evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKv, PZzw¯¿sk LÐ, kxZ msL¨v, †cŠl 1423/wW‡m¤^i 2016

evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv

mvBwdb iæevBqvZ*

mvims‡¶c
evsjv‡`‡k evsjv fvlv Qvov cÖPwjZ Ab¨vb¨ fvlv¸wji g‡a¨ †h fvlv¸wj B‡Zvg‡a¨B
wejyß n‡q‡Q †m mKj fvlvi wPwýZKiYB e¶¨gvY cÖeÜ iPbvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| GKwU
fvlv wejywßi Rb¨ Av_©-mvgvwRK Kvi‡Yi cvkvcvwk fvlvwUi fvlvfvlxi †fŠ‡MvwjK
Ae¯’vbI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| GKwU fvlv GKw`‡b nVvr K‡i wejyß n‡q
hvq bv, GKwU wec`vcbœ fvlv wecbœZvi wewfbœ ¯Íi †cwi‡q wU‡K _vK‡Z bv †c‡i
nvwi‡q hvq gvby‡li gyL †_‡K| ZvB eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü evsjv‡`‡ki B‡Zvg‡a¨B wejyß
wewfbœ fvlv QvovI †h mKj fvlv Av_©-mvgvwRK Kvi‡Y wecbœ n‡q c‡o‡Q †m¸wjI
wPwýZ Kiv n‡e| G‡¶‡Î wewfbœ ¯^xK…Z AvšÍRv© wZK ms¯’v KZ©„K fvlv-wecbœZvi
gvb`‡Ði wfwˇZ G mKj wec`vcbœ fvlv wecbœZvi †Kvb ¯Í‡i i‡q‡Q ZvI AbymÜvb
Kiv n‡e|
g~jkã: fvlv-wecbœZv (language endangerment), fvlv-g„Zz¨ (language death),
fvlv-we‡jvc (language extinction or language disappearance), fvlv-
i¶Yv‡e¶Y (language maintenance) fvlv-cwiKíbv (language planning),
fvlv‡eva (language competence), fvlv-miY (language shift), wØZxq-fvlv
(Second Language/ L2)|

1. f‚wgKv
GK j¶ mvZPwjøk nvRvi cvuPk mËi eM© wK‡jvwgUvi AvqZ‡bi1 evsjv‡`‡k evOvwj
QvovI Av‡Q Ab¨vb¨ b„-ZvwË¡K Rb‡Mvôx hv‡`i i‡q‡Q ¯^Zš¿ fvlv I mvs¯‹…wZK
HwZn¨| D‡jøL¨, evsjv‡`‡k evsjvfvlx evOvwj Rb‡Mvôxi evB‡i emevmiZ GB mKj
b„-†Mvôx‡K KL‡bv ÔDcRvwZÕ wKsev ÔAvw`evmxÕ, Avevi KL‡bv Ô¶z`ª-b„‡MvôxÕ wn‡m‡e
AvL¨v †`Iqv nq| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü GB b„-†Mvôx¸‡jv‡K Ô¶z`Õª wKsev ÔDcÕ wKsev ÔAvw`Õ
we‡kl‡Y AvL¨vwqZ bv K‡i Ôb„-†MvôxÕ ev Ôb„-ZvwË¡K Rb‡MvôxÕ bv‡g D‡jøL Kiv n‡e|
evsjv‡`‡k GmKj ¶z`ª b„-ZvwË¡K Rb‡Mvôxi fvlvi AwaKvi (G‡¶‡Î gvZ…fvlvq
wk¶vi AwaKvi †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q) cÖwZôvi AvnŸvb D‡cw¶Z n‡Z _v‡K msL¨vi wePv‡i
ÔDcÕ wKsev Ô¶z`ªÕ nevi Kvi‡YB| G †¶‡Î j¶Yxq welq n‡jv, ¯^RvwZi mvgvwRK-

*
cÖfvlK, fvlvweÁvb wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
254 evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKv

A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi I gyw³‡PZbvi mÂviYx NUv‡bvi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni AfveB GmKj

