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DC-5 - Lesson 5
DC-5 - Lesson 5
DC-5 - Lesson 5
Lesson 5
TERMINOLOGY OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS AND REAGENTS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 What Is Meant by a Reagent?
5.3 What Is Meant by Solution?
5.4 Standard Solution
5.4.1 Normal solution
5.4.1.1 Normality
5.4.1.2 Calculation of eq. wt. of acids
5.4.1.3 Calculation of eq. wt. of alkalis
5.4.1.4 Calculation of eq. wt. of salts like carbonates and bicarbonates
5.4.1.5 Mole
5.4.2 Molar solution
5.4.2.1 Molarity
5.4.3 Molal solution
5.1 Introduction
Standard solutions and reagents are the core of any chemical analysis. The accuracy, repeatability
and precision of chemical analysis of food or dairy products depend upon the accuracy of the
reagents and solutions used in the analysis. Therefore, it is very important that the reagents and
the solutions should have the correct strength and should be checked from time to time before
use. To express the concentration or strength of solutions and reagents different terms are used in
the analytical chemistry or in chemical analysis of food article. The proper understanding of the
terminology involved is very much desired before the start of any analysis.
A substance which can react with another substance or an agent capable of producing a chemical
reaction.
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9/6/13 DC-5: Lesson 5. TERMINOLOGY OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS AND REAGENTS
Fig.5.1 Solution
3. A solution which contains the maximum amount of solute can be dissolved in a given
amount of solvent at a particular temperature is called a Saturated solution.
Normal solution
Molar solution
Molal solution
A solution containing 1gram equivalent (i.e. Eq. wt expressed in gms) of the solute in one litre of
the solution is called a normal solution.
5.4.1.1 Normality
The number of gram equivalents of a solute dissolved per litre of the solution. Solute may be acid,
base or salt. It is represented by ‘N’.
Eq. wt. of solutes i.e. acids, bases & salts is calculated as follows
eq. wt. of an acid is generally calculated by dividing the mol wt by its basicity.
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9/6/13 DC-5: Lesson 5. TERMINOLOGY OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS AND REAGENTS
By the basicity of an acid we mean the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms present in one
molecule of the acid.
The eq. wt of an alkali is often calculated with the help of the expression
Eq. wt of an alkali = Mol. Wt/Acidity
By the acidity of a base we mean the number of hydroxyl groups present in one molecule of the
alkali.
The eq. wt. of salts like carbonate or bicarbonate can be calculated from the equation of its
reaction with an acid.
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9/6/13 DC-5: Lesson 5. TERMINOLOGY OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS AND REAGENTS
106 2x36.5
This equation shows that two gram equivalents of HCl react with one gram molecule of Na2CO3
Similarly the eq. wt. of K2CO3, NaHCO3 and KHCO3 can be calculated from their equations
Table 5.3
For example,
5.4.1.5 Mole
The quantity of a substance which contains one gram formula weight (or molecular weight or
formula mass or molecular mass) of the substance.
A solution which contains one mole (Mol. wt., if the substance is molecule or At. wt., if the
substance is atom) of a solute per litre of the solution is called a Molar Solution.
5.4.2.1 Molarity
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9/6/13 DC-5: Lesson 5. TERMINOLOGY OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS AND REAGENTS
The number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of the solution. It is denoted by M
M = mole of solute/volume of solution in litre
A solution which contains one mole solute dissolved in a Kilogram of solvent. The total may be
more than or less than one litre, depending upon the density of a solvent.
Molality = the number of moles of solute dissolved per 1000gm of solvent. It is denoted by ‘m’
m=(No.of moles of solute)/(wt.of solvent (K.g)
Note Normality and molarity are temperature dependent, where as molality is temp independent.
DC-5
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