 θ .OA = 12 θ

2
2

- épÞRklaRtIekaN OAB KW S = 12 OA.AB = 12 tan θ

3

tamrUbxagelIcMeBa¼ 0 < θ < π2 eKman ½ S1 < S 2 < S 3

eKán 12 sin θ < 12 θ < 12 tan θ
¦ sin θ < θ < tan θ

- 132 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
1 1 1
< <
tan θ θ sin θ
1 1
cot θ < <
θ sin θ
1 1
cot 2 θ < 2 < = 1 + cot 2 θ
θ sin θ
2

kπ
edayCMnYs θ=
2n + 1
eKán ½
kπ ( 2n + 1) 2 kπ
cot ( 2
)< < 1 + cot 2
( )
2n + 1 k 2π2 2n + 1
⎡ 2 kπ ⎤ n ⎡ ( 2n + 1) ⎤ n ⎡ kπ ⎤
n 2
∑ ⎢cot ( 2n + 1)⎥ < ∑ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ < ∑ ⎢1 + cot 2 ( 2n + 1 )⎥
k =1 ⎣ ⎦ k =1 ⎣ π k ⎦ k = 1 ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 kπ ⎤ ( 2n + 1) n ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡ 2 kπ ⎤
n 2 n
∑ ⎢cot ( 2n + 1)⎥ < ∑ ⎜ ⎟ < n + ∑ ⎢ cot (
+
)⎥
k =1 ⎣ ⎦ π 2
k =1⎝ k 2
⎠ k =1 ⎣ 2n 1 ⎦
edaytambMrab´eKman ½
n
⎡ kπ ⎤
Sn = ∑ ⎢cot2 ( 2n + 1)⎥
k = 1⎣ ⎦
π 2π 3π nπ
= cot 2 + cot 2 + cot 2 + ...... + cot 2
2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1
n( 2n − 1)
=
3
eKán n( 2n − 1) ( 2n + 1) 2 n ⎛ 1 ⎞
< ∑ ⎜ ⎟ < n +
n( 2n − 1) n( 2n + 2)
=
3 π2 k =1⎝ k ⎠
2
3 3
π 2 n( 2n − 1) n
⎛ 1 ⎞ π n( 2n + 2)
2
¦ 3 ( 2n + 1) 2
< ∑⎜ 2 ⎟ < 3
k =1⎝ k ⎠ ( 2n + 1) 2

- 133 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
π 2 n( 2n − 1) n
⎛ 1 ⎞ π 2 n( 2n + 2)
lim < lim ∑ ⎜ 2 ⎟ < lim
n→ +∞ 3 ( 2n + 1) 2 n → +∞ k =1⎝ k ⎠ n→ +∞ 3 ( 2n + 1) 2

π2 n
⎛ 1 ⎞ π2
< lim ∑ ⎜ 2 ⎟ <
6 n → +∞ k =1⎝ k ⎠ 6
⎛ 1 ⎞ π
n 2
naM[eKTaj lim ∑ ⎜ ⎟ =
n → +∞ k =1⎝ k 2 ⎠ 6
.
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ π2
dUcen¼ 1 1
lim ⎜ + 2 + 2 + ........... + 2 ⎟ =
n → +∞ ⎝ 1 2
.
2 3 n ⎠ 6

- 134 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI64
eKtag r nig R erogKñaCakaMénrgVg´carikkñúg nig carikeRkA
Rbs´RtIekaNEkg ABC mYy .
cUrRsaybBa¢ak´fa R ≥ (1 + 2 ) r ?

dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak´fa R ≥ (1 + 2 ) r
tag T = cos A + cos B + cos C
A B+C B−C
= 1 − 2 sin 2 + 2 cos cos
2 2 2
A A B−C
= 1 − 2 sin 2 + 2 sin cos
2 2 2
A A B−C
= 1 − 2 sin ( sin − cos )
2 2 2
A B+C B−C
= 1 − 2 sin (cos − cos )
2 2 2
A B C
= 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
eKán A B C
cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin (1)
2 2 2

