Pvwn`v BDwbU

Demand 5
f‚wgKv
†µZv n‡jv A_©bxwZi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A_©‰bwZK cÖwZwbwa ev wbhy³K| GKRb †µZv evRvi †_‡K
wK wK `ªe¨ µq K‡i, wK cwigvY `ªe¨ µq K‡i, Ges wK cwigvY `vg w`‡Z B”QzK _v‡K Zv †µZvi AvPiY †_‡K
†evaMg¨ nq| †Kvb `ª‡e¨i Rb¨ †fv³vi Pvwn`vi cwigvY wba©vi‡Y I †fv³vi AvPiY ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| mvaviYZ: GKwU
wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g GKRb †µZv GKwU `ª‡e¨i †h cwigvY µq Ki‡Z Pvq Zvn‡jv H `ª‡e¨i Rb¨
†fv³vi Pvwn`v| µq Ki‡Z PvB‡jB Zv Pvwn`v nq bv| Pvwn`v ZLbB nq hLb †fv³vi H `ªe¨ †Kbvi B”Qv, mvg_©¨
I cwiKíbv _v‡K| g‡b Kiv hvK, GK e¨w³ Pvj µq Kivi Rb¨ evRv‡i †Mj| evRv‡i wM‡q †`Lj Pv‡ji cÖwZ
†KwRi `vg 30 UvKv| GLb hw` †m wZb †KwR Pvj µq Ki‡Z Pvq Z‡e Zvi Kv‡Q 90 UvKv ev Zvi †P‡q †ewk
_vK‡Z n‡e Ges H UvKv LiP Kivi gZ B”Qv _vK‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB ejv hv‡e, H e¨w³i Pv‡ji Pvwn`v n‡jv 3
†KwR| G Aa¨v‡q Pvwn`v, Pvwn`v wewa, Pvwn`v m~wP, Ges Pvwn`v †iLv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 6 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 5.1: Pvwn`v I Pvwn`vi wba©viKmg~n
cvV 5.2: Pvwn`v m~wP I Pvwn`v †iLv
cvV 5.3: Pvwn`v A‡cÿK I Pvwn`v mgxKiY
cvV 5.4: Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b I Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 5.1 Pvwn`v I Pvwn`vi wba©viKmg~n

Demand and Determinants of Demand

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv -
 Pvwn`vi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Pvwn`vi wba©viKmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Pvwn`v wewa I G wewai e¨wZµgmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ebG

g~jcvV-

Pvwn`vi aviYv (Concept of Demand)

mvavib A‡_©, †Kvb wKQz cvIqvi AvKv•Lv ev B”Qv‡K Pvwn`v e‡j| wKš‘y A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v ej‡Z †fv³vi †Kvb `ªe¨
ev †mev cvIqvi AvKv•Lvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv µ‡qi A_©, mvg_©©¨ Ges e¨q Kivi B”Qv _vK‡j Z‡eB H AvKv•Lv‡K
Pvwn`v e‡j| aiv hvK, iwng Avw_©Kfv‡e Am”Qj| †m GKwU †gvUi Mvox †Kbvi Rb¨ AvKv•Lv cªKvk Kij wKš‘y Zv
µq Kivi g‡Zv Avw_©K mvg_©¨ Zvi †bB| Kv‡RB, G‡ÿ‡Î iwn‡gi †gvUi Mvwoi Rb¨ AvKv•Lv‡K Pvwn`v ejv hv‡e
bv| Avevi GKRb abx A_P K…cY †jv‡Ki Mvox †Kbvi B”Qv‡K Pvwn`v ejv hv‡e bv| †Kbbv Zvi µqÿgZv
_vK‡jI A_© e¨q Kivi B”Qv †bB| myZivs A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v n‡Z n‡j wb‡¤œv³ wZbwU kZ© Aek¨B c~iYxq| kZ©
wZbwU n‡jv :
(1) †Kvb `ªe¨ cvIqvi AvKv•Lv;
(2) `ªe¨wU µq Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq Avw_©K mvg_©¨; Ges
(3) cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© e¨q K‡i `ªe¨wU µq Kivi B”Qv|
myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, †Kvb †µZv ev †fv³vi GKwU wbw`©ó `ªe¨ cvIqvi AvKv•Lv, Avw_©K mvg_©¨ ev µqÿgZv
Ges wbw`©ó `v‡g µq Kivi B”Qv _vK‡j Z‡e Zv‡KB A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v (Demand) e‡j|

Pvwn`vi wbav©iK mg~n (Determinants of Demand)

†Kvb `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v Zvi `vgmn Ab¨vb¨ KZK¸‡jv Dcv`vb ev wba©vi‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj| G¸‡jv‡K Pvwn`vi
wba©viK ejv nq| Pvwn`vi wbav©iK¸‡jvi wfwˇZ Pvwn`vi A‡cÿK (Demand function) cÖKvk Kiv hvq|

wb‡¤œ Pvwn`vi wba©viKmg~n e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv:

(1) `ª‡e¨i wbR¯^ `vg: `ª‡e¨i wbR¤^ `v‡gi Dci Zvi Pvwn`v wbf©i K‡i| mvaviYZ: †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg Kg‡j Zvi
Pvwn`v ev‡o Ges `vg evo‡j Zvi Pvwn`v K‡g|
(2) †fv³vi Avq: mvaviYZ: †fv³vi Avq Zvi Pvwn`v‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| †fv³vi Avq evo‡j Pvwn`v
e„w× cvq Ges Avq Kg‡j Pvwn`v n«vm cvq|
(3) m¤cwK©Z `ª‡e¨i `vg: †Kvb `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v Zvi m¤úwK©Z `ªe¨ A_©vr cwieZ©K I cwic~iK `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi Dci
wbf©ikxj| †hgb- Kwdi `vg evo‡j Pv‡qi Pvwn`v e„w× cvq| Acic‡ÿ `ya wPwbi `vg e„w× ‡c‡j Pv‡qi
Pvwn`v n«vm cvq|
(4) evRv‡i †µZvi msL¨v: evRv‡i †µZvi msL¨vi Dci Pvwn`v A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| evRv‡i †µZvi msL¨v †ekx
n‡j †Kvb `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v †ekx nq| †µZvi msL¨v Kg n‡j Pvwn`v Kg nq|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-50

