ramaz namiWeiSvili

lia bibileiSvili

ucnobi nacnobi
შტრიხები ნიკო ნიკოლაძის
ეკონომიკური პორტრეტისთვის

gamomcemloba grifoni

Tbilisi
2020
 Seswavlilia niko nikolaZis ekonomikuri azrovnebis fenom-
enologia, sazogadoebrivi transformaciisa da ekonomikis re-
formebis niko nikolaZiseuli interpretaciebi.
mokvleulia niko nikolaZis ekonomikuri azrovnebis formire-
bis procesebi, niko nikolaZis Sexedulebebi inteligenciaze da
mis rolze qveynisa da xalxis keTildReobis amaRlebis saqmeSi.
warmoCenilia niko nikolaZis evropuli ganaTlebisa da qarTu-
li tradiciuli genetikuri azrovnebis integraluri xveulebi,
mamulis siyvarulisa da msaxurebis kritikuli Sefaseba ekono-
mikis Tanamedrove ganviTarebis moTxovnebTan kavSirSi.
gankuTvnilia magistrebis, doqtorantebis da niko nikolaZis
ekonomikuri azrovnebis SeswavliT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisT-
vis.

wigni momzadebulia
niko nikolaZis sazogadoebis
mier

gamocemis mxardamWerebi:
`geronti (juka) kuxaleiSvilis fondi~
`jepra~

teqnikuri redaqtori:
giorgi fareSiSvili

saredaqcio jgufi:
daviT kortava
giorgi kuxaleiSvili
rusudan ustiaSvili

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa:
irakli belTaZe

ISBN 978-9941-480-66-9
 Sesavali

ismeba kiTxva, vin iyo niko nikolaZe? da wamova pa-

suxebis korianteli: Jurnalisti, filologi, mwerali,
kritikosi, iuristi, ekonomisti, finansisti, inJineri,
gamomgonebeli, seleqcioneri, melioratori, niadagm-
codne, hesebis mSenebeli, menejeri, foTis qalaqis Tavi
da...giWirs yvelafris zepirad gaxseneba. raki mtrebma
da moSurneebma yvelaze kargad ician, visac mtroben da
ebrZvian, visic SurT, amitom maSindeli quTaisis guber-
niis gansakuTrebul saqmeTa gamomZiebels s.karskis mo-
vusminoT, romelmac niko nikolaZis dakiTxvis oqmi Sead-
gina. „rac Seexeba nikolaZis pirovnebas, mis kavSirebsa
da gavlenas, dokumenturi masalisa da gamoZiebiT da-
kiTxuli pirebis Cvenebebis safuZvelze SeiZleba zus-
ti warmodgena imisa, rom sxva aravis, swored erTs ni-
kolaZes SeeZlo im moTxovnebis Sesruleba, rasac firma
wauyenebda valdebul pirs 1896 wlis 20 maisidan, ro-
gorc saimedo kontragents. ar aris aucilebeli icnob-
de nikolaZes piradad, am masalis safuZvelze zogadi
StrixebiT SeiZleba misi siluetis daxatva. dokumen-
turi masalebis erToblioba da masze sxvadasxva pire-
bis gamoZaxili axasiaTebs nikolaZes, rogorc bunebrivi
kritikuli azrovnebis, Zalian ganaTlebul adamians,
romelic advilad erkveva yovelgvar, specialur teqni-
kur sakiTxebSic ki, rasTanac mas uxdeba Sexeba, iSviaT
Sromisunarian, Zlieri nebisyofis adamians, romelmac ar
icis ukan daxeva, energiulia, arasdros epueba friad pa-
tivmoyvarul winaaRmdegobebsac ki. amas unda miumatoT
sityvisa da kalmis ostaturad flobis gansakuTrebuli
unari, sruli sarkazmiT savse, polemikaSi pirdapir sa-
SiSia oponentisaTvis. am bunebrivi Tvisebebis wyalobiT

3
nikolaZe udides rols asrulebda kavkasiaSi, rogorc
popularuli publicisti da sazogado moRvawe, romlis
sityvas yuradRebiT usmenda adgilobrivi sazogadoeba,
gansakuTrebiT is nawili, romelic mas Tavisi idealebis
gamomxatvelad miiCnevda. saqmidan Cans, rom nikolaZes
didi kavSirebi hqonda mrewvelebTan, sazogadoebasTan
da administraciul moRvaweebTan, da peterburgis adg-
ilobrivi administraciac didi pativiscemiT epyroboda
mas. foTSi nikolaZe mivida 90-ian wlebSi iqauri wvrili
movaWreebis miwveviT, romlebmac airCies kidec qalaqis
Tavad. cxadia, rom iseT uTvalsaCinoes kacs, rogoric
nikolaZea, qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis meTaurad arCeviT
SeeZlo didi gavlena moexdina qalaqis saqmeebze da yve-
la misi gegma gaetarebina gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis
gareSe im avtoritetis wyalobiT, romelic TviTmmarTv-
elobis danarCeni Cinosnebis winaSe hqonda.
nikolaZes saqmes umsubuqebda mosaxleobisagan usaz-
Rvro ndoba, riTac igi sargeblobda foTSi sazogadod
da gansakuTrebiT saTaTbiroSi, sadac yvela mxarSi edga
mis WeSmaritad amouwurav energias qalaqis winaSe Suamd-
gomlobaSi, romlis iniciatori TviTon iyo; moqalaqeTa
madliereba imis gamo, rom igi misi unaris mTel Zalisx-
mevas debda patara qalaqidan iseTi portis warmoqmnaSi,
rogoric Tanamedrove foTia.
amas unda miematos misi pirovnuli momxibvleloba, ro-
melsac SeeZlo _ saqmeSi arsebuli gamowvevebiT -miezida
adamianebi Tavisi eqspansiuri TavazianobiT, nebis Zal-
iT, romelic imorCilebda gons, da xasiaTi, romelmac
ar icoda winaaRmdegobebi, sityva da kalami, romliTac
iolad uswordeboda mowinaaRmdegeebs, rogorc es Cans
sxvadasxva braldebebze nikolaZis pasuxebis saqmis ma-
salebidan oponentebisadmi qalaq foTSi misi samsaxuris

4
periodSi“1.
am masalebidan cxadia, rom karskis bevri ufiqria niko
nikolaZeze, Torem amnar Sefasebebs erTi xelis mosmiT
ver dawerda. saocaria, guberniis gansakuTrebul saqme-
Ta gamomZiebels simpaTia uCndeba samarTalSi micemulis
mimarT, romlis daWerac „zemodan“ davalebuli hqonda.
„batoni prokurori Tavis sabraldebo sityvaSi sTxovda
palatas, Tqven damnaSaveT icaniT nikolaZe 372 muxlis
ZaliT; Tundac aRiareT, rom mxolod aTi maneTi miiRo
da me meti araferi mindao“2. saocaria cxovreba, stolip-
inis coliZmis neidhartis samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebis
mizniT saWiro iyo didi saqmis gamoZieba da raki maSin-
del imperiaSi yvelaze didi mSenebloba foTis porti
iyo, nikolaZes wamoavles xeli...
mainc vin iyo niko nikolaZe? ar ivargebs misi mox-
senieba mxolod „TergdaleulTa“ Tu „wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis“ wevrad an Tundac pub-
licistad da did sazogado moRvawed. misi azrovneba
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela mxares wvdeboda, yvela
sazogado saqmis iniciatori da Semoqmedi iyo, magram ara
rogorc mimyoli da gundis wevri. niko nikolaZe calke
dgas da ki aravis ukiJinebs ase da ase moiqecio. TviTon
iwyebs im saqmes, romelic qveynisTvis umTavresia da ar-
avis patiobs Tuki ar akeTebs imdens, ramdenic SeuZlia
an parazitul cxovrebas misdevs. ver egueba siyalbes da
sizarmaces, avis mqmnelebis mimarT usastikesia. man kar-
gad icoda iliasa da akakis fasi, magram es xels ar uSl-
ida mas daenaxa maTi naklovanebani da kritikis cecxlSi
Caeyara isini. naxeT rogor afasebs ilias „mamulis siy-
1
kezevaZe m., namiWeiSvili r. masalebi niko nikolaZis biografiisaTvis
`foTis saqme“. Постановление. quTaisi, 2003.
2
iqve, gv.5

5
varulsa da msaxurebaSi“(t. 7 gv. 325). sxvagan akritikebs
ilias. „b-ni WavWavaZe ukvdavi ar aris, magram saqme, ro-
melsac axla is xelmZRvanelobs, mraval Taobas gadas-
wvdeba. ratom ar fiqrobs igi, rom SeuZlebelia mxolod
sakuTar pirovnebaze aaSeno samSoblos momavali? me mas
didi xnis sicocxlesa da keTildReobas vusurveb, magram
ratom ar fiqrobs, rom SeiZleba isic gaqres an bolos da
bolos avad gaxdes...ras moimoqmedeben maSin is araraoba-
ni, romlebic axla gars axvevia da romlebic mas Zalian
uyvars?“3. ramdenime wlis Semdeg: `es umaRlesi pativi-mS-
obliuri xalxis literaturuli ZalebisaTvis axali da
Rirseuli amocanebis dayeneba-qarTul literaturaSi
wilad xvda ara Tav. ak. wereTels, romelsac igi ufro
Seefereboda, aramed meore mwerals-Tav. il. WavWavaZes,
romelmac amis gamo daikava kidec Rirseuli adgili Ta-
namedrove qarTuli mesityveobis saTaveSi...miuxedavad
amisa, im uzarmazari gansxvavebisa, rac Tanamedrove qar-
Tuli literaturis am or korifes bunebriv niWs Soris
moiZebneba, Tav. i. g. WavWavaZem da ara Tav. ak. wereTelma
aiRo masSi meTauroba da misca mas mimarTuleba, amasTan
sruliad marTebuli da ucvalebeli“4. am ori korifes
Sedarebisas igi xazs usvamda akakis RvTiT momadlebul
niWs da ilias Zalisxmevas. „...mTavria is, rom Sromob-
da, codniT iaraRdeboda, radgan naTlad axsovda, rom
mxolod am gziT SeiZleboda bunebrivi niWi misuliyo
Tanamedroveebze gabatonebamde, STamomavlobaze zemo-
qmedebamde. da marTlac yvelaferSi warmateba moipova,
moipova warmateba imitom, rom Tavis TanamemamuleTa So-
ris TiTqmis erTaderTi moRvawe iyo, aRWurvili nebi-

3
nikolaZe n. 5 sakvirao sakiTxavi. t.8. gv.337. quTaisi, 2003
4
nikolaZe niko. 97. saiqmo sakiTxavi. t.9. gv. 529

6
syofiT, amtanobiT, SromismiyvareobiT“5. Zalian bevrs
eCoTireba winaaRmdegobis gamJRavneba iliasa da nikos,
nikosa da akakis Soris da mxolod maT megobrobasa da
TanamSromlobaze gadaaqvs mTeli yuradReba, rac ara
marto arasworia, aramed niko nikolaZis pirovnuli dam-
cirebis mcdelobac, mxolod mcdeloba, vinaidan didi
nikos damcireba SeuZlebelia.
did adamianebs, arc Tu iSviaTad, aqvT erTmaneTSi
uTanxmoebebi, gansakuTrebiT principulad mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebze, magram es ar unda gavigoT, rogorc mtro-
ba da dauZleveli dapirispireba. niko nikolaZe savse-
biT marTalia imaSi, rom ilias gamoarCevs, rogorc mwer-
als, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi poeticaa, beletristic,
sazogado moRvawec. aRafrTovanebda akakis poeturi ni-
Wis Zala da mas dabadebiT gamoCenil poets uwodebda.
misi leqsebi ubadlo bulbulis simRerad miaCnda, akaki
SesaniSnavi beletristia, magram poeti masSi ufro maRa-
lia. niko nikolaZe SesaniSnavi publicistia, kritikosia,
mweralia, magram masSi moWarbebulia mewarmisa da mene-
jeris fenomenaluri energia. gamodis, rom ilia, akaki,
niko erTi gundis wevrebi ki ar arian, qveynis erovnuli
azrovnebis Tanavarskvlavedis sami sxvadasxva mwverva-
li. galaktionmac sworad SeniSna: SoTa, ilia, akaki, vaJa
da... amdenad, wminda ilia marTali da didi niko erTi
sinamdvilis ori mwvervalia da ara orive erTi sibrty-
is sinamdvile. marTalia, niko nikolaZe, rogorc publi-
cisti da kritikosi ufro maRalia, vidre ilia, rogorc
mewarme da menejeri. magram ilia, rogorc mwerali ufro
didia nikosTan SedarebiT, Tumca es ar niSnavs maT erT
sibrtyeSi ganxilvas. maT mamulis siyvaruli da msax-

5
iqve. gv.531

7
ureba aerTianebT, rogorc sxvebs, sadac gundi mxolod
erTia. unda avaridoT mcdelobas isini vinc apirebs am
ori korifes ukan daudges calk-calke gundebad. iyo
gaugebroba imis gamo, rom roca im dros mewarmeoba wina
planze gamodioda, niko nikolaZes ukve swori pozicia
SerCeuli hqonda da jer did jixaiSSi meurneoba Seqm-
na, xolo cota xanSi foTis qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis
meTaurad arCevaze daTanxmda. axlobelma kalmosmebma
arc erTi da arc meore arCevani ar mouwones _ mwerlo-
ba migvitovao, razedac niko nikolaZes zusti pasuxi kai
xania mzad hqonda, rom ganaTleba TviTmizani ar aris
da rom igi mxolod saSualebaa SemoqmedebisTvis. aq igi
spenseris pozicias iTvaliswinebs: ganaTlebis mizani
martivia _ misces xalxs energia moZraobisTvis. maSinde-
li mwerlebi xalxis wera-kiTxvis swavlebaSi ufro mets
xedavdnen, vidre codnis praqtikul gamoyenebaSi. iner-
cia dRemde grZeldeba, niko nikolaZe umravlesobisTvis
CrdilSi rCeba da sazogadoebis sakmaod didi masa ilias
TanamebrZolad aRiqvams da rogorc sazogado moRvawes,
foTis qalaqis Tavs, maSin roca igi pirveli qarTveli
maRali rangis da masStabis menejeri aris. foTis qalaqis
meTauroba ar unda gavaigiveoT mis Tanamedrove gagebas-
Tan, roca qalaqis meri damoukideblobas ver bedavs da
Tu zemodan wyaloba ar eqneba, verafers gaakeTebs. niko
nikolaZe qalaqisa da portis mSeneblobis avtoria da up-
recedento inovaciuri kreatiuli mewarme _ TviTon qmnis
aRmSeneblobis proeqtebs, iZiebs saxsrebs, poulobs da-
finansebis wyaroebs da agebs maSindeli imperiis yvelaze
usafrTxo ports-saqarTvelos sazRvao WiSkars, saidan
gaixsna gza msoflios civilizebuli qveynebisaken.
ratom rCeba dRemde niko nikolaZe sakadrisi yur-
adRebis gareSe?

8
 niko nikolaZis ekonomikuri da ara mxolod ekonomi-
kuri azrovneba, winaswarxedva da intuicia Zalze win iyo
misi Tanamedroveebisagan. mas enciklopediuri ganaTle-
ba hqonda da TviTon iyo enciklopedia. „im adamianTa
Soris, romelTa gavlena saqarTveloze vrceldeboda,
yvelaze uniWieresi da sulierad yvelaze maRla mdgomi,
eWvis gareSea, niko nikolaZe iyo. es maRalniWieri, Wkvi-
ani da evropulad ganaTlebuli adamiani pirveli qarTve-
li Jurnalistia evropuli mniSvnelobiT. niko nikolaZem
mravali aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi Tavisi eris bevri
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi gadawyvita da naTeli gonebiT gan-
Wvrita“ _ werda artur laisti. „ra da ra dargis gamo
ar gaesaubrebodi mas, bergsonis moZRvreba iqneboda es
Tu inglisisa da amerikis koloniuri politika, Cinuri
filosofia Tu masonebis moZraoba evropaSi, italiuri
renesansis Tu Zveli berZnuli plastikis sakiTxebi. es
xandazmuli kaci yovel sakiTxSi erkveoda, yvelgan Sin
iyo. pirvelxarisxovani evropeli mwerlis an mecnieris
simaRleze idga misi gamobrZmedili talanti, romelsac
sibere jer ar gahkareboda“ _ dauweria konstantine gam-
saxurdias niko nikolaZesTan Sexvedris Semdeg. eris did
mamebsac ki araseriozulad miaCndaT nikos mier miwis
SeZena did jixaiSSi da iq meurnebis gamarTva. intele-
qtualurs da ganaTlebuls ki ara, ubralo mosaxleo-
basac eucxoeboda nikolaZeebis ojaxis miwaze fiziku-
ri muSaoba, saqonlisa da venaxis movla, seleqciuri
saqmianoba. Tumca mere nikolaZes miedevnen da waxedes.
misgan bevrma iswavla meurneobis gamarTva, teqnikuri
kulturebis moSeneba da gamravleba, agroteqnikis el-
ementebi. foTis qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis meTaurad
misi arCeva xom qirqilisa da dacinvis sababi Seiqmna.
mere oTxi weliwadi sasamarTlo „esroda wixlebs beber

9
loms“ tyuilubralod. amis mere kidev iyo cxovreba pe-
terburgSi, oqtombris revolucia, saqarTvelos damou-
kideblobis gamocxadeba da isev mamulis msaxureba da
Tavdadeba. mere evropis xuTwledi da isev samSoblos,
oRond socialisturis, samsaxurSi dabruneba, romlis
perspeqtivisa mas ar sjeroda. Cemi Sromebi drom gadai-
yola _ uweria erTgan.
didi niko nikolaZis genialuri azrovnebiTa da Semo-
qmedebiTi kapitaliT dainteresdnen ki ara, gaakulakes,
waarTves, moipares misi meurneobidan im xalxma, rom-
lisTvisac rkinis qalamnebs icvamda. Tbilisis iv. javax-
iSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis Jurnal-
istikis kaTedris TanamSromlebma ivaJkaces profesor
daviT gamezardaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT da misi Sromebi
tomebad gamosces, sazogadoebas daanaxes didi nikos ge-
nialuri azrovneba da namdvili patriotizmi. ligokuria,
rom socializmidan gamoqceuli saqarTvelo mas unda mi-
bruneboda, magram axlandeli qveyana neoliberalizmis
tyveobaSia. saqarTvelos yovelTvis hyavda moRalatee-
bi-viRac-viRaceebi „zemodan“ da gverdidanac. axla
moRalateobis klasi Seiqmna neoliberaluri ideologi-
is bazaze, romlis Tanaxmad adamians unda „gamourecxo“
tvini im donemde, rom zemodan brZanebebsa da miTiTe-
bebs usityvod emorCilebodes, rom mxolod xel-fexis
moZraobas akontrolebdes; gulidan amoSanTo RmerTi,
xolo siyvaruli seqsiT CauSalo. amis gamo maTTvis ni-
kolaZe aranairad misaRebi ar aris. arc ganaTlebiT, arc
patriotizmiT, arc mamulis msaxurebiT, arc erovnulo-
biT, arc evropelobiT, arc ojaxiSvilobiT, arc vaJk-
acobiT, arc TavdadebiT, arc qarTuli identurobiT,
arc mewarmeobiTa da menejeruli fenomenologiiT, arc
damoukidebeli mdidari inovaciuri warsuliT, arc kri-

10
tikis kulturiT, arc zneobiTa da sindisiT. amiT unda
aixsnas is, rom niko nikolaZis SarSandeli 175 wlis iu-
bile saerTod ver gaxda saxelmwifos yuradRebis sagani
da mxolod ramdenime Rirseulma adamianma miago pativi
Tavisi kerZo iniciativiT.
didi nikos mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba ki ar
sWirdebaT, misi namoqmedari, simdidred darCenili un-
daT muqTad da aranairi survili ara aqvT pativi miagon
eris sulieri simtkicisa da materialuri keTildReo-
bisTvis mebrZol mamuliSvils da dauRlel talants.
ramdenime wlis win foTSi viyavi da Sevxvdi portis ma-
Sindel ufross, vuTxari rom var niko nikolaZis ekono-
mikuri azrovnebis mklevari da samecniero sazogadoeba
„niko nikolaZis“ prezidenti. vmuSaob monografiaze: fo-
Tis portisa da qalaqis aRmaSenebeli. veZeb sponsors,
romelsac vuTmob sakuTrebad monografias da uars vam-
bob Cemi Sromis anazRaurebaze. pasuxi mokle iyo: foTSi
dgas nikolaZis Zegli, rac CemTvis sakmarisia, danarCeni
araferi maintersebs. ramsigrZea neoliberaluri umadu-
roba, adamianma 18 wlis dauRalavi Sroma Sealia portisa
da qalaqis aSenebas, lamis mklavi mokveTes, „ratom kargi
agigia“ da axla mis adgilze muqTamWamels imdeni Rirse-
ba ar gaaCnia, rom genialuri moazrovnis SemoqmedebiT
ara marto TviTon unda interesdebodes, aramed sxve-
bisTvisac cdilobdes gaxados sacnauri didi nikos ti-
tanuri adamianuri Semoqmedeba, raTa misabaZi iyos... am
bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi erTad aRebul yvela
xelisuflebas imdeni ar gaukeTebia qveynisTvis, ramden-
ic erTma kacma niko nikolaZem gaakeTa.
ra unda vakeToT Cven niko nikolaZis mosaxleobis
masobriv SegnebaSi misi moqmedebis energiad gadaqcevisa
da cnobierebaSi misi sakadrisi adgilis dasakaveblad?

11
 vikvlioT niko nikolaZis azrovnebis fenomeni da vis-
wavloT misi praqtikuli saqmianoba, visac mamulis siy-
varuli da msaxureba misi arsebobis miznad warmoudgenia,
SevimecnoT Cveni erovnul Rirebulebebi, vweroT yvel-
gan, sadac ki xeli migviwvdeba da migvesvleba: presaSi,
internetSi, informaciis centrebSi, skolebSi. SevxvdeT
axalgazedebs, mSromel adamianebs. davanaxoT maT niko
nikolaZis qarTuli fenomeni, Tu rogor iqmneba rwmena
da imedi da rogor vipovoT erTmaneTis siyvaruli atom-
izebul, ganmxoloebul sazogadoebaSi.
am wigns niko nikolaZis mezoblebs _ did jixaiSelebs
vuZRvni. isini sxvebs gauRviZeben interess da miswrafe-
bas sulieri da materialuri srulyofilebisaken, rom-
lis winmavalia didi niko da romlis mier gakvalul gzas
unda gavyveT Tu gvinda fexze wamovdgeT da bednieri
xalxi viyoT.
udides saqmes agrZelebs niko nikolaZis saxl-muze-
umi did jixaiSSi da kerZod, misi direqtori qalbatoni
lia bibileiSvili, romelsac niko nikolaZis rkinis qa-
lamnebi acvia da qalaqidan qalaqSi, soflidan sofelSi,
saqarTvelos dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken daatarebs
didi nikos qarTuli sulis moqmedebis saxalxo Zalad
gadaqcevis energias. amas Sedegebi aucileblad moyveba.

12
 niko nikolaZis ekonomikuri fenomeni

niko nikolaZes marto sazogadoeba ki ara, mecniere-

bac ar icnobs safuZvlianad6. is ufro Jurnalisturi
da samwerlo publikaciebiT aris warmoCenili rogorc
bumberazi Semoqmedi, sazogado moRvawe, sofel jixai-
Sis reformatori, foTis qalaqis Tavi, 60-ianelTa Ta-
namebrZoli da publicisti. mis ekonomikur azrovnebas
ramdenime avtori sxvadasxva aspeqtiT Tu ixilavs, Torem
fenomenalobaze aravin SeCerebula. amas ramdenime axsna
aqvs.
niko nikolaZe misi TanamedrovebisTvisac ar iyo
srulyofilad cnobieri. imJamindel periodSi filolo-
giuri da filosofiuri mecnierebi aviTarebdnen azrs,
romlis mixedviTac xalxis cxovrebis pirobebis gaum-
6
iubileebSi niko nikolaZes bedma ar gauRima. 100 wlis iubiles meo-
re msoflio omma SeuSala xeli. 150 wlisTavze saqarTveloSi samo-
qalaqo omi mZvinvarebda. 2003 wels quTaisSi Catarebuli iubile
pirveli precedentia, rogorc Tavisi masStabiT, aseve SinaarsiTac.
niko nikolaZis fermeruli, mewarmeobrivi da menejeruli fenomeni
pirvelad gaxda biznesmenebisa da mecnierebis kvlevisa da ganxilvis
sagani. quTaisis saerTaSoriso konferencia gamorCeuli iyo imiTac,
rom mis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT gamoica niko nikolaZis TxzulebaTa
me-8 tomi. mas mieZRvna agreTve Cemi monografia da faqsimaluri ga-
mocema-masalebi niko nikolaZis biografiisaTvis „foTis saqme“-merab
kezevaZesTan erTad.

13
jobeseba pirdapir kavSirSia mosaxleobis masobriv ga-
naTlebasTan da rom es saqme TavisTavze unda aiRos
inteliegenciam. es, ra Tqma unda, TavisTavad keTil-
Sobiluri mizania, magram rogorc riCard paifs uwer-
ia, gaaCnia vin rogor gaigebs mas da romels airCevs _
xalxs emsaxuros, Tu xalxi moimsaxuros. aq subieqturi
TavisuflebisTvis arCevanis vrceli asparezi ixsneba, mi-
Tumetes, Tuki mosaxleobis umetesoba gaunaTlebli da
ucodinaria. aseT SemTxvevaSi xalxi iolad marTvadi aris
revoluciurad ganwyobili socialuri jgufebis mier da
igi maTi interesebis msxverpli xdeba. saganmanaTleblo
moZraoba aseT saSiSroebas Seicavda. maSindel intele-
qtualur azrovnebas gauWirda amis gageba. karga xnis
Semdeg evropa mZime danaklisiT, magram mainc gamoerkvia
am mcadri azrovnebidan. samagierod, ruseTis maSindel
imperiaSi gaCaRda erovnuli saganmanaTleblo moZraoba.
gamonaklisi arc saqarTvelo yofila. Tergdaleulebma
sicocxlis riskis fasad, yvelaferi gaakeTes TavianTi
qveynis sasargeblod. magram mainc, sabolood fsevdo
saganmanaTleblo moZraobam gaimarjva da bolSevikebi
namdvil mamuliSvilebs sastikad gauswordnen. veraferi
SeRavaTia is, rom maT umravlesobas swamda im moZRvre-
bisa, romelic Turme TviT avtors dauwunia mas Semdeg,
rac jevonsisa da mergelis Sromebs gascnobia.
Tu mecxramete saukunis inteleqtualebs TavianTi
keTilSobiluri miznebisTvis ar uRalatiaT da bolomde
gayvnen saganmanaTleblo moZraobis erovnul interesebs.
niko nikolaZe sxva arCevans akeTebs da praqtikulad emi-
jneba maT. am periodSi igi ukve ormoc wels gadacile-
bulia, safuZvlianad icnobs msoflios TiTqmis yvela
gaxmaurebul filosofiur, ekonomikur, politikur da
iuridiul Sexedulebebs, zedmiwevniT flobs frangul,

14
italiur, rusul da germanul enebs, aris evropis ekono-
mikuri da politikuri cxovrebis uSualo monawile da
aqvs maTi kritikuli Sefasebis unari. urTierTobebs
amyarebs evropaSi moRvawe TiTqmis yvelaze gamoCenil
politikosebTan, mecnierebTan da gamomgoneblebTan.
TanamebrZolTagan gamijvnas win uswrebda saganmanaT-
leblo moZraobaze misi Sexedulebis gadafaseba. „Cemma
damzadebam deda ena, miznad ki ara, marto erT iaraRT-
aganad maCvena eris keTildReobisa, mesmoda, ara marto
eniT ikvebeba xalxi. Sevexe ekonomikas, kredits, mrewve-
lobas, miwismflobelobas da TviTmmarTvelobas. Zveli
moRvaweebis naSromTa Seswavlam neba momca, mkvdreTiT
aRmedgina bobolebisagan damarcxebuli da damarxuli
saqmeebi da moqmedi pirebi. magaliTad yvelasaTvis er-
Tianad daviwyebuli saadgil-mamulo bankebi. b. giorgi
yazbegs hkiTxeT...ramdenjer dagvWirda duSeTs asvla
1871-1873 ww. ramdenime ymawvils, ramdeni mecadineoba
dagvWirda, rom ilia WavWavaZisTvis saxelmwifo samsax-
urze xeli agveRebinebina, bankis daarseba ieriSiT agve-
Ro, banki ganaxlebis banakad gveqcia da Sig WavWavaZe
ZaldatanebiT qarTuli saqmis saTaveSi Cagveyenebia“7.
mravalmxrivi da safuZvliani evropuli ganaTleba,
praqtikuli alRo da bunebrivi niWi saSualebas aZle-
vda daenaxa, rom mxolod wera-kiTxvis codniT qveyana
win ver wavidoda, rom momavali samewarmeo saqmianobas
ekuTvnoda, rom Teoriuli codna mxolod maSin xdeba sa-
sargeblo, roca nivTebad da momsaxurebis saxeebad iqce-
va. amis safuZvelze miiRo maSindeli sazogadoebisTvis
TiTqos warmoudgeneli gadawyvetileba _ sacxovreblad
gadavida did jixaiSSi, Seisyida 20 ha miwa da daiwyo

7
nikolaZe n. Txz. t.1, gv. 63-64

15
misi fermerulad mowyoba, ramac mere farTo masStabebi
miiRo da mTel sofels gadaedo, Tanamedrove gagebiT
agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis saxe miiRo.
niko nikolaZis sofelSi dasaxlebas CemTvis xelmi-
sawdom literaturaSi, arc Tu iSviaTad mxolod erTi
axsna aqvs. Turme niko nikolaZe sofel did jixaiSSi
deduleTis siyvaruliT, xolo zogierTebis azriT, qa-
rTuli soflisadmi interesis gamo dasaxlebula. amis
sailustraciod bevr avtors sakmaod vrceli masala
moaqvs cnobili da ucnobi adamianebis mogonebebidan ni-
kolaZis saqmianobaze did jixaiSSi. yvelaferi es erTad
niko nikolaZisadmi maTi gulwrfeli siyvarulisa da pa-
tiviscemis miuxedavad, msubuqi metaforaa da daaxloe-
biT ise gamodis, rogorc TviTon niko nikolaZe xsnida
deda daTvis metismet siyvaruls Tavisi belebis mimarT,
rac arc Tu iSviaTad msxverpliT mTavrdeba. erTia gare-
gani mzera, grZnobadi aRqma, piradi simpaTia da antipa-
Tia romelime adamianis mimarT. meore aris is, Tu ras
warmoadgens igi TavisTavad, azrobrivad, ramdenad xe-
lmisawvdomia es inteleqti Cveni gonebisTvis. niko ni-
kolaZis moRvaweobis saerTo Sefaseba ki erTi pirovnebi-
sTvis Zalze Zneli saqmea. igi mTeli samyaroa Teoriuli
azrovnebisa, sameurneo saqmianobisa, politikuri Sexed-
ulebebis idealisa, Cveni qveynis globalizaciisa, ino-
vaciebisa da SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis mravalgvarobisa
(ufro vrclad qvemoT iqneba saubari).
fermeri aqamde niko nikolaZisTvis aravis uwodebia. es
me Sevkadre bumberaz inteleqts aseTi saxeldeba da masSi
did jixaiSSi misi moRvaweobis pirvl wlebs vgulisxmob,
maSin roca igi yidulobs miwas da iwyebs mis SemoRob-
vas trifoliatiT, xalxma rom Semdgom „nikolaZis ekali“
uwoda, sarwyavi sistemis mowyobas, mcenareTa da cxov-

16
elTa jiSebis seleqcias, roca mTeli misi ojaxi SromiT
saqmianobaSi ebmeba, rac maSin gamoCenili, didgvarovani
da ganaTlebuli adamianebisTvis sircxvilad miaCndaT8.
produqtebis moyvanas, Senaxvas, konservacias, transpor-
tirebas da realizacias, mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebis
gamoyenebas, progresuli teqnologiebis imports da war-
moebaSi danergvas, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis gafar-
Toebas da meqanizaciis saSualebebis investirebas TviTon
niko nikolaZe axorcielebda. am saqmianobis gagrZelebas
mohyva saswavleblis gaxsna da saWiro profesiebis spe-
cialistebis momzadeba, gzebis gayvana sofelSi, fosti-
sa da ambulatoriis gaxsna, matareblis baqnis mowyoba
sofel ianeTSi, wisqvilebis gamarTva, sazRvargareTeli
specialistebis mowveva sxvadasxva samuSaoebis Sesas-
ruleblad, teqnikuri proeqtebis Seqmna energiis axali
wyaroebis misaRebad da sxva. amas garda, iyo kidev bev-
ri proeqti da Canafiqri, romlebic mTlianobaSi wminda
fermerul saqmianobasTan erTad, agrosamrewvelo komp-
leqsis SinaarsSi eqceva.
zemoT vaxsene, rom niko nikolaZe fermeri iyo. es
termini maSin qarTul metyvelebaSi ar iyo damkvidre-
buli, rac ar iTqmis sityva fermis mimarT. maSin fermis
Seqmna Zneli saqme iyo da mepatrone mdidar kacad iTv-
leboda. amis sailustraciod isev ukve zemoT dasaxele-
buli gazeTi „iveria“ moviSvelioT. masSi vkiTxulobT:
qvemo imereTSi, sofel jixaiSs amisTana ferma gauSen-
ebia b-n nikolaZes da meore ufro patara ferma sofel

8
erTi axalgazrda gakvirvebiT meubneboda: kaco, ra vnaxe guSin win.
Cemi TvaliT vnaxe nikolaZe da misi coli. baRSi muSaobdenen, Tavi-
si xeliT rgavdnen xexils, bostans marglidnen. ar gikvirs, ravali
ganaTlebuli kaci da rava kadrulobs muSaobas. gaz.“iveria“, #350,
1892 w.

17
Ranirs kokinia dgebuaZes, orive sworad sasiamovno sa-
naxavia da sasargeblo yovelis Cveneburis meurnisaTvis.
garda amisa, rom es fermebi avrcelebs soflebSi ukeTes
xexilis namyenebs da Tesleulobas, maTi SemuSavebis da
movlis wesebs, TviT fermis patronebis magaliTs bevri
mezobeli Tavadi da aznauri muSaobas miuCvevia...or-sam
sofelSi rom TiTo amisTana ferma gaCndebodes, meur-
neobis bedi gamobrundeba Cvens qveyanaSi“. es gadaxveva
teqstidan ori mizniT momixda. erTi imis gamo, rom xazi
gamesva niko nikolaZis strategiuli xedvisa da sameur-
neo saqmianobis warmatebisTvis da meore, mimeniSnebina
isic, rom maSindelma presam sworad Seafasa Tavisufa-
li mewarmeobis mniSvneloba cxovrebis pirobebis gaum-
jobesebaSi. es maSin, roca eris ganaTlebuli Svilebi ar
iziarebdnen niko nikolaZis arCevans da saqveyno saqmi-
dan gaqcevad uTvlidnen. SeiZleba amis gamoc iyo, rom
warmatebis miuxedavad, mis saqmianobas masobrivi mimba-
Zvelebi ar gamouCdnen.
niko nikolaZes mewarmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, dRevan-
deli moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, yvela saWiro Tvise-
ba hqonda, rogorc inteleqtualuri Zlevamosileba da
daucxromeli niWi, aseve riski, Seupovroba, novatoroba
da siaxleebis grZnoba, romelTa gareSe ar arsebobs me-
warmeobrivi warmatebebi. eseni masSi imdenad moWarbebu-
li, impulsirebadi da Sedegobrivad mravalsaxieri iyo,
rom gareSemyofT, ganurCevlad masTan siaxlovisa, SiSi
uCndebodaT (amas isev davubrundebi). es daaxloebiT img-
vari SiSia, Satobrianma rom Tqva paskalze: „Tavzardam-
cemi genia“. amis gamo dRemde rCeba is bolomde Seucno-
beli.
raki sityvam moitana, barem aqve isic vTqvaT, kidev ram
ganapiroba is, rom niko nikolaZis ekonomikuri fenomeni

18
aqamde Seuswavleli aris. amaze gavlena bevrma faqtor-
ma iqonia. verc ruseTis imperiaSi, verc saqarTvelo-
Si gavrceleba ver hpova im azrma, rom xalxis mTavari
saqmianoba maSin biznesi iyo, rasac riskiani da gabedu-
li adamianebi kai xania misdevdnen. amas mohyva isic, rom
saqarTveloSi maSin dawyebuli kerZo mewarmeobrivi aR-
mavloba Cveni qveynis gasabWoebam daasamara. aRniSnul
mizezebs unda mieTvalos isic, rom niko nikolaZem, mas
Semdeg, rac ruseTidan evropaSi gadainacvla da safuZ-
vlianad gaecno evropul kulturas, mTlianad Secvala
Tavisi msoflmxedveloba qveynis reformaciis revolu-
ciur meTodebze. bunebrivia, rom aseTi Sexedulebebis
moRvawes bolSevikebi Tavisad ver CaTvlidnen. daiwunes
kapitalisturi saqmianobisa da ararevoluciuri warsu-
li gamo9. mTlianad gverdi ver auares da niko nikolaZe
Tergdaleulebis saganmanaTleblo saqmianobiT Semosaz-
Rvres. amaze kidev damatebulia isic, rom misi mravalmx-
rivi da xelxvavrieli Sromebi dawerilia sxvadasxva
enaze da gabneulia ruseTisa da evropis qveynebis wignsa-
cavebSi da saojaxo biblioTekebSi. axla maTi Sekreba da
wignad gamocema ar warmoadgens gansakuTrebul siZne-
les, magram mTavari winaaaRmdegoba is aris, rom Cveni
biznesmenebi ar interesdebian niko nikolaZis ekonomi-
kuri memkvidreobiT. sakmarisi ar aris da ekonomistebs
codnad ver CavuTvliT niko nikolaZis biografiuli de-
talebis gamowvliliviT ganxilvas, miTumetes, rom misi
inteleqtualuri kapitali jer kidev ar gamxdara warsu-
li, piriqiT, misi memkvidreoba cocxalia da Cvens sazo-

9
Tanamedrove ekonomikis piroebSi saSinel gancdas iwvevs im
striqonebis wakiTxva, romelic gvatyuebs, rom „niko nikolaZe ver
mivida klasobrivi brZolisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis marqsis-
tul-leninur gagebamde“.

19
gadoebriv azrovnebas win uswrebs.
did jixaiSSi niko nikolaZis farTomasStabianma
sameurneo inovaciebma gamoZaxili hpova mTel saqarTve-
loSi. foTis wvrilma movaWreebma igi qalaqis Tavad mii-
wvies (im drosTvis ukve gaxmaurebuli iyo misi Sromebi
foTis navmisadgomis istoriisa da mis saporto qalaqad
gardaqmnis ekonomikur perspeqtivebze). maSin foT-
Si cxovreba Zalian sWirda. zRvis karibWis mosaxleoba
im dros 7000 kacs cotaTi Tu aRemateboda. meunargias
TqmiT, romelic maSin qalaqis Tavi iyo, foTis biujeti
sofel sajavaxos biujetsac ver utoldeboda. vrceli
Waobianobis gamo mas bayayebis qalaqs uwodebdnen. aseTi
qalaqis meTauroba ikisra maSin niko nikolaZem.
foTis qalaqis Tavis Tanamdebobaze kidev ufro gaiSa-
la da axali gaqaneba mieca mis niWsa da unars. aq srulad
gamovlinda niko nikolaZis mewarmeobrivi unarianoba da
menejeruli fenomeni. qalaqis Tavis postze misi arCev-
is mniSvnelobasa da avtoritetze kargad uweria quTai-
sis guberniis gansakuTrebul saqmeTa gamomZiebels s.l.
karskis, romelmac niko nikolaZis foTSi qalaqis Tavis
postze gaweuli muSaobaze sabraldebo daskvna dawera.
„nikolaZe adgilobrivma macxovreblebma miiwvies da
qalaqis Tavad airCies. cxadia, rom iseTi uTvalsaCinoesi
kaci, rogoric nikolaZe aris, qalaqis Tavis Tanamdeboba-
ze Tavisi avtoritetis wyalobiT, gansakuTrebuli Zal-
isxmevis gareSe, did gavlenas moaxdenda...niko nikolaZe
flobs bunebriv kritikul unars, Zalze ganviTarebulia,
advilad erkveva im yvelanair specialur teqnikur sakiTx-
ebSi rasTanac mas Sexeba uxdeba. axasiaTebs iSviaTi Sromis-
unarianoba, uryevi nebisyofa; energiulia, ar erideba ar-
aviTar winaaRmdegobebs, friad pativmoyvarulsac ki. amas
emateba sityvis da kalmis gansakuTrebuli ostatoba, po-

20
lemikaSi oponentisadmi saSiSi misi srulyofili sarkazmi.
am bunebrivi Tvisebebis wyalobiT nikolaZem uzarmazari
roli iTamaSa kavkasiaSi, rogorc popularulma publi-
cistma da sazogado moRvawem, romlis sityvas yuradRe-
biT ismenda mosaxleoba da misi interesebis gamomxatveli
saukeTeso nawilic“10.
niko nikolaZis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, rogorc zemoT
mogaxseneT, erTiani azri ver Seiqmna. mas sxvadasxva as-
peqtiT moixsenieben. foTSi moRvaweobac ar aris gamonak-
lisi. aq is gagebulia xan rogorc qalaqis Tavi, xan kidev
rogorc portis mSenebeli, obligaciebisa da naxevarka-
pikiani safuTo mosakreblis iniciatori da avtori da
sxva. sinamdvileSi saqme gvaqvs gacilebiT rTul, msxvil-
masStabian da inovaciur SemoqmedebasTan. qalaqis Tavis
postze misi moRvweoba aris saqarTvelos aRmSenebloba
foTidan. portis mSeneblobas is yovelTvis ganixilav-
da qveynis ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi, gare samyarosTan
TanamSromlobaSi. exeboda es rogorc qveynis eqsports,
magaliTad, marganecis gatanas, Tu imports-teqnikuri
nakeTobebis Semotanas, teqnikuri inovaciebis proeqtebs.
Tavdapirvelad foTis portis Sesaxeb.
niko nikolaZis qalaqis Tavad misvlamde foTis dRe-
vandeli porti misi mSeneblobis 35 wliani istoriis
miuxedavad, erT ubadruk navmisadgoms warmoadgenda.
batonma nikom yvelaze ukeT dainaxa misi momavali da
misTvis araferi dauzogavs, pirvel yovlisa, jani da in-
teleqtualuri energia. gamoiyena piradi nacnoboba, Tav-
isi didi avtoriteti da imperiis maRal eSelonebs foTis
portis aRmSeneblobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba, SeiZleba
10
masalebi niko nikolaZis biografiiisaTvis „foTis saqme“t.
3.furc.52,t.6 furc. 255,308. t.1. furc. 21.34.162. t.2. furc. 285.t.
5. furc. 1-18-269. quTaisi, 2003.

21
iTqvas, Zalad miaRebina. maSindeli ruseTis imperiaSi es
mSenebloba yvelaze didi masStabisa iyo da iuridiulad
imdenad daxvewili, rom ruseT-iaponiis omis periodSic
ki ver gabedes misi dakonserveba. didi nikos wyalobiT
mSenebloba swrafad mimdinareobda da igi mokle dro-
Si, Svid weliwadSi dasrulda imaze gacilebiT naklebi
danaxrajebiT, vidre is saproeqto xarjTaRricxviT iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli. mTavaria imisi aRniSvnac, rom foTis
porti imperiaSi gemebis yvelaze usafrTxo misadgomi
gaxda. Zneli warmosadgeni ar unda iyos isic, ramden sir-
Tules qmnida maSin aseTi msxvili masStabis mSenebloba
kvalificiuri specialistebis deficitisa da finansuri
usaxsrobis gamo. amas emateboda agreTve mosaxleobis
dabali saganmanaTleblo cenzi da azrobrivi probleme-
bi qalaqis saTaTbirosa da qalaqmmarTvelobaSi. saxeli-
suflo struqturebs aSkarad ar hyofnidaT specialuri
ganaTleba foTis portis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebSi da qalaqis Tavs ramdenime maTganTan winsawar
unda emuSava, raTa mniSvnlovani problemebis gadaWra
sxdomebze ar CaSliliyo. maRali iyo xalxis ndoba qa-
laqis Tavisadmi. TviT mosaxleobasac misadmi usazRvro
ndoba hqonda.
niko nikolaZe foTis portis mSeneblobis uSualo ini-
ciatori da menejeri iyo. Tavad 8-jer moiara evropisa da
crdiloeT afrikis 12 saporto qalaqi, gaecno maT saqmi-
anobas, piradad monawileobda portis naxazebis SeqmnaSi.
magram es rom sakmarisi ar iyo, yvelaze ukeT TviTon
grZnobda. portis interesebi uSualo kavSirSi aRmoCnda
qalaqis ganviTarebis aucileblobasTan. saWiro iyo TviT
qalaq foTis aRmSenebloba _ quCebis mowyoba, xidebis
mSenebloba, Waobebis daSroba, saswavleblebis, sayofacx-
ovrebo da kulturuli daniSnulebis obieqtebis ageba...

22
kidev: am miznebis Sesasruleblad aucilebeli finansuri
wyaroebis moZebna. misi goneba am saqmeSic uzadod moq-
medebda. komerciul, sarisko da safinanso saqmianobaSi
mamis geni dahyva (mamamisi iakobi mravalgvar bizness ewe-
oda. man gabeda pirvelad saqonlis Semotana sazRvavo
transportiT, rac maSin warmoudgenlad miaCndaT). roca
foTs dasWirda damatebiTi safinanso wyaroebis debeti
portis mSeneblobisTvis, niko nikolaZem obligaciebis
precedenti Seqmna saqarTveloSi. 1896 wels foTis por-
tis proeqtis dasamuSaveblad qalaqs mxolod 140 aTasi
rublis rezervi aRmoaCnda. saWiro iyo kidev Tanxebis
mozidva marganecis CasatvirTi mowyobilobis _ eleva-
toris asagebad da qalaqis sxva RonisZiebebisTvis. ba-
toni nikos iniciativiT 1896 wels, pirvelad saqarTvelo-
Si, foTSi SemoRebuli iqna saobligacio sesxi, ramac maSin
1,4 mln. rubli Seadgina. 1900 wels misi sidide 2 mln.-mde
gaizarda, rac SenarCunebuli iqna 1904 welsac obligaci-
is mesame gamoSvebis seriisas. portis mSeneblobas mohy-
va sazRvavo infrastruqturis Seqmnac. es exeboda ro-
gorc sakuTriv ports (talRamtexebis agebas, sanapiro
zolebis gamagrebas), aseve TviTon qalaqis keTilmowyo-
bas. kerZod, Waobebis daSrobas, xidebis agebas, quCebis
gayvanas, gzebis mowyobas.
elevatoris gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo marganecisa da qva-
naxSiris gagzavna sxva qveynebSi gemebiT. niko nikolaZe
xuTi weliwadi ebrZoda am saqmis bolomde miyvanas. ele-
vatoris mSeneblobas naxevar mln. rublze meti dasWir-
da. masve moxmarda naxevarkapikiani safuTo mosakrebeli
marganecze da kidev saobligacio sesxi.
foTis portis saqmianoba niko nikolaZes mTel sam-
yaroze hqonda gaTvlili. foTidan unda gasuliyo marga-
neci, qvanaxSiri, nedli merqani; foTSi rkinigzis sadgur

23
„proxladnaiadan“ unda Semosuliyo samrewvelo produq-
cia kavkasiis mTavari qedis gavliT.
baton nikos amisi proeqtic hqonda, iseve rogorc fo-
Tidan iranis gavliT indoeTis okeanisaken matareblis
moZraobis marSrutebis proeqtebi. man daamuSva agreTve
rkinigzis gayvanis teqnikuri varianti bzifis tyis
eqsportuli SesaZleblobebis asaTviseblad da TviT
mdinare bzifis hidroenergiis gamoyenebis teqnikuri
nakeTobebi. agreTve Rvinis sardafis proeqti quTaisis
kirqvovan mTebSi qarTuli Rvinis evropuli meTodiT da-
sayeneblad. imperiis Sida rezervebis mraval variantTa
Soris niko nikolaZes ar gamorCenia muRanis udabnosa da
misi mimdebare teritoriebidan xorblis miRebis maRali
potenciuri SesaZleblobebi sarwyavi sistemebis mowyo-
bis bazaze, romlis proeqtic TviTon Seqmna, da romel-
sac maSindeli rusuli presa farTod gamoexmaura da
yovelmxriv moiwona igi. miuxedavad amisa niko nikolaZe
misi proeqtis ganxorcielebisTvis TiTqmis mesamedi
saukune ibrZoda. palaSkovskisTan11 erTad daamuSava
agreTve muRanis udabnos sarwyavi sistemis dafinansebis
gegma, romlis Tanaxmad ramdenime mln. ha nasveni miwis
morwyva SesaZlebeli iqneboda umciresi sabiujeto da-
naxarjebiT, xolo CineTTan omis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi
sabiujeto xarjebi saerTod ar iqneboda saWiro. imperi-
is erovnuli Semosavali 13 mlrd. rubliT moimatebda.
niko nikolaZem daamuSava eiskis rkinigzis wesdebis
11
sank-peterburgis samSeneblo firmis _ „bunge-palaSkovskis“ kom-
panioni. am firmis mier kavkasiaSi Sesrulebulia rionis sanapiros
gamagreba, baqos sarkigzo liandagis gayvana. baTumTan damakavSirebe-
li rkinigzis dageba, suramis gvirabTan misasvleli gzis mSenebloba,
baTumisa da novorosiiskis portebis mSenebloba. niko nikolaZes am
firmasTan TiTqmis naxevarsaukunovani TanamSromloba akavSirebda.
axlo megobroba hqonda palaSkovskisTan.