RvwZ-†Mvôx‡K AbMÖmi K‡i †i‡L‡Q| e¯‘Z iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK cvjve`‡ji mgvšÍiv‡j
cwiewZ©Z ivóªxq bxwZ-cÖ‡KŠkj, †fŠ‡MvwjK I cÖvK…wZK cÖwZK‚jZv, RvwZMZ Ø›Ø Ges
mvgvwRK we‡f` Zv‡`i AMÖhvÎvi AšÍivq| Avi GmKj Kvi‡Y m„ó cvi¯úwiK
RvwZMZ Ø›ØgyLi Aw¯’iZvi wecix‡Z msMÖvgiZ GB mKj ÔDcÕ wKsev Ô¶z`Õª
RvwZmËvi wf‡o Z`‡c¶v ÔDcÕ wKsev Ô¶z`ªÕ RvwZ‡Mvôx‡K nvwi‡q †h‡Z nq wKsev
wgwj‡q †h‡Z nq e„nËi RvwZ-kw³i †¯ªvZavivq| Ab¨w`‡K, fvlvwejywßi KviY wn‡m‡e
mvaviYZ GKwU fvlvi fvlxmsL¨vi µgn«vm‡K wPwýZ Kiv nq| wKš‘ †Kej
fvlxmsL¨vi µgn«vmB bq, eis GKwU fvlvi Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi
g‡g©B wbwnZ _v‡K fvlvwUi wejywß (Language extinction) ev nvwi‡q hvIqvi KviY|
e¯‘Z wewfbœ fvlvi fvlx‡`i cvi¯úwiK msjMœ †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb Ges mvs¯‹…wZK,
mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y `ywU fvlvi mgvmw³ ev ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j wcwRb-†µIj
cÖwµqvq bZzb †Kv‡bv fvlvi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi IB `ywU fvlvi g‡a¨ GKwU fvlvi
fvlxiv wb‡R‡`i fvlv cwiZ¨vM K‡i Aci fvlvwU MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Gfv‡e Zv‡`i
g~jfvlv nvwi‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov fvlv-ms‡hv‡Mi †K‡›`ª I fvlvwUi cÖvšÍxq mxgvq
ms‡hvM cwiw¯’wZ GKiKg _v‡K bv, d‡j fvlvwUi †fŠ‡MvwjK cwimxgvq wewfbœ A‡j
evKwgkÖY cwiw¯’wZI wfbœ-iKg nq| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi ¯^í cwim‡i gvVwfwËK e¨vcK
fvlvRwi‡ci gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlvmg~n wPwýZKiY Ges G¸‡jvi we‡jv‡ci
mgvR-ˆeÁvwbK I fvlv-ˆeÁvwbK cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e bq| †m Kvi‡Y Ôfvlv
wejywßÕi ZvwË¡K we‡kølY Ges we`¨gvb Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi mvnv‡h¨ evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv
wPwýZKiY, wK‡mi wfwˇZB ev Zv‡`i Avgiv wejyß fvlv eje, Ges GKB m‡½
fwel¨‡Z †Kvb †Kvb fvlv we‡jv‡ci m‡e©v”P SzuwK‡Z i‡q‡Q―GmKj welq
AbymÜv‡bi cÖqv‡mB eZ©gvb cÖeÜ iwPZ|
1.2. wejyß fvlv ebvg g„Zfvlv: ZvwË¡K wbg©vY
c„w_exi gvbe ˆewP‡Î¨i GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb Zvi evKms‡KZ ev fvlv| wek¦vqb Ges
Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi AvMªvmx `vc‡U wecbœ gvbe ˆewP‡Î¨i me‡P‡q ¶wZi wkKvi
n‡jv Zvi evM&‰ewPΨ ev fvlv‰ewPΨ| c„w_exi gvbwP‡Î AvqZ‡bi wn‡m‡e ¶z`ª n‡jI
fvlv‰ewP‡Î¨i w`K †_‡K evsjv‡`k D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wek¦vqb I Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi
†¯ªv‡Z Dbœqbkxj G f‚-L‡Ði ¶z`ªRvwZmËvmg~‡ni ¯^vZwš¿¨K fvlv-ms¯‹…wZI SzuwKi
m¤§yLxb| GQvov f‚-MVbMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y f~wgK‡¤úi g‡Zv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi
SzuwK‡Z _vKv evsjv‡`k f‚-L‡Ði wKQz A‡ji ¶z`ªRvwZmËvi fvlvI nvwi‡q hvIqvi
evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv 255

