A Point About The Quality of The English Translation of Gulistan of Saadi by Rehatsek PDF

International Journal of English Language
& Translation Studies
Journal homepage: http://www.eltsjournal.org
A Point about the Quality of the English Translation of Gulistan of Saadi by Rehatsek
[PP: 1-10]
Dr. Mohammad Shariati
Islamic Azad University, Jiroft Branch
Iran
Ahmad Shariati
University of Jiroft
Iran
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article History
The paper received This study was completed in two phases to check the
on: 08/03/2014 reliability of some translations regarding the depth of the translators‟
Accepted after peer- understanding of the source language in this case Persian. First, a
review on: 05/05/2014 field work was carried out in the departments of Foreign Languages
Published on: 01/06/2014 and of Persian language and literature of Shahid Bahonar University
of Kerman during the spring semester of 2007. Secondly, a random
Keywords:
selection of English excerpts was compared to the Persian source.
Rehatsek‟s Translations We looked for structural, cultural and contextual probable
Reliability of Translations, mismatches. The objective was to raise consciousness in both Persian
Saadi‟s Gulistan, and English readers regarding the translations‟ level of accuracy.
Structural, cultural and Consequently, some faults were identified in each and all the selected
contextual mismatches, Level texts showing contextual, cultural and structural mismatches and
of accuracy misinterpretations.
Suggested Citation:
Shariati , M. & Shariati , A. (2014) A Point about the Quality of the English Translation of Gulistan of Saadi
by Rehatsek. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies. 2(2), 1-10 Retrieved from
http://www.eltsjournal.org
IJ-ELTS Volume: 2 Issue: 2 April-June, 2014
second language, in comparison with