24
proeqti, ramac saxelmwifo sabWos mxurvale mxardaWera
moipova. am wesdebaSi man gamoiyena Tavisi formula naR-
di fulis gareSe aqciebis gadaxdaze. saxelmwifo sabWo
amasac mxurvale mxardaWeriT Sexvda da amis Semdeg niko
nikolaZiseuli gamoTvlis formula yvela wesdebisTvis
savaldebulo Seiqmna.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia niko nikolaZis moRvaweo-
ba hidro resursebis gamoyenebaSi. marsel depres mier
eleqtroenergiis Sor manZilze gadacemis ekonomikuri
mniSvneloba maSindeli ruseTis sazogadoebisTvis ucno-
bi iyo da presaSi es funqcia man Seasrula. TviTon gaac-
no is palaSkovskis. am ukanasknelma mas mdinare volxo-
vis eleqtrofikaciis proeqti SeukvTa. amisi wyalobiT
da nikolaZis eiskis rkinigzis wesdebis proeqtiT pa-
laSkovski gzaTa damfuZnebeli gaxda da didi mogebac
naxa. maTi TanamSromloba didxans gagrZelda, radgan
es orivesTvis sasargeblo iyo. bunebrivia, palaSkovski
mas sakmao gasamrjelos uxdida, rac Semdgom gamoZiebam
bralad wauyena. dakvirvebuli TvaliTac ki daujerebe-
li Cans, rogor axerxebda aseTi kolosaluri samuSaos
Sesrulebas kaci, romelic foTis qalaqis Tavi iyo da
yvela saxis samSeneblo Tu sairigacio samuSaoebi misi
xelmZRvanelobiT mimdinareobda. amaze niko nikolaZe ga-
momZieblisTvis micemul axsna-ganmartebiT baraTSi wers,
rom samuSaoebis did nawils palaSkovskisTvis misi pe-
terburgSi mivlinebis periodSi asrulebda. ministrebis,
uwyebaTaSorisi komisiebis da departamentebis sxdome-
bze Tu ramdenime saaTi an kvira ekargeboda, Sualedur
SexvedrebSi mTeli kvireebi gadioda. es ki sakmarisi iyo
misi avtoritetis, saqmiani skolis meTodurad aRzrdili
kacisTvis, Sromas miCveuli adamianisTvis, bevri moeswro
da gaekeTebina. amisi ufleba saxelmwifo moxeles kano-

25
niT hqonda.
niko nikolaZe Tavisi saqmianobis zemoT aRniSnul
axsna-ganmartebaSi metismetad mokrZalebulia. ufro
vrcelia misi saqmianobis SefasebaSi gamomZiebeli kar-
ski: “gansacvifreblad geCveneba, Tu rogor aswrebda ni-
kolaZe foTis qalaqmmarTvelobis Tanamdebobaze aseTi
masis kvleviTi sauSaoebis Sesarulebas palaSkovskisT-
vis, rogorc kavkasiaSi, aseve peterburgSi da sazRvar-
gareT. Tumca es pirovnul energiasa da Sromisunaria-
nobazea damokidebuli... igi dReSi 10 saaTs muSaobda...
nikolaZes amocanebs umsubuqebda xalxis usazRvro ndo-
ba, romliTac igi sargeblobda foTis sazogadoebaSi da
gansakuTrebiT saTaTbiroSi, sadac am daucxromeli en-
ergiis kacs yvela gverdiT edga qalaqis aRmSeneblobaSi,
risi iniciatoric TviTon iyo, da xalxis madliereba, ris
sanacvlod man mTeli Tavisi energia Caafrqvia patara
qalaqidan iseTi portis SeqmnaSi, rogoric Tanamedrove
foTia.
amas unda miematos misi pirovnuli momxibvlelo-
ba, eqspansiuri loialoba, romliTac izidavda gareSe-
myofT, nebisyofis Zala, romelsac emorCileboda misi
azrovneba da xasiaTi, winaaRmdegobebisadmi Seupovroba,
sityva da kalami, romliTac is iolad uswordeboda mow-
inaaRmdegeebs, rogorc es saqmis masalebidan Cans, foTSi
misi moRvaweobis periodidan, oponentebisadmi nikolaZis
sxvadasxva braldebis pasuxebidan“12.
CemTvis xelmisawvdom literaturaSi Zalze bevri ma-
sala aRmoCnda niko nikolaZis moRvaweobaze eleqtri-
fikaciis sferoSi. igi swrafad aRiqvamda teqnikuri rev-
oluciis sikeTes da yvelafers akeTebda misi sawarmoo

12
iqve. t. 6. furc. 255 t. 8. furc. 152 t.6. furc.308

26
aTvisebisTvis. frangi inJinris, marsel depres gamogone-
ba eleqtroenergiis Sor manZilze gadacemis Sesaxeb sazo-
gadoebisaTvis ki ara, TviT biznesmenebisTvis ver gaxda
gasagebi. gamomgonebels mecenati da damfinansebeli es-
aWiroeboda. saqmeSi parizSi myofi niko nikolaZe Caeria
da rotSilds miswera amis Taobaze, romelic darwmun-
da gamogonebis perspeqtivasa da efeqtianobaSi. marsel
deprem gamogonebaze dafinanseba miiRo. 1886 wels man
saqveynod aCvena eleqtroenergiis Sor manZilze gadace-
mis SesaZlebloba, 56 km sadeniT miwodebuli eleqtro-
energiiT parizi ganaTda. marsel depres am gamarjvebas
niko nikolaZec eswreboda. eleqtroenergiis gamoyenebas
igi saqarTvelos ukavSirebda. samSobloSi dabrunebuli
aRfrTovanebas ver malavda. gazeT „novoe obozrenieSi“
werda, rom Cvens mTian qveyanas axlo momavalSi revo-
lucia elodeboda, romelsac eleqtroenergia gamoi-
wvevda ekonomikur sferoSi, finansebSi, mrewvelobaSi,
rom es iqneboda mSvidi, aucilebeli revolucia yovelg-
vari afeTqebis, sisxlis Rvris, taxtebisa da sakurTxev-
lebis msxvrevis gareSe. Cvens qveyanas ki amisTvis sakma-
od mdidari resursebi gaaCnia. igi TviTon dainteresda
praqtikulad eleqtrifikaciiT. man pirvelma miawoda
imperiis mosaxleobas informacia eleqtroenergiis gam-
oyenebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis Sesaxeb, xolo Semdeg
saqmeSi gaarkvia da ucxoel kapitalistebs dauaxlova
palaSkovski. am ukanasknelis SekveTiT niko nikolaZem
Caatara mravali gamokvleva hidroeleqtrodinamikuri
danadgarebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb safrangeTis, Sveicari-
isa da italiis qveynebis mimarT.
saqarTveloSi niko nikolaZis saxels ukavSirdeba bzi-
fis, enguris, lajanuris, zemo avWalis mdinareebis po-
tenciuri energiis gamoyenebis proeqtebi da winadade-

27
bebi. eleqtroenergia farTo SesaZleblobebs uqmnida
rkinigzis ganviTarebas. aqac uamrav wamowyebas mohkida
xeli. ver egueboda imas, rom Tbilisi-foTis rkinigza
quTaiss ascda, ramac mZimed imoqmeda qalaqis ekonomika-
ze. sabolood misma azrma gaimarjva da quTaisSi rkinig-
za mainc Seiyvanes. Zalze didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda ty-
ibulis rkinigzis mSeneblobas. jer iyo da viRacebma imis
mtkiceba daiwyes, rom sabagiro gzis mSenebloba ukeTesi
iqneboda. sxvebma tyibulis naxSiris dabali konkuren-
tunarianoba moitanes mizezad. bevrma kidev marSrutebis
variantebze atexes kamaTi. niko nikolaZes uamravi masa-
lis mokvleva sWirdeboda am argumentebis gasabaTileb-
lad. aqac gaimarjva. lamis aTi weliwadi dasWirda niko
nikolaZes WiaTura-Sorapnis rkinigzis gayvanisTvis rom
mieRwia. uromlisodac SeuZlebeli iqneboda marganecis
masobrivad gamotana (manamde cxenebiT gamohqondaT rki-
nigzamde).
niko nikolaZis mewarmeobrivi da menejeruli saqmia-
nobis areali SemosazRvravs ekonomikis globalurobas,
mis perspeqtiul sivrceebs, mecnierebisa da teqnikis
miRwevebis Secnobasa da propagandas, mis sazogadoebriv
interpretacias, mewarmeobriv inovaciebs, samSoblos
nacionaluri upiratesobebis kvlevasa da maTi masive-
bis gardaqmnas ekonomikis konkurenciul urTierTobe-
bad. igi namdvili reformatoria. tradiciebSi iolad
amCnevs, rogorc dromoWmulsa da vadagadasuls, aseve
konkurentunariansa da testirebad unar-Cvevebis ar-
tefaqtebs. civilizebuli evropis qveynebis politiku-
ri, socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis safuZvliani
codna, mecnierebisa da teqnikis revoluciuri zegavle-
na adamianis azrovnebaze mas saSualebas aZlevda daenaxa
misi qveynis bunebrivi da xelovnuri upiratesobebi da

28
mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis moTxovnebis Sesadar
pirobebamde aeyvana isini. aq me ar vixilav ganaTlebaze
mis reformistul Sexedulebebs, radgan is calke kvlevis
sagania. mxedvelobaSi maqvs samdinaro da sarkinigzo
transportis ganviTarebaze niko nikolaZis Tavgamodebu-
li da daucxromeli SemarTeba, qveynis eleqtrifikaciis
miseuli msxvili masStabebi. saqarTvelos strategiuli
mniSvnelobis bunebrivi resursebis sawarmoo gamoyene-
ba, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve mis farglebs gareT.
es yvelaferi zemoT naTqvami gavimeore imisTvis, raTa
xazi gamesva niko nikolaZis epoqaluri reformistuli
azrovnebisTvis. qveyanas igi ganixilavda ara mxolod
ekonomikuri gadarCenisa da socialuri mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis aspeqtSi, aramed epoqalur moTxovnebTan
Sesabamis kavSirSi. es niko nikolaZis mewarmeobriv moR-
vaweobaSi is periodia, roca Cavlilia orTqlis Zravebis
epoqa da mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis gacnobiere-
buli materialobaa transporti da kerZod, sarkinigzo
transporti da startzea misi momdevno eleqtroenergiis
epoqa. amas Tanamedrove teqnologiiT gamovqvam, Torem
mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis aseTi klasifikacia
maSin ar arsebobda. igi rusi mecnieris n. kondratievis
Teoriis13 bazaze Seqmna germanelma mecnierma J. Sumpet-
erma.
niko nikolaZes winaswarxedvis gamorCeuli niWi hqon-
da. amis sailustraciod motanil masalebs, SeiZle-
ba kidev erTi faqtura mivamatoT mis TanamedroveTa
mogonebebidan. g. kaWaxiZe ixsenebs mis SekiTxvas niko ni-
kolaZisadmi, Tu ras fiqrobda igi kapitalizmze da mis
momavalze. bunebrivia, kiTxvis avtors, romelic bolSe-
13
Кондратьев Н.Д. Проблемыэкономической линамики. М.: Экономика. 1989.-
256 с.

29
vizmis mimdevari iyo, didi moazrovnis Tvalsazrisi ain-
teresebda. batonma nikom upasuxa, rom gaivlida dro da
kapitalizmi warsuls Cabardeboda. Seicvleboda qveynis
sazogadoebrivi struqtura da xalxis cxovrebis ukeTesi
pirobebi Seiqmneboda, risi safuZveli eleqtroenergiis
gamoyenebis perspeqtivebidac Canda14. aq uneblied a. mar-
Salis pozicia gvaxsenebs Tavs. did ekonomists sakuTre-
ba da kapitalizmi esmoda ara rogorc mankieri insti-
tuti da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis evoluciuri gzidan
gadavardna, aramed rogorc kacobriobis ganviTarebis
Sualeduri safexuri. am Tvalsazriss atarebda mTeli
cxovreba niko nikolaZec da rac ufro gadioda dro,
miT ufro izrdeboda da farTovdeboda misi TvalTaxed-
vis horizonti. socializmis gamarjvebam ver Searyia misi
msoflmxedveloba, yofierebam ver sZlia cnobierebas. ar
sjeroda im warmatebebisa, rasac maSin sabWoTa social-
izmi aRwevda. verc daijerebda, vinaidan is, rac keTde-
boda iyo sxva imisagan, rac wignebSi ewera marqssa da mis
mimdevrebs. is Tavis SromebSi xSirad imowmebda cnobili
ingliseli mecnieris h. boklis msoflioSi gaxmaurebl
bestselers, romlis avtori liberalur Tvalsazrisze
idga da sazogadoebis permanentuli ganviTarebis ideis
upiratesobas aRiarebda. misi azriT, revoluciebi mx-
olod droebiT warmatebebs qmnida da namdvil erovnul
progress ver moitanda. sworia, arc moutania.
emigraciidan dabrunebuli niko nikolaZe isev samS-
oblos samsaxurSi Cadga. maSindel ideologiur fsiqozs
igi ar Sepuebia da bolomde Seuvali darCa, rogorc
mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, aseve prqtikuli saqmianobi-
Tac.

14
aq cxorobda didi niko, Tb., 19918. gv. 195

30
 Cveni dRevandeli cxovreba niko nikolaZis epoqis ms-
gavsia. aqac, daaxloebiT, igive situaciaa, rogorc ma-
Sin iyo. cxovrebis pirobebis myisieri Secvla, xalxis
moumzadebloba, xelisuflebis ganoucdeloba da kom-
pradoruloba, qiSpoba erTmaneTs Soris, gautanloba, da-
pirispireba. da kidev isic, rac maSin cnobili ar iyo-wina
Taobebis dawuneba da ugulebelyofa, rac Cveni mosaxle-
obis absoluturi umravlesobis sakmaod mZime socialur
viTarebas da ekonomikur siduxWires arsebobas uxangr-
Zlivebs. aranikolaZiseulia is, rom yvelafrSi sxvebis
imedze varT. qveynis aRmSeneblobas mxolod gareSe Za-
lebs vukavSirebT, raRac ucxo gzebs veZebT. araserio-
zulia qveynis momavlis sxvadasxvagvar qimerebze Camok-
ideba _ „mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos“, „mcire da
saSualo biznesi momavlis imedia“, „ucxoeli investore-
bi gviSvelian“ da a.S. saqarTvelos aRmSeneblobas niko
nikolaZis gzebiT unda mivudgeT. esaa Tanamedrove cod-
niT SeiaraReba, Cveni qveynis erovnuli simdidreebis Ses-
wavla, mosaxleobis ekonomikuri azrovnebis ganaxleba,
codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba, gamocdilebis dagrove-
ba da ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani saqmeebTan SeWideba,
xalxisa da mamulis siyvaruli, romelic adamians Tavis
unarsa da energias qveynis samsxverploze miataninebs.

31
 sazogadoebrivi transformaciisa da ekonomikis
reformebis niko nikolaZiseuli interpretaciebi

me-19 saukunis evropaSi mTeli simwvaviT warmoCnda

ganiaraRebis problema, rasac safuZvlad daedo mili-
tarizaciis xarjebis zrda mecnierul-teqnikuri revo-
luciis ganviTarebis kvalobaze. aseTi xarjebis kolos-
alurma masStabebma iseTi Tavzardamcemi gavlena iqonia
sazogadoebaze, rom TviT ekonomistebic ki daabnia da
SeiaraReba iseT sentimentalur stilobatze „Seayenes“,
rogoricaa omebis arabunebrioba adamianuri arsebisad-
mi. martivi ariTmetikuli angariSebiT amtkicebdnen, rom
SeiaraRebis Semcireba kolosalur Tanxebs gamoaTavisu-
flebda, romelic sazogadoebis keTildReobas moxmar-
deboda da kacobriobis progresi ufro met aCqarebas
miiRebda.
axalgazrda niko nikolaZem Tavis sadoqtoro Sroma-
15
Si daasabuTa, rom SeiaraRebis Semcireba mosaxleobis
dasaqmebas ki ar gazrdida, piriqiT, umuSevrobas gaafar-
Toebda, sazogadoebriv uwesrigobas gamoiwvevda da mis
daZlevas gacilebiT meti Tanxebi dasWirdeboda, vidre
maSin SeiaraRebaze ixarjeboda. amas gamoiwvevda ara mar-
to fabrikebisa da qarxnebis gaCereba, aramed sagadasaxa-
do Semosavlebis Semcirebac.
Cveni qveynis bunebrivi simdidreebiT aRfrTovanebu-
li iyo niko nikolaZe: „gangebis nebiT mdidari bunebrivi
resursebis mqone Cveni SesaniSnavi qveyana mdebareobs
udides savaWro gzaze, romelic evropidan Soreuli azi-

15
maSin is 25 wlisa iyo, xolo Sroma warmoadgenda ciurixis universi-
tetis damamaTavrebeli kursis studentis savaldebulo sakvalifika-
cio samuSaos iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxis
mosapoveblad. Sroma frangul enazea Sesrulebuli.

32
uri aRmosavleTisaken miemarTeba, kavkasias dasavleTi-
Ta da aRmosavleTiT ori zRva akravs, romelic ki ar
acalkevebs mas danarCeni samyarosagan, aramed tovebs
gzas evropisa da aziasTan saxmeleTo urTierTobebisaT-
vis. male damTavrdeba amierkavkasiis rkinigzis mSeneb-
loba, romelic Tavidan bolomde gadakveTs amierkavka-
sias da SeaerTebs ori zRvis ninmdebare qveynebsa da maTi
vaWrobis saqmes“16. mas amis Taobaze sxva SromebSic uwe-
ria da aRniSnulic aqvs, Tu ratom ver axexebda qveyana
mis gamoyenebas.
qveynis CamorCenis mizezad niko nikolaZe kapital-
izmisagan gaucxoebas miiCnevda. Tu sxva saxelmwifoebma
adre dainaxes cxovrebis burJuaziuli wesis sikeTe, Cve-
ni samSoblo da misi xalxi amaSi ver gaerkvia. amasac aqvs
Tavisi axsna. kapitalizmi da saerTod progresi ar aris
arCevanis Tavisufleba, mas cxovrebis ukiduresi pirobe-
bi qmnis rogorc iZulebas, rac Tavidanve kataklizmebis
formiT mimdinareobs, xolo Semdeg mosaxleobis maso-
briv mimbaZvelobad iqceva. niko nikolaZes amis Sesaxeb
pirdapir ar uweria, magram mianiSnebs imaze, rom siR-
aribe umetesad bunebrivi resursebiT mdidar qveynebSi
gvxvdeba. bunebrivi resursebi, rogorc aqamde, axlac
anebivrebs qarTvel kacs.
aqsiomaturia, CamorCenilobisagan Tavis daxsna mx-
olod ganaTlebiT SeiZleba, Tanac iseTi ganaTlebiT,
romelic Tanamedroveobis Sesatyvisia. kapitalizmi,
feodaluri saukuneebisagan gansxvavebiT, mosaxleobis
masobriv, sayovelTavo ganaTlebas emyareba, kapital-
izmSi codna socialuri jgufebis privilegiis funqcias
kargavs da igi moqmedebis impulsebad gvevlineba. aqedan

16
nikolaZe n. Txz. t. 8. gv. 493

33
gamomdinare, Sroma frontalur xasiaTs iZens da, ro-
gorc niko nikolaZes uweria, igi adamianebis SeerTebul
saqmianobad iqceva. am gziT aRwevs qveyana warmatebebs.
„erTi sityviT, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis miRwe-
va SeiZleba mxolod erTdrouli da mravalmxrivi gan-
viTarebiT yvela im elementisa, romelTaganac Sedgeba
xalxis cxovreba. sazogadoebis yvela fenas, yvela mis
jgufs, yvela Zalas esaWiroeba gamococxleba da ganvi-
Tareba“17.
ganviTarebuli evropuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT,
sadac kapitalizmi feodalizms spontanuri formebiT
Seenacvla, ruseTis imperiaSi feodalizmi xelovnurad
gasauqmebeli Seiqmna. aman mdgomareoba kidev ufro gaam-
wvava, axal viTarebaSi uamravi adamiani xelmocaruli
darCa. aznaurobas miwaTmoqmedeba ar esmoda da batony-
mobis gauqmebis Semdeg adgili ver ipova, teqnika qveyanas
ar hqonda da arendatorebma welSi gawyvites moijareebi.
amaT kidev kabaluri ijaris gamo, xeli ar akankalebiaT,
miwas barbarosulad moqceodnen. im dros Cvens qveyana-
Si, am saqmisaTvis momzadebulad, niko nikolaZe mxolod
erT adamians-ilia WavWavaZes Tvlida. saWiro iyo axali
Taobis aRzrda sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kapitalis-
turi intersebidan gamomdinare. aseTi aucilebloba
sworad ar iqna gagebuli da man sruli gaurkvevloba ga-
moiwvia masebSi. axalgazrdebidan bevri miawyda imperiis
sxvadasxva saswavlebels ganaTlebis misaRebad ise, rom
sruli warmodgena ar hqonda, sad ra unda eswavla da
risTvis. meore mxriv, niWieri axalgazrdebis umravle-
sobas saSualeba ar hqonda, sadme wasuliyo da qveynisT-
vis sikeTe moetana. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saqarTveloSi

17
nikolaZe n. Txz. t. 4. gv. 249

34
praqtikulad ar iyo saxelosno, samiwaTmoqmedo, sazR-
vao da teqnikuri profilis sxva tipis saswavleblebi.
Cveni sazogadoebis qonebrivad gamorCeul adamianebs ki
axalgazrdobis ganaTlebisTvis qvelmoqmedebiTi survi-
lebi naklebad awuxebdaT.
niko nikolaZe swor poziciaze idga. axalgazrdobis im
nawils, romelic saswavleblad imperiis saswavlebleb-
Si miemgzavreboda, rCevas aZlevda, teqnikur mecniere-
basTan erTad safuZvlianad SeeswavlaT sazogadoebrivi
mecnierebebi da gansakuTrebiT ekonomika, Tanac afrTx-
ilebda maT, rom bevri saswavlebeli namdvil codnas ar
iZleoda da moZvelebuli iyo. magaliTad mohqonda gim-
naziaSi gatarebuli Tavisi bavSvobis wlebi18. mas swavli-
sadmi sazogadoebis arc gulgrili, Seugnebeli damok-
idebuleba gamorCenia mxedvelobidan, ra mizeziTac
skolebis saqme cudad iyo CvenSi. sanimuSod somxeTis
magaliTs iSveliebda, sadac yovelwliurad 20-25 axali
saswavlebeli ixsneboda, 10-15 axali saxelmZRvanelo
ibeWdeboda, ranairad cdilobdnen isini xeiriani maswav-
leblebis gamozrdas, rom midioda maTi saqme win, Zlier-
deboda da viTrdeboda somxoba19.
ganaTlebisadmi gulgrili damokidebulebis gamo qvey-
anaSi TvalSi sacemi gaxda uimedoba, SiSi da usaqmuroba.

18
iqve. gv. 70,71,180-182, 347, 367, 532. Txz. t. 7. gv. 455.
19
saocaria istoria. swavla-aRzrdis saqme axlac garTulebulia Cven-
Si. soflad es saqme Zalian mZime mdgomareobaSia. bevri skolis Se-
noba teqnikurad gaumarTavia. bevri dacarielda, radgan kontigenti
ar aris, erTi mxriv, Sobadobis Semcirebisa, xolo, meore mxriv, mi-
graciis gamo. xels aravin uwvdis Tavis sofels. ramdenime wlis win
safrangeTis somxurma diasporam Sarl aznauris moTaveobiT Seagrova
Tanxebi da somxeTis skolebs gadaugzavna. ramdeni xania vTxov xeli-
suflebas dadgas quTaisSi niko nikolaZis biusti, magram yursac ara-
vin ibertyavs. niko nikolaZis 175 wlis iubilesTvisac ver moicales.

35
cnobili faqtia-ucodinaroba qmnis SiSs, romelic mo-
acilebda kacobriobas dasabamidan kapitalizmamde, ma-
namde, vidre adamianze buneba mZlavrobda, anu rogorc
henri bokli ityoda, „feodalizmi miwis religia iyo“ da
roca is xelidan gamoecala, gaCnda umoqmedo, usaqmuri
sazogadoeba, romelic niko nikolaZis TqmiT, arafers
akeTebda da sxvis Semweobasa da lodinSi atarebda xav-
smokidebul dReebs. `jer arsad, arc erTs qveyanaSi mag-
aliTi ar unaxavs kacs, rom romelime xalxi, an sazoga-
doeba amaRlebuliyos sxvisi daxmarebiT, Tu ara sakuTari
SromiTa da janiT. advilad SesaZeni, napovni, naCuqari
arc kerZo kacs daayris xeirs, arc mTel sazogadoe-
bas. kacisTvis da qveynisTvis marto is aris gamosadeqi
da Zvirfasi, rac imas Tavisi sakuTari SromiT, oflis
RvriT da brZoliT SeuZenia“20. aq is wmnida dasavluri
kapitalisturi ekonomikis principebis mqadagebelia.
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba aZlevs adamians saSualebas,
gansazRvros Tavisi profesiuli arCevani da es aris misi
pirovnuli Rirsebebis, mewarmeobrivi unarianobis real-
izaciis saSualeba, romlis refleqsia rwmenisa da opti-
mizmis energomuxtebi. magram im periodisTvis, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, sazogadoebriv cxovrebas pirovnuli
anu adamianuri faqtoris deficiti hqonda, romlis da-
Zlevis meqanizmebi unda Seeqmna progresuli azrovnebis
xelisuflebas. gaCnda dilema: reformatoruli xelisu-
fleba xalxma unda airCios, romlis arCeva mas Tavisi
umecrebis gamo ar SeuZlia, xolo xelisuflebrivi priv-
ilegiebis pirobebSi xalxis uflebebi daucvelia. Tav-
isufali arCevnebis Catareba privilegirebuli fenebis
sazogadoebaSi SeuZlebelia. es SesaZlebelia samoqalaqo

20
nikolaZe n. Txz. t. 4. gv. 367

36
sazogadoebaSi, romelSic adamianebi Tanasworuflebiani
arian, sadac mewarmeoba masobrivia da amomrCevlebi Ta-
vianTi profesiuli saqmianobidan gamomdinare mxars im
programas uWeren, romelic maTi da qveynis keTildRe-
obis aRmavlobis ukeTesi SesaZleblobebis momcvelia.
magram qveynis maSindeli sinamdvilis pirobebSi sazoga-
doebas saxelisuflo arCevnebisadmi gulgrili damok-
idebuleba hqonda (axlac asea, Tu ratom, amaze mere).
„ratomaa, rom CvenTan, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ufro metad
irCeven ara marto utyv da uniWo pirovnebebs, aramed
ueWvelad ulamazoebsac, Tavidan fexebamde umsgavsoT...
aRar vlaparakob iseT SemTxvevebze, roca sazogadoebriv
Tanamdebobebze irCeven cnobil sulelebs, umecrebs, ar-
araobebs... yvelam yvelaferi kargad icis, magram azri,
_ `ras daveZeb“, „jandabas“ _ yovelTvis imarjvebda. zo-
gjer dasZendnen: „Cven xom mosapari araferi gvaqvs!“, an
„Cven ra unda gagvikeTos cudi?“21. xedavda ra aseT wi-
naaRmdegobebs niko nikolaZem maTi daZlevis meqanizmad
win wamoswia inteligenciis pasuxismgebloba qveynis wi-
naSe, anu is filosofiuri problema, romelsac „vin unda
marTos“ hqvia.
inteliegencias niko nikolaZe uwodebs eris saukeTe-
so, cocxal, ukeTilSobiles da ganaTlebul adamianebs,
romlebic iRwian im mizniT, rom eris danarCeni fene-
bi aziaron mecnierebisa da civilizaciis yvela sikeTes.
maTi roli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom waiyvanon Tavisi eri
iqiT, saiTkenac mecniereba miuTiTebs. maTgan im naw-
ils, romelsac xelisuflebaSi mosvla uwevs, damatebiT
kidev moeTxovebaT filosofiuri ganswavluloba da en-
ciklopediuri codna, farTo masStabis analizuri az-

21
nikolaZe n. Txz. t. 8. gv 150-151

37
rovneba. es, misi azriT, Zalze mZime Sromaa da evropa-
Si bevri gamoCenili adamiani uars ambobs xelmZRvanel
Tanamdebobebze. samagierod, Tanamdebobaze pretenziebs
ori tipis adamiani acxadebs: fanatikosi da pativmoyvare
kandidati. maT Soris arCevani sakmaod rTul amocanad
esaxeboda da miaCnda, rom saWiroa sakmao dro gavides,
raTa sazogadoebaSi iseTi patiosani da saukeTeso ada-
mianebi gamoCndnen, romlebic qveynisa da xalxis sike-
Teze ifiqreben. am msjelobebidan Cans, rom man ver ipova
pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu vin unda marTos _ filosofosma,
xalxis mier arCeulma proletariatis diqtaturam Tu
dabadebiT mmarTvelma. qveynis reformaciis interese-
bidan gamomdinare, niko nikolaZe mivida xelisuflebis
demokratiuli institutebis mignebamde da iq SeCerda.
grZnobda, rom raRac ar gamosdioda. amitom am sakiTxs
isev miubrunda 65 wlis asakSi da kritikulad gadaafasa
Tavisi Sexeduleba. „rodesac me Jurnalistur asparezze
gamovedi, optimistad viTvlebodi imis mtkicebis gamo,
rom mjeroda, Cveni Svilebi da SvilTaSvilebi uTuod mi-
aRweven politikur Tavisuflebas, xalxis mmarTvelobas
Tu inteligenciis sami-oTxi Taoba guldasmiT imuSaveb-
da qveynis kulturuli ganviTarebisTvis. sinamdvileSi
ki Cven TviTon mivaRwieT am bednierebas“22. (talantebs
da gansakuTrebiT ekonomistebs, asaki uxdebaT. rogorc
kanti werda: wlebs sibrZne da Semwynarebloba moaqvs). aq
Tavs maxsenebs poperis aRsareba, rom hyofnis gambedao-
ba aRiaros Tavisi Secdomebi. niko nikolaZes yovelTvis
Tan sdevda daukmayofileblobis grZnoba, rasac sazo-
gadoebis ganviTarebis permanentuli gzis misi arCevani

22
nikolaZe n. „naxevarkapikiani gadasaxadi“. saiubileo krebuli.
„nekeri“, 2003. gv. 133

38
ganapirobebda. rogorc zemoT motanili citatidan Cans,
man gadaafasa pirovnebasa da sazogadoebaze Sexedule-
bebi mecnierebis miRwevebis ganzogadebis safuZvelze da
mTlianad gaiziara ekonomikuri da socialuri Tavisu-
flebis universalobisa da miznebis koreqtirebadobis
konceptualobebi, rac maSin qarTul mecnierebaSi cno-
bili ar iyo.
cxovrebis winsvla mimdinareobs ara winaswar mofiqre-
buli programebisa da dasaxuli miznebis Sesabamisad, ar-
amed yoveldRiuri cdebisa da sinjvebis ganusazRvreli
serialebis testirebadobidan anu movlenebTan Segueba-
dobidan, SexedulebaTa gadafasebis progresulobidan,
spontanurad. niko nikolaZe aseTnairad xsnis: STagone-
ba, SemarTeba, mondomeba, dakavSirebulia qveynis ganvi-
Tarebis donesa da SesaZleblobebTan. xalxis progresi,
misi Tavisufleba codnis gafarToebisa pasuxismgeblo-
bis amaRlebis xarisxobrivi Sedegia, qveynis ganviTare-
bas Tan xvdeba politikuri institutebis formireba
da srulyofa, romelTa meSveobiT xorcieldeba ada-
mianuri uflebebis dacva Zalmomreobisa da TviTnebo-
bisagan. am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, niko nikolaZe
emijneba cxovrebis wesis Secvlas revoluciebiT da gan-
sakuTrebiT socialisturi revoluciebiT. imowmebs ra
zust mecnierebaTa aRmoCenebs, askvnis, rom cxovrebis
pirobebis gaumjobeseba xdeba TandaTanobiT mecnieru-
li aRmoCenebis bazaze. aRaSfoTa 1905 wlis revoluciam
maSin, roca mas qarTveli inteleqtualebis absoluturi
umravlesoba ara marto mxars uWerda, aramed leqsebiT,
taS-fanduriTa da zar-zeimiT Sexvda. „sad gagonila, an
rodis yofila, rom moazrovne xalxs miznad daesaxos
erTi naxtomiT, Tanac pirveliT, yovelgvari momzadebis
gareSe, gadamxtariyos xelSeuxebeli feodaluri wyo-

39
bidan iseTSi, romelic dedamiwis zurgze jer arsad dawe-
sebula Tundac cdis saxiT mainc?...piradad me bavSvoba-
Si minaxavs Cvens irgvliv Suasaukuneobrivi feodaluri
wyobileba, mTeli Tavisi xelSeuxlebeli velurobiT,
xolo sicocxlis bolos vxedav am feodalTa STamo-
mavlebs TavianTi yofili ymebis samsaxurSi, rac moxda
yovelgvari revoluciis gareSe“23. arsad ase cxadad da
kategoriulad ar warmoCenila misi poziciebi cxovrebis
spontanuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, is xom evropuli lib-
eralizmis saukeTeso mcodne da Tanmimdevruli pozi-
cioneri liberaluri principebis pragmatikosi iyo. kar-
gad icnobda gamoCenil ekonomistTa Sromebs, maT Soris
a. smitis, d. rikardos J. b. seis, T. malTusis, j.s. milis,
a. vagneris da sxvaTa Sromebs, ramac mas saSualeba misca,
ekonomikuri azrovnebiT Tavisi drois inteleqtualebs
Sors gascdenoda. amitom darCa igi galaktioniviT uc-
nobi ara marto mis TanamedroveTa Soris. misTvis Cveu-
li pirdapirobiTa da kategoriulobiT aRniSnavda, rom
im drois gaficvebma qveyanas auracxeli zarali miayena,
moiSala rkinigza, daeca marganecis warmoeba, gaRarib-
da xazina, gauaresda mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebi.
raSic, misi azriT, gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes ucodi-
narma da ugergilo adamianebma, dogmatikosebma da cer-
emonistebma.
niko nikolaZem xazgasmiT aRniSna isic, rom presaSi gax-
maurebuli meoce saukunis 900-iani wlebis revoluciebis,
safrangeTis revoluciis analogiebad moxsenieba mcdari
iyo, vinaidan revoluciiT frangebs qonebis Tanabar da-
nawilebaze ki ar ufiqriaT, TavianTi Suasaukuneobrivi
CamorCeniloba daamsxvries Tavisi wodebrivi privile-

23
iqve, 130, 133

40
giebiT da regaliebiT, yvelani kanonis winaSe gaaTanabres
da amitom im revoluciis Sedegad qveynis qoneba ara
Tu ar Semcirebula da ganiavebula, piriqiT, gaizarda.
safrangeTSi qonebis sayovelTao konfiskacia ki ar
Catarebula, aramed mxolod im emigrantebisa, romlebic
iaraRiT xelSi Tavs daesxnen samSoblos. am Sefasebeb-
Si niko nikolaZe saqarTveloSi evropuli liberalizmis
uprecedento da yvelaze progresuli warmomadgenelia
TanamedroveTa Soris. igi cdilobda, sazogadoebisTvis
swori informacia miewodebina. qveynisa da xalxis dawin-
aurebasa da progress mxolod mecnierebis ganviTarebas
ukavSirebda da magaliTad eleqtroenergiis Sor manZil-
ze gadacemis ekonomikur efeqts iSveliebda, ramac, misi
azriT, gazarda mSromeli kacis damoukidebloba, riTac
gaTavisuflda igi ara marto kapitalis eqspluataciis-
agan, aramed Sromis yazarmuli eqsplutaciisagan, sadam-
dec mas miiyvanda (mere, saubedurod, mainc miiyvana r.n.)
socialisturi idealis ganxorcieleba. aqedan cxadia
ara marto is, Tu ratom ver gaiges niko nikolaZis TviT-
myofadi talanti, aramed isic, Tu ratom malavda mis
mravalmxriv moRvaweobas komunisturi xelisufleba.
gasuli saukunis 900-iani wlebis revoluciebs ruse-
Tis imperiaSi da kerZod saqarTveloSi xundebad qceu-
li tradiciuli feodaluri urTierTobebis msxvreva ki
ar mohyolia, rogorc es safrangeTSi moxda, aramed an-
tagonisturi dapirispireba progresulad ganviTarebad,
formirebad, sust kapitalistur urTierTobebTan. maso-
brivi feodaluri azrovnebis qveyanaSi batonymuri insti-
tutebis meyseuli gauqmeba sakmarisi piroba ar SeiZleba
yofiliyo kapitalisturi urTierTobebis ganviTarebi-
sTvis. sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba amisTvis mzad ar iyo.
amitom saglexo reformam ruseTis imperiaSi masobrivi

41
ukmayofileba gamoiwvia da mas revoluciebis seriebi
mohyva. „rogorc TamaSSi, aseve sazogadoebaSic, saerTo
wesTa umetesoba uneblied gamomdinareobs tradiciidan
da daufiqreblad miiReba. Cven xSirad mxolod garkveu-
li, mcire cvilebani Segvaqvs maTSi, Tumca mcire cvli-
lebebis dagrovebis efeqtma, SesaZloa, seriozuli gar-
daqmna gamoiwvios TamaSis xasiaTSi an sazogadoebaSi.
TamaSSic da sazogadoebaSic wesTa arcerTi rigi ar dam-
kvidrdeba, sanam monawileTa umravlesoba umetesi drois
ganmavlobaSi am wesebs ar daicavs garegani Zaldatanebis
gareSe“24. amitom aris didi moazrovneebis mier revo-
luciebi socialuri problemebis gadawyvetis dawunebu-
li meqanizmi, niko nikolaZes, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
SeiaraRebuli socialuri revoluciebis uaryofiTi as-
peqtebi Seswavlili hqonda da Tavisi Teoriuli da praq-
tikuli saqmianobiT cdilobda, aeridebina sazogadoeba
revoluciuri ganwyobilebisagan. meore mxriv, faqtis
winaSe idga _ ara marto xalxi iyo moumzadebeli damou-
kidebeli saqmianobisTvis, xelisuflebasac araferi gae-
geboda im saxelmwifos marTvisa, romlis saTaveSic igi
aRmoCnda. es yvelaze Zneli periodia qveynis reformire-
baSi. am dros saWiroa axali urTierTobebis propaganda
sazogadoebriv cnobierebad formirebisTvis.
niko nikolaZes xelisuflebisa da xalxis gaucxoe-
bis mizezebi da misi daZlevis meqanizmebi motanili aqvs
SromaSi „mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba“. romelic
daibeWda 1880 wels da meored gamoica 1914 wels. Cve-
ni qveynis ekonomikur dauZlurebas da sxva qveynebisa-
gan CamorCenas avtori safuZvlad udebs ucodinarobas
da qveynis SinaaSlilobas. saqarTvelom mxari ver auba

24
fridmani m. kapitalizmi da Tavisufleba. Tb., gv. 26. 2002

42
mecnierul-teqnikur progress da TurqeTma evropuli
samxedro teqnikiT uzarmazari vneba miayena, safuZvli-
anad moungria ekonomika. aqedan iRebs saTaves muxlis
modreka yovelive ucxourisadmi. amas miemata Semdgom
periodebSi qveynis Sida winaRmdegobebi, rasac feodal-
uri klasobrivi diskriminacia da mosaxleobis wodebrivi
dayofa iwvevda. amis Sedegi iyo is, rom xelisufleba
isev privilegiad darCa da piradi gamdidrebis ambiciebs
ar Sordeboda. saqveyno saqme kerZo interesebSi CainTqa.
„ver emsaxureba kaci erTsa da imave dros Tavis ker-
Zo interesebs da mamulis sargeblobas, ver gaiCens or
RmerTs, ver gauZlebs or batons“25. raki, rogorc po-
peri werda, xalxi TavisTavs ver marTavs, reformis mTe-
li simZime mxrebze unda daidgas xelisuflebam. magram
aseT datvirTvas igi mxolod maSin gauZlebs da ikisrebs,
Tuki mas eqneba Sesabamisi kompetencia, maRali zneo-
brioba, pasuxismgebloba xalxisa da qveynis winaSe, mamu-
lisadmi didi siyvaruli da erovnul inteligenciasTan
TanamSromlobis unari. Tu am zneobriv da pirovnul
imperativebs maSindeli saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi ga-
davitanT, gamova, rom kompetenciisa da pasuxismgeblo-
bis principebze orientaciiT xelisuflebis arCevani
Suasaukuneobrivi klasobrivi diferenciaciis epoqaSi
SeuZlebelia, vinaidan wina planze gamodis klasobrivi
privilegia da qonebrivi cenzi. pasuxismgeblobac mcire
socialur jgufebze nawildeba“ xalxi maSin aris Zlieri
da bednieri, roca mTeli misi Zala Tanamedrove mecnier-
ebis iaraRiTaa aRWurvili...roca mTeli es misi Zala,
Tanamedrove mecnierebis iaraRiT aRWurvili, mis sa-
sargeblod ixmareba da moqmedebs. magram roca xalxis

25
nikolaZe n. Txz. t. 7. gv. 328

43
cxovrebaSi nel-nela iseTi wesi Semodis, rom naxevari
xalxi Tavis Zalas miwaSi marxavs, umoqmedod flangavs da
meore naxevari ki orjer ufro mometebulad Sromobs,
rogorc Tavis, ise im pirveli naxevris sarCenlad, ro-
melic umoqmedoT da uqmad cxovrobs, maSin xalxis Zala
iRleba, sustdeba da sruliadac qreba26“. amis gagrZele-
baa is, rom am naxevrebs Soris ar cxreba daZabuloba da
uzarmazari energia ukvalod qreba. aseT pirobebSi mx-
olod iseTi kaci gaswevs xelisuflebis Wapans, romelsac
qveyana namdvilad uyvars. ase fiqrobda niko nikolaZe da
amas bibliuri sibrZnidan sesxulobda.
siyvaruli da Tanac samSoblosi urTulesi katego-
riaa, igi mravalgvari fenomenis kompleqsia-asakisa, in-
teleqtualobisa, TviTmyofadobisa, kulturisa, pasux-
ismgeblobisa. merab mamardaSvili werda, rom religiuri
adamiani SeuZlebelia iyos gaunaTlebeli. samSoblosTan
mimarTebaSi ufro rTuli mdgomareobaa, samSoblos siy-
varuli udides inteleqts SeuZlia da misi axsna sxvebi-
sTvis TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. niko nikolaZem ara mxolod
werilobiT gamoTqva samSoblosadmi siyvaruli, aramed
Tavis kredod qmna igi da imis energiiT Tavisi cxovrebis
yvela simaRle dasZlia. yvelaferi es mafiqrebinebs, rom
samSoblos siyvarulic ekonomikuri kategoriaa.
adamians aqvs meore adamianisadmi siyvarulis RvTiT
miniWebuli unari, igi mas arc ise iSviaTad poulobs,
magram xSirad ekargeba da sul mis ZiebaSia. ver gaug-
ia, ratom. es, albaT, imitom xdeba, rom adamianisadmi
siyvarulSi Zalze bevria grZnobadi kompleqsi. sul
sxvaa samSoblos siyvaruli. Tuki mas ipovi, arasdros
dagekargeba, vinaidan samSoblos siyvarulSi wina planzea

26
iqve, gv. 329

44
gamotanili inteleqtualuri refleqsia.
samSoblos siyvaruli fenomenaluri kompleqsia da,
rogorc amis Sesaxeb zemoT aRvniSne, ganviTarebadi in-
teleqtualuri zneobrioba. samSoblosTan adamians ua-
mravi grZobadi nervi akavSirebs. es misi sacxovrisia,
warsuli, awmyo da momavali, Secnobili sinamdvile, oja-
xuri, gvarovnuli, naTesauri tradiciebi, siamaye, TviT-
myofadoba da sxva. am da kidev sxva fenomenebis refleq-
sia warmoaCens adamianis damokidebulebas samSoblosadmi
da mas is fenomenaluri gansazRvrebebi da winswreba aqvs,
romelic masSi Zlieria. bevr adamians samSoblo xSirad
fanatikurad uyvars da mis gareSe sicocxle ar SeuZlia,
magram es mainc cotaa. samSoblos siyvaruli ekonomiku-
ri siduxWirisa da mZime krizisul situaciebSi is usaz-
Rvro energomuxtia, romelsac qveynis ganviTareba axal
xveulze ahyavs. niko nikolaZe aris yvelaze gamorCeuli
inteleqtuali.
niko nikolaZis badali talantebisTvis adgili nebi-
smier qveyanaSi moiZebneba da, rogorc ityvian, fexi fex-
ze gadadebuli icxovreben. magram es maT ar SeuZliaT,
piriqiT, qveynis Sinayofis gausaZlisi pirobebi aiZulebs
maT, yvelaferi miuZRvnan samSoblos, rameTu ician... sam-
Soblos gareSe darCenili adamiani cidan mowyvetil me-
teorits hgavs.
samSoblos siyvaruls talanti maradisobaSi gadahyavs
da momaval Taobebs utovebs misabaZ magaliTad. RmerTi
yvela adamianSi unda cocxlobdes.
niko nikolaZem Tavisi moRvaweoba ganaTlebis gafar-
ToebiT daiwyo da mTeli cxovreba codnis ganaxlebasa
da misi principebis pragmatul gamoyenebaSi gaatara.
adreul asakSi gaigo is, rom ekonomikuri uZlurebisagan
xalxisa da qveynis daxsna mxolod ganaTlebiT SeiZle-

45
ba, romelsac erTi uzenaesi mizani aqvs-Seqmnas nivTebi
da momsaxurebis saxeebi, Secvalos Sromis pirobebi da
cxovrebis sinamdvile. evropaSi misi cxovreba da moR-
vaweoba Sesisxlxorcebuli iyo samSoblos keTildReobis
gaumjobesebisTvis brZolasTan. mecnierebisa da teqni-
kis uaxloes miRwevebs imTaviTve ixilavda samSoblosTan
mimarTebaSi, Tu ra sikeTes miscemda es miRwevebi mas da
amisTvis ra pirobebi iqneboda saWiro. igi aRafrTovana
hidro resursebis eleqtroenergiad gardaqmnis aRmoCe-
nam da kidev ufro iman, rom saqarTvelos mdidari hidro
resursebi arnaxul revolucias gamoiwvevda mrewvelo-
baSi, ganaTlebaSi, ekonomikasa da finansebSi. daamuSava
kidec Cveni qveynis hidro resursebis eleqtroenergiad
gardaqmnis proeqtebi.
mizanmimarTuleba adamianis pirovnulobis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi fenomenia da is srulfasovnad ekuT-
vnis samSoblos siyvarulsac. bunebrivia, rom mas win
uZRvis pirovnebis miznebis gansazRvra, romelic kore-
qtirebadia. aqedan isic Cans, rom rac ufro Soreulia
mizani, miT ufro srulyofadia igi, miT ufro mdidaria
pirovnuli arsenali da misi inteleqtualoba.
samSoblos siyvarulis niko nikolaZiseuli fenome-
ni bavSvobidanve yalibdeboda. igi yovelTvis eZebda
misi samSoblos adgilsa da rols globalur meurneo-
baSi, saqarTvelos ekonomikur TviTmyofadobasa da na-
cionalur upiratesobebs, da maTi realizaciis gzebsa
da meTodebs, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve mis gareT.
am gzebiT miRebulma codnam Casaxa masSi samSoblosa da
eris Segnebuli, zneobrivi siyvaruli, rac lapidaruli
wesiT Camoyalibebulia mis werilSi „salami“, romelic
samSoblos siyvarulis axsnaa bibliuri sibZniT, sulis
erTi amoTqmiT moTxrobili da isic qrostes asakis kaci-

46
sa. sul raRac ori wliT ganSorebis Semdeg samSobloSi
dabrunebisas mas sixarulis iseTi gancda aqvs, TiTqos
saukune ar enaxos igi. „me damivlia mTeli evropa, bevr
Cinebul qveynebSi, bevr aRmtac sazogadoebaSi gamitare-
bia Tveebi da wlebi, magram yvelgan da yovelTvis, sad-
ac ki vyofilvar, erTi sagani mqonda: SenTvis damzadeba,
Seni samsaxuri, Seni sargebloba. arc safrangeTis ama-
Relvebel da aRmtac cxovrebas, arc peterburgis gansac-
deliT mimzidvel sazogadoebas, arc italiis mSveniere-
bas, arc Sveicariis Tavisuflebas arasodes, arc erTi
wamis ganmavlobaSi ar mouxiblavs Cemi guli da goneba,
ar Sevucdenivar da mivuzidivar, Tumca axalgazrda ka-
cis gulze gvariani gavlena aqvs iqauri didi saxelis da
didi gavlenis imeds...imis magier, rom iqaur cxovrebas
mivebire da sxvebsaviT dameviwya Cveni erTi namceca qvey-
ana, Cveni yvelasagan ucnobi xalxi, me niadag, mudam Sen-
ze vfiqrobdi, rom sadme, rogorme, sadac ki yofiliyo
SenTvis cotaodeni sargebloba mainc mometana. sxvagan
da CvenSi mwerali da gaCumebuli mudam Seni erTguli da
Seni msaxuri viyavio.“27
teqstSi aseTi grZeli citatis motana Cvevad ara ma-
qvs, magram is, rac axla Cven wavikiTxeT, samSoblos si-
yvarulis gacxadebis epistoluri gadmocemaa umaRlesi
gancdebiT da im siyvarulis daficebac aris, romelsac
bavSvebs skolaSi unda aswavlidnen da „mamao Cveno“-sav-
iT azepirebdnen. magram es mainc sakmarisi ar iqneboda,
isic unda aswavlon, Tu rogor uerTgula man samSob-
los siyvaruls da aRmatebiT xarisxSi aRasrula fici,
romelic misca. amis damadasturebeli faqtobrivi mas-
ala Cven zemoT gvqonda motanili, xolo ufro vrclad

27
nikolaZe n. Txz. t. 4. gv. 362

47
moTxrobilia qvemoT.
qveynis ganviTarebaSi aris Rrma krizisuli, umwvave-
si momentebi, roca mosaxleobas SiSi da dabneuloba eu-
fleba da Ronemixdilia. aseT mdgomareobaSi Tavisi qvey-
nis winaSe pasuxismgebloba unda itvirTos viRacam. es
mxolod im kacs xelewifeba, visac Tanamedroveobis Ses-
atyvisi codna da unari aqvs. roca mxedvelobaSi hyavT
niko nikolaZe, mis amgvar TviTmyofadobas mxolod evro-
puli ganaTlebiT xsnian, rogorc rusulTan upirateso-
bas, Tumca es mTlad swori ar aris. mecxramete saukunis
evropa iyo mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis meqa da sam-
rewvelo revoluciis akvani. amas garda, ekonomikuri da
socialuri ganviTarebis liberalizaciis moZRvarica da
mimdevaric. man uCvena msoflios am azrovnebis princi-
pebze aRzrdili progresuloba. niko nikolaZe iyo ara
marto aseTi azrovnebis principebze aRzrdili, aramed
TviT evropuli cxovrebis uSualo monawile da kritiko-
si, romelic arasdros daRlila imis cdaSi, rom evro-
puli liberalizacia saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuliyo.
ufro metic, man TviTon aRmoaCina da Tavisi Tavi ipova
evropaSi da ara piriqiT, igi evropas ki ar Seuqmnia, ki ar
gaevropielebula, qarTveli evropeli gaxda. es aSkarad
Cans misi werilebidan da Sromebidan, romlebic TiTqmis
yvela SemTxvevaSi popularulad aris dawerili rigiTi
mkiTxvelisTvis, magram liberalizacia mainc ver dam-
kvidrda maSindel saqarTveloSi, radgan erTi evrope-
li nikolaZis gageba sakmaod Zneli iyo. amas is, yvelaze
ukeT, TviTon amCnevda. amitom mas yvela did saqmeSi ev-
ropelis imedi hqonda, evropasTan SemaerTebel xidebs
iSveliebda. am saSualebebiT aaxloebda Tavis qveyanas
evropasTan. meTodebic sworad SearCia. ara Zalad gaev-
ropieleba petre pirvelis meTodebiT, aramed evropuli