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

(5) †µZvi iæwP, cQ›` I Af¨vm: †µZvi iæwP, cQ›` I Af¨v‡mi cwieZ©b n‡j `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`viI cwieZ©b n‡Z
cv‡i| †hgb- GK f`ªgwnjv Zvi †Q‡j‡ejvq e¨vÛmsMxZ cQ›` Ki‡Zb| †mmgq wZwb e¨vÛ msMx‡Zi wmwW
ev K¨v‡mU wKb‡Zb| cieZ©x‡Z eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ iex›`ª msMx‡Zi cÖwZ Abyi³ n‡q c‡ob Ges iex›`ª
msMx‡Zi wmwW ev K¨v‡mU wKb‡Z _v‡Kb|
(6) mgq: `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v mg‡qi DciI wbf©ikxj| me mgq `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v mgvb _v‡K bv| kxZKv‡j †h me
`ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v _v‡K MÖx®§Kv‡j †m me `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v _v‡K bv| †hgb- AvBmµxg, †mv‡qUvi, R¨v‡KU BZ¨vw`|
(7) weÁvcb: weÁvcb ev cÖPv‡ii DciI A‡bK mgq Pvwn`v wbf©ikxj| †fv³v‡K AvK…ó Ki‡Z GwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv iv‡L|
(8) Rxeb hvÎvi gvb: †`‡ki gvby‡li Rxeb hvÎvi gv‡bi DciI Pvwn`v A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| mvaviYZ: †`‡ki
gvby‡li Rxeb hvÎvi gvb DbœZ n‡j †fvM¨ c‡Y¨I Pvwn`v e„w× cvq| Avi wecixZ Ae¯’vq n«vm cvq|
(9) `v‡gi fwel¨r MwZ: fwel¨‡Z †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg evovi Avk¼v _vK‡j eZ©gv‡b H `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v bv K‡g eis
e„w× cvq| Avevi fwel¨‡Z eo ai‡bi `vg Kgvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡j H `ª‡e¨i eZ©gvb Pvwn`v K‡g hvq|
(10) †µZvi fwel¨r Avq: †µZvi fwel¨r Av‡qi cwieZ©b nIqvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡j Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b NU‡e|
†µZvi fwel¨r Avq K‡g hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡j eZ©gv‡b Pvwn`v n«vm cv‡e| Ab¨w`‡K, †µZvi fwel¨r Avq
e„w×i m¤¢vebv _vK‡j eZ©gv‡b Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡e|

Pvwn`v wewa (Law of Demand)

ÓAb¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©ZÓ †_‡K †Kvb `ª‡e¨i evRvi `v‡gi mv‡_ Zvi Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ wµqvMZ m¤úK© †h
wewai mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K Pvwn`v wewa e‡j| ÓAb¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©ZÓ A_©¨r †µZvi Avq, Ab¨vb¨
m¤úwK©Z `ª‡e¨i g~j¨, †µZvi iæwP, Af¨vm I cQ›`, †µZvi msL¨v Ges `ª‡e¨i fwel¨r `vg, cÖf…wZ AcwiewZ©Z
_vK‡j †Kvb `ª‡e¨i wbR¯^ `vg evo‡j Zvi Pvwn`v K‡g Ges `vg Kg‡j Pvwn`v ev‡o| A_©vr `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigvY
Avi `v‡gi g‡a¨ wecixZ m¤úK© we`¨gvb| `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I wbR¯^ `v‡gi g‡a¨ GB wµqvMZ m¤úK©B n‡jv Pvwn`v
wewa|

g‡b Kwi, GK †KwR Pv‡ji `vg hLb 30 UvKv ZLb GK e¨w³ 3 †KwR Pvj µq K‡i| GLb hw` `vg †e‡o 32
UvKv nq ZLb †m 3 †KwR bv wK‡b 2 †KwR µq K‡i| Avevi `vg K‡g hw` 25 UvKv nq ZLb †m 4 †KwR µq
K‡i| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q Pv‡ji `vg †e‡o †M‡j Pvwn`v cwigvY K‡g hvq| Avevi `vg K‡g †M‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY
†e‡o hvq| Gfv‡e `vg cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b nq| A_©vr Pv‡ji `vg I Pvwn`vi
cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ wecixZ m¤úK© we`¨gvb, GwUB n‡jv Pvwn`v wewa|

Pvwn`v wewai AbywgZ kZ© (Assumptions of the Law of Demand)

Pvwn`v wewa KZK¸‡jv AbywgZ k‡Z©i Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ| G¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc:
(1) †µZv / †fv³v hyw³kxj|
(2) ‡µZvi iæwP I Af¨vm AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
(3) †µZvi Avq AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
(4) Ab¨vb¨ m¤úwK©Z `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv|
(5) evRv‡i †µZvi msL¨vi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv|
(6) c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvgyjK evRvi _vK‡e|

Pvwn`v wewai e¨wZµg (Exceptions of the Law of Demand)

mvaviYZ: Pvwn`v Abyhvqx `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wecixZgyLx| Z‡e wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î Gi
e¨wZµg jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Pvwn`v wewai e¨wZµg wb¤œiƒc:

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-51

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

(1) Av‡qi cwieZ©b: †fvM¨c‡Y¨i `vg cwieZ©‡bi nvi A‡cÿv hw` †µZvi Avq cwieZ©‡bi nvi AwaK nq
Z‡e Pvwn`v wewa Kvh©Ki bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Avq n«vm †c‡j †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg Kg‡jI †µZv Zv Kg
cwigv‡Y µq K‡i|
(2) Af¨vm I iæwPi cwieZ©b: gvby‡li Af¨vm I iæwPi cwieZ©b NU‡j wewawU Kvh©Ki nq bv| †hgb-
†fv³vi Af¨vm I iæwPi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j w`b w`b †Uwjwfkb, wd«R cÖf…wZi Rb¨ †jv‡Ki Pvwn`v e„w×
cv‡”Q| d‡j Gme `ª‡e¨i `vg e„w× cvIqv m‡Ë¡I Pvwn`v K‡g bv|
(3) weKí `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi cwieZ©b: †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ hw` weKí `ª‡e¨i `v‡giI
Abyiƒc cwieZ©b N‡U, †m me `ª‡e¨i †ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v wewa Kvh©Ki nq bv| †hgb- Pv Gi `vg n«v‡mi mv‡_
mv‡_ hw` Kwd Gi `vg n«vm cvq, Z‡e Pv Gi Pvwn`v evo‡e bv|
(4) Ae¯’vMZ KviY: Ae¯’vMZ Kvi‡YI Pvwn`v wewai e¨wZµg n‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb GjvKvq K‡jiv gnvgvix
AvKv‡i aviY Ki‡j, gv‡Qi `vg Kg‡jI Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡e bv| kxZKv‡j AvBmµx‡gi `vg K‡g †M‡jI
Pvwn`v K‡g hvq|
(5) wbZ¨ cª‡qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i †ÿ‡Î: wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i †ÿ‡Î `ª‡e¨i `vg cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Pvwn`vi †Zgb
†Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| †hgb- jeb, Jla BZ¨vw`|
(6) fwel¨‡Z `vg cwieZ©‡bi m¤¢vebv: †Kvb mgq †fv³v hw` g‡b K‡i fwel¨‡Z `ª‡e¨i `vg Av‡iv e„w× cv‡e
Zvn‡j eZ©gv‡b H `ª‡e¨i `vg evo‡jI Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡e| Avevi fwel¨‡Z Av‡iv `vg Kgvi m¤¢vebv
_vK‡j H `ª‡e¨i eZ©gvb `vg Kg‡jI Pvwn`v K‡g hv‡e|
(7) †µZvi AÁZv: †µZv A‡bK mgq AÁZvi Kvi‡Y `ª‡e¨i ¸bv¸b wePvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡ÿ‡Î `ª‡e¨i
`vg e„w× †c‡j `ªe¨wU A‡bK g~j¨evb g‡b K‡i `ªe¨wU †ekx cwigvY µq K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v wewa
Kvh©Ki nq bv|
(8) wejvmeûj `ªe¨: Ggb wKQz `ªe¨ Av‡Q †h ¸‡jvi `vg e„w× †c‡j †jv‡K mvgvwRK gh©v`v ev †MŠi‡ei
Avkvq †ekx cwigvY µq K‡i| †hgb- WvqgÛ, `vgx Mvox, †mŠwLb evwo BZ¨vw`| A_©bxwZwe` †fe‡jb
(Veblen) Gme `ªe¨‡K ÒevM¤^oc~Y© †fvMÓ wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Gme `ª‡e¨i †ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v wewa
Kvh©Ki nq bv|
(9) wM‡db `ªe¨: Ggb wKQz wbK…ô `ªe¨ Av‡Q †hgb- †gvUv Pvj, †gvUv Kvco, cÖf…wZi †ÿ‡Î `vg evo‡j µ‡qi
cwigvY e„w× cvq Ges `vg Kg‡j µ‡qi cwigvY n«vm cvq| A_©bxwZwe` m¨vi ievU© wM‡db Gi
bvgvbymv‡i Gme e¨wZµgag©x `ªe¨‡K wM‡db `ªe¨ ejv nq|

cwieZ©K I cwic~iK `ªe¨ (Substitute good and Complement good)

Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, †Kvb `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v m¤úwK©Z `ª‡e¨i `vg ØvivI cÖfvweZ nq| m¤úwK©Z `ªe¨ `yB cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i:
(1) cwieZ©K `ªe¨ I
(2) cwic~iK `ªe¨
cwieZ©K `ªe¨ (Substitute good)
hLb `ywU `ª‡e¨i g‡a¨ GKwUi cwie‡Z© Ab¨wU †fvM Kiv hvq hv †_‡K cÖvq mgvb Dc‡hvM jvf Kiv hvq ZLb `ªe¨
`ywUi GKwU‡K Ab¨wUi cwieZ©K `ªe¨ ejv nq| Ab¨fv‡e Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, GKwU `ª‡e¨i `vg e„wׇZ hw` Ab¨
`ªe¨wUi Pvwn`v e„w× cvq Z‡e `ªe¨ `ywU‡K cwieZ©K `ªe¨ ejv nq| †hgb- Pv-Kwd, wPwb-¸o, Kjg-‡cwÝj BZ¨vw`
G‡K Ac‡ii cwieZ©K `ªe¨|

D`vniY: g‡b Kwi, wPwbi `vg hLb 40 UvKv ZLb GK e¨w³ gv‡m 2 †KwR ¸o µq K‡i| wKš‘y hw` wPwbi `vg
†e‡o 45 UvKv nq ZLb †m 2 †KwR ¸o bv µq K‡i 3 †KwR ¸o µq K‡i| A_©vr wPwbi `vg †e‡o hvIqvq †µZv
†ekx cwigvY ¸o wK‡b| GLv‡b †µZv ¸o‡K wPwbi cwieZ©K wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡i| GKBfv‡e hw` wPwbi `vg K‡g

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-52

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

35 UvKv nq Z‡e †µZv 2 †KwR ¸‡oi cwie‡Z© 1 †KwR ¸o wK‡b| A_©vr wPwbi `vg K‡g hvIqvq ¸o Kg µq
K‡i| A_©vr GLv‡b wPwbi Pvwn`v ev‡o|
GLv‡b wPwb I ¸o G‡K Ac‡ii cwieZ©K `ªe¨| cwieZ©K `ª‡e¨i †ÿ‡Î GKwUi `v‡gi †ÿ‡Î Ab¨wUi Pvwn`vi
abvZœK m¤úK©| QK 5.1.1 G cwieZ©K `ywU `ª‡e¨i g‡a¨ GKwU `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi mv‡_ Ab¨ `ªe¨wUi Pvwn`vi m¤úK©
†`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
QK 5.1.1: wPwbi `vg I ¸‡oi Pvwn`vi m¤úK©
wPwbi `vg (UvKv) ¸‡oi Pvwn`v (†KwR)
35 1 †KwR
40 2 ‡KwR
45 3 †KwR

wPÎ 5.1.3 G f‚wg A‡ÿ X `ª‡e¨i (¸‡oi) Pvwn`v Ges j¤^ A‡ÿ Y `ª‡e¨i (wPwbi) `vg wb‡`©k Kiv n‡jv| wPÎ
†_‡K ‡`Lv hvq, wPwbi `vg †e‡o OP †_‡K OP n‡j ¸‡oi Pvwn`v †e‡o OX1 ‡_‡K OX2 nq| A_©vr wPwbi `vg I
1 2

Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ mgg~Lx m¤úK© weivR K‡i| ZwB wPwb I ¸o ci¯úi cwieZ©K `ªe¨|
Y
wPwbi `vgদাম

D
P2 b
িচিনর

P1 a

O X1 X2 X
েড়র ¸‡oiচািহদা
Pvwn`v
wPÎ 5.1.3: cwieZ©K `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v †iLv|

(2) cwic~iK `ªe¨ (Complement good) t

`ywU `ª‡e¨i g‡a¨ GKwU `ª‡e¨i †fvM e„w× †c‡j hw` Ab¨ `ª‡e¨i †fvMI e„w× cvq Z‡e `ªe¨ `ywU‡K G‡K AciwUi
cwic~iK `ªe¨ ejv nq| Ab¨fv‡e Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, GKwU `ª‡e¨i `vg e„w× †c‡j hw` Ab¨ `ªe¨wUi Pvwn`v n«vm cvq,
ZLb `ªe¨ `ywU‡K G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK `ªe¨ ejv nq| †hgb- Pv-wPwb, Kvwj-Kjg, †c‡Uªvj-Mvwo, RyZv-‡gvRv
BZ¨vw`|

cwic~iK `ª‡e¨i †ÿ‡Î m¤úwK©Z `ª‡e¨i g‡a¨ GKwUi `vg evo‡j Aci `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v n«vm cvq| A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU
`ª‡e¨i `vg I Ab¨ `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ wecixZg~Lx m¤úK© we`¨gvb| †hgb- wPwbi `vg e„w× †c‡j Pv‡qi Pvwn`v
K‡g hv‡e| QK 5.1.2 G cwic~iK `ywU `ª‡e¨i GKwUi `v‡gi mv‡_ Ab¨wUi Pvwn`vi m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ

QK 5.1.2: wPwbi `v‡gi mv‡_ Pv‡qi Pvwn`vi m¤úK©

wPwbi `vg (‡KwR) Pv‡qi Pvwn`v (Kvc)
40 UvKv 100 Kvc
45 UvKv 80 Kvc
50 UvKv 70 Kvc

Dc‡ii QK †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, wPwbi `vg I Pv‡qi Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ FbvZœK m¤úK© we`¨gvb|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-53

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

wPÎ 5.1.4 G X A‡ÿ Pv‡qi Pvwn`vi cwigvY Ges Y A‡ÿ wPwbi `vg wb‡`©wkZ| wPÎ 5.1.4 †_‡K ‡`Lv hvq †h,
wPwbi `vg hLb OP ZLb Pv‡qi Pvwn`vi cwigvY OQ1 | GLb wPwbi `vg †e‡o OP2 n‡j Pv‡qi Pvwn`v n«vm †c‡q
1

OQ2 nq| G‡ÿ‡Î wPwbi `v‡gi mv‡_ Pv‡qi Pvwn`vi FbvZ¡K m¤úK© we`¨gvb| Avi GB FbvZœK m¤ú©‡Ki Kvi‡Y
Pvwn`v †iLv evg w`K †_‡K Wvb w`‡K wb¤œMvgx nq|
Y