1. Introduction translation into mother tongue, have largely
A successful translation is one that been accounted for in applied linguistics and
conveys the explicit and implicit meaning of translation studies. In fact, the problem of
the source language into the target language language development has frequently been
as fully and accurately as possible. From the disregarded, "tacitly assuming the existence of
standpoint of the user, the translation must a perfectly bilingual translator" (p. 1). In the
also meet the prescribed specifications and case of translating into one‟s own language,
deadlines. For this reason, competence in which is considered to be easier than the
two languages is necessary but not sufficient reverse, the abovementioned factors,
for any translation task. Though the including schema, deem necessary. They
translator must be able to (1) read and would be much more essential when
comprehend the source language and (2) translating from the L1 into the L2 and still
write comprehensibly in the target language, more from L2 to L3.
the translator must also be able to (3) choose In this respect, McAlester (1992) has
the equivalent expression in the target stated that:“It is often claimed that translation
language that both fully conveys and best of a competent professional standard can
matches the meaning intended in the source only be done into the translator‟s language of
language (referred to as congruity judgment). habitual use. However, in many countries,
Hence, schema as an affective factor where the first language of population is not a
in reading comprehension has an important major world language, and where there is a
impact on both the ability to translate and on concomitant lack of translators who have a
the efficiency of translation. A schema major world language as their language of
(plural: schemata) is considered (Anderson, habitual use, there exits, nevertheless, a
1977) to be an abstract structure of powerful need for competent translation into
knowledge, a mental representation stored in such languages. (P: 229). However, the texts
memory upon which all information which such translators can be reasonably
processing depends. It is maintained (ibid) expected to handle competently will normally
that schema may represent knowledge at be different in type from those that are
different levels, e.g. cultural truths, linguistic assigned to translators working into their
knowledge or ideologies. These are mental mother tongue. It is unlikely, for example,
templates that represent a person‟s that a translator would be professionally
knowledge about people, situations or engaged in the translation of a literary text
objects, and which originate from prior into a language that was not his or her
knowledge or experiences. language of habitual use except perhaps as a
On the other hand, translation is said collaborator or ember of a team.
to be the product of a process of language It is also argued that, “Translation
learning projected onto an interlanguage theories propose different methods for
framework. Therefore, it is maintained that dealing with literary texts. Extracting the
translation skills should be evaluated meaning of a text, in order to transfer it into
according to the state of learners' the other language, is the core of translation
interlanguage in any stage of its development work. Yet, because of its very special nature,
(Campbell, 1998). In addition, issues reaching for the meaning of a literary text
concerning the status of translation into requires in-depth analysis of its form,
Cite this article as: Shariati , M. & Shariati , A. (2014) A Point about the Quality of the English Translation of
Gulistan of Saadi by Rehatsek. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies. 2(2) 1-10 Retrieved
from http://www.eltsjournal.org
Page | 2
together with research carried out in areas as (The Fruit Garden) and Gulistan (The Rose
diverse as traditions, history, geography. etc., Garden) which is a didactic work both in
etc, in addition, of course, to a taste for prose and verse. He is basically considered a
literary writings - appreciating their beauty moralist, whose stories have been compared
and understanding what they allude to. It is with De La Fontaines‟s fables. Translators
for this reason that no translation theory is interested in Iranian richness of culture, have
capable, in its own, of providing an adequate translated the works of Saadi into different
approach for translating literary languages like the works of other Iranian
texts.”(Dyouma, 2005, Abstract). poets such as: Khayyam, Ferdowsi, Molavi,
Finally, a more controversial issue and Hafiz. Saadi‟s works were first translated
would be the case of the translator who into French in1634 and into German 20
translates from a second language into a years later. Gulistan which deals with various
third, and still more open to question when subjects, from the manners of kings to the
he or she translates literary texts of the rules of conduct in life, has been translated
second language into the third. This is the by different famous translators like: James
basis of investigation in this paper with focus Dumoulin, Francis Gladwin, James Ross, Sir
on the credibility of the translation of Edwin Arnold, Sir Richard Burton, G.M.
Rehatsek, a Hungarian, who translated Wickens and Edward Rehatsek.
Persian literary texts into English. In the case The reason for selecting Saadi and
of Persian literature, according to Rehatsek for this study was the curiosity
Encyclopedia Iranica, translations from evoked among one of the researchers‟
classical Persian into English fall into two students majoring in English Translation and
categories: a group of texts whose purpose is while doing a course which dealt with the
to convey the information of the original, translation of literary and Islamic texts. The
most useful, prose or narrative poetry and students were assigned to do a comparative
not necessarily “literary.” and other study of Gulistan and Boostan in Persian and
translations designed to carry over the formal English where some discrepancies and /or
elements of a literary text: its nuances, its faults in the English version were observed
rhythmic peculiarities and rhyme schemes, with them. The students evaluated some of
and the relations of part to part that build up Rehatsek‟s translations as really adorable and
complex structures of meaning. The some others as misleading and unreliable.
translation by Rehatsek falls under the According to Classe (2000):
second type. Champion, (1790); Wilson, Rehatsek was a Hungarian who
(1924); FitzGerald(1899, 1997); Jackson, settled in India and, as the 19th-century
(1920);Browne, (1921); Arberry (2009); phrase had it, "went native". He
Bowen, (1948); Davis, (1989)are among supported himself by teaching oriental
many other translations from Persian languages at a British collage but
completed through the past years. otherwise avoided Europeans as far as
possible. He produced versions from
other Persian works (e.g. Jami‟s
2. Rationale for the Choice of Texts Baharistan) and his deep sympathy for
Saadi, who is one of the most famous Asian culture clearly paid off in his
Persian poets and prose writers of the late translations. The version published
12th and early 13th centuries, wrote Boostan under the name of the famous explorer
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Richard Burton (whose knowledge of languages, translated or back-translated six