48
upiratesobebis eqspozicia. es man pirvelma daiwyo da
aqamde ver hpova Rirseuli gagrZeleba saqarTveloSi.
wminda evropulia niko nikolaZis Sefaseba vaWrobaze.
saqarTveloSi vaWroba didxans iTvleboda araseriozul
saqmed mewarmeobasTan SedarebiT da ara marto saqarT-
veloSi. amas aqvs Tavisi axsna. xSirad met mogebas nax-
ulobs ara TviT nivTebis mwarmoebeli, aramed vaWari,
romelic am nivTebs iafad yidulobs da Zvirad yidis.
am saidumloebam Seqmna vaWrobaze zizRis, siZulvilis
damokidebuleba. naklebi yuradReba miaqcies imas, rom
komercias aqvs Tvisi konfidencialuri informacia, rom-
lis safuZvelze komersanti eweva saqonlis gadatanis
risks dedamiwis erTi kuTxidan meoreSi sargeblis miRe-
bis mizniT. ase Seqmna vaWrobam civilizacia da erT-
maneTs daakavSira xalxebi da qveynebi. amis mniSvnelo-
baze miuTiTebda niko nikolaZe da urCevda qarTvelebs
eswavlaT aReb-micemoba, yidva-gayidva. ara, ar vTqvi mT-
lad sworad, ki ar urCia mxolod, TviTon yidda da yidu-
lobda. eZiebda da poulobda da sargebelsac naxulobda.
xe-tyis iSviaTi jiSebiT mdidar saqarTvelos mecxram-
ete saukunis meore naxevarSi xe-tyiT movaWre berZeni,
frangi, ingliseli, ebraeli da sxva juris ucxoelebi
Semoesivnen. isini bzisa da kaklis morebs Calis fasad
iZendnen da evropis bazrebze aTmagad yiddnen. kerZod,
foTSi 50 kapikad nayidi fuTi bza safrangeTsa da inglis-
Si 4-7 maneTad iyideboda. es maSin, roca qarTuli bza da
kaklis merqani saukeTesod iTvleboda mTels evropaSi.
Cveni mosaxleoba ekonomikuri siduxWiris gamo xelis da-
clas uZvirfasesi merqnisagan bednier SemTxvevad miiC-
nevda, raki maTi meSveobiT Semosavlis wyaros poulobda.
am Zvirfasi qarTuli jiSebisadmi barbarosulma damo-
kidebulebam ganadgurebamde miiyvana bzisa da kaklis

49
jiSebi. aman aRaSfoTa niko nikolaZe. man sworad Seafasa
qveynisTvis Seqmnili mZime mdgomareoba da Cveni mdidari
tyeebis mdgomareobis Semdgomi gaumjobesebis sakiTxe-
bi qveynis saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadacemas daukavSi-
ra. aq misi pozicia marTebulia imiTac, rom ekonomikis
reformirebis periodSi qveynis simdidris gamravlebis
perspeqtivebis gansazRvra da masze kontroli xelisu-
flebis pasuxismgeblobaa.
ajameTis tye voroncovis mmarTvelobamde saxlm-
wifos ekuTvnoda. voroncovis dros tyis erTi nawili
cnobilma moskovelma mdidarma ananovma iyida, xolo
meore nawili mTvarobam quTaisis general-gubernators
sviatopoks-mirskis misca pirad sakuTrebaSi. ramdenime
xnis Semdeg am ukanasknelma gadawyvita misi gayidva. amis
gamo xalxisa da qveynisTvis mosalodneli mdgomareoba
mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia niko nikolaZes. eSinoda,
rom tyeebi ucxoelebs Cauvardeboda xelSi da isini mas
swrafad gaanadgurebdnen. mosaxleoba ki isedac mZime
ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi iyo ajameTis tyis kerZo sa-
kuTrebis gamo. „Seqmnili mdgomareobidan erT-erTi ga-
mosavalia... saaqcio sazogadoebis daarseba... 200.000
maneTis kapitaliT da mamulis dagiraveba samiwaTmoqme-
do bankSi danarCen Tanxaze“28. TviT bankebs winadadebas
aZlevda, daxmarebodnen mosaxleobas kreditis miRebaSi.
niko nikolaZe kritikis Tavisuflebis dacvisa da misi
kulturuli ganviTarebis evropuli inteleqtia. pope-
ris azriT, mecnierebis dawinaureba sazogadoebrivi cx-
ovrebis sxva danarCen klasterebTan SedarebT, kritikis
Tavisuflebam ganapiroba. amas naTlad xedavda niko ni-
kolaZe da misi aucileblobis Sesaxeb farTo polemi-

28
nikolaZe n. Txz. t. 8. gv. 61

50
kas ar erideboda. „kmara amdeni Tmena... naTqvamia, rom
WeSmariteba gamoiWvrets azrebis Setakebisagano... amas
moiTxovs Cvengan Cveni movaleoba, Tu Cven namdvilad
vemsaxurebiT Cven qveyanas da ara petres, pavles, an
Tornikes, ese igi WavWavaZes, mesxs, wereTels, nikolaZes
da sxv“29. rogorc me vamCnev, bevri mis am werils da kidev
danarCen sxvebs ar icnobs da mis kritikul SeniSvnebs,
gansakuTrebiT ilia WavWavaZis mimarT, raRac kerZo in-
teresebis an piradi dapirispirebis gamovlenad miiCnevs.
sinamdvileSi, mas mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia ilia Wav-
WavaZis damsaxureba qveynisa da xalxis winaSe, magram amas
misTvis xeli ar SeuSlia, yofiliyo pirdapiri, roca Ta-
visi azri sworad miaCnda. uxerxulobad ar Tvlida kri-
tikisa da kamaTis simwvaves. „ramdenjer momxdara xolme,
rom lui blani gambetas Setakebodes, an gambeta lui
blans, aSkarad, mTeli safrangeTisa da mTeli evropis
win. xan erTs maTgans gaumarjvia, xan meores, magram yov-
elTvis ki maTi brZoliT xalxs usargeblia. amitom am
brZolis Semdeg misTvis ufro naTlad gamosaxula saqmis
mdgomareoba; ufro naTlad gamoCenila is gza, romelsac
xalxi unda dasdgomoda“30.
Taobebi Semoqmedebis asparezidan erTi meores ki ar
devnian, isini erTmaneTs enacvlebian da avseben erT-
maneTs. Taobebi erTmaneTze gadabmuli sicocxlis
jaWvia, romlis gawyveta aravis SeuZlia. uzneo uniWi-
eres voluntarists misi Seferxeba SeuZlia mxolod. na-
cris amtutebas hgavs mavanTa Secxadeba qveynis daRupvis
garduvalobaze (verc erTma ukiduresad sisxlismsmelma
uniWieresma kaenma da iudam ver gadaaSena da ver mospo

29
iqve, gv. 456
30
iqve, gv. 331-332

51
verc erTi eri). winaaRmdegobaTa daZabva politikur par-
tiebs Soris SexedulebaTa alternativebs warmoSobs da
es kargia. eris nacionalur TviTmyofadobas romelime
pirovneba da misi TanamzraxvelTa gundi ver waSlis.
verc Taobebs gadahkidebs erTmaneTs. sikvdilic ver ga-
hyris Taobebs erTmaneTs, piriqiT, ufro aaxloebs maT.
msoflios sWirdeba ara gadagvarebuli, gaamerikelebu-
li an gaevropelebuli qarTveli, aramed TviTmyofadi
Tanamedrove qarTveli. es ukve faqturaa.
kritikis Tavisufleba niko nikolaZes gagebuli hqon-
da, rogorc codnis gavrcelebis saSualeba, rogorc gan-
viTarebis instrumenti cdebisa da sinjvebis gziT, ro-
gorc maSindeli feodaluri sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis
Secvlis Tanmimdevruli procesi SeiaraRebuli ajanye-
bebisa da revoluciebis gareSe. misi mtkicebiT mosaxle-
obis azrovnebis ganaxlebaSi gadamwyveti roli maRali
erovnuli Segnebis inteligencias unda Seesrulebina.
amdenad kritika qveynis ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis amaRlebis miznis ganxorcielebis iar-
aRad miaCnda. am miznebis realizaciis sivrce danaxuli
hqonda evropisa da aziis qveynebTan globalur ekonomi-
kur urTierTobebSi. man moikvlia qveynis nacionaluri
ekonomikuri upiratesobebi, sicxadeze gamoitana isini
da bazrebi mouZebna, xalxis keTildReobad aqcia. Tvi-
Tonac amCnevda, rom cxovrebis wesi icvleboda da axali
azrovneba ikvlevda gzas. niko nikolaZem yvelaze ukeT
gaigo ganviTarebadi kapitalisturi ekonomikis princi-
pebi da iyo misi Seudarebeli reformatori. man gaigo im
sazogadiebis safuZvlebrivi principebi, magram misma Ta-
namedroveebma bolomde ver dainaxes misi Sorsmxedvelo-
ba. sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi mas im donis ganaTleba
hqonda, rom ver gauges, rogorc Teoriul azrovnebaSi,

52
aseve praqtikul saqmianobaSic. amis gamo unda vapatioT,
aki winaprebsac uTqvamT, rom arcodna-arcodvaao, ma-
gram es senteciaa da ara mxolod morwmuneTaTvis. uco-
dinaroba ra sapatio saqmea, es xom qveynisTvis sazianoa.
danaSaulia did niko nikolaZis Semoqmedebisadmi, indif-
erentuloba, im gzebis gverdis avla, romlebic man moi-
kvlia da axla isini qveynis keTildReobis gaumjobesebis
nacadi xerxebia.

53
 niko nikolaZis ekonomikuri azrovnebis formireba
eZRvneba niko nikolaZis dabadebis 175 wlisTavs

ekonomika mecniereba ar aris, igi mecnierebaze me-

tia-xelovnebaa-ambobs cnobili mecnieri v. katasonovi.
sxvanairad dawera es j. meinard keinsma a. marSalis
„ekonomikis principebis“ sami wignis pirveli nawilis
SesavalSi. kerZod: ekonomisti erTdroulad unda iyos
maTematikosi, istorikosi, filosofosi, saxelmwifoT-
mcodne. rasac Tanamedroeveebma daamates-fsiqologi,
teqnologi. ufro mkacria samxreT koreuli warmoSobis
amerikeli mecnieri ha jun Cangi: „ekonomikuri Teoriis
95 procenti-es mxolod jansaRi azria, romelsac rTu-
li saxe misces specialuri terminologiisa da maTem-
atikis saSualebiT“31. jansaRi azrovneba niSnavs imas, rom
pirovnebas aqvs ekonomikuri procesebisa da movlenebis
analizisa da sinTezirebis unarebi, rogorc sxvadasxva
mecnieruli dargebis dauflebis sinergiuli rezulta-
ti. amis gamo aris, rom adamianTa umravlesobas uWirs
ekonomikur procesebSi garkveva, xolo uzneo, magram
talanturi umciresoba ekonomikis „Teoriebs“ qmnis,
saeqsportod ugzavnis msoflios ganviTarebad qveynebs
da azrovnebas umRvrevs kacobriobas.
jansaRi azrovnebis transformacia rTuli da xangr-
Zlivi procesia. aseTi azrovnebis gamomuSavebisTvis gan-
sakuTrebuli Tvisebebi unda hqondes adamians. kerZod,
RmerTis rwmena, daudgromeli xasiaTi, niWi, Wkua, mizan-
swrafuloba, morali da zneoba, kritikuli azrovnebis
Tandayolili unari, maZieblobisadmi midrekileba

31
Джун Чанг Ха. Как устроена экономика. с. 6. ООО “Манн, Иванов и Фербер”,
2015

54
mravaljeradi cdebisa da sinjvebis bazaze, mravalmxrivi
ganaTleba, adamianis siyvaruli, uangaroba, sistemuri
Sromismoyvareoba, romlis rezultatia intuicia; ko-
munikabeloba, pasuxismgeblobis maRali grZnoba, prin-
cipuloba, Semoqmedebisadmi midrekileba. aris gareSe
faqtorebic. bevri ram damokidebulia ojaxur garemoze,
da epoqalur gamowvevaze.
niko nikolaZis babua mamuka (maTe) sofel skandeSi
dabadebula. abaSiZeebis _ akaki wereTlis dedis ekater-
ines mSoblebis ymobas gaqcevia da qarTlSi dasaxlebula,
ojaxic Seuqmnia. batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg quTaiss
dabrunebula. kerZo saqmianobaSi _ wisqvilisa da qvis
samtvrev warmoebaSi wilebi hqonia. adamianebTan urTier-
Tobis saucari niWi gaaCnda. „mamuka mravali aTeuli wlis
ganmavlobaSi erTaderTi ubralo wodebis qarTveli kaci
iyo, romelmac quTaisSi, ara Tu ojaxis dasaxleba da
rCena, yvela mcxovrebis ndobis damsaxureba SesZlo“32.
mamukas socialur piramidis mxolod safuZvlis dakave-
ba ver akmayofilebda, maSindeli cxovrebis piramidaSi
socialuri simaRlis dapyrobac surda. mamukas pirvel
vaJs, grigols qaliSvili miaTxova quTaTelma aznaurma
da mdidarma ivane baqraZem. romelic Turme mTel qalaq-
Si silamaziT ganTqmuli yofila. mamuka nikolaZis meore
biWma _ nikos mamam, iakobma colad SeirTo Tavad firan
lorTqifaniZis qaliSvili elisabedi. nikos mamida sofi-
om Tavisi cxovreba guriis batons, Tavad maqsime Salik-
aSvilis daukavSira.
mamuka nikolaZe, rogorc amas wers niko nikolaZe Ta-
vis „mogonebebSi“, pirveli yofila imereTSi, romelsac
vaWroba dauwyia da am saqmeSi Svilebic „mounaTlavs“.

32
nikolaZe n. mogonebebi. gv. 12. Tb., 1984

55
nikos biZas da mamas saqarTvelos garda, vaWroba uxdebo-
daT ara marto ruseTSi, aramed saqsoniaSic, laipcigis
bazrobaze. roca rostovSi iakobs gemi daunaxavs da gaug-
ia, rom SeiZleboda gemiT yulevamde saqonlis gadatana,
romelic gacilebiT iafi daujdeboda, vidre cxenebiT
gadazidva, da Tanac mokle droSi, vinaidan saqonlis Se-
motanas TiTqmis naxevari wiliwadi sWirdeboda. wvimian
amindSi ki saqoneli sveldeboda da fuWdeboda, Tanac
dro cxenebis movlasac xom esaWiroeboda. iakobs gadau-
wyvetia saqonlis gemiT gadmozidva, magram amxanagebs
qva augdiaT da Tavi SeuSveriaT-zRvas rogor vandobT
Cvens qonebaso. Semdegi mogzaurobis dros iakobs mainc
gauriskavs saqonlis gemiT gadmotana yulevamde, xolo
iqedan navebiT orpiramde, saidanac maSin quTaisamde ur-
miT erTi dRis savali iyo. saqonlis gaiafebiT iakobs
vaWrebSi badali ar hyolia. yirimis omis Semdeg iakobs
isev umgzavria gemiT yulevisaken. uamindobis, Stormis
gamo ramdenime Tve dagvianebia gems yulevSi Camosvla.
maSin iakobs auarebeli saqoneli Camoutania da didi
sargebelic unaxavs. vaWrobaSi warmatebis mere, mSene-
blobaSic ucdia bedi. mTavrobisagan iRebda SekveTebs
Senobebze, xidebze da gzebze. qviTkiris saxli pirvelad
quTaisSi iakobs auSenebia. iakobs yirimis omSic miuRia
monawileoba, risTvisac rus-xelmwifisagan umaRlesi
madloba daumsaxurebia.
nikos mamas qarTuli mxolod wera-kiTxva da angariSi
scodnia, rac eTakileboda Turme Zalian, magram ganaT-
lebisadmi didi pativiscema hqonia. iZenda yvela wigns,
romelic maSin saqarTveloSi gamodioda. piradad icnob-
da im droindel saqarTveloSi cnobil moRvaweebs z. an-
tonovs, msaxiob meifarians, cnobil frang mecniers mari
broses, romelsac misTvis „qarTlis cxovrebis“ Zvirfas

56
ydaSi Casmuli rusul-franguli Targmani uCuqnia.
nikos deda elisabedi Zalian ganaTlebuli qali yofi-
la, zepirad scodnia „vefxistyaosani“. igi yoveldRe, na-
sadilevs wignebs ukiTxavda meuRlesa da Svilebs. iakobs
„yvela axali qarTuli wigni modioda. miRebisTanave de-
daCemi maT Tavidan bolomde gadagvibulbulebda, dids
da pataras, qmar-Svils da mosamsaxures. giorgi eri-
sTavis komediebidan an arCil mefis leqsebidan bevrma
Cvenganma zepiraT did-Zali adgilebi vicodiT. es kiTxva
ukeTesi gasarTobi iyo Cvens saxlSi“33.
skolis asakis niko mSoblebma quTaisis gimnazaSi
Seiyvanes. swavlis periods TviTon niko dadebiTad ar
moixseniebs. swavla rusul enaze mimdinareobda, romel-
ic ZiriTadad mxolod teqstebis damaxsovrebaSi mdgo-
mareobda. amiT ukmayofilo mSoblebma mas kerZo maswav-
lebeli dauqiraves. arc is gamodga xelsayreli da misi
Secvlac mouxdaT. gimnaziaSi swavla ar moswonda, magram
Tavisufali swavlebis sivrce misTvis usasruli iyo.
„swavla gimnaziaSi marto imaSi mdgomareobda, rom ze-
pirad unda gveswavla rusul saxelmZRaneloebSi maswav-
leblisagan daniSnuli adgilebi, romlis azri TiTqmis
aravin Cvengans ar esmoda. zogierTebi mTel wigns ize-
pirebdnen sruliad gaugebrad, TuTiyuSiviT“34.
mexuTe klaseli niko mamamiss, zafxulis erT dRes,
foTSi Cauyvania iqauri saqmeebisa da mamulebis gasac-
nobad, vinaidan igi nikos Tavis Semcvlelad amzadebda,
aki foTSi iakobs sakmaod bevri savaWro obieqti hqon-
da. Waobian foTSi patara nikos malaria Seeyara da mTe-
li weliwadi loginad Caagdo, ramac swavlas CamoaSora.

33
iqve, gv.30
34
iqve,gv. 24

57
mzrunveli mama avadmyof nikos ar aklebda wignebsa da
Jurnal-gazeTebs, romelsac gulmodgined kiTxulob-
da. ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg gaixsenebs: „mZime da
xangrZlivi avadmyofobis dros, roca loginSi viweq da
fiqris garda saqme araferi mqonda, daiwyo da dalagda
CemSi mosazreba amgvar sagnebze. am avaTmyofobis dros,
amave fiqriT gatacebulma, azris gamosakvlevaT gadavi-
kiTxe da gavecani, rac ki saRmTo werilis wigni iSove-
boda quTaisSi. erTi sityviT, zedmiwevniT da sakuTari
SromiT, uxelmZRvaneloT...“35. arc swavlas CamorCenia
da gimnaziis ori klasi erT weliwadSi daasrula da at-
estatic auRia mis TanaklaselebTan erTad. gimnaziis
bolo klasSi swavlisas „quTaisis meWores“ fsevdonim-
iT Jurnal ciskarSi daibeWda misi „xabarda da lotto
quTaisSi“ (Setanilia misi Txzulebebis pirvel tomSi).
gimnazia 17 wlisam damTavra. mSoblebs ar surdaT
misi gaSveba ruseTSi. nikos umaRles saswavlebelSi sur-
da swavlis gagrZeleba. mamamiss igi mSeneblobis saqme-
Si Tavis TanaSemwed undoda, magram saqmeSi Careula
istorikosi dimitri baqraZe da arCevani nikos sasarge-
blod gadawyvetila. 1861 wels niko nikolaZe peter-
burgs gaemgzavra da universitetSi Cairicxa. mowiful
axalgazrdebs Soris uwverulvaSi niko bavSviviT gamoi-
yureboda Turme. profesors gamocdaze romelime abi-
turientis gulSematkivari hgonebia. mis pasuxebs rusul
literaturaSi gamomcdelis gancvifreba gamouwvevia,
ramac laTinuris CabarebaSic ki Seuwyo xeli. Cinebuli
codna hqonia saRmrTo werilSi da fizikaSi. frangul-
Si wavforxildio wers, magram misaRebi gamocdebi mainc
gadalaxa da universitetis studenti gaxda. im dros

35
iqve.gv. 50-51

58
mTeli ruseTi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebli ideebiT iyo
Sepyrobili da niko nikolaZe TiTqosda revoluciur
moZraobas miemxro. Camoayalibes patara wre g. wereTlis,
k. lorTqifaniZis da d. abduSeliSvilis Semadgenlo-
biT. maTTan megobrobda ak. wereTelic. isini erTmaneTs
male Zalian dauaxlovdnen. xSirad ikribebodnen da ms-
jelobdnen xalxis ukeTes momavalze. im dros arc erTs
CvenTagans kerZo sargebloba fiqradac ar hqondao. maTi
fiqri da azrovneba mimarTuli iyo xalxis samsaxurisad-
mi. „yoveli kaci valdebulia erTi nabiji mainc waadg-
mevinos win Tavis dros da Tavis Tanamedroveebs. Cven
rom imas vucadoT, Tu rodis mogvecema saSualeba xalxs
sruli da saboloo sikeTe erTbaSad mivaniWoT, vin icis,
iqneba amisTana saSualeba Cven dReSiac ar gveRirsos? is
hqeni, rac SegiZlia, risic Rone gqondes, rac mogixerx-
des, didi iyos, Tundac mcire. gabede, scade da Tundac
ara gamovides ra, am gabedvasac da im cdasac sargebloba
mosdevs. auxocveli kvali mainc darCeba, erT adamians
mainc gaefxizleba, erTi wuTis vadiT mainc Sewydeba is
sazogado dumili, romelic xalxs gonebaze tyviasaviT
awevs“36. nikos Tandayolil niWs is Tavisebureba hqon-
da, rom ver egueboda zepirobas, cxovrebiseul Stampebs.
{„urokebis“ damzadeba da swavla yovelTvis Jamad mimaCn-
da, arc gawyromas, arc Segonebas, arc darigebas, arc xve-
wnas, arc datkobabs arasdros gavlena ar hqonia Cemze, am
SemTxvevaSi, arc gimnaziaSi, arc peterburgs...Cem bunebas
yvelaferi, rac ki dawesebuli, naCvevi, winaTve gansaz-
Rvruli da kalapotSi Casmulia-ewinaaRmdegeba, rogorc
cecxli-wyals“}37. magram sul sxva iyo igi cxovrebis si-

36
iqve,gv.58
37
iqve, gv. 59

59
axleebisadmi, Semoqmedebisadmi, inovaciebisa da progre-
sisadmi. Tu maSin bavSvebi da studentebi iSviaTad kiTx-
ulobdnen, igi waukiTavs, rasac miwvdeboda, xelidan ar
gauSvebda. „vkiTxulobdi yvelafers, amitom rom kiTxva
CemTvis saWiroebas Seadgenda, imisTana saWiroebas, urom-
lisodac gaZleba ar SemeZlo. peterburgSi, rasakvirve-
lia, wignebs davewafe. dRe ar gavidoda ise, rom ori-sa-
mi ar meyida tolkuCkaze (Zvelmanebis bazari r.n.) zogi
orSaurad, zogi abazaT. xSirad dammarTnia, rom ufro-
si studentebi Semosulan Cvensa da unaxivarT loginze
wamowolili, wignis mkiTxveli maSin, rodesac Cemi amxan-
agebi laTinurs swavlobdnen“38. universitetSi cnobili
mecnierebis leqciebs sulganabuli usmenda, gansakuTre-
biT im mecnierebisas, romelTa mosmena azrs itacebda da
gonebas unaTebda. misi daudgromeli xasiaTi saSuale-
bas ar aZlevda cxovrebis SuagulSi ar yofiliyo. kur-
sic ar daesrulebina, rom studentTa areulobaSi miiRo
monawileoba da ramdenime Tve petropavlovskisa da kro-
nStandis cixeebSi mouxda dReebisa da Rameebis gaTeneba.
cixidan gaTavisuflebisas universitetis sacxovreblis
cnoba maSinve CamoarTves da policiam Ria baraTi misca
samSobloSi dasabruneblad. mis valdebulebas warmoad-
genda samSobloSi dabrunebisas mTavrobaSi gamocxadebu-
liyo, xolo mis mSoblebs werilobiTi cnoba daeweraT
imis Taobaze, rom msgavs areulobebSi igi monawileobas
ar miiRebda. cxadia, amas is mSoblebs ver gaumxelda. eS-
makobas mimarTa. amoewera wignebidan rogorc samSoblo-
Si gamgzavrebuli, sinamdvileSi peterburgis gareubanSi
akaki wereTelTan gadasaxlda, sadac policia student-
Ta saqmeebze maincadamainc Tavs ar iwuxebda. pijakis

38
iqve. gv. 76

60
nacvlad Coxa Caicva da ise Cndeboda xandaxan quCebSi.
erT saRamos, Sobis dResaswaulis periodSi ori axalgaz-
rda da momxibvleli mandilosani estumra, erTma uTx-
ra, rom CerniSevskis meuRle aris da samaskaradod Coxis
saTxovnelad movidnen. ase gaicno CerCiSevski ojaxi da
mere TviTon CerniSevskic. ramdenime xani CerniSevskis
colisZmis ojaxSic cxovrobda. did maswavlebels Zalian
dauaxlovda da Semdgom yvelaferi gaakeTa CerniSevskis
katorRidan gamosaxsnelad.
male peterburgSi mRelvareba dacxra da cxovreba
Cveulebriv kalapotSi Cadga. general-gubernatorad
generalsimusis, cnobili mxedarmTavris aleqsandre
vasilis Ze suvorovis SvilisSvili aleqsandre arkadis
Ze suvorovi dainiSna. niko nikolaZem icoda, rom gen-
eral-guberntori uganaTlebulesi da keTili gulis
kaci iyo. damTavrebul hqonda sorbonis da getinbergis
universitetebi. srulyofilad flobda ramdenime ucxo
enas. iyo ruseT-TurqeTis omis monawile. gamocdili
samxedro xelmZRvaneli. weriliT mimarTa da masTan au-
dencia iTxova peterburgSi darCenaze uflebis misaRe-
bad. „roca Txovnaze Cemi gvari waikiTxa, man qarTulad
mkiTxa: „qarTuli ici?“ Cem pasuxad, rom rasakvirvelia
vici meTqi, man qarTulad miTxra _ „kargi“ da adiutants
ubrZana gankarguleba moexdina, raTa moecaT CemTvis sa-
Tanado mowmoba. ase advilad moxda Cemi gaTavisufleba
aralegaluri mdgomareobidan“39.
1862 weliwadi, rogorc niko nikolaZe wers, TiTqos
Cveulebrivad daiwyo. cenzura iseve mkacrad ar moq-
medebda. universitetidan garicxuli studentebidan
zogi peterburgidan wavida, zogma muSaoba daiwyo da

39
iqve,gv. 137

61
swavlas Tavi mianeba. universiteti daxuruli iyo. pe-
terburgSi darCenili studentebi Tavs iyridnen wignis
kerZo samkiTxveloSi, sadac uamravi literatura xelmi-
swvdomi iyo da sadac Zalian bevr cnobil pirovnebas Sex-
vdeboda kaci. magram es mainc universitetis magivrobas
ver uwevda swavliT dainteresebul axalgazrdebs. yofil
studentebs general-gubernator al. suvorovisTvis mi-
umarTavT TxovniT, qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis darbazSi
sajaro kiTxvis kursebis gaxsnis Sesaxeb. daxuruli uni-
versitetis profesuras saSualeba mieca dainteresebu-
li axalgazrdobis winaSe fasiani leqciebi waekiTxaT. am
darbazSi auditoriis winaSe wardga CerniSevski, axali
istoriis profesori pavlovi, romelic ramdenime dRis
Semdeg Soreul guberniaSi gadaasaxles. amis mere qalaq-
is TviTmmarTvelobis darbazSi leqciebis wakiTxvas verc
erT profesori ver bedavda.
niko nikolaZe agrZelebda cxovrebas im TanatolebTan,
romelTac daumegobrda daWeris dReebSi. imaT gaacnes
Jurnal „Современник“-is ufrosi koreqtori, romelsac
universiteti ukve damTavrebili hqonda da romelic
mas wasakiTxad aZlevda „sovremenikis“ werilebs. ase aR-
moCnda igi axali cxovrebis centrSi. male cenzura ukve
Zalian mkacri gaxda. niko nikolaZe iZulebuli Seiqmna
proklamaciebis mTeli Tavisi arqivi cecxlisTvis mie-
ca. male CerniSevskic daatusaRes, nawerebi CamoarTves,
colisa da mSoblebis werilebic ki. niko nikolaZem
mZimed ganicada misi maswavleblis dapatimreba. sevdam
Semipyroo _ wers. wvimian amindebs saxlSi atarebda. ma-
gram usaqmurad yofna ar sCveoda. gadawyvita moTxrobis
dawera peterburgis xelmokle studentebis cxovrebaze,
romelic „iskris“ redaqciaSi miitana. kidev surda daew-
era Seusabamo colqmrobis Temaze, magram, roca mamisis

62
„noqari“ Sexvda peterburgSi da uambo, rom mSoblebma
yvelaferi ician peterburgSi momxdari areulobis Ses-
axeb. Cemodnebi Caalaga da samSoblosaken gamoswia.
samSobloSi niko nikolaZe im dros dabrunda, roca
Jurnal „ciskris“ furclebze cxare brZola mimdinare-
obda Zvel da axal Taobebs Soris. mas JurnalSi statia
gaugzavnia, magram ver daibeWda cenzoris vetos gamo.
niko nikolaZes ukmayofileba mosvlia Jurnalis sxva
TanamSromlebTan. saqarTveloSi erTi wlis dabrunebu-
lic ar iyo, rom isev peterburgs gaemgzavra da jer
„Народное богатство“-os TanamSromeli gaxda. 1864 wels
ki „Современник“-is merve nomerSi gamoaqveyna moTxro-
ba „provinciuli suraTebi“. imave wels sazRvargareT
gaemgzavra. jer parizSia, mere londonSi, Jenevasa da
ciurixSi. pirvelad mTeli gatacebiT ecnoba social-
ist-utopistTa Sromebs. dReSi 16 saaTs muSaobda. dro-
dadro grZnobda, rom franguli socializmi iseTi ar
yofila, rogoric egona. mere mas arc furie moswons
da arc sen-simoni. parizidan statiebs ugzavnis „Санк-
Петербургские ведомости“-is redaqtors-ufal korSs.
parizSi yofnisas axlos gaecno gercensa da ogario-
vs. iqve gamomaval „Колокол“-Si dabeWda ramdenime sta-
tia. maT Soris „glexTa ganTavisufleba saqarTveloSi“,
„Cveni momavali veqilebi“ _ „Московские ыедомость~-Si,
„ivnisis dReebi TbilisSi“, „saqarTvelodan“, „Tbilisi-
dan“ da sxva. „1865 wlis bolos niko nikolaZem gercenTan
uTanxmoebis gamo Sewyvita „kolokolSi“ TanamSromloba.
nikolaZes gercenma „brWyalebiani vefxvi“ uwoda, romel-
sac ZarRvebSi rZe uduRso“40.
1868 wels parizSi l. meCnikovTan erTad afuZnebs

40
CikvilaZe d. drosgaswrebuli mamuliSvili. Tb., gv. 16. 2003

63
Jurnal „Современность»-s, romelSic werilebs aqveynebs.
imave wels m. elpidinTan erTad dabeWda CerniSevskis Tx-
zulebaTa ortomeuli, romlis Sesavali man dawera da
redaqtorobac gaswia.
1868 wels SveicariaSi yofnisas niko nikolaZem daas-
rula ciurixis universiteti da samarTlis doqtoris
xarisxis mosapoveblad daicva disertacia, Temaze: „gani-
araReba da misi social-ekonomikuri Sedegebi“, frangul
enaze, romelic imave wels wignad gamoica JenevaSi.
disertaciis Tema aqtualuria dResac. ganiaraReba
urTulesi sakiTxia, romelic mravali problemis gad-
awyvetas ukavSirdeba. avtori sayvedurobs ekonomistebs,
romlebic ganiaraRebis problemas zereled ekidebian
da calmxrivad aRiqvamen, rogorc dadebiT movlenas,
romlis gatarebiT TiTqosda gamoTavisuflebuli saxs-
rebi xalxis keTildReobis samsaxurSi gadavidoda. niko
nikolaZe statistikur masalebze dayrdnobiT, martivi
eniT da mkiTxvelisTvis iolad gasagebad asabuTebs azrs,
rom ganiaraReba saxsrebis mniSvnelovan moculobas ki
ar gamoaTavisuflebda, piriqiT, krizisebis gazrdas
gamoiwvevda, vinaidan samxedro mrewvelobaSi uamravi
adamiani aris dasaqmebuli, romlebic sawarmoTa gaCe-
rebis SemTxvevaSi, umuSevari darCebodnen. amitom gan-
iaraRebas dadebiTi arc ekonomikuri efeqti eqneboda
da arc socialuri. problemis meore da umniSvnelova-
nesi mxarea sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis ganaxleba. wina
pirobaa-msoflios inteleqtualuri azrovneba mivides
ara marto ganiaraRebis aucileblobis Segnebamde, ar-
amed TanamSromlobis iseTi meTodebi da teqnologiebi
Seqmnas, romelic ganiaraRebas SesaZlebels gaxdis. am-
denad, ganiaraRebis koncefciis wamowevas niko nikolaZe
naCqarebad miiCnevda da mis gadaWras momavali Taobebis

64
saqmed Tvlida. axla Cven faqtis winaSe varT. aqamde ver
iqna da ver mivida civilizebuli msoflios politikuri
azrovneba ara Tu militarizaciis SezRudvis Segnebamde.
piriqiT, mZlavri msoflio finansuri imperia warmoiqm-
na, romelic SeiaraRebaze xarjebs ar zogavs da mili-
tarizacia im simaRlemde aiyvana, rom axla samyaros ar-
sebobas gadaSenebiT emuqreba. ar wydeba sxvadasxva saxis
lokaluri da regionuli omebi.
niko nikolaZe pirveli qarTvelia, romelmac dain-
axa, rogorc am statiis dasawyiss aRvniSne, ekonomikuri
azrovnebis gansakuTrebuloba da ekonomikuri enisa da
terminebis Segnebuli gamkacreba, romelmac dRes bundo-
vnebis umaRles dones miaRwia. „marTlac da, TviT ekono-
mikuri mecnierebis interesi moiTxovs misi mcnebani
adamianma martivad da advilad gasagebad gamoTqvas, gan-
sakuTrebiT rodesac laparakia iseTi kiTxvebis Sesaxeb,
romlebic mkiTxvelTa umetesobas ainteresebs“41. sauku-
neze metis xnis Semdeg „ekonomikis principebis“ avtori
gr. menqiu dawers: „ekonomistebs moswonT TavianTi Tav-
is mecnierad warmoCena. mec TviTon ase viqcevi. maRali
kursis studentebTan leqciis kiTxvisas, sruli SegnebiT
warmovaCen ekonomikas, rogorc mecnierebas. ase rom ara,
arc erTi studenti ar isurvebda iseTi kursis Seswavlas
im TvalsazrisiT, rom mas raRac efemeruli disciplinis
Seswavla mouwevda“42.
1869 wels samSobloSi brundeba, jer quTaisSia, mere
TbilisSi. s. mesxTan erTad gazeT „droebas“ uZRveba. 1971
wels afuZnebs Jur. „krebuls“. Zalian farTo xdeba misi
Semoqmedebis asparezi. aqeT erobis sakiTxi, iqeT banke-

41
nikolaZe n. Txz. t. 1. gv.456. Tb., 1962
42
Джун Чанг Ха. Как устроена экономика. с. 8. ООО “Манн, Иванов и Фербер”,
2015

65
bisa, ganaTleba, vaWroba da aReb-micemoba. mis maxvil
Tvals SeumCneveli ar rCeba sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis
eris CamorCenilobis mizezebi da ganaTlebis gaumjobese-
bis wyaroebisa da saSualebebis kvleva-Ziebas eswrafvis.
1873 wels Jurnal „krebulSi“ ibeWdeba misi statia „ax-
ali axalgazrdoba“, sadac igi akritikebs Zvel Taobas da
axal Taobas samSoblos samsaxuris samoqmedo gzebs us-
axavs. nacvlad imisa rom misTvis yuri egdoT, dauwunes
swavleba, aiTvalwunes, cili daswames. redaqcias tovebs
da sazRvargerT midis. presaSi 1876 wlamde ar Cndeba.
bevrs mogzaurobs. tyibulis qvanaxSiris mosapoveblad
inJiners eZebs. 1873 wels parizSi amxanagebTan erTad be-
Wdavs qarTul gaz. „droSas“, xolo 1875 wels parizSi
frangulad ibeWdeba misi broSura „dekadansis presa“,
romelsac safrangeTis maRali sazogadoeba gamorCeu-
li mowonebiT Sexvda. 1876 wlis 10 marts saqarTveloSi
iliasTan, akakisTan da sergei mesxTan erTad xelmZRvan-
elobs gaz. „droebis“ gamocemas. 1877 wels ruseT-Tur-
qeTis omSi monawileobs safrangeTis „haasis“ saagentos
samxedro korespondentis“ statusiT, romelic rusul
Jurnalebsa da gazeTebSi sainterso masalebs beWdavs.
1878 wels TbilisSi afuZnebs rusul gaz. „obzors“,
romelSic cenzuras ar erideboda da mTeli simkacriT
amxelda sazogadoebriv-politikur naklovanebebs, rac
oficiozis ukmayofilebas iwvevda. 1880 wels gaasamar-
Tles da stavropolSi gadaasaxles. erTi wlis Semdeg
ufleba miiRo stavropolidan peterburgSi gadasaxlebu-
liyo, sadac xuTi weliwadi dahyo da rusul JurnalebSi
xSirad beWdavda kritikul statiebs.
peterburgSi yofnis periodSi niko nikolaZem daamuSa-
va baqodan baTumSi navTobis gadatumbvis programa.
razedac uzarmazari Sromis gaweva mouxda, raTa, erTis

66
mxriv, sazogadoebisTvis presis furclebze da meores
mxriv saimperio teqnikuri sazogadoebis sxdomebze, opo-
nentebisTvis daemtkicebina baqodan baTumamde navTobis
satumbavis gamarTvamde aucilebeli iyo baqo-baTumis
rkinigzis liandagis dageba da wifis gvirabis gayvana
saxelmwifo dafinansebis safuZvelze. 1886 wels wif-
is gvirabi gaixsna da dResac moqmedebs, iseve rogorc
baqo-baTumis rkinigzis magistrali.
1879 wels niko nikolaZes dausrulebia Tavisi Sroma
„mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba“, romelic 1880 wels
daubeWdavs Tavisive Sedgenil almanaxSi „saaxalwlo“.
meored 1914 wels daibeWda niko nikolaZis rCeuli naw-
erebis meore tomSi, xolo mesamed misi Txzulebebis meS-
vide tomSi, 1985 wels.
am SromaSi mocemulia niko nikolaZis ekonomikuri az-
rovnebis maRali kultura, siRrme da masStabebi. es ar
aris wigni dawerili mxolod mkiTxvelisTvis. igi TviT
avtoris cxovrebis reJisuraa, romlis mixedviT moq-
medebda sicocxlis bolomde. SromaSi wina planze ga-
motanilia azri, rom adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobaa
samSoblosadmi (mamulisadmi) msaxureba, magram amisTvis
sakmarisi ar aris marTlmadidebluri rwmena, wera-kiTx-
vis codna, samSoblos siyvaruli. samSoblos msaxureba
misi Svilisagan moiTxovs maRal zneobriobas, roca qvey-
nisa da Senianis tkivili Seni tkivilia, Seni mwuxarebaa
da ara molod pozicia, aramed aqtiuri moqmedeba, raTa
daexmaro mas Tavis Tavis povnaSi. adamiani, nikos azriT,
ar aris gaCenili kerZo sargeblobisTvis, misi fiqri da
moqmedeba saqveyno asparezisa unda iyos, keTili saqmeebi
qmna. mkacrad akritikebs maT, romlebic mTel cxovre-
bas garTobaSi atareben da sazogado saqmisTvis groSs
ar gaiReben. samSoblos msaxurebas maRali profesi-

67
uli codna sWirdeba. sabolood gamodis, rom mamulis
msaxureba SeuZlia mxolod moralurad da zneobrivad
maRalprofesional patriots. mxolod aseTi adamianebi
qmnian Taobebs. niko nikolaZisTvis Taoba saerTo miznis
socialuri jgufia am jgufis wevrebis asakisagan damou-
kideblad.
aRniSnuli Sroma mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom masSi
mocemulia maSindeli saqarTvelos mZime ekonomikuri
da socialuri mdgomareoba da axsnilia misi warmoSobis
mizezebi. niko nikolaZe svams sakiTxs, Tu ram ganapiro-
ba Cveni qveynis maSindeli CamorCeniloba ganviTarebul
qveynebTan SedarebiT. pasuxad or mizezs asaxelebs. pir-
veli, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebisadmi uyuradReboba, da
SinaaSliloba, mtroba, qiSpoba, erTmaneTis gadakideba,
gautanloba.vidre saqarTvelo ganaTlebis doniT me-
zoblebis doneze iyo, mravalricxvovani mtris Tavdasx-
mebs igeriebda. magram rogorc ki saerTo ganviTare-
bas CamorCao, Turqebma cxra mTis iqedan dagvingries
cixe-simagreebi da mosaxleoba aawiokes.
qveyanam rom warmatebas miaRwios misi xalxi mTliani
unda iyos, erTi mizani hqondes-adamiani ekonomikis zrun-
vis sagani gaxdes. sxvanairad, aSlil dawewili, erTmane-
Tis moqiSpe sazogadoeba saqveyno sikeTes ver moitans.
„ori, samic ar moiZebneba Cvens qveyanaSi iseTi kaci, rom
mamulis an xalxis meti sazrunvelad da sadardeblad
ara hqondes ra, rom sazogado saqmis meti araferi axso-
vdes, rom mamulis sikeTis metis araferi mada hqondes,
aras grZnobdes“43.
niko nikolaZis azriT xalxi maSin aris Zlieri da
bednieri, roca igi Tanamedrove mecnierebas flobs da

43
nikolaZe n. mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba. gv. 326. Txz. Tb., 1985

68
mTel Zalas adamianis keTildReobaze mimarTavs. magram
Tu ise xdeba, rom misi erTi nawili muqTad cxovrobs
da mxolod flangavs, xolo meore nawils ormagi Sroma
uwevs im pirvelis Sesanaxad da calkerZ Tavis sarCenad,
maSin xalxis Zala uxeirod ifanteba da mis or naxevars
Soris Cumi daZabuli brZola iwyeba. erToba ikargeba
da xalxi or dapirispirebul banakad iyofa. „visac Cve-
ni mamuli uyvars, misi pirveli mivaleoba is aris, rom
ai es uswor-masworoba, es ganxeTqileba Seamciros, rom
SemdegSi erTianad moispos CvenSi amgvari usamarTlo da
ugunuri flangva xalxis Zalisa da Sromis. sanam umoqme-
do nawili Cveni sazogadoebisa Sromas da Tavis rCenas
ar SeeCveva, sanam Cveni xalxi mewveli Zroxis mdgomareo-
bidan ar gamova SeuZlebelia, rom CvenSi namdvili erTo-
ba daarsdes, an gulwrfeli grZnoba, an xeiriani ganwyo-
bileba“44. adamianis arsebobis azri mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom „aamaRlo xalxi, Seni TanamoZmeni Sens donemde da
rac xelTa gaqvs, Tundac Tixisagan, Seqmna ama Tu im dar-
gis ramdenadac SeiZleba ukeTesi moRvawe“45.
xalxi pirovnebas parlamentSi Tu sxva xelmZRvanel
postebze arCevisas personalurad akisrebs qveynisa da
mosaxlebis samsaxuris pasuxismgeblobas. niko nikolaZes
inglisisa da safrangeTis magaliTebi mohyavs Tu rogor
ebrZvian erTmaneTs parlamentSi deputatebi, magram es
yvelaferi mxolod qveynis sasargeblod xdebao. sakmari-
sia wamoiWras mterTan brZolis sakiTxi, rom isini er-
Tad Seikribebian da maSin qiSpobisTvis ara scaliaTo.
SeniSvnis saxiT miuTiTebs, rom igi dapirispirebis da
gancalkevebis mxardamWeri ki ar aris, azrebis demokra-

44
iqve, gv. 329
45
nikolaZe n. Txz. t. 9 gv.8. quTaisi, 2006

69
tiuli gamomuSavebis momxrea mxolod. igi brma mimbaZve-
lobis winaaRmdegia. Tu movlenebs cota win gavuswrebT,
vnaxavT rom yvelaferi es niko nikolaZem Tavis cxovre-
baSi ise gaatara, rogorc adre dauweria. amisi faqto-
brivi, gansakuTrebuli gamoxatuleba mdgomareobs didi
jixaiSis meurneobis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaSi, foTis qa-
laqisa da portis 18 wliani mSeneblobis bataliebSi.
1881 wels stavropolSi gadasaxlebul niko nikolaZ-
es, rogorc aRvniSneT, sazogadoebis Suamdgomlobis sa-
fuZvelze kavkasiis mefisnacvali aTavisuflebs da igi
TbilisSi brundeba. radgan iq mdgomareobis gamo ar daed-
gomeboda, isev peterburgs miaSura. sadac xuTi weliwadi
icxovra. am periodSi axerxebs igi CerniSevskis gaTavisu-
flebas. amasTan erTad, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, ganaT-
lebuli niko nikolaZe aqtiurad ebmeba samSoblosTvis
umniSvnelovanesi proeqtebis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi.
1886 wels niko nikolaZe Rebulobs yvelasTvis moulod-
nel gadawyvetilebas-didi jixaiSis centrSi tiali mind-
ori SeiZina. mere mis garSemo mimdebare miwis nakveTebic
Seisyida, ramac sabolo jamSi 20 ha Seadgina46. xSirad is-
mis kiTxva Tu ratom iyida, rogorc maSin uwodebdnen,
mweralma niko nikolaZem miwa da isic did jixaiSSi. zo-
gierTi avtoris azriT aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqon-
da imas, rom dedamisi jixaiSeli lorTqifaniZis qaliS-
vili iyo da Turme aman ubiZga niko nikolaZe mwerloba
meurneobis mowyobaze gaecvala, rasac kategoriulad
uwunebdnen Riad mas cnobili kalmosnebi... zemoTmotani-
li masalebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom niko nikolaZis arCev-
anis aseTi axsna calmxrivi da subieqturia. jer erTi,
did jixaiSSi, deduleTis siyvarulis gamo, miwis SeZenis

46
aq cxovrobda didi niko. gv.142. „saqarTvelo“, 99928-29-48-6

70
mizezad warmoCena ar ivargebs. es iseT moazrovnes, ro-
goric niko nikolaZe aris, Cvengan ar ekadreba. gverds
ver avuvliT imasac, rom niko nikolaZe kargad icnob-
da did jixaiSs, rogorc deduleTs, magram es mxolod
sakiTxis nawilia. meurneobis gamarTvas marto miwis
farTis sidide da misi nayofierebis faqti ar yofnis.
aq ufro didi xnis nafiqralis saqmed qcevis SemCnevaa
mTavari, romelic man sanTlad aanTo Tavis SromaSi „mam-
ulis siyvaruli da msaxureba“. wlebi gadioda da misi
ekonomikuri azrovneba simaRles da sivrces ipyrobda.
epoqalur cvlilebebs umalve xvdeboda, siZvelis suns
maSinve aRiqvamda. uWirdaT misi moulodneli cvlile-
bebis gageba, gansakuTrebiT imaT, romlebic erTxel
gatkepnil gzas bolomde miyvebodnen. raki Tavidanve
mwerloba gaixades eris samsaxurad da xalxis gulebSi
daides bina, ver xedavdnen imas, rom Camotovebul ers
winamZRoli, tradiciuli, dros CamorCenili, daZvelebu-
li, primitiuli Sromis mdgomareobidan gamosasvlelad
inteleqtualuri lokomotivi sWirdeboda. aman ukar-
naxa mas mwerloba gverdze gadaedo da ara gadaegdo.
amaze metyvelebs misi Txzulebebis me-8 da me-9 tome-
bi. ar undoda xalxisTvis marto mimbaZveli yofiliyo,
undoda misTvis maswavleblobac gaewia da erToblivi
Sromis Tanamonawilec gamxdariyo. es misi ekonomikur
azrovnebis axali zeaRmavali xveuli iyo. ris Sesaxebac
Cveuli pirdapirobiT ganacxada, rom wera-kiTxvis, deda
enis codna kargia, rogorc urTierTobis saSualeba, ma-
gram igi ar SeiZleba iyos adamianis mizani. yvelaferi
naTeli gaxdeba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am statiis cota
zemoT motanil me-6 sqolios, rom mas qveynis samsaxu-
ri studentobis pirvelive wlebidan hqonda miznad, da
isic icoda, rom amisTvis Tanamedrove codnis miReba

71
iyo aucilebeli. „Tu namdvilad gviyvars mamuli, Cven
is unda gavaZlieroT, rogorc materialuris mxriT _
samarTliani ekonomikuris ganwyobilebis dafuZnebiT,
ise zneobiT _ misi gonebisa da codnis gaumjobesebiT.
is imedi unda CavunergoT mas, romelic Cven TviTon gva-
qvs, im momavlisaken unda miubrunoT piri, romelic Cven
gvwams, im gzaze unda davayenoT, romelmac yvela sxva
xalxi gaaZliera da gaabedniera“47.
isev Cndeba kiTxva imis Sesaxeb Tu ras warmoadgenda
did jixaiSSi misi kar-midamo: kerZo meurneobas, biz-
ness, saseleqcio warmoebas Tu inovaciuri saqmianobis
instituts? did jixaiSis niko nikolaZis samuzeumo ma-
salebidan irkveva, rom misi meurneoba sakmaod vrceli
iyo da im droisaTvis gansakuTrebuli, ris Sesaxeb werda
kidec gazeTi „iveria“ 1892 w. #250. or-sam sofelSi rom
TiTo amisTana ferma gaCndebodes, meurneobis bedi gamo-
brundeba Cvens qveyanaSio. niko nikolaZis Tanamedrovee-
bis da masTan daxloebuli jixaiSelebis mogonebebidan
Cans, rom niko nikolaZiseuli meurneobis mowyoba mS-
romeli adamianebis axali tipis instituti iyo.
didi jixaiSis meurneoba niko nikolaZes ramdenime na-
kveTad hqonda ganawilebuli. zogi saTibisTvis, zogi ve-
naxs eWira, aqeT xexili iyo gaSenebuli, iqeT-dekoraci-
uli xeebi, nawili tyes ekava, raRac farTi kar-midamosa
da damxmare nagebobebs. Robed trifoliati gamoiyene-
boda, romelic niko nikolaZem sazRvargareTidan Semoi-
tana. niko nikolaZem moawyo sarwyavi sistema da eweo-
da mcenareTa da cxovelTa jiSebis seleqcias, bazrebze
cnobili iyo misi produqciis mravalgvarobiTa da maRa-