P2

`vg
wPwbi দাম
P1
িচিনর
D
O Q1 Q2 X
চােয়র Pv‡qi Pvwn`v
চািহদা
wPÎ 5.1.4: cwic~iK `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v †iLv|

mvims‡¶c
 A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v ej‡Z †fv³vi †Kvb `ªe¨ ev †mev cvIqvi AvKv•Lvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv µ‡qi A_©, mvg_©¨
Ges Zv e¨q Kivi B”Qv‡K eySvq|
 ÒAb¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©ZÓ _vK‡j Pvwn`v wewa‡Z `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ H `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi
wecixZ m¤úK© cÖKvk K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.1
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v ej‡Z eySvq -
i. ‡Kvb `ªe¨ cvIqvi AvKv•Lv _vK‡Z n‡e
ii. `ªe¨wU µ‡qi mvg_©¨ _vK‡Z n‡e
iii. cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© e¨q Kivi B”Qv _vK‡Z n‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

2| Pvwn`v wewa‡Z cÖKvk cvq-

i. `vg I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ abvZœK m¤úK©
ii. `vg I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ wecixZ m¤úK©
iii. `vg I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ †Kvb m¤úK© bvB
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨?
(K) i (L) ii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

3| A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`vi Dcv`vb KqwU?

(K) `ywU (L) wZbwU (M) PviwU (N) cvuPwU
4| Pvwn`v wewa Abyhvqx `v‡gi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi m¤úK© wKiƒc?
(K) abvZœK (L) FbvZœK (M) w¯’i (N) †Kvb m¤úK© bvB

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5| Kjg I †cwÝj `ywU cwieZ©K `ªe¨| GB `ywU `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb m¤ú‡K©i †cÖwÿ‡Z G‡`i
Pvwn`v †iLvi AvK…wZ †Kgb nq?
(K) evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K wb¤œMvgx (L) evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx
(M) f‚wg A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj (N) j¤^ A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 6 I 7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
iwng mv‡ne GKRb ¯‹zj wkÿK| ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq evRv‡i hLb ‡e¸‡bi `vg cÖwZ †KwR 15 UvKv ZLb wZwb cÖwZ
mßv‡n 3 †KwR †e¸b µq K‡ib| †e¸‡bi `vg †e‡o †M‡j wZwb †e¸b †Kbv Kwg‡q †`b| Avevi †e¸‡bi `vg K‡g
†M‡j ‡e¸b †Kbv evwo‡q †`b|
6| DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Z_¨ †Kvb wewa cÖKvk K‡i?
(K) Pvwn`v wewa (L) †hvMvb wewa (M) Drcv`K wewa (N) Dc‡hvM wewa
7| `vg I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ m¤úK© n‡jv-
i. mgg~Lx
ii. wecixZg~Lx
iii. FbvZœK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
8| Kwig GKRb w`bgRyi| Zvi K‡jR co–qv †Q‡j covïbvi Rb¨ GKwU j¨vcUc wK‡b †`Iqvi Rb¨ evev‡K
Aby‡iva Ki‡jv| A_©bxwZi `„wó†Kvb ‡_‡K j¨vcUc µ‡qi B”Qv Pvwn`v n‡e bv-
(K) Avw_©K mvg_©¨ †bB
(L) A_© e¨‡qi B”Qv †bB
(M) AvKv•Lv h_vh_ bq
(N) wcZvi K…cYZv
9| Pvwn`vi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jv :
i. ‡fv³vi Avq
ii. `v‡gi fwel¨r MwZ
iii. w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

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GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 5.2 Pvwn`v m~wP I Pvwn`v †iLv

Demand Schedule and Demand Curve

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 Pvwn`v wewa‡K m~wP Ges †iLvwP‡Î iƒc w`‡q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Pvwn`v ‡iLv evg ‡_‡K Wvb w`‡K wb¤œMvgx nIqvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †fv³vi Pvwn`v †iLv †_‡K evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

Pvwn`v m~wP (Demand Schedule)

Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z ‡i‡L †Kvb †fv³v wbw`©ó mg‡q wewfbœ `v‡g GKwU `ª‡e¨i †h cwigvY µq K‡i Zvi
msL¨vZœK cÖKvk ev ZvwjKv‡K Pvwn`v m~wP (Demand Schedule) e‡j| †fv³v mvaviYZ: Kg `v‡g GKwU `ªe¨ †ekx
cwigv‡Y Ges †ekx `v‡g H `ªe¨wU Kg cwigv‡Y µq K‡i| Ab¨ K_vq Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, Pvwn`v m~wP n‡jv Pvwn`v
wewai MvwYwZK cÖKvk|
QK 5.2.1: Pvwn`v m~wP
Pv‡ji `vg (UvKv cÖwZ †KwR) Pvwn`vi cwigvY (†KwR)
30 15
28 20
26 25
24 30

QK 5.2.1 †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, hLb cÖwZ †KwR Pv‡ji `vg 30 UvKv ZLb Pv‡ji Pvwn`vi cwigvY 15 †KwR, `vg
K‡g hLb 28 UvKv nq, ZLb Pvwn`v e„w× †c‡q 20 †KwR n‡q‡Q| Pv‡ji `vg Av‡iv K‡g hLb 26 UvKv nq ZLb
Pvwn`vi cwigvY n‡jv 25 †KwR Ges `vg hLb K‡g 24 UvKv nq ZLb Pvwn`vi cwigvY n‡jv 30 †KwR|

Gfv‡e †Kvb †fv³v ev †µZv wewfbœ `v‡g GKwU `ª‡e¨i †h cwigvY µq K‡i Zvi ZvwjKv‡K Pvwn`v m~wP e‡j|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
kwdK mv‡ne 100 UvKv wb‡q evRv‡i †M‡jb| wZwb evox †_‡K gbw¯’i K‡iwQ‡jb †h Avjyi `vg hw` cÖwZ
†KwR 10 UvKv nq Z‡e wZwb 5 †KwR Avjy wKb‡eb| wKš‘y evRv‡i wM‡q †`L‡jb Avjyi `vg cÖwZ †KwR
11 UvKv| GgZve¯’vq wZwb Avjy bv wK‡b evox‡Z wd‡i G‡jb| Dc‡iv³ DÏxcKwU wK Pvwn`v wewa‡K
mg_©b K‡i? wb‡Ri gZvgZ cÖ`vb Kiæb|

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 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

†fv³vi Pvwn`v †iLv (Demand Curve)

†Kvb ‡fv³v †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q wewfbœ `v‡g †Kvb GKwU `ª‡e¨i †h cwigvY µq K‡i Zv hLb †iLvwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
cÖKvk Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Pvwn`v †iLv ejv nq| Pvwn`v †iLv n‡jv Pvwn`v m~wPi R¨vwgwZK cÖKvk| Pvwn`v †iLvi
cªwZwU we›`y GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g wbw`©ó cwigvY `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v wb‡`©k K‡i|

wb‡¤œ Pvwn`v †iLvi GKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv :

Y

A
30
30
28 B
দাম
Pv‡ji `vg

26 C
26
চােলর

24
24 D
D
D
O 15
15 20
20 25
25 30
30 X
Pv‡ji Pvwn`vi cwigvY
চািহদা ( কিজ(†KwR) )

wPÎ 5.2.1: Pvwn`v †iLv

wPÎ 5.2.1 G X A‡ÿ Pv‡ji Pvwn`vi cwigvY Ges Y A‡ÿ Pv‡ji `v‡gi cwigvY wb‡`©k Kiv nq| Pvwn`v m~wP‡Z
ewY©Z wewfbœ `v‡g Pv‡ji Pvwn`vi †h wewfbœ cwigvY cvIqv hvq Zvi †cÖwÿ‡Z cªvß we›`y¸‡jv A, B, C, I D mshy³
K‡i Pvwn`v †iLv cvIqv hvq| ‡hgb- A we›`y‡Z Pv‡ji `vg hLb 30 UvKv, ZLb Pv‡ji Pvwn`vi cwigvY 15 †KwR,
†Zgwb D we›`y‡Z Pv‡ji `vg K‡g hLb 24 UvKv nq ZLb Pv‡ji Pvwn`vi cwigvY †e‡o 30 †KwR nq| myZivs A,
B, C, I D we›`ymg~‡ni mgš^‡q cÖvß †iLvB n‡jv Pvwn`v †iLv| GLv‡b GKwU welq jÿ¨Yxq †h, DD' Pvwn`v ‡iLvwU
evgw`K †_‡K Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx| `v‡gi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi wecixZ m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡YB DD' Pvwn`v †iLvwU Wvbw`‡K
wb¤œMvgx n‡q‡Q| myZivs Pvwn`v m~wP †_‡K Avgiv mn‡RB Pvwn`v †iLv AvuK‡Z cvwi|

†fv³vi Pvwn`v †iLv †_‡K evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb (Derivation of Market Demand Curve from
Individual or Consumer Demend Curve)
wewfbœ †fv³vi Pvwn`v ‡hvM K‡i evRvi Pvwn`v cvIqv hvq| Ab¨ K_vq, `ª‡e¨i cÖwZwU g~‡j¨ wewfbœ †fv³v †h
cwigvb µq K‡i †m¸‡jv †hvM Ki‡j `ª‡e¨i evRvi Pvwn`v cvIqv hvq|

P0 P0

D1 D2 DM

Q0M Q1M
wPÎ 5.2.2: evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv

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g‡b Kwi evRv‡i X `ª‡e¨i n msL¨K †fv³v Av‡Q| Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© awi evRv‡i gvÎ `yBRb †fv³v
Av‡Q| wPÎ 5.2.2 G D1 Ges D2 Pvwn`v ‡iLv Øviv cÖ_g I wØZxq †fv³vi Pvwn`v cÖKvk K‡i| wP‡Î †`Lv
hvq, P0 `v‡g 1g I 2q †fv³vi Pvwn`vi cwigvb h_vµ‡g Q01 Ges Q02 | G‡ÿ‡Î evRvi Pvwn`vi cwivgvb
n‡e Q0M  Q01  Q 20 | Avevi `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ P0 †_‡K K‡g P1 n‡j 1g I 2q †fv³vi Pvwn`vi cwigvb
h_vµ‡g Q11 G Ges Q12 nq| G‡ÿ‡Î evRvi Pvwn`vi cwigvb n‡e Q1M  Q11  Q12 | Gfv‡e wewfbœ g~‡j¨
GB `yBRb †fv³vi Pvwn`vi cwigvb †hvM K‡i evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv DM AsKb Kiv hvq|

Pvwn`v †iLv evg †_‡K Wv‡b wb¤œMvgx nIqvi KviY (Causes of a Demand Curve to be Downward)
Pvwn`v †iLv wb¤œMvgx nIqvi cÖavb KviY n‡jv `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ wecixZgyLx ev FbvZœK
m¤úK©| Pvwn`v †iLvi Wvb w`‡K wb¤œMvgx nIqvi KviY¸‡jv wb¤œiƒct
(1) µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM wewa (Law of diminishing Marginal Utility)
Pvwn`v †iLvi Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgxZvi wcQ‡b µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM wewa KvR K‡i| mvaviYZ: `ª‡e¨i †fvM
µgvMZ evo‡j `ª‡e¨i cÖvwšÍK GKK †fvM †_‡K cÖvß Dc‡hvM K‡g| `vg I cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM hLb mgvb nq,
ZLb †fv³vi Dc‡hvM me©vwaK nq| †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg Kg‡j cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM `v‡gi Zzjbvq †ewk n‡q c‡o|
ZLb `ªe¨wU AwaK cwigvY µq Ki‡j Zvi cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM n«vm †c‡q Zv Avevi `v‡gi mgvb nq| Gfv‡e
µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM wewa †_‡K ejv hvq, `ª‡e¨i `vg Kg‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY †ewk Ges `vg †ekx n‡j
Pvwn`vi cwigvY Kg nq| `v‡gi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi GB wecixZ m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡Y Pvwn`v †iLv Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx nq|
(2) cÖK…Z Avq cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve (Effects of Real income changes)
‡Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg Kg‡j mvaviYZ: †fv³vi cÖK…Z Avq (Real income) ev µqÿgZv ev‡o| A_©vr †Kvb `ª‡e¨i
`vg Kg‡j Kg cwigvY A‡_© †µZv GKB cwigvY `ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î GKB cwigvY A_© w`‡q †µZv
Av‡Mi †P‡q ‡ewk cwigvY `ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z cvi‡e| d‡j `vg Kgvi Kvi‡Y Pvwn`v ev‡o| Avevi `ª‡e¨i `vg
evo‡j †fv³vi cÖK…Z Avq K‡g hvq| GgZve¯’vq †µZv Zvi A_© w`‡q Kg cwigvY `ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j
Pvwn`v K‡g hvq| myZivs cÖK…Z Avq cÖfv‡ei `iæb Pvwn`v †iLv Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx nq|
(3) cwieZ©K cÖfve (Substitution Effect)
m¤úwK©Z `ª‡e¨i `vg w¯’i _vK‡j GKwU `ª‡e¨i `vg Kg‡j m¤úwK©Z Ab¨ `ª‡e¨i †fvM Kwg‡q †fv³v †mB
cwigvY `ªe¨ †ekx cwigvY µq K‡i| †hgb - wPwb I ¸o| wPwbi `vg w¯’i _vKv Ae¯’vq hw` ¸‡oi `vg K‡g
hvq Z‡e †fv³v wPwbi e¨envi Kwg‡q ¸‡oi e¨envi †ekx Ki‡e| A_©vr ¸‡oi `vg Kgvq ¸‡oi Pvwn`v e„w×
cv‡e| Gfv‡e `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ wecixZ m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ nq| d‡j Pvwn`v †iLv Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx
nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
1) Pvj I Wvqg‡Ûi m¤¢ve¨ Pvwn`v †iLv †Kgb n‡Z cv‡i Zv A¼b K‡i e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2) Pvwn`v m~wP I Pvwn`v †iLvi g‡a¨ cÖavb wZbwU cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Kiæb|
3) KvíwbK Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Kiæb|
(K) Pv‡qi `vg I Kwdi Pvwn`vi †ÿ‡Î
(L) Kvwji `vg I Kj‡gi Pvwn`vi †ÿ‡Î