Persian seems to have been slight) is in essays incorporating three content areas and
fact Rehatsek‟s. Subsequent two levels of difficulty. The five criteria for
translations (Edwin Arnold in 1899, equivalence were based on comparisons of
A.J. Arberry in 1945) have given meaning or predictions of similar responses
versions of selections from Gulistan, to original or translated versions. The factors
but Rehatsek‟s is still the most recent of content, difficulty, language, and content-
complete translation. Wilberforce- language interaction were significant, and the
Clarlke‟s rather reverential Bustan five equivalence criteria proved workable.
(1879) remained the standard version Conclusions were that the translation quality
until that produced by G.M. Wickens can be predicted, and that a functionally
(Morals Pointed and Tales Adorned, equivalent translation can be demonstrated
1974), this latter is extremely accurate, when responses to the original and target
sometimes to the point that it is versions are studied.
difficult to follow the meaning of the Newmark (1981) questioning the
English; the translation reproduces the possibility of reproducing the effect created
lineation of the verse in Persian by STs on TT audiences, he generally
(though no attempt is made to write accepts Nida‟s (1964) concept of equivalent
English verse). Though it is to be effect. Using Nida‟s dynamic and formal
highly recommended by its minute equivalences as a basis, he identifies two
accuracy it does not for this very types of translation as “correct”:
reason, read easily as English. (P:1058). communicative and semantic. The choice
between semantic and communicative
methods for Newmark seems to depend on
3. Literature Review the genre, for he assigns serious literature,
Thuy (2013: 56) has stated that autobiography and any important political or
translation quality assessment is not an other statement to semantic translation where
undisputed issue in translation studies. the criterion of assessment is the accurate
Nonetheless, it is interesting for empirical reproduction of the significance of the ST.
research about the translating process, since As for non-literary and technical writings,
some features that are consistently related to communicative translation should be applied,
quality could be then systematically the criterion of evaluation being the accurate
investigated. The main problem he has communication of ST message in the TL.
maintained that resides in how to express As Gulistan is a literary masterpiece,
quality or what measure should be used for the close reproduction is required and this is
the quality of a translation. In this respect, what the researchers have investigated in the
Brislin (1970) investigated two aspects of study. Researchers have apparently analyzed
translation: (1) factors that affect translation translations of this text from different
quality, and (2) how equivalence between viewpoints considering different elements.
source and target versions can be evaluated. One such study was carried out by
The variables of language, content, and Taghizadehet. et.al., (2006) who focused on
difficulty were studied through an analysis of cohesive devices in terms of density, in
variance design. Ninety-four bilinguals from Saadi's Gulistan. Sixteen stories from the
the University of Guam, representing ten second chapter of Gulistan (on the manner
Page | 4
of Dervishes) were selected and compared 4.1 Sampling

with their translated versions by Arberry
In the first Phase, a sample of 46 subjects:
(1945)/ Ross (1890) and Rehatsek (1964).
BA, MA and PhD students of Persian
Cohesive devices, as language specific
literature, as well as BA students and
markers for holding relationship between
professors of English translation were
parts of a text were first identified and then
interviewed for this investigation. The
classified into grammatical and lexical
number and distribution weight was
cohesive ones. Grammatical cohesive devices
haphazard and judgmental in that English
comprise reference, substitution, ellipsis, and
translation majors were chosen judgmentally
conjunction, while lexical cohesive devices
for back translation of texts into Farsi, and
comprise reiteration and collocation in which
that Persian majors were selected to identify
reiteration itself includes full repetition,
the contextual definition of the sample words
synonym, superordinate and general word.
from among a number of definitions given in
The model followed in the research was
dictionaries. Their details are presented into
Halliday and Hassan‟s (1976). The results
the following table:
obtained from the comparison of density of
Table:1 Participants of the study
each type of cohesive devices between the Students Persian English Total
original Persian text and the English versions majors majors
reveal some differences, even among the very
English versions. This suggests lack of one to Undergraduates 15 15 30
one textual correspondence between the two Graduates 11 11
genetically the same but typologically
different languages, English and Persian, in Teachers 5 5
so far as the base model is concerned.
total 46
4. The study An excerpt from the fifth anecdote of