- 135 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
tamRTwsþIbTkUsIunUs a = b + c − 2bc cos A
2 2 2

eday cos A = 1 − 2 sin A2 2

eKán a = b + c − 2bc + 4bc sin A2

2 2 2 2

A a 2 − (b − c)2 (a − b + c)(a + b − c)
eKTaj sin
2
=2
4bc
=
4bc
a+b+c ⎧a − b + c = 2(p − b )
yk p= ⎨ naM[
2 ⎩a + b − c = 2(p − c)
A 4(p − b )(p − c) (p − b )(p − c)
eKán sin 2 =
2 4bc
=
bc
(p − b )(p − c)
eKTaj A
sin =
2 bc
(p − a )(p − c) (p − a )(p − b )
dUcKñaEdr B
sin =
2 ac
C
; sin =
2 ab
C (p − a )(p − b )(p − c)
eKán A
2
B
sin sin sin =
2 2 abc
( 2)

tamrUbmnþRkTLaépÞRtIekaN ½
abc
S = p(p − a )(p − b )(p − c) = pr =
4R
⎧abc = 4RS
⎪
eKTaján ⎨ S 2 S.p.r
⎪(p − a)(p − b )(p − c) = p = p = S.r
⎩
tam ( 2) Gacsresr ½

- 136 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
A B C r
sin sin sin = (3 )
2 2 2 4R
ykTMnak´TMng ( 3)CYskñúg (1) eKán ½
r
cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + (4)
R
π
eday ABC CaRtIekaNEkgena¼eKGaceRCIserIsyk A=
2
π
ehIy B = − C CYskñúgTMnak´TMng ( 4) eKán ½
2
π π r
cos + cos( − C) + cos C = 1 +
2 2 R
r
sin C + cos C = 1 + (5)
R
tamTMnak´TMng sin C + cos C = 2 sin( π4 + C) ≤ 2
ena¼tam (5) eKán 1 + Rr ≤ 2
naM[ R ≥ 2r− 1 = ( 2 + 1) r
dUcen¼ R ≥ (1 + 2 ) r .
vismPaBen¼køayCasmPaBkalNa ½
π π π
sin C + cos C = 2 sin( + C) = 2 naM[ C = nig B =
4 4 4
eBalKWRtIekaN ABC CaRtIekaNEkgsmát .

- 137 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI65
eK[ a , b , c CaRCugrbs´RtIekaNmYy .
cUrRsaybBa¢ak´vismPaB ½
a 2b(a − b ) + b 2c(b − c) + c 2a(c − a ) ≥ 0

dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak´fa a b(a − b) + b c(b − c) + c a(c − a) ≥ 0
2 2 2

tag a = y + z , b = z + x , c = x + y Edl x , y , z > 0

vismPaB a b(a − b) + b c(b − c) + c a(c − a) ≥ 0
2 2 2

smmUleTAnwgvismPaBxageRkam ½
(y + z)2 (z + x)(y − x) + (z + x)2 (x + y)(z − y) + (x + y)2 (y + z)(x − z) ≥ 0
x3z + y3x + z3y − x2yz − y2zx − z2xy ≥ 0
x3z + y3x + z 3y ≥ x2yz + y2zx + z2xy
x2 y2 z2
+ + ≥ x+ y+ z
y z z
tamvismPaB Cauchy-Schwarz eKman ½
x2 y 2 z 2
( x + y + z ) ≤ ( x + y + z )( +
2
+ )
y z z

- 138 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
x2 y 2 z 2
eKTaj y
+
z
+
x
≥ x+y+z Bit .
dUcen¼ a b(a − b) + b c(b − c) + c a(c − a) ≥ 0 .
2 2 2

lMhat´TI66
eK[ a , b , c CaRCugrbs´RtIekaNmYyEdlmanépÞRkTLa
esμInwg S . cUrRsayfa a + b + c ≥ 4 3 S ?
2 2 2

dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa a + b + c ≥ 4 3 S
2 2 2

eKman S = 12 bc sin A naM[ sin A = 2bcS

b 2 + c2 − a2
ehIy cos A =
2bc
( RTwsþIbTkUsIunUs )
cos A b 2 + c 2 − a 2
eKán cot A =
sin A
=
4S
c + a − b2
2 2
a2 + b 2 − c2
dUcKñaEdr cot B =
4S
; cot C =
4S
a +b +c
2 2 2
eKán cot A + cot B + cot C =
4S
naM[ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 4S (cot A + cot B + cot C) (1)

- 139 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
CabnþeTAen¼eyIgnwgRsayfa cot A + cot B + cot C ≥ 3 .
eKman A + B + C = π ena¼ A = π − (B + C)
eKán tan A = tan(π − (B + C)) = − tan(B + C)
tan B + tan C
tan A = −
1 − tan B. tan C
− tan A + tan B tan C = tan B + tan C
eKTaj tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C