47
nikolaZe n. mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba. gv. 338. Txz. t.7. Tb.,
1985

72
li xarisxiT. did jixaiSSi gaxsna fosta-telegrafi,
saavadmyofo, skola. miaRwia imas, rom Tbilisi-baTumis
matareblis grafikSi Setaniliyo ianeTSi ramdenime wu-
TiT SeCereba, rasac mimdebare soflebisTvis arsebi-
Ti ekonomikuri mniSvneloba hqonda. sazRvargareTidan
Semohqonda sxvadasxva saxis niadagis dasamuSavebeli da
sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis teqnika. rogorc wignidan
„aq cxovrobda didi niko“ Cans, niko nikolaZe soflis
mosaxleobas ara marto Tavis mamulSi asaqmebda, nar-
gavebs Cuqnida, agroteqnikas aCvevda, meurneobis gamarT-
vaSic exmareboda, fuliTac asaCuqrebda. amitom niko ni-
kolaZe soflis mosaxleobas Zalian uyvarda. marTalia,
meurneoba did jixaiSSi hqonda, magram igi iq iSiaTad
cxovrobda, xandaxan Camodioda Turme ramdenime dRiT
an ramdenime saaTiT. misi meurneobis meTvalyureoba min-
dobili hqonia glex simon vaSakiZes48 (aq ukve moqmedi
meurneoba igulisxmeba. 1887 weli niko nikolaZem did
jixaiSSi gaatara). amdenad, Tqma imisa, rom man mwerloba
meurneobaze gacvala, swori ar aris. did jixaiSis meur-
neoba niko nikolaZis mier im ganzraxviT iyo Seqmnili,
rac ukve gacxadebuli hqonda „mamulis siyvarulsa da
msaxurebaSi“. adamianis srulyofileba gamoixateba imiT,
Tu ramdenad SeuZlia mas xalxisa da qveynis samsaxuri
ara mxolod axali azris miwodebiT, aramed adamianebTan
praqtikuli TanamSromlobiTac, maTTan erToblivi
SromiT. niko nikolaZe ver itanda angarebas, xalxis da-
cinvas, dabeCavebas. misi azriT Taoba maSin aris Taoba,
roca igi xalxis gverdiT dgas, exmareba mas azrovnebis
ganaxlebaSi, zrunavs misi ganviTarebisa da keTildReo-
bis gaumjobesebisTvis. Taobis cxovreba zneobrioba da

48
aq cxovrobda didi niko. gv.143. „saqarTvelo“, 99928-29-48-6

73
pasuxismgeblobaa. niko nikolaZisTvis rom didi jixaiSis
meurneoba piradi mizani yofiliyo, igi foTis meroba-
ze ar daTanxmdeboda, vinaidan misi meurneoba ukve wel-
gamarTuli da aRiarebuli iyo saqarTveloSi, xolo foTi
maSin Waobian adgils da ubadruk navmisadgoms warmoad-
genda. unda gviTvaliswinoT isic, rom quTaisis merobaze
uari Tqva. ar miiRo SeTavazeba baqos merobazec, sadac
25000 maneTs hpirdebodnen, maSin roca foTis meris anaz-
Raureba 500 maneTi iyo.
epoqebi sxvadasxvanairad kiTxuloben warsuls. mara-
diulia kaci, romlis namoqmedars axali epoqa warmoaCens,
fexze wamoayenebs, gaacocxlebs da simaRleze aswevs mis
gakeTebulsa da gaixarebs, rom mtkice balavars eyrdno-
ba. aseTi kaci niko nikolaZe iyo. igi misi epoqis saqarT-
velos sulieri simtkice da misi Ronierebis muxlCaux-
reli maSenebeli iyo dedian-mamian, dedmamiSvilebianad
da Svilebianad. axla igi uudidesia (gala mkarnaxobs),
vinaidan udidesi im epoqaSi iyo.
1894 wels niko nikolaZe foTis merad airCies. zogi
avtori iTvaliswinebs ra didi nikos uars jer quTaisis,
xolo mere baqos merobaze, amas imiT xsnis, rom foTs igi
bavSvobidan icnobda. gimnaziis moswavle niko ki, hyav-
da mamamiss foTSi ardadegebze Cayvanili, magram es ba-
toni nikos arCevanis Sefasebis argumentad ar ivargebs,
vinaidan sustia. niko nikolaZe saqarTvelos yvela kuTx-
es kargad icnobda, foTic ar iyo gamonaklisi, razec
metyvelebs misi statiebi: „foTis navsadguris istoria“,
„isev foTis navsadguris Sesaxeb“49 „sauqmo sakiTxavi“50.
Tu ara qveynis siyvaruls, ras unda aeZulebina niko

49
nikolaZe n. Txz. t.8. gv. 9-37. quTaisi, 2003
50
nikolaZe n. Txz. t.9. gv. 128-133. quTaisi, 2006

74
nikolaZe didi jixaiSis meurneobisTvis, romelic misi
cxovrebis materialuri uzrunelyofis sakmarisze meti
SesaZlebloba iyo, ar vwer mietovebina, yuradReba daek-
lo da foTSi gadasuliyo, romelic praqtikulad ufro
samSeneblo moedans da navmisadgom zRvis napirs war-
moadgenda, xolo biujeti imaze meti ar hqonda, ramden-
ic mezobel sofel sajavaxos51. magram misi ukve Ronieri
ekonomikuri azrovneba Zalian Sors ixedeboda. icoda,
rom foTis porti saqarTvelos sazRvao WiSkari iqnebo-
da, saidanac igi msoflios mraval qveyanas miakiTxavda
da sadac im qveynebis gemebs miiRebda, msoflio vaWrobis
ferxulSi Caebmeboda. asec moxda, man foTis porti da
qalaqi aaSena, romelsac uzarmazari Sroma Sealia. Sei-
Zleba iTqvas, rom niko nikolaZis foTSi moRvaweoba es
misi boboqari ekonomikuri azrovnebis vulkanuri amof-
rqvevaa, romelic sikeTed gadmoeRvara mTel saqarTve-
los da axlac Rrublebad adgas Tavze misi mosaxleobis
keTildReobaze dasawvimeblad (ufro dawvrilebiT ix-
ileT qvemoT CamoTvlili literatura)52.
18 weliwadi aSenebda batoni niko foTis qalaqsa da
ports. dRe da Rames asworebda. roca qalaqs eZina, mis
koSkSi sinaTle gvian Ramemde enTo: fiqrobda, werda, qm-

51
foTis portis mSenebloba adre ramdenjerme wamoiwyo saxelmwifom,
es periodi 35 weliwadi gagrZelda, razec 7,5 mln. rubli daixarja,
magram 1898 wlisTavisaTvis isev erT ubadruk navmisadgoms warmoad-
genda. niko nikolaZis merobis periodSi, sul raRac Svidi wlis man-
Zilze igi maSindeli imperiis saukeTeso da yvelaze usafrTxo porti
gaxda. masalebi niko nikolaZis biografiisaTvis. „foTis saqme“. Sem-
dg. kezevaZe m., namiWeiSvili r. gv.43. quTaisi, 2003.
52
masalebi niko nikolaZis biografiisaTvis. „foTis saqme“. Semdgen.
kezevaZe m., namiWeiSvili r. quTaisi, 2003. namiWeiSvili r. sabazro
ekonomika sazogadoebrivi tranformaciis pirobebSi. Tavi pirveli.
azrovnebis ganaxlebis da sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis niko ni-
kolaZis inteleqtualuri interpretaciebi. quTaisi, 2007.

75
nida naxazebs da asworebda. sul raRacas eZebda, igoneb-
da, miuRwevels aRwevda, yvela bariers gadadioda. aaSena,
daamSvena...da „ratom kargi agigiao“ _ daWera moundomes,
magram miuxedavad imisa, rom loms vercxlisferi dahkra-
vda, goni iyo hegeliseuli. ruseTis imperiis maRali Ci-
nosnebis yvela mcdelobis miuxedavad (sasamarTlo saqme
11 tomad aikinZa, amxela moculoba maSin uprecedento
SemTxveva iyo), cixeSi gasagzavni veraferi upoves, magram
ixtibari ar gaitexes da fuladi jarima daakisres. sa-
samarTlo 1916 wels damTavrda quTaisSi. niko nikolaZem
peterburgs miaSura. gaz. „russkaia volias“ mTavri kore-
spondenti gaxda. 1917 wels ukve TbilisSia da isev sazo-
gadoebriv saqmianobaSi aris Cabmuli. 1920 wels, rogorc
saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli inglisSi Cadis WiaTuris
Savi qvis warmoebis gafarToebasTan dakavSirebiT. 1921
wlis ambebis gamo sazRvargarT darCa. 1924 wels samSob-
loSi dabrunda da sicocxlis bolomde isev xalxis sa-
keTildReod iRwvoda.
rogorc zemoT motanili masalebidan irkveva niko ni-
kolaZes babuisa da mamis mxridan memkvidreobiT ergo
riskis unari, mizanswrafuloba, socialuri komunikabe-
loba. dedam wigni Seayvara. mTlianad ojaxi ki swavlis
misaRebad xelsayrel garemos uqmnida. TviTon mas swav-
lis gansakuTrebuli niWi aRmoaCnda. misi moswavleobisa
da studentobis periodi boboqari dro iyo, roca adami-
anis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba sazogadoebrivi
moTxovnileba gaxda. epoqis majiscemas iuveluri sizus-
tiT grZnobda.
Zveli da axali Taobis dapirispirebaSi, sazogadoe-
brivi cxovrebis pirobebisTvis brZolis bataliebSi
gamoiwrTo niko nikolaZis xasiaTi da gamoimuSava mov-
lenebisadmi kritikuli damokidebulebis kultura.

76
Wabukobidanve airCia samSoblosadmi msaxureba da mis
saSualebad progresuli azrovnebis simaRleebs gaedev-
na-mravalmxriv codnas daeufla mwerlobis, ekonomikis,
samarTlis, mrewvelobis, fermeruli meurneobis, banke-
bis, finasebis, hidroenergetikis, strategiuli wiaRi-
seulis kvleva-Ziebisa da realizaciis, rkinigzis trans-
portis, miwaTmoqmedebis, melioraciis, meRvineobis,
cxovelTa da mcenareTa seleqciis, wyalgayvanilobis,
vaWrobis, proeqtebisa da programebis Sedgenisa da dan-
ergvis saqmeebSi. mecxramete saukune gansakuTrebuli
etapia kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi, roca mecnierul-te-
qnikuri progresma mTlianad Secvala adamianis cxovre-
bis pirobebi da aCvena, rom adamianur kapitals xalx-
is cxovrebis Zirfesviani gaumjobeseba SeuZlia. magram
misi gamoyeneba zneobriv farglebs ar unda gascdes.
niko nikolaZem aqac dainaxa Tu ra ubedurebas moitan-
da aseTi mZlavri progresis pirobebSi adamianis kerZo
sargeblianobaze gamodevneba, crupatriotoba da qarT-
veli xalxis kmayofaze cxovreba. misi umaRlesi ekono-
mikuri azrovneba swrafad amCnevda movlenebis daZvele-
basa da warmoSobis procesebs, arCevda maTi gamoyenebis
meTodebsa da pirobebs. codna misTvis mxolod azris
moZraobaa, romlis mizania tqenikuri inovacia, Semoq-
medeba. Tanamedrove qarTuli kreativis precedentic
niko nikolaZidan iRebs saTaves. „fuWad ki ara, Sroma-
Si, swavlaSi, fiqrSi gavatare wlebi... bevri ram viswav-
le meTqi da arc SeiZleba bevri ram ar meswavla, radgan
vnebiani bunebis aRgznebuli wyurviliT vSromobdi... pi-
radi sargeblobis mizniT rodi vewafebodi. unda mcire
bunebisa iyo, rom aseTma warmatebam gagitacos... aris
qveyanaze warmateba... es warmatebaa... gaswavlo da gai-
Zulo mkiTxvelo, iyo ufro saqmiani, vidre axla xar. am

77
warmatebis, rogorc xedav, ara piradi warmatebis, dev-
naSi me vcdilobdi yvelaferi gamekeTebina, yvela karze
damekakunebina, yvelaferi mecada, Semecvala saSuale-
bebic, gzebic da, vidre cocxalia CemSi rwmena miznis
siwmindis, ra mesaqmeba aTasi rjulis filisterebis buz-
Runsa da dacinvebTan, romelnic erTsa da imave wyals
rodinSi nayaven...“53.

53
nikolaZe n. Txz. t.9. gv. 10-11. quTaisi, 2006

78
 niko nikolaZis evropeloba

niko nikolaZe evropuli azrovnebis kaci, evropulad

aRzrdili; evropuli, evropuli cxovreba... ismoda
wamdauwum samecniero konferenciaze. aman mikarnaxa am
statiis dawera.

CemTvis aqamde xelmisawvdom literaturaSi jer arsad

Semxvedria niko nikolaZes Tavi evropelobiT warmoeCi-
nos, piriqiT, igi Tavisi qarTvelobiT iwonebda Tavs. ami-
si naTeli magaliTia samSoblosadmi mcxunvare siyvaru-
liT gamTbari misi brwyivale publikacia...“ mas aqeT, rac
me Cems Tavs vicnob, me erTi wadilis meti ara mqonia,
erTi RmerTis garda sxvisTvis Tayvani ar micia... me Sen
miyvardi, Sen mwamdi, Sen gemsaxurebodi, avad Tu kargad,
rogorc SemeZlo, rogorc Wkua miWrida“. iqve agrZelebs,
rom arc safrangeTis amaRelvebel da aRmatacebel cx-
ovrebas, arc peterburgis gansacdeliT mimzidvel sazo-
gadoebas, arc italiis mSvenierebas, arc Sveicariis Tavi-
suflebas `arsad, arasodes, arcerTi wamis ganmavlobaSi~
ar mouxiblavs, ar miuzidavs misi grZnoba da guli. arada
amas evropadavlili axalgazrda kaci wers, romelic mon-
atrebul samSobloSi brundeba. am werilamde erTi wliT
adre parizSi ibeWdeba misi broSura „franguli presis
dekadansi“, romelSic warmoCenilia mizezebi Tu ram das-
ca franguli presis avtoriteti, da romelmac mowinave
franguli sazogadoebis yuradReba miipyro. broSuris
mTeli rigi adgilebi daibeWda frangul gazeTSi. niko
nikolaZe am broSuraSi exeba ara marto frangul, ar-
amed mTel evropul presas da amerikulsac. misTvis ev-
ropa aRTqmuli qveyana da samoTxe ki ar aris, rogorc
axla amas treningganaTlebulebi weren da masmediidan

79
imoZRvrebian, igi progresis triumfatoria, romlis sa-
fuZvelia ganaTleba da mecniereba, da mizani is ki ar
aris muxlebze dadge da Seni samSoblo evropas Seavedro
mis kalTaSi Seifaros, aramed kritikulad Seafasos misi
warmatebebi, gaamdidros igi rogorc ucxoelma intele-
qtma da ipovos gzebi da pirobebi misi miRwevebis inter-
venciisaTvis Tavis samSobloSi. calmxriv gaxmaurebulia
literaturaSi niko nikolaZis Rvawli frangi inJinris
da gamomgoneblis marsel depres eleqtroenergiis Zab-
vis meSveobiT Sor manZilze gadacemis dafinansebaSi. es
gamogoneba kai xani iqneboda Taroze Semodebuli, rom
ara niko nikolaZis novatoruli goneba da azrovnebis
SorsmWvreteloba. niko nikolaZe, rogorc inJinruli
azrovnebis kaci, mixvedrili iyo im gamogonebis WeS-
maritebaSi, ramac ganapiroba misi werilis damajereblo-
ba im donemde, rom bankirma rotSildma marsel depres
gamogoneba daafinansa. es, ra Tqma unda, udidesi saqmea
da frangi xalxisTvis qmnili sikeTe, magram batoni nikos
roli mxolod keTilganwyobiT ar amoiwureba. mas ufro
meti aqvs Cafiqrebuli, vidre mkiTxvelma SeiZleba war-
moidginos. eleqtroenergiis Sors manZilze gadacemis
inJinruli praqtikuli realizacia niko nikolaZisTvis
misi samSoblos keTildReobis zrdis axali perspeqti-
va iyo. samSobloSi dabrunebuli aRfrTovanebas ver
malavda da gazeT „novoe obozrenieSi werda, rom Cvens
mTian qveyanas axlo momavalSi revolucia elodebo-
da, romelsac eleqtroenergia gamoiwvevda ekonomikur
sferoSi, finansebSi, mrewvelobaSi, rom es iqneboda mSvi-
di, aucilebeli revolucia yovelgvari afeTqebebis,
sisxlis Rvrisa, taxtebisa da sakurTxevlebis msxvrevis
gareSe. rom qveyanas amisTvis sakmaod mdidari resurse-
bi gaaCnia. maTi qveynis sikeTed gardaqmnisaTvis gaevro-

80
peleba ki ara, teqnikuri progresis miRwevebis gaziareba
iyo saWiro. erTi saqmea mihbaZo sxvas, meore Semoqmedebi-
Tad miudge ekonomikisa da socialuri progresis mimar-
Tulebebs da Sens erovnul upiratesobebad aqcio isini,
xolo mere ukan daubruno mowinave qveynebs nacionaluri
gamorCeuleobis nimuSebad. niko nikolaZe am Tvalsaz-
risiT dRemde rCeba unikalur Semoqmedad da novatorad.
niko nikolaZem sworad Seafasa foTis portis perspeqti-
va qveynis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis. foTidan SesaZle-
beli iqneboda marganecis, qvanaxSiris, nedli merqanis,
Rvinis gatana. foTSi unda Semosuliyo rkinigza sadgur
„proxladnaidan“ kavkasiis mTavari qedis gavliT, rom-
lis proeqtic TviTon SeimuSava iseve, rogorc foTidan
iranis gavliT indoeTis okeanisaken matareblis moZrao-
bis marSrutebi. masve ekuTvnis rkinigzis gayvanis teqni-
kuri varianti bzifis tyis eqsportuli SesaZleblobebis
asaTviseblad, agreTve mdinare bzifis hidroenergiis ga-
moyenebis teqnikuri namuSevrebi.
niko nikolaZe, rac foTis merad airCies, igi misi mSen-
eblobis iniciatori da menejeri gaxda, piradad inaxula
evropis da CrdiloeT afrikis 12 saporto qalaqi, gaecno
maT saqmianobas, ris safuZvelzec TviTon miiRo monaw-
ileoba portis naxazebis SeqmnaSi, qalaqis infrasrtruq-
turis mowyobaSi: quCebis daproeqteba da gayvana, xidebis
mSenebloba, Waobebis daSroba, saswavleblebis, sayofacx-
ovrebo da kulturuli daniSnulebis obieqtebis ageba.
man pirvelma Seqmna obligaciis precedenti saqarTvelo-
Si, safuTo mosakrebeli marganecisa da qvanaxSiris Casa-
tvirTi elevatoris asaSeneblad. qveynis garedan samS-
obloSi Semohqonda mcenareTa, frinvelTa da cxovelTa
jiSebi, eweoda maT gamocdebs adgilobriv pirobebTan
Sesagueblad. mere iwyeboda sapirispiro procesi _ ni-

81
kolaZiseuli produqciis eqsporti, romelic moicavda
ara marto saqonelsa da masalebs, aramed samecniero
namuSevrebs, sainJinro naxazebsa da proeqtebs. man Seqm-
na muRanis udabnos sarwyavi sistemebis proeqti, Rvinis
sardafis proeqti quTaisis kirqvovan mTebSi qarTuli
Rvinis evropuli meTodiT dasayeneblad. batonma nikom
palaSkovskiTan erTad daamuSava muRanis udabnos dafi-
nansebis gegma, romlis Tanaxmad ramdenime mln ha nasveni
miwis morwyva SesaZlebeli iqneboda umciresi sabiuje-
to danaxarjebiT. niko nikolaZem Seqmna eiskis rkinigzis
wesdebis proeqti, romelSic gamoiyena Tavisi formula
naRdi fulis gareSe aqciebiT gadaxdaze.
saqarTveloSi niko nikolaZis saxels ukavSirdeba bzi-
fis, enguris, lajanuris, zemo avWalis mdinareebis po-
tenciuri energiis gamoyenebis proeqtebi da winadade-
bebi, tyibulis rkinigzis mSenebloba, WiaTura-Sorapnis
rkinigzis gayvana, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada naklebmwar-
moebluri da moZvelebuli saWapano transportis Secvla
da sxva54.
zemoT motanil masalebs is azrobrivi datvirTva aqvs,
rom niko nikolaZe arc evropelia, arc amerikeli da arc
azieli. didi niko araordinaluri udidesi qarTuli
talantia, genialuri moazrovnea, romelic TavisTavSi
aqcevs msoflio progresul miRwevebs qarTul erovnul
tradiciebTan, romlisTvis ucxo da miuRebelia qarT-
velis gaevropeleba Tu gaamerikeleba. eris CamorCeni-
lobisagan xsna mdidari mezoblis qveSevrdomobaSi ki ar
unda veZeboT, aramed masTan urTierTTanamSromloba-
Si. saSualo da ufro dabali uzneo azrovnebis nabod-
54
namiWeiSvili r. sabazro ekonomikis adamianuri ganzomilebani. 4.
niko nikolaZe rogor fermeri, mewarme da saqarTvelos yvela drois
saukeTeso menejeri. quTaisi, „sarkmeli saqarTvelosi“, 2005.

82
varia TiTqosda saqarTvelos ukeTesi momavali mxolod
evrokavSiris da natos sivrceSi iZebneba. gaWirvebis
gamo mfarvelisa Tu gavleniani patronis Zebna saxel-
mwifo iqneba igi Tu subieqti adamiani inteleqtualu-
ri sisutis niSania, fsiqiuri gauwonasworeblobaa. ar
daadga niko nikolaZis kvals aqamde arsebuli arcerTi
xelisufleba qveynisa. rasac erTi didi azrovneba niko
nikolaZe akeTebda, ver axorcielebs qveynis koleqtiu-
ri xelmZRvaneloba, romelsac ver gaugia, rom namdvili
suvereniteti da damoukidebloba TanamSromlobas axas-
iaTebs, aki inglisic imitom gavida evrokavSiridan, rom
mis suverenitetis SezRudva igrZno. sasaciloc kia imisi
gafiqreba, rom Tu mdidari qveynebis sivrceSi moxvdebi,
Senc gamdidrebdi, frangasa da inglisels daemsgavsebi.
„cdilobdnen, rom rusis xalxi gaenemcebinaT an gaefran-
cuzebiaT, da qarTvelebi-gaerusebiaT. is aviwydebodaT,
rom yovel xalxs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi da zne
aqvs...roca am bunebas Zalas daatan, roca moindomeb, rom
rusma francuzsaviT ixtunos, an nemecsaviT iSromos...
maSin xifaTs Seeyrebi, saqmes waixden, qveyanas avneb...“55.
(vavneT da mere rogor, vin usmina niko nikolaZes. Tumca
vneba axla rom aris, iseTi arasdros yofila).
nikolaZisdroindeli _ me-19 saukunis meore naxevrisa
da meoce saukunis dasawyisis evropa aris mecnierebisa
da teqnikis inovaciuri reviluciebis epoqa. im periodSi
Seiqmna dinamomanqana, generatori, Sidawvis Zrava, dize-
lis Zrava, varvarebis naTura, mikrofoni, telefoni, ra-
dio, besemerisa da martenis Rumelebi, daiwyo foladis
masiuri warmoeba, gamoigones avtomobili, rezinis sabu-
ravebi, TviTmfrinavi, eleqtroenergia da manZilze misi

55
nikolaZe n. Txz. t.7. mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba. gv. 307.

83
gadacemis teqnologia, elmavali, Tbomavali, tramvai,
traqtori da sxv. kidev mravali, romelic SesaZlebeli
gaxda maTematikis, fizikis, qimiis, biologiis fundamen-
turi aRmoCenebiT. marto mecxramete saukuneSi Seiqm-
na imaze meti aRmoCena, vidre manamde arsebuli sauku-
neebis ganmavlobaSi. amitom mas samarTlianad ewodeba
„mecnierebis oqros saukune“. maSindeli saqarTvelo am
mxriv mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebis gare samyaro iyo,
magram aravis mosvlia azrad aeyara xalxi fuZidan da ev-
ropisTvis Seeria. evropaSi midiodnen umaRlesi codnis
dasaufleblad, rom mere codna qveynis samsaxurSi gamo-
eyenebiaT cxovrebis donis amaRlebisTvis.
Tanamedrove evropa maSindelis antipodia. Tu me-19
saukunis dasarulis da me-20 saukunis dasawyisis evropa
cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas isaxvda miznad, ax-
landeli evropa maZRaria, magram TandaTan kargavs Ta-
vis identurobas arabuli, afrikuli da musulmanuri
samyarodan mosaxleobis masobrivi migraciis gamo. ufro
uaresi: igi TavisTavs ar ekuTvnis da „300 komitetis“
anu msoflios saidumlo organizaciebis mier imarTeba.
jer kidev rodis ganacxades: „kaTolicizmi, Cveni mara-
diuli mteri, talaxSi wevs sasikvdilod daWrili“56. iqve
vkiTxulobT: saukuneebis manZilze didi samuSao gavwieT
tvinebis gamosarecxad, da gansakuTrebiT ukanaskneli
ramdenime aseuli wlis manZilze. maT yvelafris sjeraT,
rasac veubnebiT...mere agrZelebs da pirdapir acxadebs,
rom SeaRwies kaTolikur eklesiaSi da axla isini maTi
msaxurebi arian. male TeTri rasa aRar iqneba aSS. espan-
elebi, meqsikelebi da zangebi dawinaurdebian da ameri-

56
Интервью с равнином Абэ Филкельштейном о еврейском контроле над
миром. via-midgard.info/nevs/artikle

84
ka yveiTel rasad iqceva. maT arafris eSiniaT, vinaidan
ebraeli adamianebi weren kanonebs da mosamarTleebic
maTi adamianebi arian. amisi naTeli magaliTi filken-
Steinis intervius dasawyisSi aris motanili. molapar-
akebis Tanaxmad intervius satelevizio gadacemis xar-
jebi programis wamyvansa da rabin filkenSteins Soris
Tanabrad unda ganawilebuliyo, magram intervius Sem-
deg filkenSteinma uari ganacxada xarjebis gadaxdaze
da saqme sasamarTlomde mivida. ebraelma mosamarTlem
ganaCeni gamoitana: rabins araferi ar unda gadaexada,
vinaidan aRasrula kol-nidres locva, romelic yvela
xelSekrulebas, valdebulebas da dapirebas acxadebs
Zaladakargulad. es azri rom kerZo SemTxvevad ar CaiT-
valos, sxva wyaro moviSvelioT. ai, ras wers patrik bi-
ukeneni: sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva gviCvenebs, rom
kulturuli TvalsazriT adamianebi tradiciebis mxareze
arian: amerikelebi qalebis jarSi gawvevis, abortebis
da rasobrivi upiratesobebis winaaRmdegi arian. undaT
skolebSi dilis locvebis aRdgena da aTi mcnebis swav-
lebis dabruneba. agreTve ukontrolo emigraciis bari-
erebis Seqmna. mxars uWeren aSS inglisuri enis saxelm-
wifo enad dakanonebas. miuxedavad amisa mainc eTikur,
socialur da kulturul frontebze respublikelebis,
konservatorebis da qristianebis gaerTianebuli Zalebi
agrZeleben ukan daxevas danakargebiT da dRes faqto-
brivad gardaiqmnen, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, SeSinebul
umravlesobad57. faqtebi daundobeli morwmuneni arian.
evropis erovnulobas mRvrie wyali Seudga-mesame rasis
wyaro iqmna da Tavis sasicocxlo energias kargavs. „ar
dauSvaT is, rom xalxi TviTon wyvetdes TavianT beds,

57
Бьюкенен П. Смерть Запада. 9. Запуганное общество.

85
amisTvis xelovnurad unda Seiqmnas sxvadasxva krizisu-
li situaciebi am krizisebis marTviT. es Sesasustebs da
demoralizebas gaukeTebs mosaxleobas im donemde, rom
Zalian vrceli SesaZleblobebis pirobebSi adamianebis
masa apatiaSi Cavardeba“58.
mimoixedeT irgvliv da Tvqen dainaxvT, Tu ramde-
nad demoralizebuli varT. narkotikebi, pornografia,
rok-„musika“, Tavisufali seqsi, ojaxis safuZvlebis
praqtikulad sruli moSla, lesbianoba, homoseqsual-
izmi da, bolos, dedebisagan milionobiT udanaSaulo
Cvilis saSineli mkvlelobebi. aris ki, ufro sazizRari
danaSauli, vidre masobrivi abortebia?59.
rasac biukeneni gvixatavs aSS Tanamedrove cxovre-
bidan, saqarTveloSi axla ikidebs fexs. igi wers: zneo-
bis dacema, rac ase damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove amer-
ikisTvis, evropaSi kidev ufro naTelia. saxelmwifoebi,
romelTac meoce saukuneSi milioniani armia hyavdaT,
dRes sakuTari qveynis sazRvrebis dasacavad jars Zlivs
agrovebs da qveynis sazRvrebis dasacavad amerikelbs
uxmoben. evropa mcirdeba, saxelmwifoebi iSlebian. na-
cionaluri identurobis interesebisTvis mebrZolebs
rasistebis da qsenofobebis iarliyebs awebeben. Zalze
Sesustda qristianuli morali. mRvdlebsa da sjulis
mqadageblebs dRes konometografi da televizia xSirad
TvalTmaqcebad, garyvnilebad da Sterebad axasiaTeben60.
igi imowmebs citatas civi omis strategis j. vernemis
wignidan „dasavleTis TviTmkvleleoba“, romlis dakvni-
Tac Camoyalibda evropuli azrovnebis gansakuTrebuli
tipi, romelic Seguebulia imperiis daRupvas da civili-

58
Колемам Дж. Комитет 300. с.18.
59
iqve, gv.30.
60
iqve, Бьюкенен П. Смерть Запада. 9. Запуганное общество.

86
zaciis Casvenebas. azrovnebis avadmyofobaze „gonis fi-
losofiaSi“ werda hegeli.
am epidemias avrceleben axla saqarTveloSi isev qarT-
velTa meSveobiT. amis gamo aris, rom aRzevda saSualo
da ufro dabali niWi, romelsac ecotava saxelisuflo
Tanamdebobebi da umaRlesi saswavleblebis profesura
Caanacvla.
xalxs rom Zalaufleba hqondes, qveyanaSi saSualo
fena unda arsebobdes. saSualo fena sazogadoebrivi
elitis mimyolia, misi Zalauflebaa, xelisuflebis ma-
kotrolebeli da maorientirebelia.

87
 niko nikolaZe da inteligencia

sazogadoebrivi progresi, eris keTildReoba damok-

idebulia mis inteligenciaze anu inteligentTa sazo-
gadoebaze. inteligenti inteleqtis mqone adamiania. in-
teleqti ki misi (adamianis) SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis,
codnisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebisa da
ganviTarebis unaria. gamoikveTa sityvaTa mimdevroba:
inteleqti-inteligenti-inteligencia. cneba „inteli-
gents“ aqvs agreTve cxovrebiseuli yofiTi gagebac. in-
teligenti gamoirCeba ara mxolod romelime dargis Rrma
profesiuli codniT, aramed zneobrivi srulyofilebi-
Tac, adamianebisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT, Sina-
gani kulturiT, daxvewili manerebiT. Cven xSirad bev-
ri adamiani gvinaxavs da bevrs SevxvedrivarT, romelsac
maRali profesiuli ganaTleba aqvs, magram arasasiam-
ovno yofaqcevis, amoraluri, arazneobrivi arsebaa da
a.S. amiT imaze minda mivaniSno, rom adamianis inteleqti,
inteligenti, inteligencia xarisxobrivi kategoriebia,
romlebic droSi dinamikurad cvalebadia da romlis
srulyofilebis maCvenebelia misi azrovnebis siRrme
da masStabebi, agreTve moralur-zneobrivi, social-
ur-kulturuli Rirebulebebi da faseulobebi. saqarT-
velos axla umaRlesi profesiuli ganaTlebis sakmaod
mravalricxvovani armia hyavs, magram qveyana ara Tu win
ar midis, aramed uaresi emarTeba-ekonomikur siRaribeSi
efloba dRe da Rame. gamodis, rom eris azrovneba Sei-
Zleba iyos ara marto CamorCenili, aramed zneobrivad
Raribi, boroti, dacemuli da upasuxismgeblo. axla vin-
mes SeuZlia amtkicos, rom samyaros inteleqtualuri
adamianebi aklia, rom mosaxleobis 50%-ze meti dReSi
$2-ze mets imitom ver Rebulobs, rom cudad muSaobs,

88
xolo milionobiT adamiani zarmaci da usaqmuria da amis
gamo SimSiliT iRupeba, maSin roca msoflio mosaxleobis
1% samyaros mTeli simdidiris 90%-s flobs da ar icis,
raSi moixmaros igi. ranairi inteleqtualia xelisufa-
li, roca misi qveynidan jansaRi adamianebi lukma puris
saSovnelad garbian ucxoeTSi, pensionerebi siRatakeSi
eflobian, avadmyofebi wamlebs ver yiduloben, social-
urad daucvelia lamis naxevari milioni moqalaqe, am
dros ucxoelebi Cvens qveyanas epatronebian.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamodis, rom inteleqi, inteligen-
ti da misi sazogadoebrivi erToba- inteligencia moral-
ur-zneobrivi faseulobebis gareSe nebsiT Tu uneblied
qveynisa da samyaros uborotesi mteria. „bolos da bo-
los ra aris inteligencia, ra rols unda asrulebdes
igi xalxis cxovrebaSi? yvelgan da yovelTvis inteli-
gencias uwodeben ama Tu im eris saukeTeso, cocxali,
ukeTilSobilesi da ganaTlebuli Zalebis SenaerTs, ro-
melic iRwvis im mizniT, raTa am eris danarCeni fenebi
aziaros mecnierebisa da civilizaciis yvela sikeTes“61.
mjera, rom mkiTxveli dameTanxmeba inteligenciis niko
nikolaZiseuli ganmarteba SesaniSnavia, vinaidan inteli-
gencia marto ganaTlebuli xalxis sazogadoeba ki ara,
saukeTeso, iniciviatiani, moZravi, Semoqmedi, maRali
zneobis, Tavdadebuli, namusiani, didsulovani, rain-
di, amaRlebuli da sindisiani adamianebis sazogadoebaa,
romlis mizania mosaxleobis samsaxuri, raTa adamianis
cxovreba mecnierebisa da civilizaciis sikeTiT sarge-
blobdes. man sazogadoebis gonebrivi wamyvanis roli
unda Sesarulos. sxvanairad warmoudgenladac ki miaCnia
niko nikolaZes inteligenciis arseboba. misi roli xom

61
nikolaZe n. t.8. gv. 333. quTaisi, 2003

89
eris winamZRolobaa. meTauri yvelaze maRla unda idges,
iyos gamWriaxi da ara pativmoyvare da ara „narcisiviT
TavisTavze Seyvarebuli“, roca xelmZRvaneli uRirss,
wers didi niko, yvelanair saSulebas gamonaxavs, rTa Sein-
arCunos Tanamdeboba. amasac ar dasjerdeba-yvela niWi-
er da damoukideblad moazrovnes CamoiSorebs, garSemo
morCil da upasuxismgeblo adamianebs Semoikrebs. isini
xSirad imasac acxadeben, rom ar hyavs sakadrisi xalxi
da uniWoebiT vkmayofildebiTo. es xom yalbi sityve-
bia,-ganagrZnobs, niko nikolaZe, qarTul sazogadoebaSi
udavod bevri niWieri pirovnebaa, gacilebiT ufro meti,
vidre sxva erSi.
roca Sors iyurebi, becebs hgoniaT, rom Tvals gak-
lia. cxovreba rTulia da macdunebeli da amitom xSirad
inteligenti borotad iyenebs saxelisuflo da social-
ur viTarebas kerZo, piradi an viwro klanuri sarge-
blobisTvis. ai, aq aris ufro zneobrivi inteleqtis
pasuxismgebloba gza gadauketos cdunebas ayolils da
aiZulos keTil saqmes daubrunos igi. maRali inteleq-
ti Tavis saukeTeso Semcvlelze unda fiqrobdes, rom
samSoblos momavali saimedo Taobebis xelSi aRmoCndes.
uvargisia mdabioTa gulismogebaze fiqri. qondiskacebSi
Tavis gamoCena veranair didebas ver mogitans da samSob-
losac didi ziani miadgeba. CvenTvis axla es yvelaferi
xom faqtia-uniWoebma Seaviwroves uZvirfasesi namdvili
inteligencia da qveynis Zarcvas mihyves xeli.
daundobeli iyo niko nikolaZe yvelas mimarT, da-
moukideblad imisagan, rogori didi avtoritetisa da
Tanamdebobis ar unda yofilliyvnen isini, roca pasux-
ismgeblobas ver amarTlebdnen an piradi sargeblobis
interesebiT iyenebdnen Tanamdebobas. ra didi pativiT
epyroboda da afasebda batoni niko ilia WavWavaZes, aka-

90
ki wereTels, Tavis peterburgel studentobis droin-
del megobars da mere siZes-dis qmars giorgi wereTels,
magram Tu rame araprofesionalur nakls an Tanamdebo-
briv gadacdomas, Tavnebobas SeamCnevda, ulobeli da
Seubraleblad sastiki iyo. „dasawyisSive saWiroa mi-
TiTeba pirvel nabijTa Secdomebsa da mouxerxeblobaze,
radgan Tu safuZvelSive xeli ar axle, aTi wlis Semdeg
veRaranairi gaumjobesebuli manqaniT ver amoglej. is,
rac dRes SeiZleba gamoswordes gansakuTrebuli Zalda-
tanebis gareSe, ramdenime wlis Semdeg rutinis Zalasa da
mniSvnelobas SeiZens“62.
„b-nma WavWavaZem da misma uniWoTa iSviaTma plead-
am moaxerxes xelT egdoT TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani
wamowyeba. maT xelSia banki, gazeTi, Jurnali, Teatri,
skola, wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, erTi
styviT, TiTqmis yvelaferi. gana dro ar aris davfiqr-
deT, sad imaleba am wamowyebaTa uZlurebis mizezebi, ro-
melTa niadagic ase noyieria, xolo Sedegi _ ase mwiri?“63
am werils moyva pasuxi gaz. „iveriidan“ fsevdo avto-
ris xelmoweriT, romlis ukan niko nikolaZem iolad
amoicno s. mesxi da gaz. „ozorSi“ misi mkacri kritikuli
werili daibeWda, sadac s. mesxs cxra Tvis winaT dabeW-
dili misi werili gaaxsena, roca saswavleblis inspeqto-
ris Tanamdebobaze dasaniSnad mxari dauWires pirovnebas
ufro Rirseuli kandidatis sapirispirod imis gamo, rom
Turme kandidatura misaRebi yofila gaz. `iveriis“ re-
daqtorisTvis. ar apatia Zvel megobars s. mesxs meryeoba
da uprincipuloba. niko nikolaZes ukadrisad miaCnda in-
teligentisagan megobrebs Soris usiamovnebis Camogdeba.

62
iqve, gv. 338.
63
iqve, gv. 338.

91
 giorgi wereTelma pirveli sajaro leqcia waikiTxa
saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebze, romelic mowyvetili
aRmoCnda istoriuli faqtebisagan da mecnieruli argu-
mentebisagan. niko nikolaZem gaz. `obzoris~ furclebze
sastikad gaakritika leqtori da miuTiTa arsebiT naklo-
vanebze, dauwuna mTeli leqcia da fuW Sromad CauTva-
la. rCevac misca, rom daenebebina Tavi, raTa igi misT-
vis Seuferebel saqmes ar moecdina, miTumetes, rom mas
aCemebuli saqmis Sesabamisi istoriuli, filologiuri
da filosofiuri siRrmiseuli codna ar gaaCnda, aseTi
literaturis biblioTekac ki ar hqonia. niko nikolaZis
azriT giorgi wereTeli SesaniSnavi beletristia, qar-
Tul literaturaSi kargad cnobili xalxisTvis, rom-
lis nawerebis gamoCenas sixaruliT elodebian, rom misi
scenebi da Txzulebebi darCeba istoriaSi da ar unda mi-
atovos mwerloba. niko nikolaZe gulwrfeli sinanuliT
aRniSnavs, rom saRi da natifi azrovnebis mwerali tyui-
lubralod atans Tavs Zalas da cdilobs filosofosad
da publicistad warmoCenas, rac mas sikeTes ar moutans.
iliasa da akakis Sedarebisas, ilias poezias uwunebs,
afasebs, rogorc Sromismoyvares, romelmac yvelafer-
Si warmatebas miaRwia. „Tavis TanamemamuleTa Soris
TiTqmis erTaderTi moRvawe iyo, aRWurvili nebisyofiT,
amtanobiT, SromismoyvereobiT“64. akakis da baraTaSvilis
tandems miiCnevs im mwerlebad, romlebic amowuraven me-
19 saukunis mTel qarTul poezias. aRniSnavs akakis Tan-
dayolil niWs, uwunebs sizarmaces. „ak. wereTels rom
imdenive nebisyofa gaaCndes, ramdenic mas niWis Zala
aqvs. mas rom Segnebuli hqondes movaleobis simZime da
sidide, rac mocemuli aqvs gangebas misTvis, maSin, jer

64
nikolaZe n. t.9. gv.531. quTaisi, 2006

92
kidev dro araa wasuli... magram, me ise miamiti ara var,
rom aseTi moCvenebiTi imediT davimSvido Tavi...“65.
niko nikolaZisTvis xelSeuxebeli ar aris aranairi
avtoriteti, roca saqme samSoblos exeba, roca pirovne-
ba srulad ver iyenebs Tavis SesaZleblobebs qveynis sa-
keTildReod. arc vinmes damsaxureba rCeba mxedvelo-
bidan da pativmiugebeli rCeba. samgloviaro procesiaze
igi akakis kubos ar moSorebia da gamosaTxovari sityvac
warmoTqva, romelSic ilia da akaki erTad moixsenia: „Ta-
visi sikvdiliT akakim axali samsaxuri gauwia Cvens qvey-
anas. yvelas daanaxva, rom mis glovaSi erTi grZnoba da
guli hqonia mTels Cvens ers, mxares wodebas, qonebis,
asakis, sqesis, da TviT partiis ganurCevlad...iqneba
akakis xsovnam is saswauli moaxdinos, rom dRevandeli
Cveni erToba da erTi xelmZRvanelobis morCileba ise-
Tive mudmivi gaxados mamulis saxeirod, rogoric uk-
vdavi darCeba CvenSi akakis saxeli...ver amixsnia saidan
ibadeba Secdoma. viTom erTis arseboba meores brwyin-
vas uSlides? saqme, qveyana, mze yvelas ar yofnis? ilia
WavWavaZis magaliTze ver aexila Tvali xalxs? ramdeni
ucdida mis gaqrobas im imediT, rom mis magier gavbe-
ladebio! mokvda xom! misi adgili sxvebs ergo, gailia-
vda amiT vinme? Tu oblad darCa saqme, romelsac Tavis
moadgileebze mainc ukeT uvlida igi?“66.
niko nikolaZe, rogorc uzarmazari inteleqti, ar izi-
arebda revoluciur Teoriebs da ar miaCnda revolucia
axali saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis meqanizmad, igi yov-
elTvis evoluciur ganviTarebas uWerda mxars. mxolod
erTi revoluciisa swamda _ mecnierul-teqnikurisa anu

65
iqve, gv.533
66
aq cxovrobda didi niko. gv. 43, 54, 55. „saqarTvelo“, 1998

93
rogorc TviTon werda, revoluciisa TavebSi, azrovne-
baSi. aki piradad aCvena man, rom codnas ganaxlebads,
cocxalsa da moZravs yvelafris miRweva SeuZlia. mTeli
misi cxovreba am ideis ilustrirebaa. meores mxriv, es
aris gamocdileba TaobebisTvis Tu rogori unda iyos
qveynis xelisufali, tradicionali anu konservatori
qarTveli, inteleqti, romlis gaxsenebac ar undaT dRe-
vandel neoliberalebs. nacvlad imisa, rom saqarTvelo
msofilos bednier qveynad aqcion, yvelafers akeTeben
misi gadaSenebisTvis. xelisufali imitom aris xelisufa-
li, rom Tavisi qveyana unda aiyvanos ganviTarebis axal
simaRleze. sxva SemTxvevaSi igi qveynis moRalatea da ase-
Ti qceva dasjadi unda iyos. neoliberalizmi msoflio
moZraobaa, romlis mizania erTiani msoflio meurneobis
warmoqmna nacionaluri qveynebis gaqrobis niadagze, da
maTi erovnuli simdidreebis xelSi Cagdeba. amiTvis igi
iyenebs fuls, rogorc saSulebas _ misi interesebis saz-
RvrebSi moaqcios ganaTleba, mecniereba, nacionaluri
qveynebis xelisufleba. msoflio mosaxleobis absolu-
turi umravlesoba momxmareblur sazogadoebad iqca,
romelsac instiqtebisa da survilebis dakmayofilebis
veluri mada ar asvenebs, yvelafers kadrulobs, yvela
bariers gadadis fulis saSovnelad. adamianis hedonis-
tad qceva Zneli ar yofila. miTumetes, roca saqmis ga-
keTebisTvis damoukidebeli azrovneba saWiro ar aris,
mTavaria morCili iyo da Seasrulo is, rasac gavaleben
(amas emsaxureba Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistema saqa-
rTveloSi, romelic ministrebis cvlilebis Sesabamisad
fasadurad sxvaferdeba). gamorCeuli unaris, niWier ax-
algazrdebs yvela pirobas uqmnian Tavisken misazidad.
ai, sad aris saWiro niko nikolaZis azris gamoZaxeba,
raTa qveyana xelidan ar gamogvacalon.

94
 12 agvistos 130 weliwadi Sesrulda giorgi nikolaZis
amqveyniuri movlenadobidan. agvistos male seqtembri
Seenacvleba, jvarTamaRlebas, 27 seqtembers 175 weli-
wadi gaTendeba niko nikolaZis dabadebidan. aranairi ga-
moxmaureba televiziebidan. ramdenime werili davbeWde
internetSi niko nikolaZis am saiubileo TariRTan da-
kavSirebiT, rasac Cemi ramdenime nacnobis mowoneba xvda
wilad. ase grZeldeba axlac. me vwer, vaqveyneb interne-
tiT. zogierTs moswons. es aris mxolod. ratom sdums,
sad aris inteligencia? ras warmoadgens igi?
Tanamedove sazogadoeba momxmarebluria, misi wevre-
bi izolirebulia erTmaneTisagan, isini individualuri
arian imdenad, ramdenadac sxvebisagan gamorCeuli iseTi
niSnebi axasiaTebs, rogorcaa gemovneba, moTxovna, moTx-
ovnilebebisa da instiqtebis struqtura da masStabebi,
hedonizmi, TavkerZoba, angareba, sixarbe, Tavgasuloba,
ampartavnoba, erovnuli tradiciebis ugulebelyofa,
zneobis deficiti (roca zneoba ecema, sakvirveli ar
iqneba axalSobili Semosavlis wyaro gaxdes an sanagveze
moisrlon, Tuki cxovrebis tyvirTad aRiqmeba), uRmer-
Toba, ojaxuri siwmindebisadmi nihilizmi, yoyoCoba, na-
TesavebTan da axloblebTan gaucxoeba, ampartavnoba,
usiyvaruloba, fulisadmi morCileba da sulieri monoba.
momxmarebloba sazogadoebrivia imdenad, ramdenadac igi
saerTo niSan Tvisebebis adamianebis daxasiaTebaa, Torem
isini sazogadoebas ar qmnian, erTmTliani ar arian. sxva
adamianebis mimarT mzrunvelobisa da pasuxismgeblobis
grZnoba momxmareblur individs ar gaaCnia. mTlianoba
mxolod sazogadoebriv individs axasiaTebs, vinaidan
sazogadoeba saerTo miznebis, interesebis, faseu-
lobebis adamianTa erTianobaa, romelic formirdeba
erToblivi TanacxovrebiT gansazRvrul teritoriaze.