Saadi‟s Gulistan (chapter one: the manner of
This study was done in two phases. kings), translated into English by Rehatsek
First, a field work was carried out in the was selected. Copies of the excerpt from the
departments of Foreign Languages and of anecdote with its English translation done by
Persian language and literature of Shahid Rehatsek were distributed among a random
Bahonar University of Kerman during the sample of 46 subjects: BA, MA and PhD
spring semester 1385-86 (2007). Secondly, a students of Persian literature, and BA
random selection of English excerpts was students and professors of English
compared to the Persian source. The aim translation. The students of Persian were
was to check the reliability of the translations asked about the deep and contextual
regarding the depth of the translators meaning of two culture specific words i.e.
understanding of the source language, in this /si:yæh gu:ʃ/ and /væjh/ and their English
case Persian. We looked for structural equivalents. English majors and their teachers
probable mismatches. The objective was to involved in the study were asked to back
raise consciousness in both Persian and translate the excerpt from English version by
English readers regarding the translations‟ Rehatsek into Persian. The results were then
level of accuracy. tabulated and analyzed.
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In the second phase, excerpts from a of the students of Persian literature chose any
random selection of the chapters in English equivalent from the 1st row which gives the
were compared to the same excerpts in options for the primary meaning of the word.
Persian. Since in the first phase chapter 1 was That is, the students of Persian all agreed on
analyzed, then no.1 was doubled and so 2 the secondary meaning of the Persian word
was selected, 2 was doubled and so 4 was /væjh/ to fit this context. This means there is
selected and 4 was doubled and 8 i.e the last no equivalence between Rehatsek‟s choice of
chapter was added to the sample. So, the word salary and the Persian word /væjh/
chapters 1, 2, 4, and 8 were included in the in this excerpt.
study. In the same way, the first word (that is,
donkey used by Rehatsek for /si:yæh gu:ʃ/)
4.2 Results and Discussions was examined in both back translation ( by
4.2.1 Findings of the first phase English majors) and identification of
contextual meaning ( by Persian majors). It
Rehatsek‟s translation of the first was found that none (0%) English majors
sentence of chapter five reads: translated donkey into /si:yæh gu:ʃ/) and
A donkey having been asked for what salary neither did any (0%) of the students of
he had elected to attend upon the lion, Persian literature choose donkey for /si:yæh
replied “that I may consume the remnants of gu:ʃ/)
his prey. …” The word donkey is chosen as “They asked a Siyah-gosh, lion-provider; why
the equivalent for /si:yæh gu:ʃ/ and the word you choose the service of the lion? He
salary for /væjh/. answered; because I subsist on the leavings of
In Persian, the first word i.e. /si:yæh his prey, …” (Ross 1823)i
gu:ʃ/ is in fact a compound word meaning 4. 2.2 Findings of the Second Phase
black eared. It refers to a mammal of the cat
family viz. felidae (Dehkhoda Persian In the second phase, the following
dictionary). It is a relative of cougar and the types of discrepancies were found. A brief
size of a fox (The Contemporary Persian table is given first. Then, the examples are
Dictionary). It is also defined as a given in table 2. After that the detailed results
carnivorous mammal with big wide ears are accounted for and discussed.
which have black hair with white margins.
(The Big Dictionary of Sokhan; The
Dictionary of Persian Language)
The second word i.e. salary is chosen as the
equivalent for /væjh/. This word is defined
(Dehkhoda Persian dictionary) as:
1. Cash, possession, gold
2. Reason, cause, incentive
The students and professors of
English translation were asked to back
translate both the excerpt as a whole and the
words in isolation. Nobody (0%) chose any of
the secondary meanings (2nd row above) of
the word salary. On the contrary, none (0%)
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Table:2 Some types of discrepancies exemplified.

Cultural and /or contextual Misunderstanding or slip of Structural/contextual
eye
Incorrec salary Donkey /deräz /nakhl/ Palm because

t Sense gu:ʃ/. grove
/vajh/ /kheil/ /keh/
Correct cause A wild cat Group/ carevan who
Sense /si:yӕhgu:ʃ/
Table: 3 Examples of structural discrepancies in their context along with correct forms.
Structural
Persian example ‫گفت دشمن آن به که نیکی بیند‬