KuNGg:TaMgBIrnwg cot A cot B cot C eKánsmPaB

cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
edayeRbIvismPaB ( x + y + z )2 ≥ 3( xy + yz + zx )

eKTaján (cot A + cot B + cot C) ≥ 3 2

naM[ cot A + cot B + cot C ≥ 3 ( A , B , C CamMuRsYc )

tamTMnak´TMng (1) eKTaján ½
a + b + c ≥ 4 3 S CavismPaBEdlRtUvRsaybBa¢ak´ .
2 2 2

"""""

- 140 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak

lMhat´TI67
eKyk I Cap©itrgVg´carwkkñúgRtIekaN ABC mYyEdl
BC = a , AC = b , AB = c .

cMeBa¼RKb´cMnuc X cUrRsayfa ½
a.XA 2 + b.XB2 + c.XC2 = (a + b + c) XI 2 + abc

dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa ½
a.XA 2 + b.XB2 + c.XC2 = (a + b + c) XI 2 + abc
y

B C x

- 141 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
kñúgtRmuyGrtUnrm¨al´ (Bxy ) eKman ½
.
B(0 ; 0 ) ; C(a , 0 ) ; A( c cos B ; c sin B )

tag r CakaMrgVg´carwkkñúg nig p = a + b2 + c Caknø¼brimaRt

énRtIekaN ABC ena¼eKán I( p − b ; r ) .
ebI S CaépÞRkTLaénRtIekaN ABC ena¼eKman ½
S = p(p − a )(p − b )(p − c) = pr
(p − a )(p − b )(p − c)
naM[r2 =
p
.
tag X( x0 ; y 0 ) CacMnucNak¾edayénbøg´ . eKán ½
M = aXA 2 + bXB 2 + cXC2
= a[ ( x 0 − c cos B )2 + ( y 0 − c sin B )2 ] + b( x 0 + y 0 ) +
2 2

+ c[( x 0 − a )2 + y 0 ]
2

= (a + b + c)( x 0 + y 0 ) − 2acx0 (1 + cos B ) − 2acy 0 sin B +

2 2

+ ac 2 + a 2c
a2 + c2 − b2
= 2p( x 0 + y 0 ) − 2acx0 (1 + ) − 4y 0S + a 2c + ac 2
2 2
2ac
= 2p( x 0 + y 0 ) − x 0 ( 2p )( 2p − 2b ) − 4y 0S + a 2c + ac 2
2 2

= 2p( x 0 + y 0 ) − 4px 0 (p − b ) − 4y 0S + a 2c + ac 2
2 2

- 142 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
ehIy N = (a + b + c) XI 2 + abc
[ ]
= 2p ( x 0 − (p − b ))2 + ( y 0 − r )2 + abc
= 2p( x0 + y 0 ) − 4x0p(p − b ) − 4y 0pr + 2p(p − b )2 +
2 2

+ 2pr 2 + abc
= 2p( x0 + y 0 ) − 4px 0 (p − b ) − 4y 0S + 2p(p − b )2 +
2 2

(p − a )(p − b )(p − c)
+ 2p + abc
p
= 2p( x0 + y 0 ) − 4px 0 (p − b ) − 4y 0S + 2p(p − b )2 +
2 2

+ 2(p − a )(p − b )(p − c) + abc

yk T = 2p(p − b )2 + 2(p − a )(p − b )(p − c) + abc
= 2(p − b )[p 2 − pb + p 2 − (a + c)p + ac] + abc
= 2(p − b )[2p 2 − (a + b + c)p + ac] + abc
= 2ac(p − b ) + abc = ac( 2p − 2b + b ) = ac(a + c)
= a 2c + ac 2
eKTaj N = 2p( x 0 + y 0 ) − 4px 0 (p − b ) − 4y 0S + a 2c + ac 2
2 2

edaykenßam M=N naM[eKTaján ½

a.XA 2 + b.XB2 + c.XC2 = (a + b + c) XI 2 + abc .
( TMnak´TMngen¼ehAfarUbmnþGWEl ) .

- 143 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI68
eKtag r nig R erogKñaCakaMrgVg´carikkñúg nig carwkeRkA
énRtIekaNmYy . cUrRsaybBa¢ak´faebI d Cacm¶ayrvagp©it
rgVg´carwkkñúg nig carwkeRkArbs´RtIekaNena¼eKán ½
d = R( R − 2r ) ?
2

dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa d = R( R − 2r )
2

tag ABC CaRtIekaNEdl BC = a , AC = b , AB = c

ehIy r nig R erogKñaCakaMrgVg´carikkñúg nig carwkeRkA
énRtIekaNen¼ . yk I Cap©itrgVg´carwkkññúg nig O Cap©it
rgVg´carwkeRkAénRtIekaN . tamRTwsþIbTGWEleyIgán ½
a.OA 2 + b.OB 2 + c.OC2 = (a + b + c) OI 2 + abc
a+b+c
eday OA = OB = OC = R nig
p=
2
eKán 2p R 2 = 2p .d 2 + abc naM[
d2 = R 2 −
abc
2p
Edl d = OI .