SzuwK‡Z i‡q‡Q| mgKvjxb bvbv fvlv‰eÁvwbK M‡elYvq M‡elKiv †`wL‡q‡Qb GKwesk

kZvãx‡Z c„w_exi cÖvq beŸB kZvsk fvlvB nvwi‡q hv‡e|2 fwel¨r fvlv-wecbœZvi
Ggb AbyKwíZ wPÎ Avgv‡`i‡K, A_©vr, c„w_exi gvbyl‡K ZZUv Av‡jvwoZ K‡i bv
hZUv wePwjZ nB c„w_exi Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨i wejywßi Avk¼vq| wKš‘ IB wecbœ fvlv¸‡jvi
ZvwjKvq cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wb‡Ri fvlv‡K Kíbv K‡i wb‡j eZ©gvb kZvãxi AbyKwíZ fvlv-
wecbœZvi fqven wPÎ Avgv‡`i `„wó‡Z Lye mn‡RB g~Z©gvb n‡q DV‡e| G Kvi‡YB
c„w_exe¨vcx mgKvjxb fvlv‰eÁvwbK PP©vq fvlvg„Zz¨, fvlv we‡jvc, fvlv i¶Yv‡e¶Y,
fvlv cwiKíbv― GmKj welq AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ewPZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv-wecbœZvi wPÎ eY©bvi c~‡e© Ôwecbœ fvlvÕ ev Ôwec`vcbœ fvlvÕ wKsev
fvlv-g„Zz¨ (language death) I fvlv-we‡jvc (language extinction)-Gi ZvwË¡K
wefvRbwU Dc¯’vcb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb hv e¯‘Z Ôfvlv-wecbœZvÕi ZvwË¡K cUf~wg ch©‡e¶‡Y
Avgv‡`i‡K mnvqZv Ki‡e| Ôwecbœ-fvlvÕ ej‡Z mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv GKwU fvlvi
fvlxmsL¨vi µgn«vmgvbZv‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq| A_©vr, IB fvlvwUi e¨enviKvixi msL¨v
GZUvB K‡g wM‡q‡Q †h, Ae¨ewnZ Aí wKQz Kv‡ji g‡a¨B fvlvwU‡Z K_v ejevi g‡Zv
Avi †KD _vK‡e bv| fvlv-wecbœZv eY©bvq Ôg„Z-fvlvÕ (dead language) wKsev
Ôwejyß-fvlvÕ―G `ywU fvlv‰eÁvwbK cwifvlv cÖvqkB mgv‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|3
mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv GKwU fvlvi hLb †gŠwLK e¨envi eÜ n‡q hvq ZLb fvlvwUi g„Zz¨
N‡U e‡j eY©bv Kiv nq|4 GKwU fvlvi †gŠwLK e¨envi eÜ nevi cÖavb KviY wn‡m‡e
fvlvwUi e¨enviKvix RbmsL¨vi µgn«vm‡K `vqx Kiv nq| Z‡e cÖPwjZ aviYv Abyhvqx
†Kv‡bv fvlvi me©‡kl fvlxi g„Zz¨i ga¨ w`‡q fvlvwUi g„Zz¨i eY©bv fvlvweÁvbm¤§Z
bq| Gi KviY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, fvlv-wecbœZv wba©vwiZ nq †Kv‡bv fvlvi wZbwU
Ae¯’v‡K wfwË K‡i: GK. fvlvwUi e¨enviKvix RbmsL¨v; `yB. IB fvlvi fvlvZvwË¡K
mg„w× ev fvwlK mvg_©¨; Ges wZb. fvlvwUi wjwce× iƒc| †Kv‡bv GKwU fvlvi
wecbœZv wba©vi‡Yi cÖ_g gvcKvwV n‡jv IB fvlvi e¨enviKvix RbmsL¨vi Dc¯’vcb|
†h fvlvi e¨enviKvix RbmsL¨v hZ †ewk Zvi g„Zz¨ ev nvwi‡q hvIqvi SzuwK ZZ Kg|
D‡jøL¨, e¨enviKvix RbmsL¨vi wePv‡i c„w_exi fvlv¸‡jv‡K †kÖYxKiY Kiv nq
¶z`fª vlv I e„nËi fvlv―G `ywU fv‡M| cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, hy× I MYnZ¨v, Ges †Kv‡bv
†fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbvi AšÍ©fz³ e„nËi fvlvwUi fvlx‡`i mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I
A_©‰bwZK KZ©„Z¡ I `g‡bi d‡j ¶z`ªfvlvwUi g„Zz¨ N‡U ev nvwi‡q hvq wKsev wgwj‡q
hvq e„nËi fvlvwUi gv‡S|5 msL¨vi wePv‡i †Kv‡bv fvlvi wecbœZv wbY©‡q GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© ch©‡e¶Y n‡jv- cÖRb¥všÍ‡i wecbœfvlvwUi e¨enviKvix RbmsL¨v K‡g hvq|
A_©vr, fvlv-ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j wecbœ-fvlvi fvlx-wkïwU B‡Zvg‡a¨B cwiewZ©Z bZzb
256 evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKv

fvlv-cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ GKvZ¥ n‡Z _v‡K| GiKg Ae¯’vq IB fvlvi fvlx †Kv‡bv
e‡qvt‡R¨ô e¨w³i Zzjbvq GKwU wkïi fvlv‡eva (language competence)
wbwðZfv‡e mxwgZ n‡q _v‡K Ges GK ch©v‡q bZzb cÖR‡b¥ fvlvwU e¨envi Kivi g‡Zv
Avi †KD _v‡K bv| Z‡e GKwU fvlvi fvlx-msL¨vi µgn«vmB IB fvlvwUi wejywßi
GKgvÎ I cÖavb KviY bq| A‡bK †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv wecbœ fvlvi fvlxiv mvgwóK wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q wb‡R‡`i fvlv cwiZ¨vM K‡i Ab¨ GKwU fvlv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i hv‡K
mgvRfvlvweÁv‡bi fvlvq ejv nq Ôfvlv-miYÕ|6 1965 mv‡j wm½vcyi ¯^vaxb nIqvi
c‡i †mLv‡b gvjqxR fvlvi cwie‡Z© Bs‡iRx fvlv wj½yqv d«v¼v wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z
_v‡K Ges GK ch©v‡q Bs‡iRx fvlv‡KB †`kwUi cÖ_g fvlvi gh©v`v †`Iqv nq| Avevi
wm½vcy‡ii Pxbv fvlvi wewfbœ Dcfvlvi fvlx-Awfevmx‡`i miY N‡U‡Q Pxbv g¨v›`vwib
fvlvq| G iKg fvlv-cwiw¯’wZ‡Z hw` wecbœ-fvlvwU Avi Ab¨ †Kv_vI cÖPwjZ bv _v‡K
Ges hw` fvlvwUi †Kv‡bv wjwLZ wb`k©b bv _v‡K Zvn‡j µ‡gB fvlvwU nvwi‡q hvq
gvby‡li gyL †_‡K| fvlvi wecbœZv wbY©‡q wØZxq gvcKvwV wn‡m‡e fvlvZvwË¡K mg„w×
ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q GKwU fvlvi mg„× kãfvÐvi, fvlvwUi m„wókxjZv, A_©vr,
cÖ‡qvR‡b bZzb c` Ges evK¨ m„wói ¶gZv, †h‡Kv‡bv fvlvi wjwLZ †U·U ev cvV
DcKiY‡K IB fvlvq Abyev` Kiv m¤¢e wKbv, Ges m¤¢ve¨ msÁvc‡bi mKj †¶‡Î
fvlvwU‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi m¤¢ve¨Zv| Z…ZxqZ, GKwU fvlvi wjwc I wjwLZ iƒc fvlvwU‡K
¯’vwqZ¡ †`q| GKwU fvlvi fvlx‡`i g„Zz¨, wKsev cÖfvekvjx fvlvwUi Øviv fvwlK `gb,
Ges Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK Kvi‡Y msNwUZ fvlv
ms‡hvM―†h‡Kv‡bv Kvi‡YB †nvK fvlvwUi †gŠwLK e¨envi mxwgZ n‡Z n‡Z eÜ n‡q
†M‡jI wjwce× iƒc _vKvi Kvi‡YB fvlvwU c„w_ex †_‡K nvwi‡q hvq bv; fvlvwUi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ GKwU HwZnvwmK mZ¨ wn‡m‡eB cÖwZôv cvq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ms¯‹…Z fvlvi
cÖm½ D‡jøL Kiv hvq| fvlvZvwË¡K mg„w× Ges wbR¯^ wjwc I wjwce× iƒc, A_©vr,
wbR¯^ wjLbixwZ‡Z iwPZ mg„× mvwnwZ¨K Ges `vjxwjK wb`k©b _vKv m‡Ë¡I fvlvwU
GKwU g„Zfvlvq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q †Kej fvlvwU‡Z mgv‡Ri gvby‡li †gŠwLK cvi¯úwiK
†hvMv‡hvM bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y| wKš‘ wbR¯^ wjwc I wjwce× iƒc _vKvi Kvi‡YB fvlvwU
nvwi‡q hvqwb c„w_ex †_‡K, eis ms¯‹…Z fvlv cÖvq `yB nvRvi eQi a‡i HwZnvwmK mZ¨
wn‡m‡eB wU‡K Av‡Q| fvi‡Zi mvsweavwbKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z 22wU fvlvi GKwU n‡jv ms¯‹…Z
fvlv Ges fviZ miKvi B‡Zvg‡a¨B fvlvwUi e¨vcK cÖPj‡bi Rb¨ ms¯‹„Z fvlv wk¶Y
Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i‡Q|7 G Kvi‡Y ms¯‹…Z fvlv‡K g„Zfvlv ejv n‡e wKbv Zv wb‡q
weZ‡K©i AeKvkI i‡q‡Q|8 myZivs, G ch©v‡q g„Zfvlv wn‡m‡e †mmKj fvlv‡K wPwýZ
Kiv hvq †h fvlv¸‡jvi eZ©gv‡b Avi †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe †hvMv‡hvMxq e¨envwiK wfwË †bB,
evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv 257