English mismatched That enemy is the greatest who does not see any good In Persian: Relative word
refers to the point not the
person! (the patient not the
correct It is prefered that enemy sees goodness.
agent)
Also sees is interpreted as does
not see
Persian example ‫مال از بهر آسایش عُمر است نه ُعمر از بهر گرد کردن مال‬
English mismatched Property is for the comfort of life, not[…] for the The subject of the second
accumulation of wealth. clause is omitted
correct property is for comfort of life not life for accumulation of
property
Persian example ‫مُلک از خردمندان جمال گیرد و دین از پرهیزکاران کمال یابد‬ The scope of adoration is
English mismatched The country is adorned by intelligent and the religion [….] expanded to include the
by virtuous men. second clause and perfection is
correct The country is adorned by intelligent and the religion is omitted
perfected by virtuous men.
Story(Ch. 2: Anch 2) a‟bid, which began to prance, throwing
It once happened that on a journey him and running into the desert.
to the Hejaz a company of young and .... ‫تا برسیدیم به خیل بنی هالل‬
pious men, whose sentiments harmonized Tä beræsidïdïm bə χeil-ə bænï hæläl/
with mine, were my fellow-travellers. They /…..
occasionally sung and recited spiritual “Till we reached the palm plantation of the
verses but we had with us also an a‟bid, tribe of Hulāl when a boy of tawny
who entertained a bad opinion of the complexion issued from the Arab horde”
behaviour of the dervishes and was (Ross 1823, p.220)
ignorant of their sufferings. When we
Story(Ch. 4: Anech.1)
reached the palm-grove of the Beni Hallal,
a black boy of the encampment, falling On the advantages of silence
into a state of excitement, broke out in a I said to a friend that I have chosen rather
strain which brought down the birds from to be silent than to speak [most of the
the sky. I saw, however, the camel of the time] because on most occasions good and
bad words are scattered concurrently but
enemies perceive only the latter. He
Page | 7
replied: „That enemy is the greatest who mäl æz bæhrə äsäyeʃ-ə omr æst næ omr æz
does not see any good.‟ bæhrə gerd kærdæn-ə mäl
The brother of enmity passes not near a Property is for the comfort of life, not [life] for
good man the accumulation of wealth
Except to consider him as a most wicked “Riches are intended for the comfort of
liar. life, and not life for the purpose of
Virtue is to the eyes of enmity the greatest
hoarding riches” (Ross 1823: 416)
fault.
Sa‟di is a rose but to the eye of enemies a Note: comparing Rhatsek‟s translation with
thorn. that by Ross (given above) the mismatch
The world illumining sun and fountain of regarding the omission of the subject of the
light second clause is clear.
Look ugly to the eye of the mole.
Maxim (Ch.8: M5 (my copy M6))
‫گفت دشمن آن به که نیکی بیند‬ The country is adorned by intelligent and
the religion [is perfected] by virtuous men.
/goft doʃmæn än beh keh nïkï bïnæd
Padshahs stand more in need of the advice
He replied: The enemy is better to see goodness
of intelligent men than intelligent men of
He replied, O brother! That is our best rival, the proximity of padshahs.
who does not, or will not, see our good! ‫ُملک از خردمندان جمال گیرد و دیه از پرهیسکاران کمال یابد‬
Translations here are inconsistent with molk æz χærædmændän ʤæmäl gïræd væ dïn
the source in that the maxim is about how æz pærhïzkärän kæmäl yäbæd
one should behave towards one‟s enemy not The country is adorned by intelligent and the
which enemy is best. Priority is given by the religion [is perfected] by virtuous men.
source to the situation in which the enemy The minimal pair ʤæmäl and kæmäl are two
sees goodness. But in the translation, it is nouns whose pronunciations vary minimally,
given to the subject (i.e. enemy)! In other and this could be the source of error in
words, in the source text, the scope of „it is translation. However, the error is detrimental
better‟ is on the patient not the agent. to rendering the point. This is correctly
Also, the written form of the verb / bïnæd/ = observed and accounted for in the following
‫( بیند‬should see or sees) in Persian differs translation
from the negative form ‫ نبیند‬in just 2 “A kingdom is embellished by the wise,
phonemes /næ/ used in initial position. The and religion rendered illustrious by the
superscripted vowel /æ/ is not usually shown. pious”(Ross 1823: 419)
This seems to have been another source of Maxim(8: 6 (my copy M7))
misunderstanding. Unless the translator used Three things cannot subsist without three
a different copy. things: property without trade, science
Maxim (Ch 8. M 1) without controversy and a country without
On rules for conduct in life punishment.
Property is for the comfort of life, not for ‫سه چیس پایدار وماود مال بی تجارت و علم بی بحث و ُملک بی‬
the accumulation of wealth. A sage, having ‫سیاست‬
been asked who is lucky and who is not, sə tʃïz päydär næmänæd mäl bï teʤäræt væ elm-
replied: „He is lucky who has eaten and ə bï bæhø væ molk bï sïyäsæt
sowed but he is unlucky who has died and /molk/ in this context means kingdom/
not enjoyed.‟ sovereignty (not country) and /sïyäsæt/ in this
‫مال از بهر آسایش عُمر است وه عُمر از بهر گرد کردن مال‬ context means politics/government. These
are misunderstood and so mismatched by
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Rhatsek but observed in the following doʃmænkeh bə tïr mïtævän düχt