- 144 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
tamrUbmnþépÞRkTLa S = pr = abc
4R
eKTaj abc
2p
= 2rR

dUcen¼ d = R − 2rR = R(R − 2r ) .

2 2

lMhat´TI69
eKyk I Cap©itrgVg´carwkkñúgRtIekaN ABC mYyEdl
manRCug BC = a , AC = b , AB = c .
2 2 2
cUrRsayfa IAbc + IBca + IC ab
=1 .

dMeNa¼Rsay
2 2 2
Rsayfa IAbc + IBca + ICab
=1

tamRTwsþIbTGWElcMeBa¼RKb´cMnuc X eKman
a.XA 2 + b.XB2 + c.XC2 = (a + b + c) XI 2 + abc
edayyk X ≡ I eKán a.IA + b.IB 2 2
+ c.IC 2 = abc

EckGg:TaMgBIrnwg abc eKTTYlán ½

2 2 2
IA
bc
+
IB
ca
+
IC
ab
=1 .

- 145 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
lMhat´TI70
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnBitviC¢man a,b,c cUrbgHajfa ½
(a 2 + 2)(b 2 + 2)(c 2 + 2) ≥ 9(ab + bc + ca)

dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa (a 2
+ 2)(b 2 + 2)(c 2 + 2) ≥ 9(ab + bc + ca)
⎧a = 2 tan x
π ⎪
eyIgeRCIserIs 0< x,y ,z <
2
Edl ⎨b = 2 tan y
⎪
⎩c = 2 tan z
vismPaB (a + 2)(b + 2)(c + 2) ≥ 9(ab + bc + ca)
2 2 2

smmUleTAnwgvismPaBxageRkam ½
8
≥ 18(tan x tan y + tan y tan z + tan z tan x )
cos 2 x cos 2 y cos 2 z
4
cos x cos y cos z(sin x sin y cos z + sin y sin z cos x + sin z sin x cos y ) ≤
9
edayeRbIrUbmnþ ½
cos(x + y + z ) = cos x cos y cos z − sin x sin y cos z − sin y sin z cos x
− sin z sin x cos y
ena¼eKGacsresr ½

- 146 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
cos x cos y cos z[cos x cos y cos z − cos( x + y + z )] ≤
4
(*)
9
tamvismPaB AM − GM nig Jensen eyIgán ½
3
⎛ cos x + cos y + cos z ⎞
cos x cos y cos z ≤ ⎜ ⎟ ≤ cos t
3
⎝ 3 ⎠
x+y+z
Edl t=
3
.vismPaB smmUleTAnwgvismPaB ½
(*)

t − cos 3t ) ≤ eday cos 3t = 4 cos t − 3 cos t

4
cos 3 t(cos 3 3
9
ena¼ cos 3 t( 3 cos t − 3 cos 3 t ) ≤
4
9
4
cos 3 t(cos t − cos 3 t ) ≤
27
4
cos4 t (1 − cos 2 t ) ≤
27
tamvismPaB AM − GM eKán ½
3
⎛ cos 2 t cos 2 t ⎞
⎜ + + 1 − cos 2 ⎟
t
cos 2 t cos 2 t ⎜ 2 2 ⎟ 1
. .(1 − cos 2 t ) ≤ ⎜ ⎟ =
2 2 3 27
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠

eKTaj cos t(1 − cos t ) ≤ 274 Bit .

4 2

dUcen¼vismPaBxagedImRtUvánRsaybBa¢ak´.

sUmrg´caMGanPaK3

- 147 -
 KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
Éksareyag
( Referent )

1. 360 Problems for Mathematical Contest

(By Titu Andreescu , Dorin Andrica )

2. 103 Trigonometry Problems

(From the training of the USA IMO Team)

3. Five Hundred Mathematical Challenges

(By Edward J. Bar beau, Murray S. Klamkin)

4. Complex Numbers From A to … Z

(By Titu Andresscu , Dorin Andrica )

5. Mathematical Olympiad in China

6. Mathematical Olympiad Challenges
(By Titu Andresscu & Razvan Gelca)

7. Mathematical Olympiad Treasures

(By Titu Andreescu , Bogdan enescu )

8. International Mathematical Olympiads

1959-1977
( Samuel L. Greitzer )

9. The IMO Compendium ( 1959-2004 )

- 148 -