95
sazogadoebaSi cxovreba niSnavs saerTo wesrigs, romel-
ic misi arsebobisTvis iqmneba da amdenad igi metia misi
wevrebis azrovnebis jamze da maT interesebze, iseve ro-
gorc mTlianoba metia sazogadoebis wevrTa raodenoba-
ze, vinaidan wesrigi kavSirurTierTobaa, struqturulia
da ierarqiuli. tradiciuli sazogadoeba gansxvavebuli
adamianebis erTianobaa, rogorc erTmaneTTan TanamS-
romeli subieqtebi, romlebic, rogorc subieqtebi, indi-
vidumebs qmnian. individumi Tavis srulyofas sazogadoe-
baSi pirovnebis formiT aRwevs. amdenad, sazogadoebis
wamyvani Zala aris pirovneba, inteleqti, romelsac Seu-
Zlia Secvalos sazogadoebis wesrigi ara mxolod maTi
umravlesobis gavleniT, aramed sazogadoebis, rogorc
mTlianisTvis, sasargeblod. pirovnebaSi, inteleqtSi,
rogorc aRviSneT, Cadebulia moralur-zneobrivi-pro-
fesiuli ostatoba da patriorizmi. cxadia, rom aseTi
dasavlur neoliberalizms xels ar aZlevs, vinaidan
misTvis mxolod iseTi profesionalia misaRebi, rome-
lic ar scnobs erovnulobas, pasuxismgeblobas qveynisa
da xalxis winaSe; Tavisufleba TavaSvebulobad miaCnia,
ojaxi-tiraniad, siyvaruli-seqsad, fuli-RmerTad.
istoriuli warmomavlobiT sazogadoebis mTlianoba
ojaxidan momdinareobs, rogorc fuZe, balavari, sadac
Tavmoyrilia urTierTTanamSromloba, pasuxismgebloba,
RvTiuri rwmena, ierarqia, qorwinebis siwmindis institu-
ti. ojaxebidan Seiqmna soflis, qalaqis, kuTxis, regionis,
saxelmwifos, kontinentebis da msoflios dasaxlebebi.
amis gamo aris, rom ojaxi miCneulia saxlmwofos fuZed.
xSirad gakvirvebas gamoTqvamen imis gamo Tu ra Zalam
gamoatara istoriis grZel qartexilebSi mcirericxvo-
vani qarTveli eri. aoxrebda qveyanas mteri, xocavda
umowyalod, mihyavda, itacebda mis xalxs, magram poeti-

96
sa ar iyos, erTi moWrili Tavis adgilze cxra amodio-
da, imitom rom ojaxi rCeboda Seuryvneli. acocxlebda
RvTis rwmena da misi instituti rCeboda xelSeuxebeli.
es mimaCnia Cveni arsebobis aqamde amouxsneli amocanis
erTaderT swor pasuxad. vfiqrob, rom es ukve Cvenze
kargad ician mTeli msoflios batonobisTvis mebrZol-
ma neoliberalebma, da amitom ojaxze miitanes mTavari
Seteva. ZaliT amis miRweva raki yovelTvis SeuZlebeli
iyo, axal xerxs mimarTes-momxmarebelTa sazogadoebis
macdunebeli Teoriis konstruireba, romlis amZravi
energiaa hedonizmi. mis samsaxurSia CarTuli yvela sa-
Sualeba, romelic mimzidvel sanaxaobebSi iTrevs axal-
gazrdobas, aZulebs mas yvelafer tradiciuls da aCvevs
garyvnilebas, narkotiks, fuqsavatobas; suliT fulze
hkidebs. aviwyebs RmerTs, erovnulobas, pasuxismgeblo-
bas, meores mxriv, mis uniWieres nawils Tavisken eqaCe-
ba da mis samsaxurSi aqcevs. es yvelaferi mxolod Cveni
realobis danaxvaa, romelic ukve erovnulobis waSliT
gvemuqreba. ukve daetyo qveyanas saqorwilo asakis axal-
gazrdebis ojaxuri dawyvilebis klebadoba. tragikulia
is, rom yoveli 10 axali qorwinebidan erTi wlis Semdeg,
yoveli meore ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba. aTiaTasobiT
bavSvi udedmamod an udedod izrdeba. ar unda gamogvrC-
es isic, rom Zalze swafad izrdeba Sereuli qorwinebis
ricxvi araqristian mosaxleobasTan. male, albaT, qarT-
velis raRac axal, aratradiciul tips miviRebT. kidev
ufro uaresia is, rom ucxo jiSis CamosaxlebulTa ra-
odenoba matulobs da Raribi qalebis didi masa meZavebad
Camoyalibda, arc Tu nawili musulmani kacebis colebis
rigSi dgebian.
qarTveli ojaxebis ricxovneba ara mxolod gaWirve-
bis gamo mcirdeba bunebrivi matebis raodenobrivad Sem-

97
cirebis mizezebiT da mosaxleobis qveynidan masobrivi
gaqceviT. umweoa socialurad daucveli mosaxleoba,
romelic usaxsrobis gamo iRupeba, mZime pirobebSi ari-
an pensionerebi, romelTac kanoniT dadgenili 180 lari
wamlebis fulad ar yofnis. mosaxleoba yidulobs kvebis
produqtebs, romelic sakvebad uvargisia da janmrTe-
lobiTvis mavnebeli. igive iTqmis kvebis mza produqtebis
da naxevarfabrikatebis Sesanax inventarze da SesafuT
masalebze, alkoholuri, ualkoholo da gazirebuli
siTxeebis WurWlebze. ekonomikuri genocidi siRatakis
axali SenaerTia eris ubedurebis mdinareSi.
inteligencia xelisuflebis arCevnebSi sazogadoe-
brivi azris mimmarTvelia. amdenad xelisuflebac in-
teleqtualuri unda iyos. inteligenciis valdebulebaa
auxsnas mas mosaxleobasTan SeTanxmebuli ganviTarebis
strategiuli kursidan gadacdomis warmoqmnis recidi-
vebi, romelic xSirad axlavs xelisuflebriv saqmiano-
bas da SeaSvelos adekvaturi winadadebebi da rekomenda-
ciebi, rogorc amas axerxebda niko nikolaZe maSindeli
ruseTis impariis umaRles donis xelisufalTan pirad
saubrebSi. magaliTad, varancov-daSkovTan, romelsac
Seagona, rom xalxis ukmayofileba imitom matulobda,
rom axalgazrdoba samsaxurs ver poulobda, xolo adg-
ilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba arafris maqnisi iyo saxelm-
wifos marTvis arsebuli organizaciuli struqturuli
wyobis pirobebSi. icoda megobrobis da inteleqtis fasi.
CerniSevskis gaTavisuflebasac ki miaRwia sicocoxlis
riskis fasad. rogorc Tavis „mogonebebSi“ uweria, um-
kacresi policiuri meTvalyureobac ki dauweses, ramac
aTi wliT daagviana misi arCeva foTis qalaqisTavad.
erTiani msoflio meurneobis konstruqtorebi Rmer-
Tis uflebebSi iWrebian da RvTiuri samyros Tavis

98
Wkuaze gadakeTeba surT-araerovnuli saxelmwifoebi,
erTi saxelmwifo ena, aranairi sazRvrebi qveynebs Soris,
RmerTis ugulebelyofa, tradiciebisa da ojaxis moS-
la erTxel da samudamod, msoflio mosaxleobis sekves-
trireba miliardamde da a.S. maT ukve grZeli nabijiT
waiwies win: daepatronen fuls, armiebs, vaWrobas, msof-
lio bunebriv resursebs, xelT igdes kanonSemoqmedeba,
samarTalwarmoeba, strategiuli resursebi, irCeven da
niSnaven sxvadasxva qveynebis mTavrobebs da a.S. sworia l.
laruSi: RvTis Tvali mudam gviyurebs. ukve gamoikveTa
Tavgasuli finansuri imperiis boroti qmedebebis sawi-
naaRmdego moZraobebi. aSS-s teritoriul pretenziebs
uyenebs meqsika, sisxli auduRda indiel aborigenebs, ro-
melic gadaSenebamde miiyvana amerikam, romlis TeTrkani-
ani masa upiratesobas kargavs, feradkaniani emigrantebis
Semoteva yovelwliurad izrdeba. „Tu mister buSi da
misi administracia ver SeZleben feradi mosaxleobis
problemis gadaWras da tradiciuli faseulobebis ad-
genas, amerikas mere araferi eSveleba“67. msoflio are-
naze CineTi super saxelmwofod wamoimarTa, Tavi wamo-
wia indoeTma, ruseTi gamofxizlda. mdumare evropam xma
amoiRo-uyivla erovnulobis sisxlma. axali safiqrali
gaCnda.
dums saqarTvelo.
saqarTvelos yovelTvis hyavda inteleqtebi, romel-
Tac uyvardaT da uyvarT TavianTi xalxi da gulwrfelad
surT qveynis sikeTe da mosaxleobis keTildReobis gaum-
jobeseba, „magram didi xania daviRaleT im WeSmaritebis
gameorebiT, rom mxolod platonuri siyvaruli da unay-
ofo „keTildReobis mosurneoba“ aravis aZlevs uflebas,

67
Бьюкенен П. Смерть запада. с.307. М.ООО. «Изд. АСТ: Terra Fantastica,2003.-444 c.

99
iwodebodes „inteligentad“68. ganmxoloebuli, individ-
ualizebuli inteligenti, upiratesad mainc, Tavis Tavs
ekuTvnis. sul sxvaa erTianoba inteligenciaSi, romelic
erisa da qveynis msaxurebaa, xalxis winamZRoli, mimmarT-
veli Zalaa. amitom darCnen ilia, akaki, niko nikolaZe, ia-
kob gogebaSvili, vaJa, aleqsandre yazbegi, dimitri yifi-
ani da sxva mravali ara marto xalxis mexsierebaSi, aramed
adamianis gulSic daides bina (tvini civi Zalaa, gulia
cecxli). me-19 da me-20 saukunis Cveni eris udidesi ada-
mianebi ufro metad imis gamo ki ar gviyvars, rom genial-
uri moazrovneebi iyvnen, aramed imitom, rom qveynis Wiri
Tavisad miaCndaT da samSoblos msaxureba-argaqrobis
miznad. genialuri talantis sakurTxevelze mitanam ixs-
na maSin saqarTvelo CamorCenilobisa da gadagvarebisa-
gan. uares dReSia axla samSoblo, magram mas hyavs Zalian
Zlieri inteleqtualebi, romlebic inteligenciad unda
iqcnen. „droa, didi xania droa, muyaiTad xeli mohki-
doT mimdinare sakiTxebsa da Cveni cxovrebis amocanebs;
droa am amocanebis safuZvliani gadawyvetiT daikavoT
xalxSi inteligenciis Rirsi mdgomareoba, daimsaxuroT
xalxis ndoba da maTi saqme da bedi xelidan gamostacoT
egoistebs, romelnic SemiRbuli arian gesliani frazeb-
iTa da xalxismoyvarulis mantiiT mxolod imisTvis, rom
SesaZlebloba hqondeT, izrunon naTesavebze da Caeflon
netarebasa da magcxromaSi!“69.
inteleqtualebi unda gaerTiandnen inteligenciad
niko nikolaZiseuli gagebiT, romlis mizani iqneba xalx-
isa da qveynis msaxureba. es ar unda iyos raime saxis
politikuri gaerTianeba an maTi asociacia. es mxolod

68
nikolaZe n. t.8. gv. 57. quTaisi, 2003
69
iqve, gv.58

100
socialuri moZraobaa mosaxleobis qveda fenebidan qvey-
nisa da xalxis sakeTildReod. sxva SemTxvevaSi, arsebu-
li xelisuflebis Canacvlebis idea romelime radikalu-
ri mimarTulebis partiiT iqneba moZraoba zemodan, rac
gamoiwvevs sisxlian revoluciebs, da rac sasikeTo ar
yofila da arc iqneba samSoblosTvis.
inteligeciis gareSe mitovebuli mosaxleoba masme-
diis saSualebebis, gansakuTrebiT ki televiziebis, ide-
ologizirebuli saswavlo literaturisa da internetis
tyveobaSia. maSin roca mas axla unda miewodebodes ukve
dawinaurebuli, adre yofili ganviTarebadi qveynebis
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis Sesaxeb msoflioSi bestselerad
gavrcelebuli iseTi literatura, romelic im qveynebis
ekonomikuri dawinaurebis „saidumloebebis“ axsna iZleva.
magaliTad, pak Con his _ „aRorZinebuli korea: ekonomikis
ganviTarebis modeli“, li kuan ius-„singapuris istoria“,
mohamad mahatharas-„win sruli svliT“, ha jun Cangis-„ro-
gor aris mowyobili ekonomika“, erik rainertis-„rogor
gaxdnen mdidari qveynebi mdidrebi, ratom rCebian Raribi
qveynebi Raribebad“ da sxva. unda ewyobodes am litera-
turis ganxilva mosaxleobis farTo fenebTan, ekonomi-
kuri azrovnebis ganaxlebisa da SemoqmdebiTi aqtivobis
amaRlebis mizniT. calke sakiTxia fizikuri warmoebis
inovaciebi da kreatiuli unarebis gamomuSaveba mosax-
leobasTan erTad adgilebze mdgomareobis Seswavlis ba-
zaze. inteligenciis jgufi unda iyos ara mxolod ideis
iniciatori da novatori, aramed inteleqtualuri Zala
mosaxleobis dasacavad saxelisuflo da sxva jgufebis
arasamarTlebrivi Semotevebisagan.
sazRvargareT aRmoCnda qveynidan gaqceuli 2 mln. ada-
miani, romelic axla samSoblos keTildReobis amaRlebis
seriozuli resursia. mxedvelobaSia iseTi maxasiaTeble-

101
bi, rogoricaa SromiTi aqtivobis meti Tavisufleba,
SeZenili ucxouri socialuri kapitali da damoukide-
beli sawarmoo da samsaxurebrivi unarebi. esec inteli-
genciis didi resursia.
xelisuflebasa da mosaxleobas Soris koordinaciis
funqciebis Sesruleba mxolod inteligencias xelewife-
ba. mogebaze gamodevnebam adamianSi veluri instiqtebis
epidemiuri afeTqeba gamoiwvia da hedonizmis sixarbiT
daavadmyofa, ramac Tanamedrove samyaro katastrofis
winaSe daayena. saWiroa ekonomikis Cayeneba adamianis
keTildReobis samsaxurSi, roca materialuri suliere-
bis demiurgia da adamianis aqarsobis saSualeba. es, al-
baT, mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis Tvisebrivad ax-
ali safexuri iqneba.

102
 niko nikolaZiseuli inteligencia qarTuli
ekonomikis aRmavlobaSi

`Tanamedrove globalur samyaroSi

nacionaluri elitis bevri
warmomadgeneli ufro globalur
elitasTan identificirdeba,
vidre sakuTar qveyanasTan~.
erik rainerti: `rogor xdebian mdidari
saxelmwifoebi mdidrebad da ratom
rCebian Raribi qveynebi Raribebad~. gv 318

qarTvelebs ukve Cvevad gadagveqca arCevnebze misvla,

xmis micemis primitivi: simpatia-antipatiis mixedviT an
nacnob-ucnobebis daJinebebiT an miTiTebiT. mere ar-
Ceulebi qveyanas lukmebad inawileben da amomrCevlebi
an SimSiloben, an sazRvargareT garbian. zogs raRac sam-
saxurs miugdeben samadlod. mxedvelobidan gvrCeba is,
rom xalxi xelisuflebas unda marTavdes im programis
mixedviT, ris safuZvelze xma misces. ai, maSin aris xalxi
xalxi, Torem sxva SemTxvevaSi igi brboa, romelsac Tav-
is sasargeblod iyenebs angarebiani xelisufleba. aqedan
isic Cans, rom saqarTveloSi xalxi mitovebulia da mas
erovnuli warmarTveli Zala ar hyavs an isic saxelisuf-
lo elitis gavlenaSia70. xalxsa da xelisuflebas Soris
inteleqtualuri Zala unda idges rogorc qveynisa da
xalxis interesebis socialuri matarebeli, rogorc xe-
lisuflebis makotrolebeli inteleqtuluri meqanizmi,

70
sityva „elita“ berZnulia da qveynisTvis Tavgawirul meomars niS-
navs. aq mniSvneloba ara aqvs ganaTlebas, socialur mdgomareobas,
religiur aRmsareblobas. Tanamedrove gagebiT elita umciresobis
aRmatebulebaa umravlesobaze, demonstraciuli momxmarebelia, xe-
lisuflebaSia an gavlenas axdebs xelisuflebaze.

103
romelic yovelTvis metia nebismier xelisuflebaze. aseT
Zalad genialur niko nikolaZes inteligencia miaCnda,
rogorc eris saukeTeso, ganaTlebuli, ukeTilSobile-
si warmomadgenloba, romlis mizania qveynisa da xalxis
msaxureba mecnierebisa da civilizaciis SesaZleblobaTa
gamoyenebiT (ufro vrclad zemoT „niko nikolaZe da in-
teligencia“). genialuri niko nikolaZe sityva „keTil-
Sobileba“-s SemTxveviT ar iyenebs. keTilSobileba-aris
adamianis umaRlesi zneobrioba, Tavganwirva da sindisi,
sulieri simaRle, raindoba, didsulovneba, siwminde.
aseTma adamianebma moitanes aqamde es qveyena. gana Sei-
Zleba dRevandeli samSoblos warmodgena ilias, akakis,
nikos, vaJa-fSavelas, dimitri yifianis, iakob gogebaS-
vilis, mixeil javaxiSvilis da maTi Tanamoazre inteli-
gentebis gareSe? xalxis keTildReobis zrunvas Seewira
ilia, dimitri yifiani. maSindeli imperiis umaRles xeli-
suflebas STaagona niko nikolaZem, rom saxalxo mRelva-
reba xiStebiT ki ar dacxreboda, aramed im winaaRmdego-
baTa moxsniT, romelic maSin adamianebis Sromis unaris
gaSlis uflebebs zRudavda. monawileobac ki miiRo xeli-
suflebasa da teroristul elementebs Soris samSvido-
bo viTarebis formirebaze, ris gamoc mere aTi weliwadi
policiis umkacresi meTvalyureobaSi gaatara. „es Seiqm-
na dabrkoleba CemTvis foTis qalaqisTavad damtkicebi-
sa. am Tanamdebobaze me mTeli aTeuli wliT gvian amir-
Cies aRniSnuli movlenebidan. Semdgomi mefobis dros,
1894 w. dekemberSi, meTvalyureobis moxsnisaTvis saWiro
Seiqmna ori guberniis Tavadaznaurobis Suamdgomloba da
kavkasiis mTavarmarTleblis b-n s.a. Seremetievis piradi
gamosarCleba“71. o, ramdeni Zala da energia Sealia man

71
nikolaZe n. mogonebebi. gv.216. Tb.,1984.

104
saqarTveloSi saTavadaznauro bankis gaxsnas, rkinigzis
gayvanas, WiaTuris marganecis gatanas msoflio bazarze,
foTis portis mSeneblobas, ganaTlebis gavrcelebas da
a. S. maSin roca ara Tu peterburgsa da moskovSi, evro-
pis cxovrebis yvelaze maRali donis nebismier qveyanaSi
uzrunvelad icxovrebda Tavisi inteleqtualuri Sesa-
Zleblobebis wyalobiT. misi proeqtiT ar aSenda peter-
burgis md. volxovze elsadguri? man ar Seqmna eiskis
rkinigzis wesdeba? man ar daamuSava muRanis velis daS-
robis proeqti? quTaisis kirqvovan mTebSi Rvinis evro-
puli meTodiT daZvelebis miwisqvesa sardafis proeqti?
da kidev ramdeni.
ara Tu zogierTs, sazogadoebis umravlesobasac ki
sityva „inteligencia“ salanZravad emcxeTeba _ aqoda
es rusuli da komunisturiao. jer erTi, inteligenci-
is ganmarteba niko nikolaZem 1880 wels dabeWda gaz.
„obzorSi“, maSin roca mosaxleobas saerTod ar esmoda
ras niSnavda es sityva socializmi. meore, gana SeiZleba
terminis dawuneba imis gamo, rom rusulia an eTiopuri?
aqaoda inteligents inteleqtualuri sjobiao, vinaidan
igi evropulia da evropaSi inteligencias ar cnobeno.
rusulia „omi da mSvidoba“, „ana karenina“, „danaSauli
da sasjeli“, avtomati kalaSnikovi, radio, wyalbadis
bombi...qarTulia sityva „brinjao“, qarTvelia rusTave-
li...ufro swori kidev is aris, rom, sityva “inteligen-
cia“ rusulSi poloniuridan Semovida, romlis fuZea
misi laTinuri Sinaarsi-„inteleqti“.
jer erTi, termini „inteligencia“ Sinaarsobrivad
ufro vrcelia, vidre inteleqtuali. inteleqtuali
maRalganviTarebuli gonisa da analizuri azrovnebis,
gonebrivi Sromis adamiania. am terminis mravalgvari
ganmarteba arsebobs, magram yvela maTgans is aerTianebs,

105
rom arc erT calkeulobaSi zneobrioba ar figurirebs.
gasagebia: liberalizms da neoliberalizms erovnuloba,
qveynisa da misi xalxis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis fenome-
ni ar ainteresebs. inteleqtuali internacionaluria da
erovnulobisagan mowyvetili. am gagebiT intelqtual-
ia hitleri, makiaveli, fuSe, henri kisinjeri, sorosi
da sxva. aris sxva kidev faruli interesebi. niWier da
uniWieres axalgazrdas gza yvelgan xsnili aqvs, suler-
Tia, vinaidan „mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba“, rogorc
cxovrebis laitmotivi misTvis azrobriv CamorCenilo-
bas niSnavs. amdenad, inteleqtuali ganmxoloebuli in-
dividualuri piria, TavisTavze damokidebuli, romel-
ic iq icxovrebs, sadac misi unari ganviTarebis ukeTes
pirobebSi aRmoCndeba, anu tvinebis „gadineba“ araerovnu-
li azrovnebis Tavmoyraa maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi,
rac kai xania xorcieldeba kidec. kargad ambobs video
masalaSi d. s. lixaCovi: yvelaferi SeiZleba gadakeTdes,
magaliTad boroti keTili gaxdes, qurdi gamoswordes,
magram inteliegenti Tu aris, aris da iqneba. sixarulis
gancdas ver ikaveben, qudebs WerSi isvrian: aman da iman
msoflio konkursSi gaimarjva da dasavleTis granti
moipovao. aravis axsendeba, rom is Seni grantis kavaleri
SenTvis da qveynisTvis dakargulia, ukan aRar dabrun-
deba. niWs, Tavis adgils, sadac ipovis, yvela pirobas
Seuqmnian, raTa iqve unda rom darCes da darCeba kidec,
vinaidan samSoblos siyvaruli ar uswavlia, mxolod in-
teleqtia.
inteligenacias, isev rogorc inteleqtualebs aqvs
Tavisi gagebis provinciuli, yofiTi gamovlinebebi. mx-
olod wignebidan ki ara, bavSvobidanac maxsovs soflis
mcxovreblebisagan anekdoturi, sasacilo inteligentis
tipi. es aris adamiani, romelsac umaRlesi ganTlebis

106
diplomi aqvs, magram ara aqvs safuZvliani codna, ax-
loblebis, gaSinaurebuli adamianebis kiTxvebze daze-
pirebul pasuxebs iZleva da uxeirod efareba bolSevikur
ideologias. yvelaferSi iSveliebs citatebs marqsim-le-
ninizmis klasikosebis, RmerTma icis sadRac gagonili
da viRacis monaTxrobidan an kidev sadRac amokiTxul-
idan, ideologiurad gaJRenTilia. aseTebi institutSic
gvyavdnen, gvaswavlidnen. kompartiis istoriis docenti
gvmoZRvravda-am instituts imitom hqvia politeqniku-
ri, rom igi politikuri teqnikuriao. magram es mxolod
sakiTxis komikuri mxarea. gana vinmes, Cveni studento-
bidan, daaviwydeba Tu rogori daxvewili, sulieri si-
maRlis inteligenti iyo maSindeli umaRlesi da saSualo
specialuri ganaTlebis ministri giorgi jiblaZe. ras
vizamT, cxovreba aseTia: geniosebis gverdiT yovelTvis
idgnen/dganan masxarebi da oreulebi. amiT inteligents
araferi akldeba, iyvnen, arian da aravis elian, mxolod
masxarebi/oreulebi enacvlebian erTmaneTs. aseTi ko-
mikuri mxare aqvs inteleqtualebsac. inteleqtualia
gonebrivi Sromis kreatiuli adamiani, aqvs umaRlesi
ganaTleba, samecniero xarisxi da profesoris wodebac,
Tanamdebobac, romelic an TavCargulia da ukareba, an
sajarod acxadebs, rom irani da TurqeTi saqarTelos
uZvelesi megobaria da rac aqamde CvenTis uswavlebiaT,
istoriis gayalbeba yofila. ra saWiroa saqarTveloSi
mariamobis ori dResaswauli, erTic sakmarisia, xolo
meore makkeinis xsovnis dRed gadavakeToT. aq ukve oreu-
li inteligenti ewyvileba oreul inteleqtuals.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom inteligentsa da
inteleqtuals erTnairi fuZe aqvs-inteleqti, anu maT
gonebrivi Sroma aerTianebs. inteleqtualebi sazoga-
doebas ar qmnian. isini mxolod profesiul jgufebad

107
SeiZleba dafuZdnen droebiT, maSin roca inteligencia
erovnuli sazogadoebaa warmoqmnili araprofesional-
uri, araiuridiuli formiT, aramed pasuxismgeblobis,
movaleobebis maRali SegnebulebiT, zneobrivi ZafebiT
gadaxlarTuli, romelic SeiZleba yovelTvis gawydes
romelime maTganTan erovnuli sulis dasustebisas. ara-
nairi saxelisuflo an komerciuli saqmianoba ar akav-
Sirebda erTmaneTTan ilias, akakis, niko nikolaZes, gi-
orgi wereTels, samSoblo iyo maTi erTianobis uxilavi
Zafi, romelic xiluli mxolod pasuxismgeblobis Sesus-
tebisas an Tavis aridebis SemTxvevaSi xdeboda.
samecniero literaturaSi ar cxreba ekonomistebis
kamaTi imis Taobaze Tu ratom ar Cans is Zala, romelic
qveyanis mosaxleobis keTildReobisTvis Tavs gamoideb-
da, xelisuflebas iZulebis mdgomareobaSi Caayenebda.
amis mizezi Turme is yofila, rom „inteligenciis Sig-
niT moxda ganSreveba-fenebad dayofa sxvadasxva parame-
trebiT da igi socialur jgufebad daiSala, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxavdebian TavianTi
mdgomareobiT“72. zogi maTgani _ agrZelebs avtori _ bi-
znesSi wavida, zogi _ xelisuflebaSi, bevrma uzarmazri
simdidire daagrova maqinaciis an sxva uzneo meTodeb-
iTa da saSualebebiT, da msoflio mdidrebis siaSic ki
aRmoCnden. aseT da maT msgavs avtors erTmaneTSi ereva
inteligencia da inteleqtuali, inteleqti. inteligenti
ver gadagvardeba, inteligencia ver daiSleba fenebad,
mdidrebad da Raribebad. inteligenti an arsebobs, an ar
arsebobs. Tuki mas SeuZlia TvalTmaqcoba, maqinacioba,
farsevloba, sxvis gaWirvebaze xelismoTmoba, maSin igi
ukve inteligenti ar aris. xSirad ismis televiziidan

72
Два лика интеллигенции.studik.net/dva-lika-bntelligencii

108
rogori maRali profesionali iyo dRevandeli m. ja-
vaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis universitetis pirveli
reqtori petre meliqiSvili. reqtorobis xelfass ar Re-
bulobda da gaWirvebul studentebs stipendiad uricxa-
vda ise, rom arc erTma maTganma ar icoda, vin iyo dam-
finansebeli. ai, inteligenti. sul sxvaa inteleqti. mis
avtoritets ar zRudavs vercxlismoyvareoba, angareba,
gamdidrebis mania, miuxedavad imisa, Raribia Tu gaWir-
vebaSia misi xalxi. SeiZleba, raRac mometSi mecenatic
iyos, xelgaSlilic, daexmaros kidec Tavis xalxs, magram
es sikeTis an keTili nebis SemTxveviTi gamovlenaa misi
mxridan da ara pirveladi azri, romelic inteligentis
Sida marTvadia, xelisuflebaa. inteligenti Tavis aqar-
sobas qveynisa da xalxis samsaxurSi xedavs. misTvis ma-
terialuri sulieri samyaros miRmuria da mis xelmisaw-
vdomobaTa sinamdvilis wina rigis xilvadobaSia. magram
mainc meoradia. uxeSi Secdomaa miiCnio liberalebi da
neoliberalebi inteligenciad rogorc amas cdilobs
zogierTi mklevari73. inteligenciis erTianobas „mamu-
lis siyvarulis da msaxurebis“ pasuxismgebloba qmnis.
inteleqtualebs ara aqvT ideuri erTianoba, isini gansx-
vavebuli msoflmxedvelobis arian.
neoliberali erovnulobis, pirovnulobis mteria,
individualizms upirispirebs sazogadoebriv mTliano-
bas. patrioti Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis pausxismgeblu-
ri msaxuria, aseTi unarebisa da Cvevebis matarebelia.
„Cemis azriT, progresi damokidebulia mxolod xalxis
Zalisa da Segnebis Tanmimdevrul aRmavlobaze. rogorc
erobis warmomadgeneli, me darwmuneuli var, rom ruse-
Tis social-demokratiuli partia amaod xarjavs qvey-
73
Каковы роль и место интеллигенции в судьбе современной России? yablor.
ru/blogs/kakovi-rol-i-... копия

109
nis saukeTeso Zalebs im gmiruli brZolisaTvis, rome-
lic aramc Tu axloebs, aramed sul iqiT da iqiT swevs
xalxis TviTmmarTvelobisa da keTildReobis eras, yov-
el SemTxvevaSi, misi politika Zalian sariskoa, radgan
safrTxeSi agdebs inteligenciis rols saxelmwifos cx-
ovrebaSi, ukidures SemTxvevaSi mravali aTeuli wlis
manZilze. xalxis ganTavisuflebis sakiTxi uTuod unda
Cadges waugebeli brZolis pirobebSi... es roli Seuqmnis
inteligencias Seuwyvetel gavlenas xalxze, cxadia ara
erTi da ara aTeuli wlis manZilze... qveynis ganTavisu-
flebis amocana mdgomareobs inteligenciis sakmao Zal-
Ta dagrovebaSi...“74.
arsebobda ki sabWoTa inteligencia, romelsac arc Tu
iSviaTad sasacilod miiCneven? ra Tqma unda arsebobda,
romelmac ara marto uzarmazari SromiTi iniciativa ga-
moiCina sabWoTa kavSiris industrializaciis daCqarebaSi,
meore msoflio omSi uprecedento gmirobac gamoavlina.
p. biukeneni Tavis wignSi „dasavleTis sikvdili“ sabWo-
Ta patriotizms meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebis erT-
erT gadamwyvet faqtorad Tvlis. patriotizmi adamianis
Tandayolili Tviseba ar aris, igi aRzrdis produq-
tia. p. biukenens miaCnia patriotuli aRzrda umTavres
Zalad, romelsac SeuZlia ixsnas dasavluri civilizacia
im Semotevebisagan, romelic mas elodeba mosaxleobis
Sobadobis Semcirebis gamo, masobrivi migraciisagan, an-
tidasavluri tradiciebis, araerovnuli religiuri da
kulturuli faseulobebis eqspansiisagan, nacionalu-
ri xelisuflebis msoflio samTavrobo struqturuli
erTeulis mosalodneli Canacvlebisagan75. „omamdel
74
nikolaZe n. mogonebebi. gv.162-163. Tb.,1984.
75
namiWeiSvili r. qarTuli ekonomikis integraluri resursebi da
ganviTarebis orientirebi. gv. 140. quTaisi, 2015

110
wlebSi ganaTlebas sabWoTa kavSirSi pirvelxarisxovani
yuradReba eTmoboda. 30-ian wlebSi sabWoTa skola ga-
naTlebis arnaxuli simaRle iyo mTel msoflioSi. maSin
milionobiT adamianma iswavla. amasTan sabWoTa skola
ara marto karg ganaTlebas iZleoda, aramed aRzrdasac
ganaTlebis safuZvelze... guSindeli meaTeklaselebi
Zalian male xdebodnen wiTeli armiis meTaurebi“76. imave
azrisaa p. biukeneni: omis dasasruls wyvets ara omdenad
debatebi kongresSi, ramdenadac saskolo ganaTleba, mas-
mediisa da sasamarTlos poziciebi“77.
wina abzacidan pasuxi gaeca kiTxvas, romelic mkiTx-
vels uneblied gauCndeboda. inteligencia arc gamqra-
la da arc gadaSenebula. axla, ubralod inteligencia
ar matulobs, ar zrdis mas qveyana da misi ganaTlebis
amJamindeli sistema, ar sWirdeba igi evropul civi-
lizacias. pirveli dartyma inteligencias ruseTSi da
ssrk xruSCovma miayena. jer xelfasebi Seumcira, mere
ideologia gauyalba, gmirebi gaaniorwyla, qveynis moRa-
lateebi gmirebad Seracxa, warsuli Seugina. vinc win
aRudga, gaanadgura, vinc mxarSi amoudga, progresul in-
teligenciad monaTla da gamoiyena igi misi moqmedebis
gamamarTlebel armiad. gaizarda ideologiurad daStam-
puli Taobebi. ase gaCnda Cvens dRevandel xelisuflebas
Sefarebuli priviligirebuli elita, romelmac muqTad
isargebla sabWoTa qveynis yvela sikeTiT da azogadoe-
brivi keTildReobiT, mere korufciis, nepotizmis, meqr-
Tameobis institutebi daamkvidra da bolos xalxi isev
eqspluataciis reJimSi Caayena. mere im sistemas gamouTx-
ara safuZveli, romelSic gaizarda. axla xelisuflebaSi
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Зиновьев: ВОВ выиграл советский десятикласник. newsland.com/
user/4297687684
77
Бьюкенен П. Смерть запада. 10 “Дом, в себе разделенный...». М.:АСТ, 2003

111
da biznesSi amoyo Tavi da qveyanas yvlefs. urcxvi da
utifaria, arCevnebis win xalxs elaquceba, avadmyofebs
saxlSi akiTxavs, saCuqrebs utovebs da roca xelisufle-
baSi modis, mere im saCuqrebis gamo asmag tyavs aZrobs
da ulukmapurod tovebs. „TviTon mas arafris Seqmna
SeuZlia, igi mxolod sxvis interesebs emsaxureba, Tumca
mas eCveneba, rom igi sazogadoebis Zireuli cvlilebebis
generatoria. „reformebis“ gamarjvebis Semdeg mas mk-
acrad miuTiTes adgili-igi an amarTlebs xelisuflebis
qveynisTvis damRupvel moqmedebebs da amisTvis miiRebs
grantebs, premiebs, sainformacio sivrces da mTeli in-
stitutebis mmarTvelobas, an opoziciaSi darCeba da
maSin ganwirulia Rataki arsebobisa da sainformacio
vakuumisTvis“78.
arsebobs saqarTveloSi niko nikolaZiseuli inteli-
gencia uniWieresi, mamulis msaxuri, xalxze mzrunveli,
da qveynis ukeTesi momavlisTvis dauRalavi mebrZoli,
magram winmavali jer ver moiZebna anu arian inteligen-
tebi, jgufuri erTeulebi, romlebic organizaciul
mTlianobas ver qmnian, uxilavi kavSiris Zafebi ar gabmu-
la maT Soris. axla am Zafebis deficitis gamo ise uWirT,
rogorc uWirdaT maSinac, mecxramete saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi, vidre mas ilia WavWavaZe ar gamoecxada.
Cveni cxovreba ver daelodeba lideris gamoCenas, igi
qveynis sikeTisTvis brZolaSi Cabmuli individualuri da
jgufuri moRvaweobidan unda daibados. amis magaliTebia
profesor paata giorgaZis da misi mecnierTa jgufis
dauRalavi Sroma saqarTvelos miwisqveSa sasmeli wlis
rezervebis msoflio savaWro brunvaSi mosaqcevad xalx-

78
Каковы роль и место интеллигенции в судьбе современной России? yablor.
ru/blogs/kakovi-rol-i…копия

112
isa da samSoblos keTildReobis mizniT, profesor ramaz
gaxokiZis gamogonebebi, romlis danergva mniSvnelovnad
gazrdis soflis meurneobis mosavlianobas da daicavs
xexils farosanas mavneblobisagan, qveynis patrioti
qarTvelebis arsebiTi reaqciebi da winaaRmdegobebi im
qmedebebisadmi fulze daxarbebulebi rom amJRavneben
erovnuli simdidrebisadmi, sakuTari mosaxleobisadmi.
magram es Zalian cotaa. marTalia masmediis yvela sa-
Sualeba monopolizebulia globalistebis mier, daka-
vebuli aqvT ganaTleba sabavSvo baRidan umaRlesi sas-
wavleblis CaTvliT. magram darCenilia xalxTan piradi
kontaqtebis mindori, sadac finansur klanebze mibmul
epigonebs misvla ar SeuZliaT TavianTi ususurobis gamo.
samagierod namdvili inteligentisTvis Tavisuflebis
sivrcea, sadac igi Tavis adgils poulobs. inteligencia
xalxTan kavSiria. amitom saWiroa xalxTan misvla, masTan
Sexvedrebi, saubrebi ekonomikaze, Tu ratom varT Ra-
ribebi, rogor gamovimuSaoT rwmena da imedi, davanaxoT
rogor dawinaurdnen bolo 20-30 wlis manZilze samyaros
yofili CamorCenili qveynebi, ras iTxovs adamianisagan
Tanamedrove ekonomika. moewyos samxreT koreis, malai-
ziis, indoeTis, singapuris Sesaxeb gaxmaurebuli wignebis
ganxilva; saubrebi religiasa da ekonomikaze. Catardes
praqtikuli seminarebi fizikuri ekonomikis Sesaxeb. mo-
saxleobis jgufebTan erTad damuSavdes grantebi, mcire
sawarmoTa proeqtebi, romlis realizacias TviTon in-
teligentebi unda xelmZRvanelobdnen. mivexmaroT maT
TavianTi problemebis gadawyvetaSi. ise rogorc niko ni-
kolaZe miexmara ajameTis tyis maxlobel macxovreblebs
quTaisis yofili gubernatoris sviatopolk-mirskisagan
tyis gamosasyidad finansuri wyaroebis gamoZebnaSi. didi
jixaiSis soflis mosaxleobas aCvena rogor unda moewyos

113
ojaxuri meurneoba, rom Sromas profesiuli codna sWir-
deba, xolo profesiul codnas-gamoyeneba.
saWiroa amoqmeddes sakvirao skolebi mWidro dasax-
lebebSi, eklesiebTan, da muSaobaSi mowveuli iqnan ga-
mocdili mewarmeebi, mcire biznesis mepatroneebi,
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmebiT dainteresebuli
sxva pirebi. amgvarad unda daiwyos sxvadasxva socialu-
ri jgufebis formireba, romelTac erTmaneTTan TanamS-
romlobis interesebi daakavSirebs, romelic sabolood
samSoblos erTianobaSi fikusirdeba. gaerTianeba masebis
erTsaxad qcevas, maT mTlianobas niSnavs. erTianobaSi
aris Zala, amitom cdilobdnen istoriis grZel manZilze
xalxTa ZaliT gaerTianebas da amiT upirispirdebodnen
erTmaneTs saxelmwifoebi da imperiebi. viRacis gulisT-
vis iRvreboda da axlac muqTad iRvreba sisxli. aiZulo
adamianebi iyvnen erTad, borotebaa. macxovarma SesZlo
adamianebis moqceva erTad sityvis saSualebiT da auwya
maT, rom rwmenaSi erTiani yofiliyvnen. „magram gevedre-
bian Tqven, Zmano, uflis Cvenis ieso qristes saxeliT,
rom erT gqondeT yvelas saTqmeli, da nu iqneba Tqvens
Soris ganxeTqileba, aramed ganmtkicebulni iyaviT erTi
gonebiT da erTi azriT“ (pirvel korinTelTa mimarT. 1.
10 ). eris sibrZne mis erTianobaSia. erTianobis matare-
belia siyvaruli, RvTisa da mamulis msaxureba. siyvar-
uli RvTiuria, vinaidan RmerTma adamiani siyvaruliT
Seqmna da misi arsebobisTvis yvelaferi gaukeTa, msx-
verpli gaiRo. siyvaruli meore adamianisadmi samsaxuri
da msxverplis gaRebaa. amdenad inteligenciis, rogorc
moralur-zneobrivi faseulobebis umaRlesi Segnebis in-
stitutis Sinagani moTxovnilebaa iyos qveynisa da xalxis
msaxuri. es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela adamiani erTnairad
azrovnebdes, yvelaferze erTiani Sexeduleba hqondeT,

114
erTi Wkuisani iyvnen. yvela adamians Tavisi azrobrivi
SesaZlebloba aqvs da aqedan gamomdinare Sromis saku-
Tari arCevani gaCnia, magram roca saqme exeba „mamulis
siyvarulsa da msaxurebas“, qveynis momavals, xalxis
keTildReobas, maSin alternativa ar arsebobs, mxolod
azris erTianobaa mTavari. axla kanafis „industrial-
izaciis epoqas“ iwyeben da gaukvirdaT samRvdeloebis
aRSfoTeba da imcxeTes: amaT ra ekiTxebao. ras hqvia ar
ekiTxeba, es eris, qveynis arsebobis sakiTxia. ver gagvigia
dRemde, rom eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna gamoyo-
fa ki ara, pirobiTi gamijvnaa. gana SeiZleba qveyanaSi ori
saxelmwifo iyos? an erT sxeulSi ori adamiani? ara kacs
hklao, ar iqurdoo...magram hklaven, qurdoben. eklesia
mogviwodebs, rom unda Seundo, apatio. ar iparos, ar
iqurdos, azrovnebis Seqmnas pirobebi, dro unda, aRz-
rda unda. amitom saero cxovreba iRebs mkvlelobis da
qurdobis Semakavebel kanons, iwyeba aRzrda, gava Taoba
da mere aseTi kanoni SeiZleba saWiro arc iqnes. amdenad
saxelmwifos da eklesias Soris TanamSromlobaa da ara
erTmaneTisagan gamoyofa, ara dacalkeveba. eklesia ada-
mianis zneobrivi mxaris Semavsebeli naxevarsferoa. aris
kidev am gaugebrobis meore mxare. gana eklesiis msaxuri
inteligenti ar aris?
aq rom wertili davsvi, mere Tbilisis erT univre-
sitetSi momixda wasvla leqciis wasakiTxad niko nikola-
Zis 175 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT. gamoikveTa azri,
rom termini „inteligencia“ moZvelebulia da mis adg-
ilze sityva“mecnieri“ unda Cavanacvlod, rom qveyana
mecnierebma unda marTon. mere marTeT, batonebo, ras
elodebiT! ucnauria!!! Cven xalxs da Tqven mecniereb-
sac msoflio finansurma imperiam wagvarTva xelisu-
fleba. vin unda daabrunos igi qveynis samsaxurSi Tu

115
ara isev mecnierebam da eklesiam. da kidev: rodis iyo,
romel epoqaSi iyo mecnierebi rom marTavdnen qveyanas.
politikosebi marTaven qveyanas mecnierebTan TanamS-
romlobiT. aseTebi iyvnen: aleqsandre makedoneli, da-
viT aRmaSenebeli, vaxtang meeqvse, napoleoni, hitleri,
stalini, jon kenedi da sxvebi.
inteligenti, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, mecnierze metia
RvTis rwmeniTa da qveynisadmi msaxurebis pasuxismgeblo-
bis SegnebiT. aq, ra Tqma unda, aranairi dapirispireba ar
aris. erTia mecnieri, romelic Tavis saqmes Cahkirkitebs
da es misi aqarsobis mizania, danarCeni misTvis meoradia:
saxelmwifo politika, globalizacia, Tavisufali vaW-
roba Tu efeqtiani ekonomikuri sistemebi. aseTi tipis
mecnierebi arian didi faseulobani da saWiroebani jer
TavisTavad, mere kidev didi adamianebisTvis. napoleon
bonaparti genialuri adamiani iyo da icoda inteleqtis
fasi. 1796 wlis 24 maisis werilSi iuwyeba: “movuwodeb
mecnierebs gaerTandnen da warmomidginon TavianTi mo-
sazrebebi im RonisZiebebze, romelic me unda miviRo, an
im saWiroebebze, rasac isini ganicdian, raTa mecniere-
basa da xelovnebas axali sicocxle da axali arsebo-
ba mieces“79. ase iqceodnen sxva genialuri saxelmwifo
moRvaweebic. Cven ra gvinda, am xelisuflebam dauZaxos
mecnierebas, Tu mecnierebam aiZulos xelisufleba mo-
brundes qveynisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis gasaum-
jobeseblad?
xelisuflebas raSi esaWiroeba mecnierebi an mecniere-
ba, an ra TavSi ixlis mere ra, rom misi morCili da fex-
qveS gaTelilia qveynis keTildReoba?! misTvis qveyana

79
Наполеон I в его отношении к наук-Flot. com https://flot.com/publications/
books/shelf/.../68.htm

116
rom salafavia, ar gagvigia Tu ver vxedav?!. gazabneule-
bi buas amtuteben: amas xalxi ar moiTmenso! rodis iyo
brbo (umuSevari masa xom brboa da ara xalxi) TviTmavali
qvemexi, Tu isev proletariatis eqsprorpiaciis matare-
blis lokomotivis gugugni gvesmis miwaze dayuradebiT
„natvris xis“ kaxi kavsaZis ioramis gmiriviT? brbo masad
unda iqces Tavisi qveynis mebrZoli sulieri winmavali
meqanizmis wyalobiT mis moZraobaSi mosayvanad garkveu-
li mimarTulebiT. es roli akisria mis cocxal, saukeTe-
so, mewinave nawils inteligencias, romelic axla sustia
da elitad qceuli msoflio mTavrobaze pretenziuli,
qveynis garedan dawinaurebuli saSualo da dabali niWis
mdabio masaze aris damokidebuli. “rogorc arasdros
inteligencia dabneulia da usasrulod danawevrebuli
wreebad da jgufebad. amasTan, is, rogorc yovelTvis,
gauTavebeli unayofo msjelobebiT daSorebulia misi
samSoblos bedis pasuxismgeblobisagan“80.
samSoblos momavali warsulisa da awmyos kristalize-
buli sulieri potencialis axali gamonaTebaa. dro moZ-
raobaa, sicocxlea, magram sakmarisia SeaCero Seni dro
an mas wertili dausva Tundac pirobiTi, rom warsuli
wina dro iqneba. amdenad sworia gamoTqmna: xuTi dRis
win da ara xuTi dRis ukan, vinaidan ukan mibrunebisas
warsuli winaa.
socialur qselSi Cemi statiebis nawyvetebze gamox-
maureba maiZulebs kidev erTxel mivubrunde sityva „in-
teligenciis“ gamo warmoqmnil replikebs. ar varga si-
tyvis dawuneba misi enobrivi warmomavlobis pretenziiT.
arc Tu iSviaTad naCqarevi Sefasebebi uxerxul mdgo-

80
Каковы роль и место интеллигенции в судбье в современной России?
Сообщество «Клуб интеллектуалов»-11.08.2013

117
mareobebs uqmnis mis avtorebs. magaliTad, zogi gvimt-
kicebs, rom sityva „inteligencia“ rusuli warmoSobisaa,
marto rusul literaturaSi gamoiyeneba, rac arasworia.
yvela ganviTarebul qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba es sityva, ma-
gram ara ise gavrcelebulad, rogorc rusulSi. sity-
va inteligencia ipoveba london laruSis gaxmaurebul
SromaSi „fizikuri ekonomika“. CvenTvis axla mTavari
sityva „inteligenciis“ warmomavlobis Zieba ki ar aris,
mTavaria, rom inteligencia CvenTvis eris msaxurebasTan
asocirdeba, xalxis patronad moiazreba. ufro sworad,
inteligencia iyo eris sxva danarCebi fenebis qomagi da
patroni.
niWier axalgazrdebs saswavleblad agzavnidnen sazR-
vargareT saxelmwifo an sazogadoebrivi, piradi xarjeb-
iT, pensiebs uniSnavdnen Rvawlmosil adamianebs. axla am
funqciebs finansuri klanebi asruleben im gansxvavebiT,
rom msoflio qveynebis niWier Taobebs Tavis msaxurebad
iqmnian. marto Cemi xiluli sivrcidan ramdeni axalgazr-
da daaklda qveyanas sazRvargareTis aTasgvari konkurse-
bisa da grantebis meSveobiT. axla imaT am Rarib qveyana-
Si dabrunebis aranairi interesi ar gaaCniaT. „tvinebis
gadinebis“ stimulebis efeqtianoba TandaTan matulobs.
rogor gadavaqcioT es procesi qveynis sasargeblo mov-
lenad? televiziebidan da masmediis sxva saSualebebidan
mowodebebi saqmes ar Svelis. gind am xelisuflebisTvis
xalxis keTildReobis gaumjobeseba giTxovia, gind yru-
munjisTvis simReris swavla dagiZalebia. ras warmoad-
gens saqarTvelos axlandeli xelisufleba an saerTod
ra aris axla xelisufleba?
Tu es ubeduri cxovreba ramdenime xani kidev im gzas
gaagrZelebs, romelzec dgas, mere samSoblos xelisu-
flebaSi xeirian qarTvels ver vixilavT. „Cven varT ga-

118
daSenebis gzaze damdgari momxmarebelTa da ara-Semoq-
medebiT adamianTa sazogadoeba. Tqven da Tqveni Taoba
maSin SeZlebT gadarCeT, Tuki moaxerxebT sakuTar xelSi
aiRoT cxovrebis sadaveebi“81.

81
laruSi. l. internacionaluri axalgazrduli moZraobis wevrebi-
sadmi. niko-gunia.ge

119
 saqarTvelos ekonomikis Tanamedrove problemebi
niko nikolaZis SromaSi ”mamulis siyvaruli da
msaxureba”82

gadmocemulia niko nikolaZis kritikuli Sexedulebe-

bi sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis im periodze, roca Sesa-
mCnevi xdeboda mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis gavlena
cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebaze. warmoCenilia didi
nikoseuli Tvisebrivi pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi, rom-
lebic patriots unda hqondes, rom qveynisa da xalxis sam-
saxuri SesZlos. gamorCeviT ganxilulia nikolaZiseuli
Tvalsazrisis is mimarTulebebi, romlebic dResac prob-
lemuria Tanamedrove saqarTvelosTvis.

`RvTis madliT fxizldeba da iRviZebs nel-nela Cveni

qarTveloba, moZraobas iwyebs cot-cotad Cveni qveyana.
rogorc iqna am dResac moveswariT~ _ ase iwyebs niko
nikolaZe Tavis Sromas da iqve aRniSnavs, rom bolo 15-
20 wlis manZilze aseTi ram ar SeiniSneboda da yvela
Tavis Tavze fiqrobda-ra viSovno, ra SeviZino da samsax-
urSi rogor davwinaurdeo. amis Semdeg amnairi dRe Cvens
mamuls RmerTma nu moaswroso. dawvrilebiT aRwers im
periods, roca qarTvels oRondac piradi keTildReo-
bisTvis mieRwia da samSoblos gamyidvelTanac ki iWerda
saqmes. yvelafers piradi sargeblis prizmaSi uyurebda.

82
Sroma daiwera 1879 wels. pirvelad 1880 wels gamoica, meored 1914
wels, mesamed 1985 wels daibeWda niko nikolaZis TxzulebaTa me-7
tomSi. im wignis bibliografiul SeniSvnebSi aRniSnulia, rom Sromas
jerovani yuradReba ar mohyolia. 140 weliwadi gavida mas Semdeg
da batoni nikos es najafari kvlav rCeba Cveni cxovrebis umTavres
problemad, romlis gadawyvetaze damokidebulia Cveni samSoblos mo-
mavali.