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-58

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

mvims‡¶c
 ÒAb¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©ZÓ we‡ePbv K‡i `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ H `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi m¤úK© †h m~wPi
gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K Pvwn`v m~wP Ges †h †iLvi mvn‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K Pvwn`v †iLv e‡j|
 Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b ej‡Z GKB Pvwn`v †iLv eivei Ae¯’vbMZ cwieZ©b eySvq G‡ÿ‡Î `ª‡e¨i
Pvwn`v ïaygvÎ `vg Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| Acic‡ÿ, Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b ej‡Z Pvwn`v †iLvi ¯’vbvšÍi ev Pvwn`vi
n«vm ev e„w× eySvq| G‡ÿ‡Î `ª‡e¨i wbR¯^ `vg Qvov Ab¨vb¨ wba©viKmg~n †hgb †fv³vi Avq m¤úwK©Z
`ª‡e¨i `vg, fwel¨r `ªe¨g~j¨, †µZvi msL¨v BZ¨vw` Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|
 mvaviYZ: `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ H `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi wecixZ m¤úK© nIqvi Kvi‡Y Pvwn`v †iLv
wb¤œMvgx nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.2
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| Pvwn`v †iLvi AvK…wZ wK iƒc?
(K) evg w`K †_‡K Wvb w`‡K wb¤œMvgx
(L) evg w`K †_‡K Wvb w`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx
(M) f‚wg A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj
(N) j¤^ A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj
2| Pvwn`v †iLv evg †_‡K Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx KviYÑ
i. cwic~iK `ª‡e¨i cÖfve
ii. µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM wewa
iii. cwieZ©K cÖfve
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

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cvV 5.3 Pvwn`v A‡cÿK I Pvwn`v mgxKiY

Demand Function & Demand Equation

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv -
 Pvwn`v A‡cÿK MVb K‡i Zv Pvwn`v mgxKi‡Y iƒc w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Pvwn`v mgxKiY †_‡K †fv³vi Pvwn`v †iLv A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

Pvwn`v A‡cÿK wK? (What is Demand Function?)

Pvwn`v wewa Abyhvqx, `v‡gi Dci Pvwn`v wbf©ikxj| G‡ÿ‡Î `ª‡e¨i `vg (P) ¯^vaxb PjK Ges `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigvY
(QD) n‡jv Aaxb ev wbf©ikxj PjK| `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ wbf©ikxiZvi wµqvMZ m¤úK©‡K MvwYwZKfv‡e
mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv‡K Pvwn`v A‡cÿK e‡j| Pvwn`v A‡cÿK‡K wb¤œiƒcfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
QD  f (P)

GLv‡b, Q D  Pvwn`vi cwigvY

P  `ª‡e¨i `vg
f  A‡cÿK hv `ªe¨ I `v‡gi g‡a¨ wµqvMZ m¤úK©
Z‡e †Kvb `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v †KejgvÎ H `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| eis `ªe¨wUi Pvwn`v H `ª‡e¨i `vg QvovI
‡fv³vi Avq, m¤úwK©Z `ª‡e¨i `vg, †fv³vi iæwP BZ¨vw`i DciI wbf©i K‡i|
G‡ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v A‡cÿK wb¤œiƒct
QD  f ( Px ,Y ,T , P1 , P2 ,...Pn )
GLv‡b, QD  X `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigvY
Px  X `ª‡e¨i `vg
Y  ‡fv³vi Avq
T  ‡fv³vi iæwP/cQ›`
P1 , P2 ,...Pn  X `ª‡e¨i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z cwieZ©K I cwic~iK `ª‡e¨i `vg
f  A‡cÿK
ms‡ÿ‡c Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb mg~‡ni mv‡_ Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi
g‡a¨ †h wµqvMZ m¤úK© MvwYwZK mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K ÓPvwn`v A‡cÿKÓ ejv nq|

Pvwn`v mgxKiY MVb (Formation of Demand Equation)

‡Kvb `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi cwigv‡bi m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv I cÖK…wZ †h mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K
Pvwn`v mgxKiYb e‡j| `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`vi cwigv‡bi g‡a¨ †h wbf©ikxjZvi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q Zv hLb †Kvb
mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Pvwn`v mgxKiY (Demand Equation) e‡j|
Pvwn`v mgxKiY wb¤œiƒc :
QD  a  bP

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GLv‡b, QD = Pvwn`vi cwigvY

P = `ª‡e¨i `vg
a = civwgwZ (†Q`K)
b = civwgwZ (Xvj)| Xvj GLv‡b g~j¨ cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Pvwn`vi cwieZ©‡bi nvi †`Lvq|
GB Pvwn`v mgxKi‡Y D n‡jv `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v hv Aaxb/ wbf©ikxj PjK Ges `ª‡e¨i `vg (P) n‡jv ¯^vaxb PjK|
hw` †Q`K a = 10 Ges Xvj b = 2 nq DcwiD³ Pvwn`v mgxKiY‡K wb¤œiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
D = 10 – 2 P

GwU n‡jv Pvwn`v mgxKiY|

Pvwn`v mgxKiY †_‡K †fv³vi Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb (Derivation of a Consumer Demand Curve from
Demand Equation)
`ª‡e¨i `v‡gi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi m¤úK© †h mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K Pvwn`v mgxKiY e‡j|
mvaviYZ: wb‡¤œv³fv‡e Pvwn`v mgxKiY cÖKvk Kiv nq|
QD  a  bP
GLv‡b, QD  Pvwn`vi cwigvc
P  `ª‡e¨i `vg
a  aªæeK hv k~Y¨ `v‡g Pvwn`vi cwigvY cÖKvk K‡i
b  aªæeK hv Pvwn`v †iLvi Xvj cÖKvk K‡i

D`vniY : aiv hvK, `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v mgxKiY

QD  10  2 P
‡hLv‡b, QD  `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigvY
10 n‡jv aªæeK Ges 2 n‡jv Xvj|

Pvwn`v mgxKiY †_‡K †fv³vi Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Kiv hvq| cÖ_‡g Pvwn`v mgxKiY †_‡K Pvwn`v m~wP MVb Kiv nq|
cÖ`Ë Pvwn`v mgxKiYwU‡Z `ª‡e¨i `vg (P) n‡jv ¯^vaxb PjK Ges `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v (D) n‡jv Aaxb
PjK| P Gi wewfbœ gv‡bi wfwˇZ `ª‡e¨i wewfbœ Pvwn`v (D) cvIqv hvq hv Pvwn`v m~wP‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
hLb, P = 1 n‡j QD = 8
P = 2 n‡j QD = 6
P = 3 n‡j QD = 4
P = 4 n‡j QD = 2
myZivs †fv³vi Pvwn`v m~wP n‡e-
QK 5.3.1: Pvwn`v m~wP
P (`vg) UvKvq Q D (Pvwn`vi cwigvbGK‡K)
1 8
2 6
3 4
4 2

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†fv³vi Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb

wPÎ 5.3.1 G X A‡ÿ `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigvY Ges Y A‡ÿ `ª‡e¨i `vg wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dc‡ii Q‡K Pvwn`v m~wP
†_‡K cÖvß `vg I Pvwn`vi gvb¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK cwigvc MÖnY Ki‡j †iLv wP‡Î A, B, C I D we›`y¸‡jv cvIqv hvq|
Pvwn`v m~wP‡Z †`Lv hvq hLb `ª‡e¨i `vg 1 UvKv Pvwn`v ZLb 4 GKK hv D we›`y Øviv wb‡`©wkZ|
Y

A Pvwn`v †iLv
চািহদা রখা
দাম`vg 44
33 B
C
2
2
D
1
1
D
D
0O
22 4
4 66 88 X
চািহদার পিরমান
Pvwn`vi cwigvY
wPÎ 5.3.1: cÖ`Ë Pvwn`v mgxKi‡bi wfwˇZ AswKZ Pvwn`v †iLv|