translation. ‫دشمه که به تیر می تىان دوخت‬
“Three things have no durability without By a foe who can be pierced by an arrow
their concomitants; property without trade, “Now that you canst transfix him with
Knowledge without debate, or a sovereignty thy arrow, permit not thy antagonist to
without government” (Ross 1823: 420) string his bow” (Ross, 1890)
Admonition(8: 3) Relative word /keh/ (who/that) is
Reveal not thy secret to any man misunderstood with because. Moreover, no
although he may be trustworthy, attention is paid to the rest of the line which
because no one can keep thy secret is about the possibility of piercing and not of
better than thyself. being targeted.
“… any private affair, that you wish to According to Newmark (1988: 17) “a
keep secret, don‟t divulge to anybody; satisfactory restricted translation of any poem
for, though such a person has your is always possible, though it may work as an
confidence, none can be so true to introduction to and an interpretation of
your secret as yourself.” (Ross 1823: rather than as a recreation of the original.”
421) This is more of recreation than even an
Silence is preferable than to tell thy interpretation of the source.
mind
to anyone; saying what is to remain
unsaid. 5. Conclusion
O simpleton, stop the source of the Rehatsek‟s translation shows
spring. ((Ross 1823: 21 = O silly man) shortcoming of the translator regarding
When it becomes full, the brook comprehension of the source text which to
cannot be stopped. some extent is inevitable, especially for one
1. One line is missed out who translated from a second to a third
2. /sæli:m/: adj. sound, intact, language. Nevertheless, one should notice
fit, in order, hale, robust, right, that such errors in translation of a literary text
pure, undamaged like Rose Garden, which is didactic and not
The last translated line is dangling. A escape literature, could not and should not
problem which seems persistent! be taken for granted. To sum up in the words
Admonition4(my copy ch8. ad. 12) of Newmark (1988: 16), “The point is that
Who despises an insignificant enemy 'expressive‟ texts, i.e. serious imaginative
resembles him who is careless about literature and authoritative and personal
fire. statements, have to be translated closely,
Extinguish it today, while it may be matching the writing, good or bad, of the
quenched, original. Informative texts, statements that
Because when fire is high, it burns the relate primarily to the truth, to the real facts
world. of the matter, have to be translated in the
Allow not the bow to be spanned best style that the translator can reconcile
By a foe because an arrow may pierce. with the style of the original.
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About the Authors: Saud University: Languages & Translation, vol.

Mohammad Shariati, assistant professor emeritus 17, No 1.
of Shahid Bahonar University, and a member of FitzGerald, E., (tr,) (1899). Rubáiyát of Omar
Azad University, holds a PhD in applied Khayyám with Their Original Persian Sources,
linguistics from Liverpool, an MA from, Texas, London:Benard. Quaritch
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presented papers in UK, Ireland, Korea, China Khayyam, Ed. Christopher Decker, USA:
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International Journal of English Language

& Translation Studies

Journal homepage: http://www.eltsjournal.org

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

second language, in comparison with

Richard Burton (whose knowledge of languages, translated or back-translated six

of Dervishes) were selected and compared 4.1 Sampling

4. The study An excerpt from the fifth anecdote of

Table:2 Some types of discrepancies exemplified.

Incorrec salary Donkey /deräz /nakhl/ Palm because

Persian example ‫گفت دشمن آن به که نیکی بیند‬

Rhatsek but observed in the following doʃmænkeh bə tïr mïtævän düχt

About the Authors: Saud University: Languages & Translation, vol.

implications for evaluating English-Vietnamese

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