120
arc Tavisi Tvistomis CaSvebasa da dabezRebas Takilob-
da, qarTul enasac arafrad agdebda _ raSi gamomadgebao.
batoni nikos Sroma miZRvnilia inteligenciisa da
saxelisuflo insitutebisadmi, romelTac mamulis
msaxurebis pasuxismgebloba akisriaT da ver acnobier-
eben imas, rom qveynis xelmZRvaneloba moxelisa da Ci-
nosnisagan gansakuTrebul codnas moiTxovs anu lid-
eri ukeTilSobilesi Tvisebebis, maRalprofesionaluri
codnis pirovneba unda iyos. xelisuflebisagan miuRe-
blad miaCnia iseTi epiTetebis moSvelieba, rogoricaa
qveynis siyvaruli, patrioti, marTlmadidebluri rwmena,
enebis codna. aseT xalxs igi cru patriotebs uwodebs.
„visac Cveni mamuli uyvars, misi pirveli movaleoba is
aris, rom ai es uswor-masworoba, es ganxeTqileba Seam-
ciros, rom SemdegSi erTianad moispos CvenSi amgvari us-
amarTlo da ugunuri flangva xalxis Zalisa da Sromis.
sanam umoqmedo nawili Cveni sazogadoebisa Sromas da Ta-
vis rCenas ar SeeCveva, sanam Cveni xalxi mewveli Zroxis
mdgomareobidan ar gamova, SeuZlebelia, rom CvenSi namd-
vili erToba daarsdes, an gulwrfeli grZnoba, an xeiri-
ani ganwyobileba. maSasadame, yvelaferi, rac ekonomikur
samarTlianobas gviaxloebs, Cvenis mamulis sasargeblod
unda migvaCndes, da niadag imas unda vcdilobdeT, rom
xalxis umravles nawils gavuadviloT Tavis gaTavisu-
fleba exlandelis damokidebul-mdgomareobisagan...
gauadvileT xalxssxviTvis Sromisagan Tavis daxsna,
gamoiyvaneT is usaqmo kacebis monobisagan, miwa daum-
kvidreT, da muqTaxorebisagan daixseniT, an aswavleT,
Tu ra gziT daixsnas Tavi, sasargeblo, gamosadeqi rCeva
aZlieT, namdvili realuri sikeTe miutaneT mas rCeviT
an saqmiT, da maSin naxavT, rom marto amnairi saSualebiT
SesaZlebli yofila, rogorc erTobis daarseba, ise xalx-

121
is ndobis mopoveba...ai, marto maSin daamtkicebT, rom
mamulic gyvarebiaT da misi msaxurebac gcodniaT“83.
miveCvieT samSoblos siyvarulis yofiT, primitiul
gagebas, rogorc Sinagani grZnobis gamoxatulebis pozi-
cias qveynis mimarT, rogorc epiTets Tavis mowonebis
mizniT, romlis ukan aranairi keTili saqme ar ilande-
ba. swored amnair xalxs uwodebda batoni niko „crupa-
triotebs“, romelTac enaze akeriaT mamulis siyvaruli,
xolo realurad mxolod TavisTavze fiqroben. samSoblo
gawyobil sufrasTan axsendebaT baxusis eSxSi Sesulebs,
Tavis mosawoneblad. romeli CvenTagani ar Seswrebia am-
nair sufrebs, roca xelidan gavardnili, qveynis damaqce-
vari samSoblos sadRergZelos yanwiT svams da Jruante-
lis momgvrel leqssac miayolebs. amnair kacs siyvaruli
mxolod gancda da grZnoba hgonia. maSin roca siyvaruli
RvTiuri msaxureba da pasuxismgeblobaa. amitom xelisu-
fali moralur-zneobrivi-maRalprofesinaluri-patrio-
ti, iSviaTi Rirsebebis adamiani SeiZleba iyos. baton nikos
petre pirvelis, ekaterine meoris, ermolovisa da voron-
covis reformatoruli magaliTebi moaqvs dasaxelebul
SromaSi. imasac xazs usvams, rom petre pirveli da er-
molovi xisti meTodebiT sargeblobdnen, xolo ekater-
ine meore da voroncovi liberalobiT gamoirCeodnen. igi
xelisuflebis mosurne or tips gamoyofs: fanatikossa da
angarebians. pirvels saxelis wyurvili, TanamedroveTa
da STamomavalTa pativiscemis mopoveba surs, romelsac
ciliswamebis, binZuri Tavdasxmebis, autaneli Seuracxy-
ofis gadatana uwevs. angarebiani yvelafers kadrulobs,
pasuxismgeblobas arafrad miiCnevs, oRond keTildReo-
bas miaRwios sxvebis xarjze. ver xedavda didi niko im

83
nikolaZe n. mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba. Txz.t.7. gv.329-331

122
dros xelisufalis pirvel tips saqarTveloSi. angarebi-
ani xalxi ki zeda eSelonebSi moxvedraze zedaxoras qm-
nidnen da yvelafers kadrulobdnen.
niko nikolaZe ganumeorebeli talantia Cveni qveynis
istoriaSi, romelsac ara marto uzarmazari Teoriuli
ganaTleba hqonda da sicocxlis bolomde afarToebda
mis horizonts, aramed SeeZlo codnis praqtikaSi gamoy-
eneba, hqonda SorsmWvreteluri intuiciuri xedva...roca
is zemoT dasaxelebul Sromas werda, maSin mecniereba te-
qnologiebis ciklur xasiaTs ar icnobda, romelic meoce
saukunis 30-ian wlebSi Seiqmna n. kondratievis mier. pirve-
li teqnologiuri talRa 1790 wlidan iwyeba, roca saqso-
vi dazga gamoigones, rasac evropis sazogadoebrivi az-
rovnebis masobrivi gamococxleba mohyva. niko nikolaZe
xedavda da grZnobda im cvlilebebs, romelsac stiqiur
Zalas uwodebda, romlebic drom gamoiwvia da romelic
skrupulozur Sesawavlas moiTxovda, raTa igi sazoga-
doebis sasikeTod gamoyenebuliyo. Tu qveyana progress
ver mixvdeba da mis borts miRma darCeba, Tvistomobas
anu damoukideblobas ver moipovebs. Tumca misi SemCne-
va Znelia da rogorc TviTon wers, mere qveynebs rTuli
gzis gavla uxdebaT. amis magaliTad mas ruseTi mohyavs
da petre pirvelis da ekaterine meores reformebs imow-
mebs, risi wyalobiT maSin ruseTi fexze wamoimarTa da
evropis yuradRebac daimsaxura. saqarTveloSi mas m. vo-
roncovis reformebi xiblavda, da moswonda kidec misi
gatarebis meTodebi ermolovTan SedarebiT.
batoni niko xazs usvamda imasac, rom progress Tav-
isi pioneri da mimdevari qveynebi hyavs, romliTac gan-
pirobebulia am qveynebis socialuri da ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis xarisxi. igi iziarebda ganviTarebis stadiebis
klasifikacias da axasiaTebda mis oTx periods. pirvels

123
uwodebs yrmobis periods, roca xalxi sxvazea damok-
idebuli da TviTSemoqmedebiTobis unari dakarguli
aqvs. meore periods mimbaZvelobas arqmevs, roca qveyana
ucxoelTa dawinaurebas xedavs da monurad baZavs mas.
mesame iseTi periodia, roca xalxi darwmundeba, rom mib-
aZva mniSvnelovan warmatebebs ar aZlevs da tradiciuli
ganviTarebis gzebs ubrundeba. meoTxe periodi es aris _
самобытного творчества, romelsac igi TviTmyofad Semo-
qmedebad Targmnis. am periods axasiaTebs ucxouri miR-
wevebis erovnul TaviseburebebTan Sexameba, integracia.
batoni niko aRniSnavs, rom mibaZvis periodi erTob
xangrZlivi iyo CvenSi, mteri mosvenebas ar gvaZlevda,
erTs meore mohyveboda, meores-mesame da edga qveyanas
gauTavebeli rigi istoriis grZel manZilze. erTmaneT-
Si airia erovnuli da ucxouri. amitom igi am SromaSi
saWirod miiCnevs warsulis safuZvlian Seswavlas, raTa
gairkves romeli Cveuleba, wesi da zneobaa qarTuli,
rogori unda iyos qveynis ekonomikuri mowyoba. arc ma-
Sin usmina da arc axla aravin usmens baton nikos, ukan
gaxedva ar gvinda, warsuli saWiro ar yofila da Turme
mxolod gaevropeleba gviSvelis. eris samomavlo energia
warsulidan generirdeba. es ar niSnavs imas, rom qveyana
Caketili da sxvebisagan izolirebuli unda iyos. iseve
rogorc arc imasac, rom sazRvrebi movSaloT da yve-
laferi ucxouri miviRoT. zariviT rekavs batoni nikos
Sexseneba: `kerZo piri xSirad verc ki xedavs, Tu TviTon
mas ra istoriuli Zala amoqmedebs, ra bunebis Zalas mi-
hyavs is xan win, xan ukan... CvenSi zogierTs ymawvilT-
agans hgonia, rom qveynis istoria miT iwyeba da miTve
gaTavdebao...~84. ruseTis magaliTi moaqvs slavianofi-

84
nikolaZe n. Tzz. t. 7. mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba. gv.313

124
lobaze da arCevs mis oTx Tvisebas. pirvel Tvisebad
mediduri Tavmoyvareoba miaCnia, roca yvelaferi ru-
suli saukeTesoa da ucxouri bilwi da saZageli. meore
Tvisebad karCaketilobas Tvlis, roca sxva qveynebis cx-
ovreba da progresi misi interesebis sferoSi ar eqceva,
arafrad miaCniaT maTi ekonomikuri da socialuri pro-
gresi. meoTxe Tviseba slavianofilebisa ucxo naciona-
lobis devna iyo. ver itandnen germanelebs, frangebs,
ingliselebs. maTi produqciis qveyanaSi Semotanas ara-
vis anebebdnen. amis Sedegi iyo is, rom ruseTi evropas
yvelaferSi CamorCeboda. magram imperialistur ruseTs
hyavda inteleqtualebi, romelTac kargad esmodaT, Tu
ra unda ekeTebinaT CamorCenili rusi xalxis cxovrebis
aRmavlobisTvis. maTi saqme da azri TandaTan imarjveb-
da da xalxSic maTi popularoba dRiTidRe izrdeboda,
rogorc patriotebisa. amis gamo iyo, rom sazogadoebas
TanagrZnoba gauCnda mamulis bedze. Camoyalibda adami-
anTa jgufebi, romlebic patriotul moZraobas mietmas-
nen. batoni niko imaT cru patriotebs uwodebda. vinc me
adre patriotobis gamo sulelad mTvlida, axla patrio-
tobaSi aTiaTasjer gadamaWarbeso.
cru patriots batoni niko arqmevs imasac, visac samS-
oblo SesaZlebelia, marTlac, uyvars, magram marto igi
sakmarisad ar miaCnia, vinaidan es patriotizmze, mamulis
siyvarulze mcdari warmodgenaa. mamuli, adgilis deda
yvelas uyvars, cxovelebsac ki. samSoblos siyvaruli
maTTvis bunebrivi movlenaa da misi sajarod kvexna si-
suleled miiCnia. mamulis siyvaruli, misi azriT, mova-
leobaa, romelic bevrs ar esmis _ Tu rogor SeiZleba
misi aRsruleba, da iqve svams kiTxvebs:
`marTlac, raSi mdgomareobs es msaxureba? raSi md-
gomareobs is sazogado sikeTe, romelic Cvens mamuls

125
sWiria? ra xeiri unda moutanos mamuls misma Svilma, igi
mas ra nairad unda emsaxuros?~85.
am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemamde, batoni niko arkvevs,
Tu ram gamoiwvia samSoblos CamorCena dawinaurebuli
qveynebisagan. Tuki oci saukune saqarTvelo mainc axerx-
ebad mravalricxvovan mtrebze gamarjvebas (romlebic
uwvet nakadad awydeboda saukuneebis manZilze), amas
Tavisi epoqis sakadrisi ganaTlebis wyalobiT aRwevda.
mere qveyana mecnierebis ganviTarebas CamorCa da mamu-
li gadamTielebma cxra mTas iqedan dagvingries. aq didi
roli iTamaSa agreTve qarTvelTa Sinaganma dapirispire-
bam, erTmaneTis gautanloban, Surma da mtrobam urT-
ierTSoris, rasac mere sakuTari Tavis rwmenis dakargva
moyva _ werda didi niko. misi azriT gamosavali imaSia,
rom qveyana msoflio kavSirurTierTobebSi CaerTos da
mecniereba aiTvisos, aswavlos Tavis axalgazrdobas sxva
qveynebis saukeTeso saswavleblebSi, raTa mere imaT Tav-
ianTi codna samSoblos moaxmaron.
qveynisTvis did ubedurebad miaCnda mxolod sxva
qveynebisadmi marto mibaZviTi cxovreba, mxolod saku-
Tar Tavze fiqri da ocneba, roca saqveyno saqmisTvis ara
scaliaT, mxolod kerZo madas ikmayofileben, gancxro-
mas eZlevian, mdidrul cxovrebas ar ikleben, aTasobiT
fuls flangaven, umiznod xarjaven, banqoSi/kazinoSi age-
ben da gaWirvebuli adamianisTvis, sazogado saqmisTvis
kapiki ara emetebaT, samSoblo mxolod TavisTvis undaT.
”xalxi maSin aris Zlieri da bednieri, roca misi Zala,
Tanamedrove mecnierebiT aRWurvili, mis sasargeblod
ixmareba da moqmedebs. magram roca xalxis cxovrebaSi
iseTi wesi Semodis, rom naxevari xalxi Tavis Zalas uqmad

85
iqve, gv. 323

126
miwaSi marxavs, umoqmedod hflangavs, da meore naxevari
ki orjer ufro mometebulad Sromobs, rogorc Tavis
sarCenlad, ise Tavisi pirveli naxevris sarCenlad, rome-
lic umoqmedod da uqmad cxovrobs, maSin xalxi iRleba,
sustdeba da sruliadac qreba. maSin marto xalxis Zala
ki ar ifanteba uxeirod, TviTon am xalxis or naxevars
Sua Cumi, dafaruli brZola atydeba, romelSiac ileva
xalxis gonebiTi da fizikuri Zalis umjobesi nawili.
qiSpoba da samduravi ibadeba, erToba ikargeba da xalxi
or banakad iyofa, ors erTmaneTze mtrad gadakidebul
bankad... rasakvirvelia, umizezod rodi dabadebula
CvenSi, Zvelad es ubeduri ganawileba da ganxeTqile-
ba~86. visac mamuli uyvars _ acxadebda batoni niko, igi
valdebulia aRmofxvras xalxSi aseTi uTanasworoba, us-
amarTloba, fulis ugunuri flangva da usaqmuri masa
sazogadoebriv SromaSi CarTos, ekonomikuri samarTlia-
noba Seqmnas, xalxs mdgomareoba gauumjobesos, raTa
xalxi erT Zmur ojaxad iqces. `gauadvileT xalxs sx-
visTvis Sromisgan Tavis daxsna, gamoiyvaneT is usaqmo
kacebis monobisagan, miwa daumkvidreT, da muqTaxorebi-
sagan daixseniT, an aswavleT, Tu ra gziT daixsnas Tavi,
sasargeblo, gamosadeqi rCeva aZlieT, sikeTe, namdvili
realuri moutaneT mas rCeviT an saqmiT, da maSin naxavT,
rom marto amnairi saSualebiT SesaZlebeli yofila, ro-
gorc erTobis daarseba, ise xalxis ndobis mopoveba...
ai, marto maSin daamtkicebT, rom mamulic gyvarebiaT da
misi msaxurebac gcodniaT~87. yovelive amis Cvens dRevan-
del cxovrebasTan asocireba imaze mianiSnebs, rom mdgo-
mareoba axla gacilebiT uaresia da xelisufleba Tavisi

86
iqve, gv. 329
87
iqve, gv. 331

127
xalxis axali xarisxis mteria da misi xalxisTvis saerTod
ara scalia, piriqiT, aTasgvari piarebiT cdiloben Tavi
qveynis patronebad warmoaCinon, qveynis gareSe momxree-
bi ipovnon, raTa Tavisive Tvistomi daamarcxon da sa-
jarod ganacxadon, rom misi qveyana antidemokratiulia,
vinaidan mas araevropuli orientaciis xelisufleba
marTavs, rom am mTavrobas ruseTTan urTierToba surs.
erTmaneTs ejibrebian imaSi, vin ufro metad asiamovnebs
gadamTielebs, vin ufro misaRebi iqneba fulianebTan, maT
ucxoel damfinanseblebTan. ikargeba/daikarga rwmena,
uteven religias, cdiloben arafrad Caagdon erovnuli
tradiciebi, Seuracxhyon wmindanebi, Secvalon erovnu-
li azrovneba, xalxi sibneleSi amyofon, axalgazrdebi
erTmaneTs gadahkidon, qveyanas momavali daukargon.
”nuTu iqamde daeca Cveni xalxic, iqamdi bolo moeRo
saqarTvelos, rom amnair umomavlo da uimedo qveynad
unda CavTvaloT? nuTu marto iezuituri gza darCenila
mis saSvelad, marto oinebis, sicruisa da Tvalebis ax-
vevis gza? nuTu Cveni xalxi imdenad dacemula, imisTana
uimedo mdgomareobaSi Cavardnila, rom veRar aitans im
Sromas, ver daadgeba im gzas, ver moinelebs im sazrdos,
romelic sxva xalxs abednierebs an aZlierebs?~88. iqve
iZleva pasuxs Tavisive kiTxvebze da ambobs, rom RvTis
madliT Cveni xalxi Sors aris amisTana mdgomareobisa-
gan, igi amisTana mdgomareobaSi ar Cavardnila, is sxva-
nairi samsaxuris Rirsia. misma meTaurebma, Tu marTla
qveyana uyvarT, Tu marTla swamT samSoblos momavali
samarTliani da zneobrivi ekonomika unda daafuZnon.
amitom `marto Cveni Tavis imedi viqonioT, marto Cvens
Zalas mivendoT, marto Cvens gaZlierebasa da ganaTle-

88
iqve, 336.

128
baze viSromoT-maSin megobaric bevri gauCndeba da Cvens
xalxs da damxmarebelic~89. baton nikos isev sevdiani gan-
wyobileba uCndeba da eeWveba, rom maSindeli mTavroba
im saqmes ver gauZRveboda, vinaidan miCveuli iyo sxvis
imedad yofnas, gadaCveuli iyo damoukidebel saqmiano-
bas. imedi mxolod axali Taobisa hqonda, romelic axali
cxovrebisTvis unda momzadebuliyo.
didi niko ulmobeli, Seubralebeli kritikosi iyo
yvelas mimarT, romelsac SeeZlo samSoblosTvis metis
gakeTeba, vidre akeTebda. mis sastik kritikas ver asc-
da eris sulieri mama-ilia, saqarTvelos bulbuli aka-
ki, cnobili beletristi da misi siZe giorgi wereTeli
da kidev mravali. amave dros sulmnaTi niko qomagi da
maswavlebeli iyo ubralo mSromeli adamianisadmi. ugu-
los uwodenda mas, visac Tavisi xalxis ubedureba gul-
Tan ar mihqonda, Tavs aridebda, gverds uvlida mas.
„is sul sxvanairi samsaxuris Rirsia. Rirsia, rom misi
saqmec ise waiyvanos misma meTaurebma, rogorc yoveli
xeiriani xalxis saqme wayvanila qveynierebaze. es Cveni
xalxic Rirsia, rom goneba ganvuviTaroT, azris muSao-
bas SevaCvioT, sakuTaris xeliT movawmendinoT misi wy-
lulebi, sakuTaris xeliT gavamarTvinoT samarTliani
ganwyobileba, sakuTaris xeliT siaruli davawyebinoT,
da yvela amas, xom, marto pirdapiri, yvelasTvis aSka-
ra TvalsaCino Sroma moitans...Tu marTla saimedod
migvaCnia Cveni xalxi, Tu marTla gvwams misi momavali,
Tu marTla da gulwrfelad gvinda misi msaxureba, erTi
sityviT, Tu namdvilad gviyvars Cveni mamuli, Cven is
unda gavaZlieroT, rogorc materialuris mxriT-samar-
Tliani ekonomikuris ganwyobilebis dafuZnebiT, ise zne-

89
iqve, gv. 338.

129
obiT-misi gonebisa da codnis gaumjobesebiT. is imedi
unda CavunergoT mas, romelic Cven TviTon gvaqvs, im
momavlisken unda miubrunoT piri, romelic Cven gvwams,
im gzaze unda davayenoT, romelmac yvela sxva xalxi gaa-
Zliera da gaabedniera“90. mkiTxveli iolad mixvdeba imas,
rom aq didi niko inteligencias mimarTavs, romelc dRes
qveyanas ar hyavs da romlis gareSe xalxTan keTilurT-
ierTobebis damyareba SeuZl;ebelia. axla xelisuflebasa
da xalxs Soris undoblobis, zizRis, siZulvilis, mtro-
bis, klasobrivi winaaRmdegobebis kedelia aRmarTuli.
dapirispireba klasebs Soris kritikul zRvars uaxlo-
vdeba.
dRevandeli saqarTvelos 140 wlis winandeli niko ni-
kolaZis „mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba“-asTan Sedare-
ba, CamorCenilobis uaresobis suraTs gvixatavs, vinaidan
maSin Tu ifxizlebda saqarTvelo, axla „dumili rekavs“
_ mosaxleoba Tavawyvetili garbis msoflios ganviTare-
bul qveynebSi „Savi samuSaos“ saZebnad da kerias rodis
daubrundeba da rogor, amis safiqrelad jer ar mou-
clia... „mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba“ liton wina-
dadebad iqca da qorwilisa da micvalebulis gasvenebis
sufraze ritualuri formaloba gaxda.
_ sxva qveynebze mibaZvis nacvlad miviReT dasavlu-
ri cxovrebis gaRmerTeba da yovelive erovnulis gaufa-
sureba, CamorCenilobad da Zaladobad gadanaTvla.
_ namdvili swavla-ganaTleba ukuvagdeT da fse-
vdologizmebiT vityuebT Tavs. mecniereba gverdze miag-
des da saerTod arc ainteresebT arc mecniereba da arc
mecnierebi.
_ wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba xalxs ga-

90
iqve, 337-338

130
naTlebis miRebaSi exmareboda, Tanamedrove ganaTlebis
sistema azia-afrikis CamorCenili qveynebis saganmanaT-
leblo programebs iyenebs da kritikuli azrovnebis gan-
viTarebis nacvlad informaciis damaxsovrebis steroti-
pebs Stampavs.
_ samSoblo gagebulia dabadebis SemTxvevis adgilad,
xolo sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis sivrcidan idevneba pa-
suxismgeblobisa da mamuliSvilobis Rirsebebi.
_ qveyana daeca da dasustda ara marto SinaaSlilo-
biT da gautanlobiT, rogorc maSin werda niko nikolaZe,
aramed sixarbiTa da fulis religiis azrovnebaSi „in-
vestirebiT“, roca adgilobrivi xelisufleba ucxouri
oiligarqebis daqiravebuli agentia sakuTari qveynis wi-
naSe.
_ idevneba marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba da ekle-
sia, xolo ena qarTuli iryvneba neologizmebiTa da bar-
barizmebiT da mas aranairi saxelmwifoebrivi uzrunve-
lyofa ara aqvs.
_ qveyana moicva spekulaciam da fizikuri warmoe-
ba lamis paratizanul aqtivobad iqca. romlis Sedegia
primitiuli azrovnebis moqalaqeobriobis gafarToeba.
_ kerZo sargeblis Zieba moeria inteleqtualurs da
mTlianad STanTqa igi. mTelis upiratesoba daikava mer-
izmis gaZlierebam, dairRva samSoblos mTlianobis gage-
ba.
_ mSromeli, saxelisuflo samsaxurebis gareT darCe-
nili mosaxleoba umkacresi eqspluataciis sferoSi
moeqca, romelsac suls xdis gadasaxadebis simZime da
fasebis katastrofuli zrda, vinaidan fuli erovnul
interesebs ar emsaxureba.
_ saxalxo lideri ar gvyavs. qveyana azrovnebis sibne-
leSi imyofeba.

131
 _ presa, radio, gazeTi, televizia da masmediis sxva
saSualebebi araerovnulobis, araqarTulis, aRviraxsni-
lobis, garyvnilebis propagandis samsaxurSia.
_ qveynis msaxureba parazituli cxovrebis instiqteb-
ma Caanacvla.
_ xelisuflebisagan aTasgzis motyvilebuli xalxi
uimedobaSi Cavarda.
_ yvelaferi evropuli kargiao, saqarTvelom ra unda
margoso. gana SeiZleba qveynis gaevropeleba an gaamer-
ikeleba. es xom gadaSenebas niSnavs. qveyana misi istori-
uli warsulis fundamentze dgas.
_ Tu adre qveyana sxvisi gonebis gavlenaSi iyo garega-
bi iZulebiT. axla xelisufleba gonebas TviTon uxSobs
neoliberalTa miTiTebebiTa da rCevebiT.
_ wina saukuneebis adamiani misi RirsebebiT fasdebo-
da, axla adamiani fulis gamo xdeba dawinaurebuli da
cnobadi, marTalia, ZaladobiTa da xelovnurad, magram
mainc cnobadi. ara da fuli aranair simdidres ar war-
moadgens. Cvens azrovnebaSi SemogvasaRes qonebad, To-
rem finansuri imperiis mesveurebma TviTon kargad ician,
rom fuli ramdenime wT-Si SeiZleba arafrad iqces.
_ adre mosaxleobis wodebrivi diferenciacia Zalas
kargavda, axla klasebis reinkarnacia xdeba yvelaze sas-
tiki formebiT, roca parazituli klasi mosaxleobis
absoluturi umravlesobis mesaflavis funqciebs as-
rulebs, rac imave dros misi TviTlikvidaciaa.
_ „mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba“ zneobriv
pirovnebas SeuZlia. dRevandeli saqarTvelo pirovnebis
ukidures deficits ganicdis, vinaidan fulis religia
pirovnulobis, erovnuli faseulobebis daundobeli, ve-
ragi mteria.

132
 daskvna

saqarTvelos aqvs ekonomikuri aRorZinebis yvela sa-

Sualeba-materialuri resursebi, da rogorc yovelTvis
Warbad rom hqonda, axlac sakmarisze meti aqvs, misi re-
sursebis qveynis keTildReobad gardaqmnis adamianuri ka-
pitali. gvaklia mxolod mTavari, amZravi rgoli-erovnu-
li lideri, romlis mantiis morgebas didi xania cdiloben
sxvadasxva saxelis politikuri partiebi, gaerTianebebi,
kavSirebi da socialuri jgufebi, romlebic ver mixved-
rilan imas, rom erovnuli lideri piradi keTildReobis
maZiebeli ki ara, qveynisa da xalxis msaxuria, romelsac
amisTvis saWiro Tvisebebis erToblioba unda gaaCndes.
mainc ra Tvisebebia mxedvelobaSi?
Tandayolili bunebrivi niWi, tradiciuli ojaxuri
aRzrda, epoqis Sesatyvisi ganaTleba, mizandasxulo-
ba, Seupovroba, mousyidveloba, erovnulobis kerZoze
prevalireba, pasuxismgebloba, Tavisuflebis wyurvili,
samSoblos siyvarulisa da msaxurebis Sinagani mowodeba,
winaswarxedvis niWi da titanuri SromiT gamowveuli in-
tuicia, socialuri kapitali, pirovnuli momxibvleloba,
adamianebisadmi mzrunvelobis Sinagani moTxovna, maRali
TanagrZnoba ubralo xalxis mimarT, kritikis kultura,
gamocdileba, erudicia, Teoriisa da praqtikis erTiano-
bis Segneba, roca Teoria yvelaze kargi praqtikaa, xolo
TviT praqtika Teoriis gamowvewva, mewarmeobrivi alRo
da menejeruli fenomenalogia. aseTi Tvisebebis komple-
qsi moWarbebulad niko nikolaZes hqonda.
patriotizmi zneobrivi fenomenia. igi aRzrdis pro-
duqtia, romlis Sedegia pasuxismgebloba- samSoblosa da
xalxisadmi msaxureba. qveynidan marto gaWirvebis gamo
ar garbian. erT wertilSi fokusirdeba mamulis istori-

133
is ucodinaroba, undobloba, uimedoba, sakuTari Tavis
urwmunoba, xelisuflebis gamyidveloba da upasuxismge-
bloba-ucodinaroba, romelsac saerTod ar anaRvlebs
ara marto mosaxleobis masobrivi migracia, aramed in-
teleqtualuri genocidi. axalgazrdoba swavlis gasagr-
Zeleblad midis iq, sadac ukeTes pirobebs sTavazoben,
xolo talantad cnobil gogonebsa da biWebs mdidari
qveynebi aTagvari konkursebiTa da SRavaTebiT izidaven.
eris daRupva marto istoriis daviwyebiT ki ar xdeba,
aramed inteleqtualuri potencialis ganiavebiT.
patriotoba pozicia da qmedebaa, samSoblosa da
xalxisadmi msaxurebaa, roca sazogadoebrivi kerZo
sargeblianobis Segnebaze maRalia, pirovnulia imde-
nad, ramdenadac masStaburia msaxureba. niko nikolaZes
bavSvobidanve miznad hqonda codnis daufleba ara pira-
di keTildReobis gazrdis mizniT, aramed samSoblos sa-
keTildReod. saqarTvelodan peterbugSi Cavida, iqedan
evropis qveynebs miadga da maTgan iseTi qveyana SearCia,
sadac yvelaze ukeTes ganaTlebas daimaragebda. marto
momxmarebeli ki ara, maswavlebeli iyo im qveynebisTvi-
sac. Sefasebebi misca maT cxovrebas, ver gadaibira verc
safrangeTis, verc peterburgis, verc italiis, verc
Sveicariis mSvenierebam, ver Seacdina, ver miizida, miT-
umetes, rom evropaSi damkvidrebis yvela piroba hqonda.
qveyanas daubrunda da misi gaWirveba mxrebze atlantiv-
iT aikida da sicocxlis bolomde atara.
qveynis ekonomikuri aRorZinebisa da socialuri
keTildReobis aRmavlobisTvis xalxTan misasvleli mas-
mediis yvela saSualeba monopolizebulia. carieli dar-
Ca mosaxleobasTan mxolod cocxali kontaqtebis min-
dori, risi gamoyeneba SeuZlia patriotul elitas. es
aris uSualod xalxTan saqmiani Sexvedrebi, erToblivi

134
sawarmoebisa da samsaxurebis Seqmna, agreTve swavlebis,
kulturuli obieqtebis organizacia. suliereba materi-
aluris safuZveli unda iyos, iseve rogorc materialu-
ri mxolod saSualeba da ara mizani. amas xels SeuSlis
msoflio finansuri imperiis gabatonebuli umciresoba,
romelic fuls monobis iaraRad iyenebs da fulze six-
arbis avadmyofoba ukve damarTa adamianebs. aqedan ga-
momavali azri mkarnaxobs imas, rom saWiroa mosaxleo-
bis absoluturi umravlesobis materialuris monobidan
gamoyvana da sulieri simSvidis samyaroSi gadasaxleba.
aseTi masobrivi gadasaxleba urTulesi saqmea, vinaidan
igi SeuZlebelia mxolod deportaciiT. adamianebs ase-
Ti daavadeba mxolod azriT unda CamovrecxoT, rac
maTi sulieri kaTarzisi gareSe miuRwevelia. amas Tao-
ba Tu Taobebi dasWirdeba, gvaclis ki amdens niaRvrad
momskadri aTasi urjulo da uborotesi Sina mteri? yve-
la gzas RmerTTan miyavarT. RmerTi viRacis saxiT unda
gamogvecxados.

135
 sarCevi

Sesavali 3
niko nikolaZis ekonomikuri fenomenalogia 7
sazogadoebrivi transformaciisa da ekonomikis re-
formebis niko nikolaZis interpretaciebi13
niko nikolaZis ekonomikuri azrovnebis formireba 20
niko nikolaZis evropeloba 29
niko nikolaZe da inteligencia 31
niko nikolaZiseuli inteligencia qarTuli ekonomikis
aRmavlobaSi 37
saqarTvelos ekonomikis Tanamedrove problemebi niko
nikolaZis SromaSi:“
mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba“ 42
daskvna48
sarCevi49

136
 lia bibileiSvili

oriode waxnagi

didi jixaiSi
niko nikolaZis saxl-muzeumi

137
 niko da giorgi nikolaZeebi _ pirvelebi

niko nikolaZes ekuTvnis saqarTvelos momavali geo-

politikuri funqciis gansazRvris idea _ man 1918 wels
germanel diplomatebTan saubarSi warmoadgina mis mier
jer kidev 1870-ian wlebSi dasaxuli evropis aziasTan
vaWrobis umokles marSrutze _ saqarTveloze gatare-
bis idea (berlini-foTi-pekini), rac istoriuli abreSum-
is gzis analogia. sarkinigzo gzebisa da magistralebis
mSeneblobiT, q. foTis funqciis gansazRvriT, qalaqisa
da portis aSenebiT da ganviTarebiT, Tbilisis satran-
zito potencialis gazrdis proeqtebiT, baqos navTobis
saqarTveloze tranzitis proeqtebiT rotSildebTan er-
Tad, eleqtrosainJinro teqnologiebis ganviTarebiT da
sxva uamravi siaxleebiT nikolaZis moRvaweoba swored am
abreSumis gzis istoriuli funqciis aRdgenisadmi iyo
mimarTuli Cveni qveynis samomavlo ganviTarebis poten-
cialis gaTvaliswinebiT.
is iyo aseve yoveli progresulisa da maRalteqnolo-
giuris pirveli Semfasebeli da damnergavi saqarTve-
loSi, iseve rogorc axali sazogadoebriv-politikuri
ideebisa.
niko nikolaZe iyo pirveli qarTveli evropologi,
romelmac evropis qveynebis gaanalizebiT qarTvelobas
aCvena, Tu rogor xorcieldeba sazogadoebriv-politi-
kuri gardaqmnebi ganviTarebul qveynebSi, rogor Sei-
Zleba iqces CamorCenili qveynebi (iaponia, prusia) super-
saxelmwifoebad, ra unda gakeTdes qarTuli saxelmwifos
gonivruli mowyobisTvis.
„mxolod is, visac Tavisi sazogadoeba mohyavs win
sikeTisa da didebis gziT da vinc progresisaTvis gzis
gakafviT mgznebared, dauRalavad ibrZvis am progresi-

138
sadmi mtru-lad ganwyobili yvela elementis winaaRmdeg,
igi ipovis adgils Tavis TanamemamuleTa gulsa da xsovn-
Si“ _ werda niko nikolaZe da Tavad mTeli Tavisi ojaxiT
iyo mravali saqveyno saqmis wamomwyebi da iniciatori.
niko nikolaZem 1868 wels ciurixis universitetis dam-
Tavrebis Semdeg daicva sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze
„ganiaraReba da misi socialur-ekonomiuri Sedegebi“.
niko nikolaZe pirveli qarTvelia, romelmac ucxoeTSi
daicva sadoqtoro disertacia da moipova samecniero
xarisxi _ iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtoris wodeba.

***
niko nikolaZe iyo rkinigzebis mSeneblobis pioneri
amierkavkasiaSi. kerZod, 1872-74 wlebSi niko nikolaZis
xelmZRvanelobiT iqna gayvanili amierkavkasiaSi pirveli
yvelaze didi sarkinigzo magistrali foTidan Tbilisam-
de _ foTi-Tbilisis magistrali, risTvisac igi dajil-
dovda oqros JetoniT.

***
XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi n. nikolaZem safuZveli Cau-
yara saqarTveloSi pirvel saerTaSoriso saaqcio sazo-
gadoebas „naxSiras“, romelic saqarTvelos wiaRiseuli
simdidreebis mopoveba-damuSaveba-eqsportis sakiTxebze
muSaobda. am kuTxiT niko jer kidev 70-ia-ni wlebidan
mokidebuli mTeli sicocxlis manZilze TanamSromlobda
qarTuli marganeciTa da Savi qviT dainteresebul qarT-
vel da ucxoel biznesmenebTan.

***
rogorc erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
erT-erTma mniSvnelovanma liderma, niko nikolaZem XIX

139
saukunis 70-iani wlebidan erovnul moZraobaSi axali
mimarTuleba (dRevandeli terminologiiT _ partia) Ca-
moayaliba `meore dasis~ saxelwodebiT da airCia saqarT-
velos evropuli ganviTarebis gza, rac niSnavda imas, rom
qveynis ganviTarebis prioriteti unda yofiliyo evro-
puli ganaTleba, rasac nikolaZe `texnikur ganaTlebas~
uwodebda. msoflio mecnierebis ukanasknel miRwevebis,
uaxlesi evropuli teqnologiebis, cxovrebis sxvadasx-
va sferoSi ucxo qveynebis gamocdilebis gadmotaniT
da danergviT erovnuli mentalitetisa da qveynis gan-
viTarebis saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT qveyanaSi unda
ganxorcielebuliyo seriozuli ekonomiuri reformebi,
swor anu qarTul sabanko politikasTan da qveynis ad-
ministraciul mowyobasTan erTad, rac xels Seuwyobda
qveynis ekonomiur ganviTarebas, aRmavlobas, ers samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebad Camoayalibebda da TviTmmarTve-
lobas daumkvidrebda. es iqneboda qveynis politikuri
damoukideb-lobis da saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis
safuZvelic.
procesi daiwyo axalgazrdobis (gansakuTrebiT axal-
gazrda qarTveli qalebis) evropis (SveicariaSi ciurixi-
sa da Jenevis universitetebSi) universitetebSi umaRlesi
ga-naTlebis misaRebad gagzavniT. pirvelebi am saqmeSi
niko nikolaZis ojaxis wevrebi _ Zma, debi, deidaSvilebi,
misi sacole _ iyvnen.

***
1886 wels parizTan axlos ganxorcielda hidroele-
qtroinJinris marsel depres eqsperimenti _ eleqtro-
energiis kabeluri gadacema Sor manZilze. qalaqidan 56
kilometriT daSorebuli kreilis CanCqerze mowyobili
hidroeleqtrosadguridan wvrili sadenebiT wamosuli

140
eleqtroenergiiT ganaTda parizi. am eqsperimentis ganx-
orcielebaSi avtors daexmara niko nikolaZe _ depres
es eqsperimenti nikolaZem amerikuli warmoSobis frang
milionerebs rotSildebs daafinansebina da TviTonac
miiRo praqtikuli monawileoba am eqsperimentis ganx-
orcielebaSi. es meTodi Semdeg gavrcelda sxva qveyneb-
Sic, 90-ian wlebSi nikolaZe SvedeTsa da daniaSi daeswro
msgavsi eqsperimentis ganxorcielebas da aRtacebuli
saqarTveloSi agzavnida sagazeTo werilebs am da sxva
uaxles evropul teqnologiebze, romelTa damkvidreba
saqarTveloSi usisxlo, `TeTr revoluciebs~ gamoiwve-
vda _ qveynis swraf ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da aRmav-
lobas.
SemdgomSi nikolaZem, rogorc am saqmis _ hidroele-
qtroinJineriis _ saucxoo specialistma araerTi mniS-
vnelovani hidroeleqtrosadguris mSeneblobis proeq-
ti SeimuSava saqarTvelosa da ruseTis did mdinareebze
_ volxovze, svirze, engurze, rionze, mtkvarze da a.S.
xolo XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi man frang inJinerTan
eriosTan erTad mTeli ruseTis eleqtrofikaciis gran-
diozuli gegma SeimuSava.

***
rogorc Jurnalisti, rogorc redaqtor-gamomcemeli
da rogorc publicisti, nikola-Ze mudam icavda da ibrZo-
da sityvisa da presis TavisuflebisTvis. amis saucxoo
nimuSia misi sayovelTaod cnobili broSura `dekadansis
presa~, romelic man 1875 wels parizSi gamosca frangul
enaze da cnobili frangi literatorebis, Jurnalistebis,
saxelmwifo da sazogado moRvaweebis aRtaceba gamoi-
wvia. praqtikulad ki Zalian sainteresoa misi redaqto-
robiT TbilisSi gamomavali gazeTebi “obzori” (romlis

141
gamo ramdenime Zalze gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo proce-
sis Semdeg nikolaZe stavropolSi gadaasaxles...) da `no-
voe obozrenie~. am or gazeTSi nikolaZe aqveynebs Zalian
saintereso werilebs evropis, amerikis, iaponiis da sxva
ucxo qveynebis cxovrebis, ganaTlebis, administraci-
uli mowyobis, ekonomikis Sesaxeb da cdilobs qarTvel
sazogadoebas gaacnos, saqarTveloSi gadmoiRos da daam-
kvidros am qveynebis cxovrebidan yvelaferi saukeTeso,
rac Cveni qveynis ekonomikur winsvlas da eris samoqa-
laqo sazogadoebad Camoyalibebas Seuwyobs xels.

***
niko nikolaZes ekuTvnis baqos navTobis saqarTvelos
teritoriaze tranzitis Tavdapirveli ideac da pro-
eqtic. man SeimuSava sruliad originaluri gegma baqo-ba-
Tumis navTobsadenis mSeneblobis proeqti, XIX saukunis
80-ian wlebSi Camoiyvana saqarTveloSi frangi milioner-
ebi rotSildebi, daafinansebina da ganaxorcielebina es
proeqti. gaiyvana gvirabi rikoTis uReltexilze („wifis“
gvirabi) da masSi rkinigzis magistrali 1884-1888 wlebSi.
igi wlebis manZilze rotSildebTan erTad xelmZRvane-
lobda baqo-baTumis navTobsadenis jer mSeneblobas da
Semdeg funqcionirebas. im mizniT, rom saqarTvelos Tavi
daeRwia baqos ekonomiuri gavlenisagan, nikolaZem si-
cocxlis bolos _ 1926-1927 wlebSi SeimuSava kidev erTi,
saTadarigo _ grozno-foTis navTobsadenis mSeneblobis
proeqti. nobelebTan kamaTisas igi mtkiced icavda Tav-
is pozocias orive navTobsadenis aucileblad saqarTve-
los teritoriaze gavlis Sesaxeb.

***
msoflioSi erT-erTi pirveli adgili, sadac ga-

142
moiyenes erT xazSi telefoniT laparakisa da depeSe-
bis erTdroulad gadacemis praqtika, Tbilisi-kojris
telegrafis xazi aRmoCnda. 1893 wels germanelma inJin-
er-mewarme bungem es msoflio mniSvnelobis miRweva niko
nikolaZis TxovniT ganaxorciela msoflioSi pirvelad
swored saqarTveloSi. Semdeg, 90-ian-900-ian wlebis da-
sawyisSi did jixaiSsa da foTSi funqcionirebda imave
daniSnulebis telegrafis xazebi.

***
1896 wels foTis qalaqis Tavma niko nikolaZem gamos-
ca ruseTis imperiaSi pirveli samprocentiani obliga-
cia _ fuladi sesxi didi saporto qalaqis asaSeneblad
1400000 maneTis odenobiT, daawesa pirveli sabaJo („sa-
fuTo“) naxevarkapikiani gadasaxadi, riTac xeli Seuwyo
qalaqis keTilmowyobas. aago pirveli rkina-betonis Se-
noba mTeli ruseTis masStabiT, aia sofias taZris proeq-
tis mixedviT, rogorc sakaTedro taZari. foTSive nikom
araerTi teqnikuri siaxle da proeqti daamuSava da ga-
naxorciela. foTis TviTmmarTvelobis wesiT nikolaZem
pirveli precedenti dauSva ruseTis imperiaSi damou-
kidebeli ekonomikuri regionisa (axla rom „Tavisufal
ekonomiur zonas“ uwodeben) _ portic da qalaqic saku-
Tar Tavs TviTon ifinansebda da saxelmwifo xazinaSic
sakmaod Sehqonda saxelmwifo gadasaxadi.

***
foTSi muSaobis paralelurad nikolaZem daamuSava da
saimperatoro uwyebas peterburgSi warudgina muRanis
velis (Sua aziaSi) gamoSrobis grandiozuli gegma-pro-
eqti, romlis ganxorcielebiT ruseTis imperia udides
Semosavals miiRebda. masve ekuTvnis amave periodSi in-

143
doeTamde da CineTamde didi sarkinigzo magistralebis
gayvanis proeqtebi. 1890-1900-ian wlebSi xelmZRvanelob-
da transuralis rkinigzis mSeneblobas.

***
niko nikolaZem qarTvel moRvaweTa Soris pirvelma ax-
sena presaSi „Temi“ („eroba“ _ misi daniSnuleba da wesde-
ba; Jurnali „krebuli“, 1871w. #5), gaacno qarTvel sazo-
gadoebas Temobis principebi, miuTiTa „Temze“, erobaze,
rogorc TviTmmarTvelobis mniSvnelovan garantsa da
safuZvelze, rom evropidan Semotanil da rusul sinam-
dvileSi danergil, gamoyenebul am socialur politikas
saqarTvelom droulad unda auRos alRo da gamoiyenos
Tavis sasargeblod _ koloniuri mdgomareobidan Tavis
dasaRwevad.

***
niko nikolaZe Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebda sof-
lis meurneobis ganviTarebas. mas Tavis deduleTs _
sofel did jixaiSSi mowyobili hqonda eqsperimentuli,
evropuli stilis meurneoba, zrunavda soflis meurneo-
bis yvela dargis ganviTarebisTvis. gansakuTrebiT _ mev-
enaxeobisa da meabreSumeobis. mas ucxoeTidan Semohqon-
da sxvadasxva jiSis egzotikuri da endemuri jiSis xeebi
da Tavis mamulSi unikaluri dendro-parki gaaSena Tavisi
xeliT.
safrangeTidan Camohqonda vazis sxvadasxva jiSebi da
aq adgilobriv, vazis qarTul jiSebTan erTad uzarmazari
zvrebi hqonda gaSenebuli, aqve man SemoiRo safrangeTSi
Seswavlili xilisagan Rvinis damzadeba. werda mevenax-
eoba-meRvineobis ganviTarebaze CvenSi, praqtikul monaw-
ileobas iRebda mevenaxeTa da meRvineTa saerTaSoriso

144
simpoziumebSi safrangeTsa da ruseTSi, Tavad didebuli
meurne Tavisi xeliT ayenebda sxvadasxva teqnologiis
Rvinoebs. man pirvelma dasavleT saqarTveloSi SemoiRo
Rvinis miwisqveSa maran-sardafebis mowyobis praqti-
ka. aseTive miwisqveSa nikoseuli marani axlac aris mis
mamulSi did jixaiSSi. quTaisSi ki aseTi marnebis dapro-
eqtebiT qalaqi gadaarCina ruseTidan masobrivad Semo-
suli duxaborebis dasaxlebisagan.
xels uwyobda regionSi meabreSumeobis ganviTarebas.
exmareboda meabreSumeTa adgilobriv amxanagobas, Tavisi
meuRlis olga guramiSvilis mier did jixaiSSi daarse-
bul qalTa gimnazias sazRvargareTidan TeTri abreSum-
is gaumjobesebuli Teslis SemotanaSi, mis realizaciasa
da sazRvargareT gatana-gayidvaSi, amave gimnaziaSi as-
wavlidnen abreSumis Wiis movla-moyvanas, Zafis darTvas,
xaliCebisa da fardagebis qsovas...
gazeT `novoe obozrenieSi~ niko nikolaZem gamoaqveyna
werilebis seria qalaq Tbilisis merisa da sakrebulos
arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT (es werilebi 1920 wels man ga-
mosca broSurad saxelwodebiT `qarTul-somxuri urTi-
erTobebi~). es gaxldaT qarTul sinamdvileSi pirveli
publikacia mravalpartiuli, Tavisufali, demokratiuli
arCevnebis Catarebis aucileblobaze qveynis ekonomiu-
ri ganviTarebis, eTnikur jgufTa Soris urTierTobis
mSvidobianad daregulirebisa da eris samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebad Camoyalibebis mizniT. am da sxva werilebiT
nikolaZe imTaviTve sTavazobda qarTvel sazogadoebas
qveynis administraciuli mowyobis evropul models.

***
rogorc literaturul kritikoss, niko nikolaZes
pirvels aqvs araerTi qarTveli, rusi, evropeli cnobili

145
mwerlisa Tu poetis Semoqmedeba kritikulad ganxiluli
da gamoTqmuli aqvs Tavisi „Seumcdari piruTvneli azri“
ilias, akakis nikoloz baraTaSvilis, grigol orbeli-
anis, giorgi wereTlis, `vefxistyaosnis~, puSkinis lev
tolstois, turgenevis nekrasovis, gogolis, valter
skotis, baironis, gustav floberis Carlz di-kensisa da
uiliam Tekereis, goeTes, Seqspiris, anri roSforis da
sxvaTa Sesaxeb. igi piradad icnobda, TanamSromlobda,
megobrobda, mimowera hqonda viqtor hiugosTan, alfons
dodesTan, emil zolasTan, pol lafargTan, anri roS-
forTan, lui blanTan...

***
giorgi nikolaZe _ niko nikolaZis erTaderTi vaJi iyo
didi mecnieri, maTematikosi, maTematikur mecniereba-
Ta doqtori, profesori, inJiner-gamomgonebeli, inJin-
er-metalurgi, pirveli qarTveli aviatori, pirveli qa-
rTveli kibernetikosi, pirveli qarTveli anTropologi
da eTnologi, qimikosi, geografi, enaTmecnieri _ qarTu-
li samecniero-teqnikuri da sportuli terminologiis
fuZemdebeli, sportsmeni-tanmovarjiSe, qarTuli pro-
fesiuli sportis damfuZnebeli, sportis masobrivi sa-
xeebis Semomtani qarTul sinamdvileSi, qarTuli da ma-
Sindeli sabWoTa alpinizmisa da turizmis fuZemdebeli,
werda leqsebs...

***
1928 wlis ivnisSi giorgim parizSi sorbonas univer-
sitetSi daicva sadoqtoro disertacia geometriaSi
Temaze „geometriul nakvTTa uwyveti sistemebis Sesaxeb“
da umaRlesi SefasebiT maTematikur mecnierebaTa doto-
ris wodeba daimsaxura.

146
 ***
giorgi nikolaZem msoflioSi pirvelma gamoigona ele-
qrogamomTvleli manqana, romelic manam arsebuli gamom-
Tvleli manqanebisagan gansxvavebiT agebuli iyo yvelaze
martiv principze, maTganve gansxvavebiT asrulebda oTx-
ive maTematikur moqmedebas, iyo iafi da ucveTeli, ele-
qtro-magnitur principze agebuli es manqana arcerT
meqanikur detals ar Seicavda da Tavisi agebulebiT iyo
perspeqtivaSi ganviTarebadi _ manqanis Teoriul aRwer-
ilobaSi mecnierebi kiTxuloben kompiuteris naxazebsa
da gamoTvlebs. cnobilma frangma gamomgonebelma moris
dokanma giorgis am manqanas brwyinvale Sefaseba misca.
am gamogonebiT giorgi nikolaZem pirvelma msoflioSi
safuZveli Cauyara eleqtro-gamomTvlel teqnikas.