`vg †e‡o 2 UvKv, 3 UvKv Ges 4 UvKv n‡j `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v K‡g nq h_vµ‡g 6 GKK, 4 GKK I 2 GKK hv C, B
Ges A we›`yM‡jv Øviv wb‡`©wkZ| GLb `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`vi cwigvY m~PK A, B, C I D we›`y¸‡jv †hvM Ki‡j DD
Pvwn`v †iLv cvIqv hvq, hv n‡jv cÖ`Ë Pvwn`v mgxKi‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i GKwU mij ˆiwLK Pvwn`v †iLv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
wb‡Pi Pvwn`v mgxKiY †_‡K Pvwn`v m~wP I Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Kiæb|
Qd=15-3P, , ‡hLv‡b Qd n‡jv Pvwn`vi cwigvY Ges P n‡jv `ª‡e¨i `vg|

mvims‡¶c
 Pvwn`v mgxKiY †_‡K †Kvb `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vm~wP I Pvwn`v‡iLv AsKb Kiv hvq|
 wewfbœ †fv³vi Pvwn`v ‡hvM K‡i evRvi Pvwn`v cvIqv hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.4
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| Pvwn`v mgxKiY n‡jvÑ
i. Q=10-2P
ii. D=18-3P
iii. S=5+5P
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

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2| aiv hvK, GKwU Pvwn`v A‡cÿK n‡jv -

QD  f ( p)  7  3P
GLv‡b, f wK‡mi wPý?
(K) Pvwn`v (L) wbf©ikxjZvi m¤úK© (M) aªæeK (N) `vg
3| Pvwn`v mgxKib D  a  bp †Z ' a ' n‡jv
i. PjK
ii. aªæeK
iii. civwgwZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨?
(K) i (L) ii (M) iii (N) i, ii I iii
4| D  8  2 p mgxKiYwU n‡jv-
(i) Pvwn`vi mgxKiY (ii) ‡hvMv‡bi mgxKiY (iii) Dc‡hv‡Mi mgxKiY
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

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cvV 5.4 Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b I Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b

Changes in Quantity Demanded and Change in Demand

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 Pvwn`vi ms‡KvPb-cÖmviY m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Pvwn`vi n«vm-e„w× m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b I Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b ev ¯’vbvšÍi (Changes in Quantity Demanded and Change in
Demand)
ÒAb¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z Ó †_‡K hw` †Kvb `ª‡e¨i wbR `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b nq Z‡e, Zv‡K
Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b eySvq| A_©vr Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b ej‡Z `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j GKB Pvwn`v
†iLv eivei Ae¯’vbMZ cwieZ©b eySv‡bv nq|
Ab¨w`‡K Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b ev ¯’vbvšÍi ej‡Z Pvwn`vi n«vm I e„w× eySvq| G‡ÿ‡Î `ª‡e¨i wbR¯^ `vg Qvov Pvwn`vi
Ab¨vb¨ wbav©iKmg~‡ni cwieZ©b n‡j Pvwn`v †iLv Wvb ev evg w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|

Pvwn`v †iLvi ms‡KvPb cÖmviY (Contraction and Extension of Demand)

Pvwn`v †iLv eivei mÂvjb ej‡Z GKB Pvwn`v †iLv eivei Ae¯’vbMZ cwieZ©b ev bovPov‡K eySvq| ÒPvwn`vi
cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©bÓ Pvwn`vi ms‡KvPb -cªmviY avibvi mv‡_ A½vA½xfv‡e RwoZ| Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K
†Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg Kg‡j hw` Zvi Pvwn`vi cwigvY ev‡o, Z‡e Zv‡K Pvwn`vi cÖmviY e‡j| Aciw`‡K, ÓAb¨vb¨
Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z Ó †_‡K †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg evo‡j hw` Zvi Pvwn`vi cwigvY K‡g Z‡e Zv‡K Pvwn`vi ms‡KvPb
e‡j|
wb‡¤œ Pvwn`v †iLv Øviv Pvwn`vi ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY †`Lv‡bv n‡jvt
Y Y

D D

P2 A P2 A
`vg
দাম

`vg
দাম

P1 B P1 B

D D
O X1 X2 X O X1 X2 X
Pvwn`vi
চািহদার cwigvY
পিরমান চািহদারPvwn`viপিরমান
cwigvY
wPÎ 5.4.1 (i) Pvwn`vi cÖmviY wPÎ 5.4.1 (ii) Pvwn`vi ms‡KvPb

Dc‡i Aw¼Z wPÎ 5.4.1 (i) I (ii) G X Aÿ eivei `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigvY Ges Y Aÿ eivei `ª‡e¨i `vg wb‡`©k
K‡i| wP‡Î DD n‡jv Pvwn`v †iLv| wPÎ (i) G †`Lv hvq, `ª‡e¨i `vg OP †_‡K K‡g OP n‡j `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi
2 1

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cwigvY †e‡o OX1 †_‡K OX2 nq| Gfv‡e `vg Kgvi d‡j `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v e„wׇK Pvwn`vi cÖmviY e‡j| hv 5.4.1
(i) bs wP‡Î DD †iLv eivei A we›`y †_‡K B we›`y‡Z Pvwn`vi Mgb Øviv wb‡`©wkZ| Aciw`‡K wPÎ 5.4.1 (ii) †Z
‡`Lv hvq `ª‡e¨i `vg OP1 †_‡K †e‡o OP n‡j `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigvY OX2 †_‡K K‡g OX1 nq| Gfv‡e `ª‡e¨i `vg
2

e„w×i d‡j `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v n«vm‡K Pvwn`vi ms‡KvPb e‡j| hv 5.4.1 (ii) wP‡Î DD †iLv eivei B we›`y †_‡K A
we›`y‡Z Pvwn`vi Mgb Øiv wb‡`©wkZ|

Pvwn`v †iLvi ¯’vbvšÍi ev Pvwn`vi e„w× I n«vm (Shift in Demand curve or Increase and Decrease in
Demand)
‡Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi cwieZ©b bv NUv m‡Ë¡I Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y Zvi Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b NU‡Z cv‡i| Pvwn`v
A‡cÿ‡K ewY©Z wewfbœ wba©viKmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Av‡jvP¨ `ª‡e¨i `vg w¯’i †_‡K Ab¨ wba©viKmg~‡ni (†hgb †µZvi Avq,
iæwP, mgq, m¤úwK©Z `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi cwieZ©b ......... ) †h †KvbwUi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b nq
Zv‡K Pvwn`vi n«vm e„w× e‡j| Pvwn`vi n«vm-e„w× Øviv Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b eySv‡bv nq|
wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq t
Y

D2
D1 D

B A C
P0
`vg
দাম

D2
D1 D

O X1 X0 X2 X

Pvwn`vi
চািহদার cwigvY
পিরমান
wPÎ 5.4.2: Pvwn`vi n«vm-e„w×
cª`Ë wPÎ 5.4.2 G X A‡ÿ Pvwn`vi cwigvY Ges Y A‡ÿ `ª‡e¨i `vg wb‡`©k K‡i| DD n‡jv †Kvb `ª‡e¨i g~j Pvwn`v
†iLv| G‡ÿ‡Î g~j `vg n‡jv OP0 Ges Pvwn`vi cwigvY n‡jv OX | GLb `ª‡e¨i `vg OP †Z w¯’i _vKv Ae¯’vq
0 0

Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ aiv hvK, hw` †fv³vi Avq K‡g hvq Z‡e `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v OX0 †_‡K K‡g OX1 nq hv Pvwn`v
†iLv DD †K D1D1 G evgw`‡K ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i| `vg w¯’i †_‡K Gfv‡e Pvwn`v K‡g hvIqv‡K Pvwn`vi n«vm e‡j|
Acic‡ÿ aiv hvK, `vg OP0 †Z w¯’i †_‡K †fv³vi Avq e„w×i d‡j †fv³vi Pvwn`v OX0 †_‡K †e‡o OX2 nq hv
DD †K Wvbw`‡K D2D2 Ae¯’v‡b ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡i| `vg w¯’i †_‡K Pvwn`vi Gfv‡e e„wׇK Pvwn`vi e„w× e‡j|
mvaviYZ: Pvwn`v †iLv g~j Pvwn`v †_‡K Wvbw`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j Pvwn`vi e„w× Ges evgw`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j
Pvwn`vi nªvm e‡j|

Pvwn`v e„w×i KviYmg~n:

(1) †fv³vi Avq e„w×
(2) †fv³vi iæwPi AbyKzj cwieZ©b
(3) m¤cwK©Z `ª‡e¨i `vg n«vm
Pvwn`v n«v‡mi KviYmg~n t
(1) †fv³vi Avq n«vm
(2) †fv³vi iæwPi cwieZ©b
(3) m¤cwK©Z `ª‡e¨i `vg e„w×|

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wkÿv_©xi KvR
wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Pvwn`vi ms‡KvPb-cÖmviY Ges Pvwn`vi n«vm-e„w×i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
 Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b ej‡Z GKB Pvwn`v †iLv eivei Ae¯’vbMZ cwieZ©b‡K eySvq| G‡ÿ‡Î
`ª‡e¨i wbR¯^ `vg `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Avi Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b ej‡Z Pvwn`v †iLvi ¯’vbvšÍi ev
Pvwn`vi n«vm I e„w× eySvq| G‡ÿ‡Î `ª‡e¨i wbR¯^ `vg Qvov Pvwn`vi Ab¨vb¨ wba©viKmg~n `ª‡e¨i
Pvwn`v‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
 ÒPvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©bÓ Pvwn`vi ms‡KvPb-cÖmviY avibvi mv‡_ RwoZ| Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v
AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg Kg‡j hw` Zvi Pvwn`vi cwigvY ev‡o Z‡e Zv‡K Pvwn`vi cÖmviY
e‡j Avi `vg evo‡j hw` Zvi Pvwn`vi cwigvY K‡g Z‡e Zv‡K Pvwn`vi ms‡KvPb e‡j|
 †Kvb `ª‡e¨i wbR¯^ `vg Qvov hw` †fv³vi Avq, iæwP, mgq, m¤úwK©Z `ª‡e¨i `vg BZ¨vw`i cwieZ©‡bi
d‡j `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b nq Z‡e Zv‡K Pvwn`vi n«vm-e„w× e‡j| Pvwn`vi n«vm-e„w× Øviv Pvwn`vi
cwieZ©b eySv‡bv nq| mvaviYZ: Pvwn`v †iLv g~j Pvwn`v †iLv †_‡K Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j Pvwn`vi
e„w× Ges evg w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j Pvwn`vi n«vm e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.3
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| Pvwn`v †iLv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii KviY n‡jvÑ
i. m¤úwK©Z `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi cwieZ©b
ii. `ª‡e¨i wbR¯^ `v‡gi cwieZ©b
iii. †fv³vi Av‡qi cwieZ©b
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
2| `ª‡e¨i wbR¯^ `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bÑ
(K) Pvwn`v †iLv evgw`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq
(L) Pvwn`v †iLv Wvbw`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq
(M) †hvMvb †iLv evgw`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq
(N) GKB Pvwn`v †iLvq Ae¯’vbMZ cwieZ©b N‡U|

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| wb‡Pi Pvwn`v mgxKibwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges cÖ`Ë cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ‡`b|
D = 40 – 4P, ‡hLv‡b D = Pvwn`vi cwigvb Ges P = `ª‡e¨i `vg|
(K) PjK wK?
(L) PjK I aªæe‡Ki g‡a¨ g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK?
(M) Pvwn`v mgxKiYwU †_‡K GKwU Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Kiæb|
(N) cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwU †h GKwU Pvwn`v mgxKiY Zv Avcwb wKfv‡e cÖgvY Ki‡eb? we‡kølY Kiæb|

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2| iwgR mv‡ne evRvi †_‡K 30 UvKv †KwR `‡i 10 †KwR ‡cuqvR µq Ki‡jb| `vg n«vm †c‡q 25 UvKv I 20
UvKv n‡j wZwb h_vµ‡g 15 †KwR I 20 †KwR †cuqvR µq K‡ib|
(K) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvwU †Kvb wewa‡K mg_©b K‡i?
(L) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvwU †_‡K Pvwn`v m~wP ˆZix K‡i Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Kiæb|
(M) AswKZ Pvwn`v †iLvwU Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx nIqvi KviY we‡kølY Kiæb|
(N) hw` iwgR mv‡n‡ei Avq e„w× cvq Ges GKB mv‡_ †cuqv‡Ri `vg e„w× nIqv m‡Ë¡I Pvwn`v e„w× cvq, Z‡e
Pvwn`v wewa AKvh©Ki n‡e - g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

3| wb‡Pi ZvwjKvwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ‡`b|

`ª‡e¨i 'X’ Pvwn`v m~wP †`qv n‡jv:
`ª‡e¨i `vg (UvKvq) Pvwn`vi cwigvY (GKK)
4 8
5 6
6 4
(K) Pvwn`v wewa wK?
(L) Aeva evwYR¨ _vK‡j wK‡mi Pvwn`v n«vm cvq?
(M) cÖ`Ë ZvwjKvwUi Pvwn`vm~wPi Av‡jv‡K Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Kiæb|
(N) fwel¨‡Z ZvwjKvwU‡Z `ª‡e¨i `vg evovi cªZ¨vkv _vK‡j †m †ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v wewai Ae¯’v wKiƒc n‡e Zv
we‡kølY Kiæb|

4| widvZ I wicb `yB eÜz| `yÕR‡biB ‡gvUi mvB‡Kj µ‡qi cÖej B”Qv| widv‡Zi evev Mwie nIqvq Zvi c‡ÿ
gUi mvB‡Kj †Kbv m¤¢e n‡jv bv| Acic‡ÿ, wic‡bi evev abx n‡jI wKQzUv K…cY cÖK…wZi †jvK| ZvB
wic‡bi c‡ÿI †gvUi mvB‡Kj †Kbv m¤¢e n‡jv bv|
(K) Pvwn`v wK?
(L) Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi kZ©¸‡jv wK wK?
(M) widvZ I wic‡bi †gvUi mvB‡Kj µq Kivi B”Qv c~iY n‡jv bv †Kb?
(N) KLb I wK Ae¯’vq †fv³vi Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv m¤¢e, Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cvV 5.1: 1| N 2| L 3| L 4| L 5| L 6| K 7| M 8| K 9| K
cvV 5.2: 1| K 2| M
cvV 5.3: 1|L 2| N
cvV 5.4: 1| K 2| L 3|M 4| K

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