***
giorgi nikolaZe feradi metalurgiis saTaveebTan
idga ara marto saqarTveloSi. 1929 wels giorgi ni-
kolaZem daiwyo zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxnis
daproeqteba da mSenebloba. es iyo pirveli metalurgi-
uli qarxana amierkavkasiaSi. am qarxnis aSenebiT amierka-
vkasiaSi safuZveli Caeyara metalurgiuli mrewvelobis
ganviTarebas. sanam giorgis mier daproeqtebuli da daw-
yebuli zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxana aSendeboda,
giorgim TbilisSi aago didubis sacdeli feroSenadnob-
Ta qarxnis sami sacdeli saamqro, romelic gankuTvnili
iyo eqsperimentuli dnobebisaTvis da erTgvar safuZ-
vels warmoadgenda zestafonis qarxnis imTaviTve mTe-
li simZlavriT asamuSaveblad, rac ganxorcielda kidev
giorgis gardacvalebis momdevno welsve. zestafonis
fero atarebs giorgi nikolaZis saxels.

147
 ***
zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxnis mSeneblobis
procesSi giorgim fexiTa da cxeniT Semoiara mdinare
enguris kalapoti da zustad im adgilas, sadac dRes
engurhesia, man daaproeqta didi hidroeleqtrosad-
guris mSenebloba, magram Tu 10-ian wlebSi mamas _ niko
nikolaZes germanelebma uTxres uari engurhesis mSeneb-
lobis dafinansebaze, amJamad giorgis moskovidan mouvi-
da uari _ sabWoTa xelisuflebisagan, Tumca ramdenime
aTeuli wlis Semdeg es proeqti ganxorcielda.

***
1908 da 1912 wlebSi giorgi nikolaZem monawileoba
miiRo praRasa da sofiaSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso Seji-
brebebSi tanvarjiSSi, romelzedac mZleosnobis ramden-
ime saxeobaSi brwyinvale gamarjveba moipova, daimsaxura
dafnis gvirgvini, I xarisxis diplomi da didi prizi sil-
amazisaTvis.

***
1922 wels moawyo pirveli turistuli eqspedicie-
bi (`fexosnoba~) fexiT laSqroba Tbilisidan kojramde,
xolo 1923 wlis 28 agvistos maSindel sabWoTa kavSir-
Si pirveli alpinisturi eqspedicia ganaxorciela myin-
varze. mis mravalricxovan eqspediciaSi 5 qali iyo _ pir-
veli qarTveli profesionali mTamsvleli qalebi: maro
tyavaZe, eliko quTaTelaZe asmaT tyablaZe.

***
didi jixaiSis niko nikolaZis saxlSi ori muzeumia _
ori bumberazi qarTvelis, pirveli qarTul-evropuli
ojaxis memorialuri muzeumia romlis gacnoba-daTva-

148
liereba, aq arsebuli nikoseuli memorialuri nivTebi,
sazRvargareTidan mis mier Camotanili unikaluri eq-
sponatebi, wignebi, fotosuraTebi, Tavad mTeli memori-
aluri kompleqsi TvalsaCinod warmoadgens qarTul-ev-
ropuli urTierTobis da am urTierTobis ganviTarebaSi
niko nikolaZisa da misi didi ojaxis Rvawls.
aq yovelwliurad, seqtembris bolos an oqtombris
dasawyisSi imarTeba didi saxalxo dResaswauli `nikoo-
ba~, xolo yoveli wlis 12-18 maiss _ `muzeumTa saer-
TaSoriso dRisadmi~ miZRvnili kvireuli. aseve sxvadasx-
va saxis SemecnebiTi, samecniero xasiaTis RonisZiebebi,
prezentaciebi da sxva.
muzeumSi daculia niko nikolaZis mier evropis sxva-
dasxva qveynidan Camotanili sasoflo-sameurneo, sao-
jaxo nivTebi, egzotikuri da endemuri xe-mcenareebi.
1960 wlidan daiwyo niko nikolaZis `TxzulebaTa~
tomebis gamocema. 2009 wlis CaTvliT gamocemulia mxo-
lod 9 tomi (ori ukanaskneli 2003-2009 wlebSi gamoica).
23 tomis masala gamosacemad datova pirveli 7 tomis ga-
momcemelma da redaqtorma prof. daviT gamezardaSvilma.
aqve warmogidgenT am tomebSi dabeWdil da ramdenime
maTSi daubeWdavi werilis saTaurs:
• t. I, gv. 317 `mTavroba da axali Taoba~; gamoica
JenevaSi rusul enaze 1866 wels nikifor g-s fse-
vdonimiT.
• iqve, gv. 455 `ganiaraReba da misi ekonomiur-so-
cialuri Sedegebi~; gamoica JenevaSi frangul enaze
1868 wels.
• t. IV. gv.81. `franguli presis dekadansi~; gamoica
parizSi frangul enaze 1875 wels.
• t. 2. gv.gv. 73, 227, 447, 544... werilebi foTis
geo-strategiuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.

149
 • `iaponiis brZola CineTTan~; daibeWda J. `moambeSi~,
1894 wlis #9-Si.
• t. VIII. gv. 589. `lui blani da gambeta~; daibeWda sal-
tikov-SCedrinis JurnalSi `oteCestvennie zapiski~.
• t. VIII. gv. 403. adgilobrivi cxovrebis mimoxilva~.
• iqve gv. 504. abramoviCis informaciis gamo~... da
sxva.
• `ruseTis damxoba da saqarTvelos bedi~
garda amisa aris cnobili mkvlevaris simon xundaZis
adre gamocemuli niko nikolaZis rCeuli nawerebis or-
tomeuli. prof dali CikvilaZis mier gamocemuli niko
nikolaZis saiubileo krebulebi, broSura `drosgaswre-
buli mamuliSvili~, prof. akaki baqraZis monografia
`niko nikolaZe~, cnobili Jurnalistis da mkvlevaris
paata nacvliSvilis weri-li `nikolaZeTa saga~, romel-
ic Sesulia mis cnobil wignSi `qaRaldis wero~, prof.
ramaz namiWeiSvilisa da quTaisis saxelmwifo arqivis di-
reqtoris b-n merab kezevazis mier 2003 wels gamocemul
dokumentur gamokvlevaSi `foTis saqme~, akad. andrei
bogoliubovis monografia `giorgi nikolaZe~ (rusul da
qarTul enebze), metalurgTa saerTaSoriso federaciis
prezidentis, prof. guram qaSakaSvilis mier gamocemuli
giorgi nikolaZis sai-ubileo krebulebi, niko nikolaZis
saxl-muzeumis iniciativiTa da avtorobiT gamocemuli
wignebi: `niko nikolaZe did jixaiSSi~ da `aq cxovrobda
didi niko~ da sxva, romlebSic farTod aris gaSuqebu-
li niko nikolaZis naazrevi da naRvawi, romlis ZiriTad
azrs, safuZvels warmoadgenda Cveni qveynis ganviTarebi-
sTvis misi aqtiuri CarTva abreSumis did gzaSi, rogorc
azrovnebis, aseve cxovrebis wesis, ganaTlebis, ekono-
mikis, politikis, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis Semotani-
sa da damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT.

150
 niko nikolaZe da germania

germaneli qarTvelologi artur laisti ase axasiaT-

ebda niko nikolaZes: _ `im adamianTa Soris, romelTa gav-
lena saqarTveloze vrceldeboda, yvelaze Wkviani niko
nikolaZe gaxldaT. es uniWieresi da sulierad yvelaze
maRla mdgomi adamiani pirveli qarTveli Jurnalistia
evropuli mniSvnelobiT. man aTeuli wliT gansazRvra
Tavisi erisaTvis yvelaze saWirboroto sakiTxebi da na-
Teli gonebiT ganWvrita!~
niko nikolaZis urTierTobas germaniasTan muzeumi
iwyebs stumrebisaTvis vizualurad TvalsaCino da sain-
tereso eqsponatebis demonstrirebiT. aq yuradRebas
iqcevs pirvel rigSi germaniidan Camotanili barometri
da Termometri, saangariSo da safanqre, drezdenidan
Camotanili WurWlis nawili, zingeris firmis sakera-
vi manqana, TeTreulis xeliT sarecxi manqana, boTlebis
Tavsacobi manqana da sxva.
germaniasTan nikolaZis kavSir-urTierTobas Cvens
moxsenebaSi ramdenime aspeqtiT mimovixilavT, ramdenad-
ac amis saSualebas iZleva Cvens xelT arsebuli nikola-
Zis publicisturi werilebi.
disertaciis dacvis Semdeg saqarTveloSi ramdenime
Tvis dabrunebuli niko nikolaZe 1870 wlidan sergei
mesxTan erTad scemda gazeT `droebas~. swored `droe-
bis~ furclebze ivnisis pirveli ricxvebidan vidre imave
wlis seqtembris CaTvliT nikos araerTi publikacia aqvs
miZRvnili germaniisadmi. igi wers germaniis, rogorc
saxelmwifos Camoya-libebaze, mezobel mcirericxovan
erebTan Tu did saxelmwifoebTan mis urTierTobaze, mis
gare Tu Sida politikaze, germaneli xalxis jer erad,
Semdeg ukve ganviTarebis gza-ze damdgar sazogadoebad

151
da saxelmwifod Camoyalibebaze, mis socialur-ekonomi-
kur da samxedro wyobaze. da, rogorc yovelTvis, igi
amas wers qarTveli mkiTxvelis gasagonad, sxva qveynis
gamocdilebis gasaTvaliswineblad _ kargis gamosayeneb-
lad da sxvebis Secdomebze Wkuis saswavleblad.
jer kidev 1864-69 wlebSi evropaSi umaRlesi ganaT-
lebis misaRebad wasul Svils iakob nikolaZe werda: _
maq, germaniaSi viRacas amerikidan bambis sapenti manqana
Camoutania. aseTi manqana mTel ruseTSi aravis ara aqvs.
saswrafod SemiZine da gamomigzavne quTaisSi-o!”…
werilSi `prusiis gaZliereba germaniaSi” nikolaZe,
sityvisa da saqmis erTianobis deviziT rom xelmZRvan-
elobda mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, wers: _ maSin roca
lesingi, Sileri, fixte da XVIII saukunis sxva saxelovani
germaneli moazrovneebi oden TavianTi TxzulebebiT cdi-
lobdnen germanelebSi eris siyvarulisa da erTianobis
ideis damkvidrebas, maTi ideebi isev wignebSi rCeboda da
maTi asrulebaSi moyvana TavSi aravis mosvlia XIX sauku-
nis dasawyisSi baron Steinis garda.. niko dawvrilebiT
saubrobs baron Steinis reformebis da misi dauRalavi
brZolis, moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, ramac ganapiroba xalxis
gamoRviZeba da maTi samoqmedod darazmva qveynis ga-
dasarCenad. swored am reformebma, SemdgomSi maTma ga-
ziarebam qveyanasa da erSi Seqmnes ganaTlebis, intele-
qtualur sazogadoebad eris Camoyalibebis, saxelmwifos
ekonomikis, Tavdacvisunarianobis, samxedro politikis
gaumjobeseba da myari safuZveli Cauyares SemdegSi bis-
markis warmatebul reformebs, TviTSegnebisa da disci-
plis damkvidrebasa da sxva.
nikolaZis es werili (iseve rogorc bevri sxva! _
Tundac sul mokle xanSi gamoqveynebuli `safrangeTis
Sinagani mdgomareoba~, romelic `dekadansis presis~

152
Tezisebad SeiZleba mogveazrebina!) bevri ramiT aris
sayuradRebo da masSi gamoTqmul azrebs Wkviani saxel-
mwifo moxele, moRvawe dResac Tu yuradRebiT gaecnoba
da mxedvelobaSi miiRebs, saxelmZRvanelod gamoiyenebs,
Cvens dRevandel daqceul qveyanas namdvilad saSveli
daadgeba! aq masze sityvas aRar gavagrZeleb im imediT,
rom qveynis bedze mofiqrali inteligenti mas aucileb-
lad waikiTxavs!
Tavis cnobil sadisertacio naSromSi `ganiaraReba da
misi social-ekonomikuri Sedegebi~ nikolaZe vrclad mi-
moixilavda germaniis (zogan igi CrdiloeT germanias da
germaneTis patara saxelmwifoebsac axsenebs) samxedro
organizacias, romelic qveynis samrewvelo da samiwaT-
moqmedo saWiroebas evropis sxva, ufro ganviTarebul
qveynebze ukeT akmayofilebda. kerZod es Seexeboda ger-
maniSi Semaval prusias, romelsac am droisTvis pirve-
li adgili ekava da wammarTvel rols asrulebda qvey-
nis marTva-gamgeobasa da cxovrebis wesis damkvidrebaSi.
amitomaa, rom niko maT gamijnulad, gancalkevebulad
moiazrebs. aqve aRniSnavs, rom mezoblebTan gamudmebul
omebSi CarTul sxvebTan SedarebiT CamorCenil germanias
SeeZlo daenaxa, Seefasebina da Tavis sasargeblod, sa-
kuTari cxovrebis ganviTarebisTvis mtrisgan gadmoeRo,
gamoeyenebina Tu ram dadebiTi gaaCndaT maT. aqve Cveni
Tanamemamule yuradRebas amaxvilebs sxvadasxva qveynis
cxovrebis ganxvavebul wesze, gansxvavebul mentalitet-
sa da tradiciebze, maT geo-politikur Taviseburebebze,
romelic usaTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia evropuli Rire-
bulebebis aseTi gaukuRmarTebuli importis dros.
niko nikolaZe yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals prusi-
is gaZlierebas da misi meTaurobiT jer avstriis dam-
arcxebis da germaniis gaerTianebis process, mere ki

153
safrangeTTan, sedanTan germanelebis saocar gamarjve-
bas. frangebi am katastrofas germanelTa mravalricx-
ovnebas abralebdnen, rasac kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba
nikolaZe, romlis TqmiT, maT unda scodnodaT ra Zala
gaaCndaT TviTon da mtersac, romelmac (e.i. germaniam)
Tavis mxriv, zustad icoda ramdeni Rili ekeraT da ram-
deni metri qsovili emosaT tanT frangebs. nikolaZis az-
riT, “germanelebma imitom ki ar gaimarjves, rom ufro
mravalricxovanni iyvnen, aramed ufro metad imitom,
rom jer kidev maSin emzadebodnen, roca safrangeTi ara-
fers akeTebda an TiTqmis arafers. amave ocdaxuTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi germaniam ganaxorciela da praqtikaSi dan-
erga mSvenieri da nayofieri ideebi, SemuSavebuli frang
moazrovneTa mier, magram isini TviT safrangeTSi iqna
CaxSuli mdida-ri egoistebis zizRisa da Rarib uvicTa
gulgrilobis wyalobiT. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi,
romelic safrangeTSi gamoiyenes xalxis gonebis CasaxSo-
bad (igulisxmeba napoleon III mmarTvelobis periodi) da
qveynis inteleqtis dasaClungeblad, germania iRvwoda,
rac SeiZleba meti Zala da ganaTleba SeeZina, igi win
miiwevda, roca safrangeTi erT adgilas tortmanebda da,
uaRresad gamxrwnel mTavrobasTan erTad feierverkebiT
erToboda”.
ra nacnobi suraTia, ara?!
1875 wels nikolaZe mxolod frangebisTvis rodi wers
da calke broSurad scems `franguli presis dekadanss”!
Cveni saxelovani Tanamemamule, romelsac Rrmad swamda,
rom `mwerali aRmzrdelia, xelmZRvanelia Tavisi sazoga-
doebisa...~, araerTgzis miuTiTebda imaze, rom Jurnal-
isti, sazogado moRvawis rols unda asrulebdes eris,
qveynisa da sazogadoebis winaSe. misi mravalmxrivi da
Rrma codna , ganswavla, rwmena, idealebi, demokratiuli

154
ideebis erTguleba qveynis ganviTarebis garantia! aqac
gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs uyenebs igi nebismieri qvey-
nis Jurnalistebs, presas saerTod. sainteresoa rogor
axasiaTebs igi germanul presas: _ `germanulma presam
jer kidev ver miaRwia simwifes. man mxolod Tavi gamohyo
qveyanaSi da Znelia avsaxoT nakvTebi am bavSvisa, romlis
saxe Zlivs aris gamoxatuli, magram Tu gverds avuvliT im
cvlilebebs, romlebic mas moutana bolo wlebis ambebma,
SeiZleba SeviswavloT misi imgvari fizionomia, romel-
ic Camoyalibda 1830 wlidan, ris Sedegadac davinaxavT,
rom mas yovelTvis SenarCunebuli hqonda Tumca ybedi,
magram darwmunebuli pedagogis wminda wylis nacional-
uri ieri. igi srulebiT ar aris borotad ganwyobili da
ver bedavs cota Sors gaixedos. sul zeviT xom, raRa
Tqma unda, ver ixedeba. igi cdilobs mxolod aswavlos,
gaanaTlos Tavisi mkiTxveli da mas moswavlesaviT eqceva.
winaT amas mxolod gulubryvilod sCadioda, magram mas
Semdeg, rac am skolis maswavlebels uTxres sadova Sen
daipyario, igi cota mkacri da metad pretenziuli gaxda.
mas uyvars landverman-is formaSi sasacilod gamopranWva
da samsaxuridan gadamdgari samxedro piris ieris miRe-
ba. mxolod SerCa erTi Tviseba _ yofili maswavleblis
gulkeTiloba.“
sakiTxis Rrma codniT, rogorc yvelaferSi, aqac Tavs
Sin grZnobs da sxarti, lakonuri eqskursiT, Sefaruli
iumoriT da Tanamedrove viTarebis zusti daxasiaTebiT
srulyofilad warmogvidgens, gvacnobs sxva evropuli
qveynebis presis mimoxilvasTan erTad germanul presas...
70-iani wlebis Semdeg niko nikolaZe ramdenime um-
niSvnelo SeniSvnis garda ar Sexebia germaniis sakiTxs
(rogorc es misi TxzulebaTa tomebidan sCans) da ai. 1918
wels, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis meo-

155
re dResve nikolaZe baTumidan foTSi gaemgzavra, sadac
damoukidebeli saqarTvelosa da germaniis mTavrobebs
Soris droebiTi urTierTSeTanxmeba gaformda.
foTis saerTaSoriso dokumentebis SedgenaSi niko ni-
kolaZem aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo. amitomac sruliad
bunebrivi iyo, rom igi CarTes saqarTvelos oficialuri
delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi, romelic imave dReebSi fo-
Tidan berlins gaemgzavra germaniis imperiis mTavrobas-
Tan mosalaparakeblad. qarTvelTa mizans saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRiarebis miRweva da germaniasTan
garkveuli ekonomikuri xelSekrulebis dadeba Sead-
genda. saqarTvelos wargzavnilebma germaniis sagareo
saqmeTa ministrs r. fon kiulmans warudgines saqarT-
velos memorandumi, romlis ekonomiuri mimoxilva niko
nikolaZes ekuTvnoda. masSi gadmocemuli iyo cnobebi
saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobis, bunebrivi sim-
didreebis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. dasabuTebuli iyo sarge-
blianoba, rac saqarTvelos SeeZlo mieca germaniisaT-
vis. z. avaliSvilis sityviT, niko nikolaZe kiulmanTan
saubrisas asabuTebda ideas Sua evropis Soreul aRmo-
savleTTan vaWrobis foTze gatarebis Sesaxeb (berli-
ni-foTi-pekini. am marSutze niko jer kidev 70-ian wleb-
Si werda!). es idea “kavkasiuri derefnis” saxelwodebiT
amJamad realurad isxams xorcs.
1918 wlis oqtomberSi am molaparakebebidan samSob-
loSi dabrunebulma nikolaZem parlamentis daxurul sx-
domaze gaakeTa moxseneba germaniasTan dadebuli ekono-
mikuri xelSekrulebis Taobaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT
rafiel ingilo (ivanicki) gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ miu-
TiTebda: _ “piruTvneloba gvavalebs xazgasmiT aRvniS-
noT... Cven Tavidanve daimedebulni viyaviT delegaciis
nayofier moqmedebaSi im farglebSi, romelic mas mikuT-

156
vnili hqonda saqarTvelos mTavrobisagan. niko nikola-
Zis monawileoba oficialur molaparakebaSi garantias
gvaZlevda, rom misTvis Cabarebuli ekonomikuri misia
saqarTvelosaTvis sasikeTod damTavrdeboda, raSic par-
lamenti da mTavroba darwmunda 17 oqtombris sxdomaze,
romelzedac mcxovanma moRvawem Cveulebrivis sidar-
baisliT da STagonebiT gaaxsena eris mesveurT berlinSi
Sesrulebuli didi saxelmwifoebrivi saqme.”
1918 welsve germaniaSi moqmedma saqarTvelos damou-
kideblobis komitetma niko nikolaZe daajildova qarT-
vel legionerTa ordeniT Tamar mefis gamosaxulebiT.
`...did jixaiSsa da peterburgSi, londonsa da pariz-
Si, berlinsa da stambolSi niko erTnair da Tanasworu-
flebian moqalaqed grZnobda Tavs da aravis winaSe qeds
ar ixrida. _ ...~ (mitropolit kalistrate cincaZis si-
tyvidan, romelic man warmoTqva niko nikolaZis ormo-
cisadmi miZRvnil wirvaze).
da bolos minda gavixseno konstantine gamsaxurdias
sityvebi: `niko nikolaZes me orjer Sevxvdi: erTxel
berlinSi da meorejer parizSi 1923 wels. unda iTqvas _
aRtacebaSi momiyvana misma didma erudiciam, ganswavlu-
lobam da gonebamaxvilobam.
ra da ra dargis gamo ar gaesaubrebodi mas _ bergso-
nis `elan vitalis~ moZRvreba iqneboda es Tu inglisisa
da amerikis koloniuri politika, Cinuri filosofia Tu
induri brahmanizmi, islamuri misticizmi Tu masonebis
moZraoba evropaSi, italiuri renesansis Tu Zvelber-
Znuli plastikis sakiTxebi... es xandazmuli kaci yovel
sakiTxSi erkveoda, yvelgan Sin iyo.
pirvelxarisxovani evropeli didi mwerlis, an mecn-
ieris simaRleze idga misi gamobrZmedili inteleqti,
romelsac sibere jer ar gahkareboda.~

157
 niko nikolaZis sabanko politika

niko nikolaZes kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli qarTveli

xalxis Tanadrouli mdgomareoba, saWiroebebi da samo-
mavlo perspeqtivebi. „Tu Cven Cveni exlandeli mdgomare-
obis gaumjobeseba da Semsubuqeba gvsurs, Tu Cven gvinda
xeirian da kacur wyobilebas veRirsoT, Cven Tvalebs ki
ar unda vxuWavdeT da yurebSi TiTs ki ar unda vicobdeT,
gulmodgined unda vucqerdeT sxva qveynebis, mtrisa da
moyvris cxovrebas, Cveni sazogadoebis da ucxo xalxebis
mdgomareobas, maT znes da garemoebas gamovikvlevdeT,
exlandel Cven gaWirvebaSi amgvari dakvirveba bevr rames
gvaswavlis da Zlieradac gamogvadgeba... ganaTlebuli
sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi warmatebis momwevi yovelTvis
erTmaneTis dakvirveba, mibaZva da daxmareba yofila...“
(n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani; t. II; gv. 18).
sxva uamrav saqveyno problemasTan erTad nikolaZe
daucxromlad, mouRalavad wers imaze, rac saWiro da
aucilebelia qveynis ganviTarebisa da gaZlierebisaT-
vis. am saWirboroto sakiTxebidan erT-erTi umTavresia
ekonomika da finansebi. Cveni publicisti uxsnis Tana-
memamuleebs _ ras niSnavs, ra daniSnuleba aqvs, rogor
xeirianad unda warmarTos adamianma qveynisa da Tavisi
saqme bankis gamoyenebiT: fuli da codna, banki da sas-
wavlebeli _ ai, Cveni aznaurobis, mTeli Cveni xalxis
saWiroeba... pirvelma fuli da ndoba unda misces Cvens
sazogadoebas, ukanasknelma _ codna da moxerxeba (iqve;
gv. 20)
pirveli qarTuli Tavad-aznaurTa saadgil-mamulo
banki gaixsna TbilisSi1874 wels ilia WavWavaZis Taos-
nobiT. quTaisSi bankis gaxsna dagvianda, Tumca quTaisis
sazogadoeba bevrad adre emzadeboda bankis gasaxsnelad.

158
niko nikolaZe jer kidev 1871 wlidan gazeT „droebis“
furcle bze wers quTaisis bankis daarsebis aucileblo-
bis Sesaxeb: „bankidam gakeTebas da sulis Cadgmas elis
Cveni gaRatakebuli sazogadoeba... amaze brunavs mTeli
mxaris imedi da imasve SeCerebia, misgan daxsnas moelis
mTeli Cveni qv eyana.“ (n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani; t. II; gv.
255).
nikolaZe uxsnis mkiTxvelsbankiT sargeblobis arssa
da mniSvnelobas. rogorc sargeblis sidide, aseve fulis
simravle bankSi sazogadoebis zneobasa da qmedunaria-
nobaze aris damokidebuli. qarTveli Tavad-aznaurobis
sizarmacisa da fulis uyairaTod xarjvis gamo banki
SesaZloa gakotrdes da Tavisi funqcia ver Seasrulos.
maSin bankidan fulis msesxebeli isev mevaxSisa da meva-
lis xelSi Cavardeba. misi adgil-mamuli ki isev somxebs,
uriebs, vaWrebsa da umetesi nawili ki Soridan mosul
ucxoels xvdeba wilad. amitom sabanko saqmis gamarTvas
codna-ganaTlebasTan erTad Cveni qveynis viTarebisa da
sazogadoebis saWiroebis garkveva da gaTvaliswineba es-
aWiroeba.
saqveyno saWirobebze werisas nikolaZe mudam iTval-
iswinebs da sazogadoebas axsenebs amaTu im saqmis xelis
SemSlel mizezebs, rac, upirveles yovlisa, qarTuli
zne-xasiaTidan, mentalitetidan gamomdinareobs: _ „ma-
gram Cveni sazogadoebis ubedureba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom amisTana cxadi da naTeli saqme xelaxlad daiburde-
ba, daiSleba im uxeiro Tavmoyvareobisa da ganxeTqilebis
gamo, romelSic CvenSi sufevs da romelmac Cven dagvRu-
pa da suli amogvarTva.“ ukudo ampartavnobis gamo is
ver gaatans bolos am momavlian saqmes, romelzedac misi
Svilebis bedia damokidebuli da raime uxeiro baasiT da
wvrilmani „kudSi gamokidebiT SeSlis zogierT im um-

159
Tavres safuZvelTagans, razedac brunavs bankis momava-
li.“
amitomac niko urCevs am ufulo, gadaxdisuunaro
qarTvel sazogadoebas grZelvadiani kreditis mimcem
„saadgil-mamule“ banks mianiWon upiratesoba, aseTi ban-
ki daaarson. amiT TavianT qonebasac gadaarCenen da Ceni
qveynis miwasac _ mas sxva _ ucxotomeli, gadamTieli ar
iyidis. miT umetes, RmerTma uwyis, mas gamoisyidis Tu
ara odesme qarTveli, romelmac arc fulis yairaTianad
moxmareba icis, arc mamulis xeirianad gamarTva da mis-
gan mogebis miReba. amitomac saWiroa Cvenma bankma sxva
qveynebSic moipovos „didi da gvariani ndoba“, rom blo-
mad da iafad SeeZlos fulis sesxva an Sovna da Cvensken
wamoReba. sxva qveynebis ndoba ki imisTvis gvWirdeba, rom
iq sazogadoeba didi xania naziarevia xeirian ganwyobas
da cxovrebas. „saadgil-mamulo bankis“ upiratesoba ki
yvelgan swored sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ZalaSia, mis
stabilurobaSia da aqedan gamomdinare, gadaxdisunari-
ani sazogadoebis da ara calkeuli individis, Tundac
milioneris ndobaSi. amas elis sxvac Cvengan da Cvenc es
gvWirdeba, _ uxsnis nikolaZe Tavis mkiTxvels, _ mil-
ioneri, SeiZleba, yovelTvis gakotrdes, mTeli mxare ki
Tavis dReSi ar gakotrdebao. „mTel sazogadoebas ufro
didi ndoba aqvs, vidre Zlier fulis patrons“-o, _ wers
igi (iqve; gv.: 33). amitom saxelmwifos anu sazogadoebas
swori sabanko politikis warmarTva, bankis meTaurebad
sando, mcodne, „metismetad patiosani, umanko, Taviani
adamianebis arCeva“ marTebT, raTa Tavidanve banki jan-
saRi daibados da naklebad dazaraldes Tavad qveyana,
bankis calkeuli momxmarebeli.
70-ian wlebSive nikolaZe svams „obligaciebis“, fasiani
qaRaldebis, anu sabanko bileTebis gamoSvebis sakiTxs.

160
swored xangrZlivi kreditisaTvis, romelmac grZelva-
diani sesxiT unda Caudgas suli Cvens adgil-mamulis
patronobas, e.i. mTel Cvens qveyanas, imitom, rom „adg-
il-mamulis meti Cvens are-mareze araferi moiZeva“ (iqve).
dRes esec dakarguli gvaqvs, saubedurod!
sulCadgmuli da jansaRi bankis dasafuZneblad ni-
kolaZe sam pirobas, sam safuZvels asaxelebs:
1) ucxouri _ evropuli da rusuli banki Cven ar ga-
mogvadgeba! mxolod Cveni adgil-mamulis krediti!
2) Cvens banks Zlier bevri fuli dasWirdeba, risTvisac
Cveni banki aucileblad moiTxovs sazogado Tavdebobas.
3) amitom adgil-mamulis mepatronem unda icodes nas-
esxebi fuliT Tavisi mamulis gaumjobeseba, e.i. am fulis
ise moxmareba, rom mamuls uwindelze meti Semohqondes...
imdeni mainc, rom mometebuli Semosavali nasesxebs sWar-
bobdes.
amisaTvis ki saWiroa codna. codna imisi, ra da ro-
gor mouxdeba mamuls, saidan da risgan SeiZleba sarge-
blis povna da sxva. es ki sazogadoebis ganaTlebas, Ta-
namedrove mecnierTa miRwevebis gacnobas da safuZvlian
Seswavlas, dauflebas exeba da gulisxmobs, rasac ni-
kolaZe gadaudebel da aucilebel pirobad ayenebs qvey-
nis ganviTarebisaTvis.
parizidan dabrunebelma nikolaZem axali ZaliT Seu-
tia Tavisi qveynisa da sazogadoebis CamorCenilobis,
ukuRmarTobis mizezebs da pirveli, rasac miadga, isev
„Sav bedad Casaxuli“ da „mkvdrad dabadebuli“ quTai-
sis banki iyo. TiTqosda misi wina werilebi, romlebSic
igi rCeva-darigebas aZlevda sazogadoebas, arc aravis
waekiTxa, ukanaskneli 6 wlis molodini bankis daarsebi-
sa bankis saqmis uvici, ambiciuri, mxolod pirad keTil-
dReobasa da Tanamdebobis maZiebeli sazogadoebis xelSi

161
TiTqmis momkvdariyo, gauTavebel damfuZnebel sxdomeb-
sa da kinklaobas bolo ar uCanda. arada swored bankidan
eloda Cveni gaRatakebuli sazogadoeba gakeTebas da
sulis Cadgmas. „iman weli unda gaumagros Cvens axlan-
del aznaurobas da momavali daumzados Semdeg Taobaso:
_ wers niko (n. n. Txzulebani, t. III; gv. 290). ase, rom
banks quTaisSi marto maSin eqneba mniSvneloba da marto
im SemTxvevaSi SeeZleba lodinisa da imedis Sesruleba,
roca is xeirian safuZvlebze gaimarTeba; aucileblad
saWiroa, (banki rom ar gakotrdes) banks sermias, anu fu-
ladi fondis garda sxva fulebis Sovnac SeeZlos iafad
da blomad. amisaTvis banks ndoba sWirdeba fuliani kace-
bisa. isini ki fuls Cvens banks mxolod maSin miscemen,
rodesac sermias garda imas Cveni sazogadoebis garantia,
an dawindebuli mamulebis urTierT pasuxisgeba daex-
mareba. Cveni banki unda iyos saadgilmamulo, didvadiani
da urTierTgarantiis mqone da mas unda gauZRves Ta-
namedrove mecnieruli codniT aRWurvili, yovelgvari
partiuli mikerZoebisgan Tavisufali, axali Taobis 2-3
Rirseuli warmomadgeneli, vinc am didi, saqveyno saqmis
mTel pasuxismgeblobas itvirTavs sakuTar Tavze.
am ganaTlebul, zneobrivi principebis erTgul axal
Taobas, „axal axalgazrdobas“, rogorc maT uwodebda
niko, meti pasuxismgebloba akisria qveynisa da misi mo-
mavlis winaSe sargeblobis motanaSi. kerZo gamorCenisaT-
vis vnebaTa Relvam SesaZloa, ara marto maT, aramed am
did samomavlo saqmesac saxeli gautexos sazogadoebaSi.,
sadac bevri mowinaaRmdege, moSurne da saqveyno saqmis
xelis SemSlelia da „Cveni mimarTulebis winaaRmdeg iar-
aRad gamoiyenono!“ _ afrTxilebs maT niko. arada „im-
eruli xasiaTis wyalobiT... ver warmoidgens xorcSesx-
muli kaci ramdeni falavnoba da diplomatia daixarja

162
am ukanasknel TveSi amisTana ubralo, naTeli saqmis
dasaburdavad. mgonia, germaniis erTobis daarsebaSi ar
gamoCenila da ar daxarjula imodena diplomatia, ram-
denic wleuls quTaisSi daixarja. mere risTvis da ro-
gor? imis magier, rom sazogadoebis win saqmis naTlad
gamosaxviT, dabrkolebis CvenebiT, saSualebis ZebniT da
gonieri sjiT moTaveebs Cveni Tavadaznaurobis goneba
gaewafaT da sazogadoeba gonier politikur cxovrebas
SeeCviaT, Cvenma moTaveebma mama-papur ciliswamebas xeli
mihyves. versad yurs ver mohkravT bankis safuZvleb-
ze baassa da sjas... moTaveebi wvrilmanebze ufro mets
fiqroben, vidre bankis principebis gamokvlevaze. es mar-
Talia, imas hgavs, wisqvilis gaSenebamdi kaci rom mewis-
qviles qiraobdes da coTaTi ar iyos, me es saqcieli erT
Cvenebur andazas maxsenebs: _ eSmakebs Rvino ar hqondaT
da tikebs albobdneno“. (niko nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t.
3; gv. 292-293).
es mozrdili citata imisTvis movixme, rom msubuq iu-
morTan Sezavebuli, pirze ironiuli RimiliT (ara Seura-
cxmyofeli!) da ara mentoruli toniT Cveni publicisti
Rrma ganaTlebas urCevs sabanko saqmis mesveurT qvey-
nis ganviTarebisTvis, socialuri da ekonomikuri prob-
lemebis mogvarebisaTvis, raTa banki Tavis saqmianobaSi
mosaxleobis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedebdes,
uangarod, keTilsindisierad emsaxurebodes maT, codniT
SiaraRebul mosaxleobas. sazogadoebas ki SeeZlos bank-
is saqmianobis gakontroleba, qveynisa da Tavis sasarge-
blod misi gamoyeneba.
bankis gamarTulad da warmatebulad muSaobis xeirian
safuZvlad nikolaZe bankis wesdebas miiCnevs, mas aniWebs
gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas saqmianobis sworad warmarTva-
Si. rodesac quTaisis sazogadoebam, gaWianurebuli sx-

163
domebiT da gauTavebeli dava-kamaTiT Tavgabezrebulma,
quTaisis pirveli bankis meTaurad besarfion RoRober-
iZe airCia, romelic adre TviT nikolaZem gakvriT, magram
mainc SesTavaza kirile lorTqifaniZesTan erTad quTai-
sis sazogadoebas, igi fiqrobda, rom misi peterburgis
universiteteli, studentTa saprotesto gamosvlebSi
aqtiurobisaTvis masTan erTad dasjili kronStadtis
cixis amxanagi, rogorc axali Taobis warmomadgeneli
wesierad gauZRveboda amdeni xnis naocnebar banks. besa-
rion RoRoberiZem ki imTaviTve sulswrafoba da saqmis-
admi zerele damokidebuleba gamoamJRavna. man rusuli
bankebis wesdebebidan pirdapir gadmoTargmna ramdenime
punqti da is daudo safuZvlad qoTaisis pirveli qarTu-
li bankis saqmianobas.
bankis wesdeba Tavidanve wesierad, saqmis didi codniT
da adgilobrivi saWiroebebis, moTxovnilebebis gaTval-
iswinebiT unda yofiliyo Sedgenili. sxvisgan gadmoRebu-
li, daxlarTuli, nakuw-nakuw dakerebuli proeqti wes-
debisa banks daaqcevs da mas xar-kameCic ver wamoayenebso,
_ werda niko (iqve. gv, 311). amaze gamudmebiT amaxvilebs
nikolaZe yuradRebas: „Cveni qveyana iseT gansakuTrebul
mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, imas iseTi ganviTarebuli saW-
iroebebi aqvs, rom mis xelis gasawyoblad saWiro iyo
sul sxvanairi saSualebebis xmareba, vinem CvenSi ruseTu-
li bankebis wesis SemoRebaa“ (iqve . gv. 296). „... CvenSi ru-
seTuli bankis mibaZva ar gamodgeba“, _ wers igi sxvagan,
_ „Cven sxva saWiroebebi gvaqvs, Cven sxva saSualebebis
gamoyeneba SegveZlo. am saSualebebs ver akmayofilebs
uf. b. RoRoberiZis proeqti. besarion RoRoberiZe cu-
dad moiqca, kargi saqme waaxdina! bankis momavals avno!“
saqmis Tavianad gaZRolas ki Tanamedrove mecnierebebis
swavla da codna sWirdeba! magram ufro ioli da swrafi

164
saqmea ucxo bankebis wesdebis Targmna, gadmowera da aR-
srulebaSi moyvana... _ mwared dasZens is.
uf. b. RoRoberiZis proeqtiT daarsebuli banki
swored iseT bankad gamodgeba, romlis daarsebis eSinia
CvenSi yvelas, romlis daarseba qveyanas daRupavs ami-
tom, rom exla aznaurobas vals aaRebinebs da Semdeg mam-
ulebs gauyidis, roca myidveli gareSe kacis meti aravin
iqneba (iqve. gv. 323).
da aq aris araCveulebrivi pasaJi, romelic Tavisi
emociuri datvirTviT gvxiblavs: „da Tqven brZanebT,
rom roca Cvens qveyanas Tqvenma umecrebam es momavali
daumzada, roca Cvens sazogadoebas Tqveni sulwasulo-
biT da aCqarebiT amisTana saSiSi, yelis gamomWreli dana
miscemia xelSi, xmas nu amoiRebTo, nurafers ityviTo,
acaleT, jer banki damtkicdes da mere ueqimeTo, jer
yeli gamoiWras da mere wamali daadeviTo? roca amisTa-
na gasaWiria, Tqven kidev Tqveni Tavi gaxsovT, Tqveni
Tavmoyvareoba gezogebaT, Tqveni kerZoobiTi saxeli
gaxsovT! _ RmerTo! ras Seuqmnia amisTana kacebi, ra gare-
moebebs daumaxinjebia amodenad kacis guli da goneba?!“
(iqve. gv. 325).
1876 wels, quTaisSi „saadgil-mamulo bankis“ gaxsni-
sas, niko nikolaZe kidev erTxel, safuZvlianad moubrun-
da „quTaisis bankis saqmes“. man detalurad ganixila da
auxsna Tanamemamuleebs, qarTvel da upirvelesad quTai-
sis sazogadoebas, ra mizans da rogor unda emsaxuros
qarTuli banki, raSi mdgomareobs quTaisis bankis dam-
fuZnebelTa mTavari Secdoma da ra sWirdeba banks Tavisi
misiis aRsrulebisaTvis!
marTalia, niko ZiriTadad quTaisis bankze wers, ma-
gram igi sazogadod bankis saqmianobis umTavres pri-
oritetebze, principebsa da mimarTulebaze amaxvilebs

165
yuradRebas. „quTaisis bankis saqmeebis warmoebis sakiTxi
Cven unda gamoviyenoT rogorc magaliTi, romelic dagva-
naxebs rogor unda vawarmooT an ar vawarmooT qveynis
saqmeebi momavalSi“.
„Cvens qveyanaSi, romelSiac krediti yvelas sWiria,
nakuw-nakuwad Sedgenili banki... veRar akmayofilebs um-
ravlesobis moTxovnilebas da xdeba zogierTebis saW-
iroebad da hkargavs Tavis bunebriv fesvebs qveyanaSi _
xangrZlivi, Seuryeveli da daucemeli marto is saqme,
is sagania, romelic upasuxebs, akmayofilebs da sarge-
blobas aZlevs umravlesobis moTxovnilebas da radga-
nac sxvadasxva qveynebSi umravlesobis moTxovnileba da
saWiroeba sxvadasxva feria, TiToeulis saWiroebisa da
moTxovnilebis gamosakvlevad sakmao ar aris sxvadasxva
bankebis wesdebebis Sezaveba. am sagans sWiria sakuTari
goneba, gamocdileba, cnoba, sWiria sakuTati suli da
Wkua. ai, amis gamo, yovels qveyanaSi, romlis mdgomareo-
bac sxva qveynebs ar Camohgavs, gonieri pirebi iseT we-
sebs udgenen, romelnic sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis
umTavres principebs adgilobrivi saWiroebis mixedviT
gamoiyeneben da aamoqmedeben“ (iqve, t. 4; gv. 377).
„Cveni banki unda dafuZnebuliyo ara Tu marto fu-
lis Sovnis gasaadvileblad _ es iyo marto garegani,
wuTieri mizani Cveni bankisa _ aramed sxva ufro Rrma da
momavliani sazogadoebrivi miznis misaRwevadac. bankis
daarsebis umTavresi mizani da safuZveli, rogorc yvela
gonierma pirma icis CvenSi, is iyo, rom Cven Tu ar gveqna
Cveni sakuTari banki, CvenTvis da Cvens mier daarsebuli,
mTeli Cveni mamulebi xelidan wagviva da sxvas darCebao.
marto am Wkvianma moazrebam gaukvala CvenSi gza amisTana
mZime da ucnob saqmes, rogoric yovelgan sazogadoebrivi
bankis daarsebaa. m.S.m. umTavresi mizani bankis wesdebis

166
Semdgenelisa imaze unda yofiliyo mizmanebuli, rom Cve-
ni mamulebi xelidan ar wagvivides da Cvenve dagvr. am
umTavres mizans abia meore _ agreTve mZime da saWiro
mizaniCes: bankis Semosavali unda moxmardes Cveni sazo-
gadoebis saWiroebas, misi Svilebis aRzrdas, ganaTlebas,
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas da sxva“ (iqve, t. 4; gv. 386).
rodesac qveyanaSi da gansakuTrebiT TbilisSi sakma-
od gaizarda bankis _ sakredito dawesebulebebis qse-
li 70-ian wlebSi, nikolaZe werda im molodinze, rasac
bankebSi _ am sakredito dawesebulebebSi mrfewvelobisa
da vaWrobis progresisaTvis milionebis brunvas xels
Seuwyobda: _ „miuxedavad milionebis brunvisa Cven araTu
mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis procentul ganviTarebas ver
vamCnevT, aramed mcired ekonomiur progressac ki ver
vxedavT... yvela vaWrobis dacemasa da siZvires uCivis.
adgilobrivi simdidris dasamuSaveblad ar iqmneba arcer-
Ti seriozuli sawarmo“ . iqve: „sakredito dawesebulebis
swori Sefaseba ar SeiZleba Semoifarglos mxolod ka-
pitalis brunvisa da mogebis odenobiT... CvenSi arse-
buli sakredito dawesebulebebis wesdebaTa mravalmx-
rivoba, maTi specializaciakreditis saxeobaTa sxvaobis
mixedviT ar unda gamoricxavdes yovelgvari sakredito
dawesebulebis ZiriTad ideas _ iyos ekonomiuri progre-
sis iaraRi da daakmayofilos vaWrobis, mrewvelobis da
soflis meurneobis moTxovnilebebi... amitom sakredito
dawesebulebebis yovelmxrivi ganxilva moiTxovs agreTve
maTi rolis gansazRvras saerTo ekonomikaSi“ (iqve. t.4;
gv. 369-371).
amitomac iyo, rom nikolaZe umal gamoexmaura quTai-
sis bankis xelmZRvanelis besarion RoRoberiZis qomags
ilia WavWavaZes. niko, iliasadmi udidesi pativiscemis mi-
uxedavad, daurideblad akritikebs ilias sabanko saqmi-

167
anobas. ilias, romelic 70-ian wlebSi dimitri yazbegTan
da sxvebTan erTad qarTuli saqmis sakeTeblad Camoiyva-
na TbilisSi. „ieriSiT aviReT banki da mis saTaveSi ilia
davsviTo“, swored es ilia besarion RoRoberiZesaviT
qarTul banks sxva qveynis bankebis wesdebis gaTvalis-
winebiT, zogjer ucxo Targze moWrili wesdebiT mar-
Tavda, Tbilisis saTavad-aznauro saadgil-mamulo banks.
niko iliasac ar erideboda, mcire gadacdomasac ar pati-
obda: „vis gaugia mwerlobaSi moaxluri kilo, pirferu-
li sityvebi, pirSi moqalaCuneba?!“ „mwerlobas yvelgan
da yovelTvis pirmouferebeli, gulwrfeli ena sCvevia,
miT umetes qveynis samomavlo saqmis ganxilvisas!“
rac Seexeba nikosa da ilias polemikas bankis saqmes-
Tan dakavSirebiT, es sakmaod didi Temaa. aq am polemikis
oriode aspeqts SevexebiT.
praqtikuli Wkuis kaci _ niko nikolaZe nebismier da
gansakuTrebiT praqtikul sakiTxebze msjelobisas konk-
retikas aZlevda upiratesobas da racionalur, logi-
kur msjelobas ama Tu im sakiTxis ZiriTad arsze. mas
usagno laparaki, brtyel-brtyeli frazebi, uargumento
msjeloba ar uyvarda. aqac moiTxovda sakiTxis, adgi-
lobrivi pirobebis Rrmad, gamowvlilviT (detalebis
gaanalizebiT da maTi gaTvaliswinebiT) codnas da maTze
damajereblad msjelobas. iliasac gadahkravs maTraxs:
„magaliTad, veqsiliT rom fuli vkisesxo da miwas movax-
maro, am kredits mainc savaWro krediti erqmeva rogorc
mecnierebaSi, ise cxovrebaSi. magieraT saadgil-mamulo
bankSi miwa-wyali rom davagiravo, miT fuli gamovitano
da mere is fuli banqoSi an nardSi wavago, es mainc miwis
moqmedi anu „zemelni“ krediti iqneba?!“
quTaisis RoRoberiZis da Tbilisis WavWavaZis bankebis
wesdebebis Taobaze niko araerTxel aRniSnavs, rom maT

168
erTnairi xasiaTi aqvT, erTnair kalapotzea gakeTebu-
li, radgan gadmowerilia rusuli da germanuli bankebis
wesdebebidan. amitomac maT erTnairi naklulovaneba da
Rirseba gaaCniaT. adgilobrivi saWiroebebis gauTval-
iswineblad sxva qveynis wesdebis nakuw-nakuw gadmowera
adgilobriv problemebs ver moagvarebs. ilias „banki ga-
moadgeba mxolod zogierTebs da miT avnebs danarCenebs
_ mTel sazogadoebas. amrigad, Tbilisis banki gamoad-
ga mxolod Tbilisel vaWrebs, romlebmac mokle vadiT
da didi, uSvelebeli, damRupveli sargebliT es fuli
miasesxes Tavad-aznaurebs, romlebsac gadaxdis Tavi da
saSualeba ara aqvT da amrigad Cveni miwa-wyali ucxoels,
gadamTiels uvardeba xelSio...“
nikos Rrmad swamda, rom Tu Cveni qveynis bedi gvtkiva
da gvawuxebs, unda gvesmodes, rom bankma sabanko saqmis
keTebas _ warmoebis, soflis meurneobis, ganaTlebis
aRorZinebas da ganviTarebas unda Seuwyos xeli uwinares
yovlisa!
Cvens bankebs imaze unda ezrunaT, Tu riT da ranairad
daecvaT dagiravebuli mamulebi ucxo qveynelebis xelSi
gadasvlisagan, roca maTi gayidvis dRe moaRwevs. amaze
uf, WavWavaZe burJuaziuli SeuSfoTvelobiT mipasuxebs
`es aucilebeli ubedurebaao. mamulebi mainc sxvis xelSi
gadavleno?!. magram xom iliam brZana: sami saunje dagvCa
mama-papaTagan _ ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba. Tu amaTac ar
movuareT, raRa kacni viqnebiTo?!.
saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom nikolaZis msjeloba
bankis gamoyenebaze saqveyno, sazogado interesebis sa-
sargeblod bevrad ufro pragmatulia, gaTvlilia Cveni
qveynisa da qarTuli sazogadoebis rogorc imdroinde-
li mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze, ise samomavlo perspeq-
tivebisaTvis, samomavlo safrTxeebis asacileblad (n.

169
nikolaZe, Txzulebani; t. 4; „mrude gamosarCleba“, „FLAT
LUX”).
cnobili sazogado moRvawe ilia baxtaZe Tavis mogone-
bebSi niko nikolaZeze wers: „niko nikolaZe, dainterese-
buli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri aRorZinebiT, Zalian
bevrs werda CvenSi bankebis daarsebis saWiroebaze, eka-
maTeboda rogorc quTaisis bankis meTaur besarion Ro-
RoberiZes, ise Tbilisis bankis meTaur ilia WavWavaZes.
mas ar mowonda amaTi sabanko moRvaweoba da moiTxov-
da banks xeli Seewyo CvenSi vaWrobis, mrewvelobis, fab-
rika-qarxnebis ganviTarebisaTvis, rac sinamdvileSi ar
Seadgenda saTavad-aznauro bankebis daniSnulebas. niko
nikolaZe, imedgacruebuli saTavad-aznauro bankebis
moRvaweobiT, erT dros did energias xarjavda Cven-
Si samrewvelo da saglexo bankebis dasaarseblad, rom-
lebic iafi procentebiT sesxis micemiT, did daxmarebas
gauwevdnen erTis mxriv, glexkacobas miwebis SeZenaSi da,
meore mxriv, mrewvelebs _ mrewvelobis ganviTarebis da
aRorZinebis saqmeSi“ (mogonebebi daculia didi jixaiSis
niko nikolaZis saxl-muzeumis fondebSi).
qarTul sabanko politikaSi niko nikolaZiseuli
koncefciis Seuqcevadi gaTvaliswinebis ueWveloba da
aucilebloba drom da Cveni qveynis uaxlesma istoriam
daadastura. niko nikolaZis naazrevs, mis publicistur
werilebs dResac ar daukargavT aqtualoba! swored sa-
dReiso, samomavlo umwvavesi problemebis gadawyvetis,
mogvarebis konkretul programas gvTavazobs Cveni didi
Tanamemamule!
wavikiTxoT! movusminoT! davujeroT!

170
 niko nikolaZe saarCevno sistemis Sesaxeb

70-ian wlebSi parizis komunis Semdeg evropaSi mimdin-

are didi politikuri Zvrebisa da evropis saxelmwifoebis
politikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi momxdar radi-
kalur cvlilebebs rom acnobda qarTvel sazogadoebas,
niko Tavis qveynis momavalze fiqrobda. revolucieb da
reformebgamovlili evropa respublikur, saparlamen-
to saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibebis rTul gzas gadioda
da sxvadasxva partiebad, sxvadasxva poziciebad danaw-
ilebuli sazogadoebis TanamSromlobis, Tanacxovrebis
magaliTs uCvenebda msoflios. demokratiuli ideebisa
da idealebis damkvidreba Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis,
liberalizaciis mkvidr safuZvels qmnida.
Tavis mravalTematur publicistur werilebSi ni-
kolaZe qarTvel sazogadoebas mouwodebda axali ev-
ropisaken miemarTa mzera, sazogadoebrivi, politikuri,
socialuri, ekonomikuri problemebi sazRvargareTis
ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, Ta-
namedrove codnis miRebiT, damoukideblad, Cveni qveynis
saWiroebebis codniT gadaewyvitaT. daeZliaT mamapapuri
sizarmace da qarTuli saqme ekeTebinaT!
ganaTlebisa da reformebis paralelurad TviTmmarT-
velobis sistemis SemoRebas Tvlida damoukideblobis
mopovebis gzaze gadadgmul pirvel aucilebel nabijad.
man pirvelma qarTvel moRvaweTa Soris 1872 wels qar-
Tul presaSi dasva sakiTxi ruseTSi evropidan Semosuli
TviTmmarTvelobis wesis _ anu Temuri mmarTvelobis Se-
moRebis aucileblobaze. amis Sesaxeb igi jer kidev 1866
wels JenevaSi gamosul Tavis wignSi “mTavroba da axali
Taoba” miuTiTebda. mere quTaisis bankis daarsebaze wer-
da da sazogadoebisagan moiTxovda bankis mesveurebad

171
iseTi patiosani da ganaTlebuli pirebi aerCia, vinc mTe-
li pasuxismgeblobiT moekideboda qveynis ekonomiuri
ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis sasicocxlo interesebis
dacvis saqmes.
sazogadoebisa da mis mier arCeul personaTa urT-
ierTpasuxismgeblobaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas mudam.
sazogadoebis gonebrivi da zneobrivi ganviTareba iqne-
boda amis sawindari.
1878-dan 1892 wlamde nikolaZe oTxjer airCies Tbili-
sis sakrebulos _ TviTmmarTvelobis _ dumis xmosnad anu
deputatad. is, rom mas kargad hqonda Segnebuli dedaqa-
laqis warmomadgenlobiT organoSi Tavisi, rogorc mo-
qalaqeTa rCeulis movaleoba da udidesi pasuxismgeblo-
biT ekideboda mas, mowmobs is uamravi da masStaburi
municipaluri proeqtebi, misi avtorobiT rom Seiqmna da
didad Seuwyo xeli dedaqalaqis ganviTarebas, daaxloe-
bas Tanamedrove standartebTan.
Semdeg iyo foTi, sadac man ramdenime kanditats Soris
xmaTa umetesobiT gaimarjva da rogorc qalaqis mosax-
leobis umravlesobis rCeulma rac gaakeTa foTSi, yve-
lam kargad viciT!
foTidan umadurad wamosuli ar daTanxmda kaxeTis
rkinigzis mSeneblobis saorganizacio komitetis Tavk-
acobaze arCevnebSi mieRo monawileoba miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom qarTvel Tavad-aznaurTa xelmZRvanelma koxta
afxazma samjer dauCoqa da Txova gaZRoloda am did
erovnul saqmes!.. ratom?.. _ Cems mier aSenebuli fo-
Tidan ase galanZRulad wamosuls moraluri ufleba ara
maqvs pretenzia ganvacxado Cveni qveynisaTvis aseTi um-
niSvnelovanesi saqmis xelmZRvanelobazeo!
80-ian wlebSi gazeT `obzoris~ redaqtor-gamomce-
meli isev TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebze wers. mokled,

172
imis Tqma minda, rom vidre damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
pirvel parlamentSi erovnul-demokratiuli partiis
sapatio Tavmjdomaris egidiT da 12 kaciani opoziciu-
ri jgufis liderad movidoda es 75 wlis Warmagi brZe-
ni moZRvari Tavisi erisa, manam ramdenime aTeuli wliT
adre igi qarTvel sazogadoebas saparlamento arCev-
nebisa da muSaobis, pozicia-opoziciis TanamSromlobis
ana-banas ukiTxavda, raTa azrTa da poziciaTa sxvadasx-
vaobisa amomrCevlis molodini gaemarTlebinaT `mamulis
siyvarulisa da msaxurebis~ uangarobiT.
movusminoT Tavad 37 wlis (!) niko nikolaZes! 1880
wlis `obzoris~ furclebze igi werda:
`saerTod yvelasaTvis da gansakuTrebiT iseTi gansx-
vavebuli yalibis sazogadoebisaTvis, rogoric Cvenia...
Zalze Znelia pirveli nabijebis gadadgma TviTmmarTve-
lobis gzaze, ra SezRudulic unda iyos es ukanaskneli.
rogorc bavSvi unda daeces mravaljer, raTa saimedo
da swori nabijebis gadadgma iswavlos, ise sazogadoe-
bac araerTxel vardeba gamouval mdgomareobaSi, ganic-
dis marcxs, vneba moaqvs TavisTvis, sanam Caswvdebodes
sakuTari Tavis marTvis brZnul mecnierebas, es saerTo
xvedria yvela ganviTarebadi sazogadoebisaTvis, rome-
lic saukunoebrivi Zilisa da apaTiis mdgomareobidan
gamodis.
miT umetes Cvens sazogadoebas ar SeeZlo am xvedris
Tavidan acileba; aki Zlier cota dro gavida mas Sem-
deg, rac mas neba daerTo TviTmmarTvelobisa. simarTle
rom vTqvaT, TviT es TviTmmarTveloba imdenad umweo
da uferulia, rom sazogadoebisagan mosalodnelic ar
iyo Zalebis sruli daZabva da uecari gafurCqvna yve-
la misi gonebrivi da zneobrivi SesaZleblobisa. aqam-
de Cveni TviTmmarTveloba ganisazRvreba mxolod imiT,

173
rom virCevT sxvadasxva saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis an
sakredito dawesebulebebis sammarTveloebsa da sabWoebs.
didi xani ar aris, rac saqalaqo xelisuflebis umravle-
sobaSi SeuZlebeli gaxda winandeli apaTiis gadalaxva,
umciresobaSi ki SeuZlebeli Seiqna sakuTari Tavisadmi
metismetad mgznebare damokidebulebis gamowveva... da ai,
Cven vtkepniT erT adgils vuSvebT Secdomebs da marcxs
marcxze ganvicdiT...
amasobaSi ki, yoveldRiurad, sul ufro da ufro far-
Tovdeba... an gafarTovdeba... sazogadoebis kompeten-
turobis sfero.
droa, mgoni, SevignoT, rom sazogadoebriv warmo-
madgenelTa uwyebebis uflebaTa gafarToebiT, TviT am
sazogadoebas evaleba zustad Seignos Tavisi mowodebis
mTeli simaRle da aRmoCndes am aRiarebis Rirsi...
... esmis Tu ara vinmes, rom arCevnebi metismetad se-
riozuli saqmea, rom arCeva amorCeulebs garkveul val-
debulebebs akisrebs, risganac TviT amomrCevelni ar ar-
ian Tavisufalni?..~
`... saocari seniT daavadda Cveni sazogadoeba mas Sem-
deg, rac SemoiRes sazogadoebriv Tanamdebobaze arCev-
nebi... amomrCevlebisTvis sul erTia vis da ratom irCev-
en. arCevnebSi monawile kandidatebi ki “kenWs iyrian imis
mtkice rwmeniT, rom arCevnebSi gamarjveba sxva arafe-
ria, Tu ara pativi da warCineba. imis Sesaxeb ki, rom es
upirveles yovlisa, Sromaa, mZime Sroma, aravin fiqrobs,
magram gana gasakviri araa, rom TviT amomrCevel sazoga-
doebas ar unda Tavis saqmes seriozulad Sexedos?
aki amorCeuli, upirveles yovlisa, warmomadgenelia
im sazogadoebisa, romelmac igi airCia. amitomacaa, rom
amorCeuli pirovnebis mixedviT msjeloben amomrCev sazo-
gadoebaze, roca amorCeulni uniWoni an moumzadebelni,

174
mouxerxebelni an meryevni arian, sayveduroben ara maT,
aramed im sazogadoebas, romelmac airCia isini. amis Se-
degad, albaT, yovelma amomrCevelma sazogadoebam Tavis
umaRles miznad unda miiCnios iseTi pirovnebebis arCeva,
romelTa gamo SemdegSi gawiTleba ar mouxdeba. magram
ratomaa, rom CvenTan, umetes SemTxvevaSi, araferi amis
msgavsi ar xdeba?.. axla vsvam kiTxvas: rogor avuxsnaT
sakuTar Tavs an sxvebs aseTi arCevnebis SesaZlebloba?
gana isini, vinc irCevdnen, ar icnobdnen maT, romleb-
sac irCevdnen? rasakvirvelia, icnobdnen, radgan CvenSi
yvela icnobs erTmaneTs da icnobs zedmiwevniT kargad.
rodesac gakotrebul adamians irCevdnen sazogadoebis
xazinadrad, es mdgomareoba kargad icodnen sazogadoe-
bis wevrebma, magram sazogadoebis indiferentuloba,
gulgriloba, upasuxismgebloba... yovelTvis imarjvebda.
... diax, sxva arafriT SeiZleba aseTi arCevnebis
Catarebis SesaZleblobis axsna, Tu mas ar mivamsgavsebT
bavSvebis TamaSs saarCevno yuTTan. rogorc arCeulebi,
ise amomrCevlebi CvenTan arCevnebs ekidebian TamaSis
TvalsazrisiT _ pirvelni pativmoyvareobas iameben, meo-
reni... ubralod erTobian...
magram, batonebo, droa SevignoT, rom aucilebe-
lia samudamod gamovemSvidoboT msgavs gulciv damok-
idebulebas moqalaqis uflebaTagan umniSvnelovanesis _
misi warmomadgenelis arCevisadmi... samwuxaroa da amas
Cven mxolod Semdeg gavigebT, rom windauxedavad tar-
deboda sabanko Tanamdebobebze Cveni arCevnebi, Seuwyn-
arebelia, rom ase ugulod vekidebodiT saqalaqo sazo-
gadoebriv Tanamdebobebze arCevnebs, magram namdvilad
danaSauli da samarcxvino iqneba, Tu Cven am mxrivac
sijiutes gamoviCenT momavali... arCevnebis dros, rom-
lis Sesaxebac aucilebelia winaswar vifiqroT, raTa da-

175
makmayofileblad movemzadoT misTvis...
... sazogadoebis momzadebis mTeli Zala misi gon-
ieri organizaciaa, raTa Tavisi saqmis saTaveSi daay-
enos iseTi adamianebi, romlebsac SeswevT unari saTana-
do mimarTuleba miscen mas, yvela Tanamdebobaze iseTi
pirovnebis arCeva, romelic Seefereba mizans, Rirseuli,
unarianebis win wamoweva... ai, sazogadoebrivi mzadebis
alfa da omega, ai, riT gansxvavdeba gonieri sazogadoe-
ba cxvris farisagan, romelTa warmomadgenlebi da gzis
maCveneblebi arian pirvelive Semxvedri Txebi.~
TviTmmarTvelobis am umniSvnelovanes institutze _
saqalaqo saTaTbiroze, romelic ruseTis metropoliis
pirobebSi sakanonmdeblo organos _ parlamentis min-
iaturuli aslis Canasaxs warmoadgenda, niko nikolaZe
momdevno wlebSic agrZelebda saubars, ufro gaxsnilad,
meti konkretikiT da kategoriulobiT. kerZod “obzo-
ris” gadasaxlebidan dabrunebis Semdeg gazeT “novoe
obozrenies” gamomcemel-redaqtori bevrs werda TviT-
mmarTveli qalaqis sakrebulos xmosanTa arCevisa, TviT
saTaTbiros Semadgenlobisa da funqcionirebis Sesaxeb,
sazogadoebis, inteligenciis, presis damokidebuleba-
ze xalxis am warmomadgenlobiTi organosadmi. xmosan-
Ta arCevisa da saTaTbiros muSaobis umTavresi princi-
pi unisonSia ufro masStaburi _ qveynis sakanonmdeblo
organos parlamentis deputatTa arCevisa da muSaobis
ZiriTad principebTan. nebismieri saxis arCeviTi kam-
paniis monawile mxare mowodebuli unda iyos gamoxatos
eris uzenaesi neba da miswrafebani, amisaTvis saWiroa
qveynis, sazogadoebis ZiriTadi, umniSvnelovanesi moTx-
ovnebis, maTi ganxorcielebis saSualebebis, meqanizme-
bis codna, ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebis gam-
oyenebis xelovneba sakuTari qveynisa da sazogadoebis

176
TaviseburebaTa prioritetis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar unda
ufrTxodes gansxvavebul azrsa da samarTlian kritikas
da unda gaaCndes saerTo saqveyno saqmis SeTanxmebulad,
koleqtiurad keTeba, erToblivad muSaobis unari imis
SegnebiT, rom “udidesi sikeTe dedamiwaze _ Tavisufleba
warmoudgenelia, ganuxorcielebelia, aramyaria mkacri
disciplinis, mtkice organizebulobis da aseTive wesri-
gis gareSe.
nikolaZes mtkiced miaCnda, rom `araTu warmatebi-
saTvis, aramed saqmis ramdenadme swori warmarTvisaTvis
sazriani da saqmiani opozicia, rasakvirvelia, arsebiT
saWiroebas warmoadgens,~ rameTu `sinTezi, saerTo azri
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi moitans sargeblobas da ara zians,
roca is arsebuli sazogadoebis udides nawils moicavs
da ara uklebliv yvela mis wevrs... sazogadoebaSi unda
arsebobdes garkveuli umravlesoba, romelsac eqneba az-
rTa, miswrafebaTa da programaTa garkveuli da naTeli
wyoba. TviT am sazogadoebis umravlesobis ganaTlebis,
SekavSirebisa da saqmianobisaTvis aucilebelia, rom maT
gverdigverd iyvnen gandgomilni. isini, vinc ar eTanxme-
bian, sxvagvarad moazrovneni, sxvagvarad moqmedni. amaT,
rasakvirvelia, xelmZRvaneloba, pirveloba ki ar unda
mivceT, aramed TavianTi azris, uaris, kritikis Tavisu-
fali gamoTqmis ufleba.
dRevandel sazogadoebaSi es TiTqmis aravis esmis.
CvenSi sakmarisia gqondes gamorCeuli Wkua, sakmarisia
gamoTqva axali mosazreba, an SeekamaTo aRiarebuls, rom
TiTqmis yvela dagesxmis Tavs, rogorc borot Zalas an
moRalates. da rac ufro originaluria misi azri, rac
ufro naTlad da niWierad aris gamoTqmuli, rac ufro
dasabuTebuli da marTebulia, miT ufro mkacrad da
daundoblad moekidebian mas umravlesobis warmomadgen-

177
lebi da mimdevrebi.
Tavxedis mosaTokad iyenebdnen Savbneli warsulis
yvela xerxs im imediT, rom mis bageebze morCilebisa da
siCumis beWedi daesvaT... Tumca aq araviTar brZolasTan
ara gvaqvs saqme, vinaidan brZola gulisxmobs dapirisp-
irebas, azrTa Sejaxebas, dasabuTebas, es ki CvenSi miRe-
buli ar aris. CvenSi miRebulia codvili `moRalatis~
lanZRva umravlesobis mier im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac
ar esmiT sakuTari Sexedulebebis safuZvlebi da Zalebi,
sxvagvarad is SesZlebda daecva Tavisi Sexedulebebi da
rwmena dasabuTebiT da ara WoriT...
... opozicias arafriT ar epatieba Tavisi funqci-
isadmi gulgrili da qarafSutuli damokidebuleba. is
aucileblad unda Cawvdes morigi sakiTxebis arsis yve-
la wvrilmans da saTaTbiros sxdomaze unda gamocxad-
des ara mxolod bundovani surviliT, raRac kvimaturi
uTxras, aramed maT xelT unda hqondeT dasabuTebani
da gadawyvetilebani, romelTa meSveobiT SeeZlebaT ara
marto zegavlena moaxdinon umravlesobis nebaze, aramed
ukidures SemTxvevaSi moaxerxeben mosaxeleTa yuradRe-
ba warmarTon sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebis marTebulad
gadasaWrelad. yvelgan da yovelTvis opoziciis Seqmnis
mizania ara mxolod umravlesobis warmomadgenelTa kon-
troli da moTokva. misi umTavresi amocanaa wamoayenos
Tamami winadadebani da dagvisabuTos maTi nayofiereba da
sargeblianoba, marTebuloba da amiT moamzados niadagi
sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis safuZvliani warmoebisaTvis,
xeli unda Seuwyos sazogadoebriobis momaval progress.
da roca opozicia Tavisi daniSnulebis am Tanabrad saW-
iro mxareebis Sesrulebis nacvlad iwyebs gamgeobasTan
mxolod geslian laparaks Temaze `gakreWili ki ara,
gaparsulia~, es niSnavs, rom mas ar Seswevs Zala kvali

178
datovos arc mis zedamxedvelobis qveS myof organoSi,
arc im mosaxleobis azrovnebaSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi
TviT Sedis...
... saTaTbiroSi Cven seriozuli opozicia gvWirdeba,
rom man mogvces iseTi Taoba, romelic SeZlebs TviT-
marTvelobis im amocanebis ganxorcielebas, romlebic
gaugebari an miuRwevelia misi dRevandeli warmomadgen-
lebisTvis.~
kiTxulob am sibrZniT dayursul werilebs da guli
gtkiva!... guli gwydeba, rom nikolaZis Segonebebs ara
marto am sakiTxSi arc maSin da miT umetes arc axla
ar ismendnen, ar ismenen da im 70 wlianma erTpatiulma
sabWoTa wyobam da falsificirebulma sabWourma arCev-
nebma, ufro metad ki 90-iani wlebis sisxliani gadatri-
alebiT Cveni qveynis sazogadoebriv da politikur cx-
ovrebaSi damkvidrebulma ukanonobam Seiwira arCevnebis
samarTlianad Catarebis SesaZleblobis rwmena, imedi,
mniSvneloba...

179
 niko nikolaZe rionze naosnobis Sesaxeb
„ucnobi quTaisi“· xuTSabaTi, 11 Tebervali, 2016.

mdinare rionze naosnobis sakiTxi araerTxel das-

mula da ganaxlebula. ukanasknelad gasuli saukunis
80-ian wlebSi ingliseli mecnierisa da mogzauris tim
severinis saqarTveloSi Camosvlisas kidev erTxel gaix-
senes, TiTqos gzebic dasaxes naosnobis, tvirTbrunvis,
sportuli, turistuli da sxvadasxva mizniT Cveni mdin-
areebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. samwuxarod, rogorc
xdeba xolme, aravis gaxsenebia Cveni didi Tanamemamulis
niko nikolaZis Rvawli da damsaxureba am saqmeSi.
Cven am weriliT oden nikolaZis am sakiTxSi monawil-
eobis Sexseneba gvsurs sazogadoebisaTvis. da kidev imi-
sa, rom quTaisis saporto qalaqad moxsenieba arasodes
yofila dRemde qilikis sagani. mas mudam seriozulad
ganixilavdnen (ix. gaz. “komunisti”; 1985 wlis 16 ivnisi,
#118; gaz. “axalgazrda komunisti”; 1988 wlis 2 ivlisi,
# 80; gaz. “quTaisi”; 1989 wlis 18 Tebervali, #38 da a.
S.).
1926 wels gamovida niko nikolaZis broSura “mdinare
rionze naosnobis ekonomikuri mniSvneloba”, romlis
SesavalSi _ “winasityvaobis magier” _ vigebT, rom 1926
wlis 11 ianvars Catarda pirveli TaTbiri saqarTvelos
sagegmo komitetis, saqarTvelos samdinaro meurneobis,
amierkavkasiis samdinaro mimosvlis sammarTvelosa da
portebis ganyofilebis warmomadgenlebisa da mowveuli
n. i. nikolaZis monawileobiT, romelzec Sedga sagangebo
komisia md. rionze naosnobis dawyebasTan dakavSirebuli
yvela sakiTxis SemuSavebisaTvis (komisiis Semadgenlobis
CamoTvla aq sainteresod ar mimaCnia). am mizniT saqarT-
velos saxkomsabWos mier gacemuli 3,000 maneTiT ssrk

180
samdinaro mimosvlis sammarTvelosa da portebis gany-
ofilebis mier Catarda dazverviTi samuSaoebi mdinare
rionisa samtrediis xididan SesarTavamde, ramac aRmoa-
Cina am monakveTze naosnobis gaxsnis sruli SesaZleblo-
ba. amave dros komisiis wevrma n. i. nikolaZem, cnobilma
ekonomistma da adgilobrivi pirobebis mcodnem, ganacxa-
da Tanxmoba usasyidlod Seedgina ekonomikuri werili
md. rionze naosnobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
nikolaZem dauyovnebliv Seasrula Tavisi saqme _ man
Seadgina ekonomikuri dasabuTeba md. rionze naosnobis
organizaciis aucileblobisa, risi wyalobiTac rionze
naosnobis dawyebis organizaciuli sakiTxebis mogvareba
daCqarda _ gamoiyo naosnobis uzrunvesayofad saWiro
aucilebeli Tanxebi, SemuSavda saaqcio sazogadoebis
wesdeba, SerCeul da moZiebul iqna samdinaro traspor-
tis optimaluri saxeobebi da daiwyo mTeli mxarisa da
gansakuTrebiT md. rionis xeobis sasoflo sameurneo cx-
ovrebis gamococxlebisaTvis am umniSvnelovanesi sakiTx-
is mogvareba (rionze naosnoba sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT
1936 wlamde arsebobda).
rionze naosnobis aRdgenis mniSvnelobaze saubars
nikolaZe am Temis istoriuli mimoxilviT iwyebs, ra-
Sic Cans Cveni didi Tanamemamulis Rrma codna sakiTxis
istoriuli mxarisa da isic, rom nikos kargad esmis am
naosnobis mniSvnelobis aramarto sameurneo mxare, igi
mis strategiulsa da politikur datvirTvazec lapara-
kobs. mimoixilavs rionis auzis sxva did Tu mcire zomis
mdinareebis damxmare funqciasac rionTan erTad am mdin-
areebSi wylis aucilebeli doneebis regulirebisa da
amisaTvis gamosadegi sazRvao Tu samdinaro transpor-
tis saxeebis, orTqlmavlebisa da sxva saxis tranportis
moZraobis marSrutis grafiks, aqve iZleva cnobebs 70-ian

181
wlebamde foTi-orpiris marSrutis Rirebulebasac.
1873 wlidan rionze naosnoba da vaWroba Sewyda fo-
Ti-Tbilisis sarkinigzo magistralis aSenebis gamo,
radgan “rkinigzam naosnobidan miitaca yvela satrans-
porto tvirTi”, Tumca, rogorc nikolaZe ambobs, _ “adg-
ilobrivi mkvidri mosaxleobis mcire nawils-Ra SeeZlo
gaekvlia gza TavisTvis da Tavisi naRvawisTvis axalgax-
snili rkinigzis sadgurebisken.” marTalia, aman xeli
Seuwyo am adgilebSi meurneobis ganviTarebas, magram es
iyo mosaxleobis mcire nawili. danarCeni _ rionis xeobis
marjvena sanapiros TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba ki iZule-
buli gaxda dabruneboda pirvelyofil saSualebebs an
produqcia ufasod gaesaRebinaT kulakebTan, an tivebiT
CaezidaT foTSi. nikolaZe eWvqveS ayenebs naosnobis fun-
qcionirebisaTvis xelis SemSlelad mdinaris xergilebi-
sagan gawmendis Sewyvetas mTavrobisagan, radgan Tundac
1877 wels, ruseT-TurqeTis omis dawyebis win, naosnobisa
da vaWrobis rusulma sazogadoebam rionze zeviT, fo-
Tidan orpiramde orTqmavlis buqsiriT aiyvana ori bar-
Ja mdinaris xergilebisagan winaswari gawmendis gareSe.
5 wlis gauwmendav mdinareSi barJebsa da orTqlmavals
mdinaris mTel gayolebaze aranairi dabrkoleba ar Sex-
vedria.
“mTeli naxevari saukunis manZilze”, _ wers nikolaZe, _
“rionze naosnobis Sewyvetis droidan rom gaiara, qveynis
ekonomiuri ganviTareba wavida win giganturi nabijebiT.
yovelgvari siZneleebis miuxedavad, rionis xeobis aR-
mosavleT nawilis, gansakuTrebiT, misi marjvena, rionSi
md. texuras SesarTavis zemoTa mxaris tvirTma da mo-
saxleobam gaikvlies gza rkinigzis sadgurebisken Sarag-
zebis farTo qselSi, mosaxleobam rom moawyo, magram am
marjvena sanapiros dasavleTi nawili, gansakuTrebiT md.

182
civis SesarTavidan dawyebuli da aseve TiTqmis rionis
mTeli marcxena sanapiro TiTqmis mTlianad mowyvetili
iyo srulyofil sagzao mimosvlas. mxolod rionze naos-
nobis aRdgenas SeuZlia am farTo raionis ekonomiuri
moRvaweobisaTvis gamowveva. klimaturi da niadaguri
pirobebi mowodebulni arian ara marto soflis meurne-
obis, aramed warmoebis sxva dargebis intensiuri ganvi-
TarebisaTvis”.
Semdeg nikolaZe dawvrilebiT aRwers kolxeTis dablo-
bisa da kavkasionis qedis am monakveTis mTiswineTs kodo-
ris auzis CaTvliT, mdinareTa ganlagebas am sivrceze,
mxaris klimatur pirobebs, havas, wylis SefardebiT do-
neebs am mdinareebSi, mdinareebis erTmaneTSi gadadinebis
procesebs adidebisas sezonurad da amis Sedegebs, nale-
qebis wliur da sezonur raodenobas, mdinareebis mier
mTebidan wamoRebul danaleqebs da am danaleqebis gavle-
nas mdinareebisa da zRvis sanapiro zolSi niadagis, mi-
wis safaris cvlilebebze, mdinareTa sezonuri adidebis
Sedegad sxvadasxva bunebrivi pirobebiT gamowveul mdin-
areTa kalapotebis, mimarTulebebis cvlilebebs, mosax-
leobis gansaxlebas mdinareebis gaswvriv, maT sameurneo
da savaWro saqmianobas, mcenareul safars da sxva.
Tavisi naSromis meore nawilSi (“statistikuri mimox-
ilva”) avtori iZleva md. rionis xeobis samive regionis
(“mazrebis”) _ imereTis, guriisa da samegrelos _ sof-
lis mosaxleobis gansaxlebis simWidrovisa da sameurneo
saqmianobis daxasiaTebas, saxeobebis, moculobebis gaT-
valiswinebiT; heqtarze sxvadasxva kulturis mosavlia-
nobasa da glexebis mier xe-tyiTa da sxvadasxva saxis
produqciiT vaWrobis moculobas, tvirTis savaWrod
gadazidvis saSualebebs rkinigziT, mdinareSi Secure-
biT, mdinareze naosnobiT da a.S. avtori iqve dasZens:

183
_ “zusti monacemebis uqonlobis miuxedavad, ueWvelia,
rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobis soflis meurneobis damx-
mare dargebis produqtebi, rogoricaa mebostneoba, me-
baReoba, mefrinveleoba, meabreSumeoba, mecxoveleoba da
a.S. miscemen rionis navigacias aTeul aTasze aranaklebi
raodenobis kargad anazRaurebul tvirTs.”
sarkinigzo sadgurebamde mdinareebiT produqciis ga-
dazidvis siZneleebsa da saSualebebis, moculobis aRw-
eris Semdeg nikolaZe daaskvnis: _ “ukve msoflio omis
win iyo saxeze monacemebi rionze regularuli naosno-
bis mosawyobad. iqamde maSin arsebuli savaWro-samgzav-
ro moZraobis erTi mesamedi nawili savsebiT kmaroda ara
marto aseTi dawesebulebis xarjebis dasafaravad, ar-
amed daxarjuli kapitalis procentebis Warbad gadasax-
deladac.”
mesame TavSi _ “dawesebulebis (albaT, aq unda ig-
ulisxmebodes _ “saaqcio sazogadoeba” an ssrk samdinaro
mimosvlis sammarTvelo da portebis ganyofileba) sqema”
niko wers, rom „rionis sanaosno raionis statistikuri
mimoxilva gvaZlevs imis gamoTvlis safuZvels, rom am
„dawesebulebis“ wliurma brunvam, SeiZleba, misi muSao-
bis pirvel wlebSi miaRwios savaWro-samgzavro moZrao-
bis mesameds imisa, rac arsebobda am raionSi 1913 wels,
e.i. 250.000 mgzavris gadayvanas da 4.870.000 fuTi tvir-
Tis gadazidvas. mgzavr-kilometris 1,5 kap. da fuT-ki-
lometr 0,15 kap. tarifis dros saSualod 60 kilometr
gzis sigrZeze warmoebas SeuZlia mogvces yovelwliurad
225,600 maneTi mgzavrTa moZraobidan da 438,300 maneTi _
satvirTosagan. 663,300 maneTi Senaxvisa da gadatvirT-
visaTvis damatebiTi anakrebebis CauTvlelad. am Semo-
savals advilad gavzrdiT, klientebisaTvis zaralis
gareSe, Tu sanaosnos Tbomavlebsa da barJebs movamar-

184
agebT Tanamedrove mowyobilobiT da transportiorebiT
saqonlis meqanikuri gadazidvisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT _
simindisa. movamaragebT sanaosnos navmisadgomebs mcire
zomis beRlebiT da movawyobT foTSi transportiorebs
xorblis gadasazidad portSi mdgar sazRvao gemebze,
anda sanaosnos xaroebsa da SeSis vagonebSi, an rkinig-
zis sawyobebSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi es operaciebi, vari-
antTa sistemis miRebisas sanaosnos mier, mniSvnelovnad
gazrdian da Seamsubuqeben simindisa da tyis masalebis
gatanas, adgilobrivi mosaxleobisa da misi momsaxure
naosnobisaTvis didi sargebliT. cnobilia, rom foTis
gavliT simindis gadagzavnis ganviTarebisaTvis arsebiTi
xelis SemSleli garemoeba yovelTvis iyo misi iq Senaxvis
aucilebloba sazRvao tranportis mosvlamde da maTi
mosvlisTanave marcvlis xelaxla gadayra beRlebidan
sarkinigzo vagonebSi portSi gemamde misatanad, romlis
sacavebSi (triumebSi) igi iyreboda xeliT da ara eleva-
toris saSualebiT.”
Semdeg nikolaZes mohyavs gasavlisa da Semosavlis
wliuri gaangariSebebi da daaskvnis: “dawesebulebis
(sanaosnos) Semosavali saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa
gaizardos orjer, samjer da metjerac da mainc ar miaR-
wevs mdinarispira mosaxleobisaTvis axlandeli gadazid-
vebis Rirebulebas. magram dabali ganakveTis drosac ki
gamodis, rom rionis transportis saerTo Sedegi weli-
wadSi mogvcems:
Semosavali . . . . . 476.250 maneTs
gasavali . . . . . . 368.159 maneTs
an, dawesebulebaSi Cadebuli da aTeuli procentiani
zrdiT anazRaurebuli, kapitalze oci procentiT mets.
komentaris saxiT davamatebdi (da iqneb kidev vinmes
gauCndes survili am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT azris ga-

185
moTqmisa):
nikolaZis es narkvevi CvenTvis sainteresoa ara marto
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, aramed imiT, rom orpiram-
de mdinare rionis sanaosnod da savaWro mimosvlisTvis
gamoyenebas Tu gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi, mimosvlis
saSualebaTa da teqnikis maSindel pirobebSi SeeZlo
mogebis motana saxelmwifosaTvis da mosaxleobis cx-
ovrebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba, dRes, damoukideblo-
bis pirobebSi miT ufro saSur saqmed sCans rionis da
sxva didi mdinareebis gamoyeneba sanaosnod, tvirTis
gadasazidad, sportuli da turistuli TvalsazrisiT
da sxva. xolo, rac Seexeba quTaisis saporto qalaqo-
bas, orpiri, mogexsenebaT, arc ise Sorsaa quTaisidan.
orpiramde da orpiridan tvirTis gadazidva, mgzavrebis
gadayvana (turistebisac) da a. S. mdinare rioniT trans-
portirebas gaaiafebda, gaaiolebda mimosvlas, rionze
naosnoba mimzidveli iqneboda turistebisTvisac. es,
albaT, cota gverdzec gagvaxedebda _ met yuradRebas
migvaqcevinebda mdinareTa kalapotebis sisufTavisaTvis
(xSirad xom mdinaris napirebi nagavsayreladaa qceuli),
iaffasiani msubuqi sanaosno (samgzavro) an Tundac tvir-
Tis gadasatani samdinaro trasportis adgilze damza-
deba da Sebamisi sawarmoebis gaxsna mcire biznesis saxiT
adgilobriv muSaxels daasaqmebda, mdinareTa gaswvriv
arsebuli Waobebis daSrobis problemazec davfiqrde-
bodiT _ am ubnebze melioraciuli proeqtebis ganxor-
cielebaze, rac saZovrebisa da noyieri saxnav-saTesi
farTobebis problemasac moagvarebda…
ocnebas kaci ar mouklavs. arc SeuZlebelia araferi!
evropaSi Tu yvela erovnul resurss potenciurad mer-
kantiluri kuTxiT afaseben da iyeneben, Cven ratom ar
unda gamoviyenoT RvTiT boZebuli bunebrivi simdidre

186
da rezervebi gonivrulad da maqsimalurad?! rogorc
didi niko ambobda: _ “brmac ki unda mixvdes, rom yoveli
saSualeba, romelic am sazogadoebas ganaviTarebs da gaa-
Zlierebs, romelic mas gulSi imeds Caunergavs an mxarSi
Zalas miscems, sasargeblo iqneba Cveni xalxisaTvis”, an
“ xalxi maSin aris Zlieri da bednieri, roca mTeli misi
Zala Tanamedrove mecnierebis iaraRiTaris aRWurvili,
mis sasargeblod ixmareba da moqmedebs… sanam umoqme-
do nawili Cveni sazogadoebisa Sromas da Tavis rCenas
ar SeeCveva, sanam Cveni xalxi mewveli Zroxis mdgomare-
obidan ar gamova, SeuZlebelia, rom rom CvenSi namdvili
erToba daarsdes, an gulwrfeli Zmoba an xeiriani gan-
wyobileba. maSasadame, yvelaferi, rac ekonomiur samar-
Tlianobas gvaaxloebs, Cvenis mamulis sasargeblod unda
migvaCndes da niadag imas unda vcdilobdeT, rom xalxis
umravles nawils gavuadviloT Tavis gaTavisufleba ex-
landelis damokidebul mdgomareobisagan…”.

187
 niko nikolaZe da ajameTis tyis sakiTxi

amas winaT sainformacio saSualebebSi gaiJRera cno-

bam ajameTis tyis istoriuli kuTvnilebis Taobaze. my-
isve niko nikolaZis publicisturi werilebi amotivtiv-
da gonebaSi. minda gagacnoT niko nikolaZis gamoxmaureba
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. nikolaZis mier aq gamoTqmu-
li mosazrebebi, rogorc yovelTvis, dResac ar kargaven
aqtualobas.
me-19 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gazeTebSi _ s. mesxis
„droebasa“ da n. nikolaZis rusulenovan „obzorSi“ ram-
denime statia daibeWda ajameTis tyis Sesaxeb.
jer kidev 1879 wlis 14 agvistos „droebis“ nomerSi
vinme „Tqveni morCili svireli glexis“ redaqtorisaTvis
gagzavnil werilSi saubaria ajameTis tyis yidvis survi-
lze glexebisagan amis xelis SemSlel pirobebze.
ramdenime TveSi nikolaZe Tavisi gazeTis „obzoris“
1880 wlis 17, 23, da 24 Tebervlis Tvis nomrebSi ori
weriliT gamoexmaura am sakiTxs da umoqmedobisTvis
sastikad gaakritika bankirebi, redaqtor-gamocemlebi,
inteligencia _ yvela, vis sazogadoebriv valadac igi
xalxis saWiroebisaTvis qmediT daxmarebas miiCnevda.
rogorc yovelTvis, niko am problemasac perspeqti-
vaSi qveynisa da xalxisaTvis sasikeTo Sdegebis motanis
TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs. mas kargad esmis, „Tu ramde-
nad garTulda aq mosaxleobis cxovreba imis Sedegad,
rom ajameTis tye gadavida kerZo adamianebis b. b. anano-
vis, sviatopolsk-mirskis, gruzinskisa da sxvaTa xelSi...
adgilobriv mcxovrebT didi xarjebis gauReblad ar
SeuZliaT awarmoon araTu mSenebloba, aramed ubralo
SemoRobva da Senobebis gaTbobac ki.“ miuxedavad amisa da
swored am mdgomarfeobis gaTvaliswinebiT adgilobriv

188
mosaxleobas SeuZlia da kidec unda ecados, SeiZinos
tyis saxazino sakuTrebad darCenili nawili, romelic
maSin Tavad mirskis xelSi iyo da imJamad tyis mepatrone
am nawilis gayidvas apirebda. nikolaZe ramdenime vari-
ants sTavazobs sazogadoebas da saxelmwifos problemis
mosagvareblad.
„TavisTavad tye udidesi Rirebulebaa,“ _ wers niko,
_ „da misi gonieri eqsploataciiT, SeiZleba, erTi mxriv,
daibruno masze daxarjuli Tanxa, xolo, meore mxriv,
Seumsubuqo mdgomareoba yvelas, visac sWirdeba samSen-
eblo masala da SeSa. amitom Zalian gonieri nabiji iqne-
boda SeerTebuli ZaliT tyis yidva Tavad mirskisagan.“
tyis Sesasyidi Tanxis _ naxevari milionis Sovnis gzad
da saSualebad nikos isev bankebi miaCnia. bankebis mier mo-
saxleobis interesebis dacvaSi, maT daxmarebasa da qvey-
nis ekonomikis ganviTarebaze zrunvaSi xedavs nikolaZe
bankebis mTavar misias. amas moikTxovs yvelasagan, visac
sabanko saqme da sazogadoebis winamZRoloba abaria.
„Cveni samiwaTmoqmedo bankebis saTaveSi mdgomi ada-
mianebi, Tu namdvilad axsovT maTi dawesebulebis azri,
daniSnuleba da seriozulad miiltvian misi ganxor-
cielebisaken, advilad moifiqreben, rom Tavad d. i.
sviatopolsk-mirskis tyis Ssasyidad naRdi fuli saW-
iro iqneba araumetes 150-200 aTasi maneTisa; danarCeni
Tanxis mopoveba SeiZleba tyis dagiravebiT samiwaTmo-
qmedo bankSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom yovelwliurad
Smosavali sakmarisi iqneba ara marto xarjebis, aramed
bankis procentebis dasafaravadac... rac Seexeba 200 aTas
naRd fuls, misi dagroveba mainc da mainc Zneli ar unda
iyos... misi miReba SeiZleba kerZo pirTa da soflis sazo-
gadoebaTa SenatanebiT, romelTagan SeiZlebodasaaqcio
kompaniis msgavsis Seqmna.“

189
 nikolaZe imeds gamoTqvams, rom adgilobrivi mcx-
ovrebni, romelTac kargad ician ajameTis tyis fasi da
sargeblianoba, SeZleben erTmaneTSi gainawilon 200-399
maneTiani aqciebi, aseve quTaissa da TbilisSic moiZeb-
nebian (Tavad mirskis CaTvliT) adamianebi, romlebic
siamovnebiT daTanxmdebian naRdi fulis sanacvlod
mieRoT aseTi kompaniis aqciebis sakmao raodenoba. saW-
iroa mxolod saqmis gonivrulad dawyebao, _ wers niko,
_ mamulisa da misi Semosavlis, bankisa da mmarTvelobis
xarjebis dinjad daangariSeba, xalxisaTvis Cveneba da
daxmarebis Txovna am saqmeSi, romelic ase sasargeblo
iqneba rogorc mosaxleobis, ise aqcionerTaTviso.
nikolaZe iqve mouwodebs samiwaTmoqmedo bankebis
mmarTvelebs: _ „dae, maT erTxel mainc scadon saTaveSi
Caudgnen iseT saqmes, romelic namdvilad gaaumjobesebs
masebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas da Tan Sesabamisi iqne-
ba Cveni samiwaTmoqmedo bankebis ZiriTadi daniSnulebisa
_ xeli Seuwyon Cveni qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas.“
nikolaZe, rogorc redaqtor-gamomcemeli da rogorc
publicisti, iqve ganmartavs gazeTis rolsa da damok-
idebulebis arss aseT da msgavs sazogado saqmeSi. banke-
bis saxiTo, _ wers igi, _ „Cven vebrZviT mxolod saqmisad-
mi apaTiur damokidebulebas da maTs dauZlevel vnebas
yvelaze grandiozuli saqmec ki daiyvanon giravnobis
furclebze meqanikur xelmowerasa da... metismetad didi
jamagiris aRebamde.“
meore werilSi nikolaZe exmaureba da kritikulad mi-
moixilavs gazeT „droebaSi“, „Tilisis moambesa“ da „ti-
flisski vestnikSi“ amave sakiTxze gamoqveynebul pub-
likaciebs.
nikolaZe ar erideba avtoritetebs da wers: _ „yvela,

190
yvela, magram vfiqrobT, SeuZlebelia Cveni gazeTi daad-
anaSaulo b. b. WavWavaZisa da RoRoberiZis mimarT gamo-
Cenil naz grZnobebSi, Cvens statiaSi mkafiodac ki iyo
eWvi gamoTqmuli, rom es batonebi ver aRmoCndebodnen
TavianTi mdgomareobis safexurze. Cven davsaxeT amocana
da mivuTiTeT, rom misi Sesruleba Tavs unda edoT Cveni
samiwaTmoqmedo bankebis moTaveebs, magram iqve davuma-
teT, rom isini amas, albaT, ar gaakeTebdnen.“
inteligencias, anu sazogadoebis im Segnebul nawils,
romelmac itvirTa presiT Tu qarTuli sityviT, bankiT
Tu sxva, erisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sazoga-
doebebiT eris winamZRoloba, erovnuli saqmis keTeba
ar unda gamorCes mxedvelobidan xalxisaTvis sasicocx-
lo mniSvnelobis aseTi pirvelxarisxovani saqme, xolo
radgan gamorCaT, misi arc xelSi aReba SeuZliaT da arc
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sasargeblod misi aRsrule-
bao! _ wuxs niko, _ :didi xania daviRaleT im WeSmaritebis
gameorebiT, rom mxolod platonuri siyvaruli da unay-
ofo „keTildReobis mosurneoba“ ar5avis aZlevs ufle-
bas iwodebodes „inteligentad.“
„Cvens ubedur qveyanaSi“, _ ganagrZobs iqve Cveni po-
lemisti, _ „iseTi egoistebi, rogorebic arian CvenSi
bankis mmarTvelebi, seriozul sazogadoebriv rols as-
ruleben, miuxedavad imisa, rom sruliad uunaroni arian
da TiTis ganZrevac ki ar undaT saerTo saqmis sasarge-
blod“.
sazogadoebis simpaTiebi, xalxis imedebi, yvelafris
miuxedavad, mainc „inteligenciis“ mimarTaa da amitom
dRes am umoqmedo „inteligenciam“ xalxs imedebi, mx-
ardaWera ar unda gaucruos. sazogadoebis rCeulebis
apaTiaSi yofnas arvis hpatiobs Cveni polemisti da ukve
meramdened imeorebs: _ „droa, didi xania droa, muyaiTad

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xeli mohkidoT mimdinare sakiTxebsa da Cveni cxovrebis
amocanebs; droa am amocanebis safuZvliani gadawyveTiT
daikavoT xalxSi inteligenciis Rirsi mdgomareoba, daim-
saxuroT xalxis ndoba da maTi saqme da bedi xelidan gamo-
stacoT egoistebs, romelnic SeniRbulni arian gesliani
frazebiTa da xalxismoyvaris mantiiT mxolod imisTvis,
rom SesaZlebloba hqondeT izrunon naTesavebze da Caef-
lon netarebasa da gancxromaSi.“
iseTma publicistebma, rogoricaa Tavadi i. g. Wav-
WavaZe, romelic momrigebel mosamarTled msaxurobda
da dausruleblad werda statiebs glexTa saqmeebze,
sircxvilia, ar icodes es, xolo icode da mainc Tavg-
zas urevde mkiTxvelebs,.... es orjer ufro sircxvilia,
aranakleb sircxvilia mTavrobas daakisro gamosyidvis
saqme...“
rogorc yvela saerTo sasargeblo wamwyebis, am konk-
retul SemTxvevaSi ki ajameTis tyis adgilobrivi glex-
ebisagan Sesyidvis realizaciaSi xelSewyobisaTvis ni-
kolaZe mzadaa TviTon is da misi gazeTic gverdiT
daudges yvelas, TviT n. b. RoRoberiZesac ki.
„aris iseTi saqmeebi da amocanebio,“ _ wers niko, _
„romelTaTvisac sircxvili araa xeli gauwodo ga-
mousworebel egoistsac ki. „droebam“ ki, romelic Tav-
is rols erTgulad asrulebs _ kudSi misdios adgilo-
briv sazogadoebriv cxovrebas da mcdarad iazrovnos.
masdRis wesrigSi unda daesva saWirboroto sakiTxi _
ajameTis tyis gamosyidva adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
mier. „droebasTan“ erTad niko „Tfilisis moambisganac“
moiTxovs xeli Seuwsyon am sakiTxis damakmayofileblad
gadawyvetas. uimedoba, saqmis SeuZlebloba da pesimizmi
ki ar unda daTeson xalxSi, piriqiT _ optimaluri gzebi
da saSualebebi unda gamoZebnon da erTiani ZaliT daex-

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maron xalxs, sazogadoebas erTi SexedviT rTuli prob-
lemebis gadaWraSi. yvelas kritikis qar-cecxlSi gatare-
bis Semdeg nikolaZe kvlav ubrundeba Tavis STavazebas
_ adgilobrivi mosaxleobis _ glexebis mier ajameTis
tyis SesyidvaSi daxmarebis _ optimaluri gzis gamonax-
vis sakiTxs.
„samiwaTmoqmedo bankebis TavkacebiTvis, romelTac
sakmao dro da avtoriteti aqvT axali, gansakuTrebu-
li saaqcio sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad, romlebic bevrs
yoyoCoben wesdebebis „SemuSavebis“ da bankebis „Seqmnis“
xelovnebiT, Zneli ar unda iyos organizacia gaukeTon
xalxisaTvis aseT saWiro saqmes... mosazleobas ar Seu-
Zlia marTos gamosyiduli mamuli da rogorc gamosy-
idvisaTvis, ise gamosasyidi fulis Sesakrebad da Sem-
dgom mamulis gamgeblobisTvisac aucileblad saWiroa
raime dawesebulebis daarseba, romelic centralizebas
gaukeTebda calkeul glexTa sazogadoebebis anabrebs.
Cveni Tanamedrove cxovrebis pirobebSi sxva gamosavali
ar aris, garda saaqcio sazogadoebebis daarsebisa, ro-
melSic gledxTa ojaxebi da sazogadoebani sxva pirebTan
Tanasworad Seiqmnebodnen aqcionerebi.
jer kidev 70-ian wlebSi nikolaZem qarTvel sazoga-
doebas gaacno „erobis“ („Temis“) mowyobis upiratesoba
da mniSvneloba qveynis ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gasaum-
jobeseblad, magram sazogadoebam yuri ar aTxova arc
mas da arc mogvianebiT ilia WavWavaZes am proeqtis Se-
Tavazebaze. axla nikolaZe kvlav axsenebs am „erobebs“
mkiTxvels da sinanuls gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom „CvenSi
„erobebi“ rom yofiliyvnen, isini xels mohkidebdnen ga-
mosyidvis saqmes da saTanado organoebic eyolebodaT
am saqmis mosagvareblad; magram radgan „erobebi“ jerje-
robiT ar arseboben, amitom aucilebelia saaqcio sazo-

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gadoebis daarseba, romelic „erobis“ daarsebis Semdeg
SeZlebs gadasces mamuli am ukanasknels.“
`sazogadoeba ar unda darCes indiferentuli da umo-
qmedo xalxisaTvis saWiro da aucilebeli am sakiTxis
gadaWrisTvis qmeddiTi da drouli nabijebis gadasadg-
melad maSin, roca sakiTxi mogvarebadia! TviT guberniis
wvrili Cinovnikebic dagvcineben, Tuki Tqveni daxmare-
ba iqneba mxolod survili imis Cvenebisa, rom SegiZli-
aT RonisZiebebis gamoZebna gamosasyidi dokumentaci-
is misaRebad da meti araferi! dro ar iTmens _ davis
gadawyvetamde _ Tu vin unda ikisros gamosyidva, misi
mflobelebis erTmaneTsa an romelime sxva kapitalistTa
Soris garigebaSi tye SeiZleba daikargos xalxisaTvis da
qvemo imereTis mosaxleoba Zveleburad tyis mflobelis
moxarked darCebao!“ _ afrTxilebs sazogadoebas Cveni
publicisti da isev da isev iZleva ra konkretul da re-
alur rCevas, daJinebiT imeorebs: _ „gamosavlis povna
SeiZleba... Seqmnili mdgomareobidan erTaderTi gamo-
savalia... saaqcio sazogadoebis daarseba 200 000 maneTis
kapitaliT da mamulis dagiraveba samiwaTmoqmedo bankSi
danarCen Tanxaze.“ arCevani ar aris... Tu Tqven upirveles
yovlisa, gindaT gamosyidvis saqme moawyoT, Zalaunebu-
rad unda SeCerdeT am RonisZiebaze!“
niko nikolaZis es werilebi, dawerilia 1880 wels.
1883 wels ki gazeTi „droeba“ iuwyeba sofel ajameTSi
saglexo bankis daarsebis Sesaxeb.

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