†Kej bw_wfwËK cÖgvY wn‡m‡e wU‡K Av‡Q BwZnv‡m, mvwnwZ¨K wb`k©‡b| Ab¨w`‡K,
†h fvlv GKB-m‡½ nvwi‡q †M‡Q gvby‡li gyL †_‡K Ges †Kv‡bv wjwLZ wb`k©b bv
_vKvi Kvi‡Y fvlvwUi †Kv‡bv fvwlK Z_¨-DcvËI Avi cvIqv hvq bv †mB
fvlv¸‡jv‡K nvwi‡q hvIqv fvlv wKsev jyß-fvlv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
weeZ©b evKcÖev‡ni GK A‡gvN ¯^fve| weeZ©‡bi d‡j fvlv weKwkZ nq, DbœZ nq;
Avevi weewZ©Z n‡Z n‡Z GKwU fvlv Zvi g~j †_‡K GZUvB `~‡i m‡i hvq †h fvlvwU
Ab¨‡Kv‡bv fvlves‡ki cwiP‡q beRb¥ jvf K‡i| G cÖm‡½ D`vniY wn‡m‡e PvKgv
fvlvi D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Pxbv-wZeŸZx fvlves‡ki wZeŸZx-eg©x kvLvi fvlv
PvKgv B‡›`v-Avh© fvlv evsjvi m‡½ Nwbô ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j G‡ZvUvB weeZ©b jvf
K‡i‡Q †h GK ch©v‡q B‡›`v-Avh© fvlv‰ewkó¨ AR©b K‡i|9 GB fvlv-ms‡hv‡Mi
Kvi‡YI fvlvi wecbœZv, g„Zz¨ wKsev we‡jvc N‡U _v‡K| Z‡e weeZ©b mKj fvlvi Rb¨
A‡gvN n‡jI wejywß mKj fvlvi Rb¨ Aek¨¤¢vex bq| GgbwK weeZ©‡bi d‡j fvlvi
we‡jvc N‡U ZvI ejv hv‡e bv| GQvov GKwU fvlv nVvr K‡i nvwi‡q hvq bv; fvlvwU
nvwi‡q hvq `xN©Kv‡ji cwiµgvq| ZvB †h fvlv¸‡jv B‡Zvg‡a¨B nvwi‡q †M‡Q †mB
fvlv¸‡jv‡K wPwýZ Kiv wKsev cybiæ×v‡ii †P‡q †hB fvlv¸‡jv we‡jv‡ci cÖwµqvq
Av‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K wPwýZ Kiv Ges i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi cÖ‡Póv MÖnY Kiv mnR| GmKj w`K
we‡ePbvq eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlvi cvkvcvwk †mmKj fvlv‡KI wPwýZ
Kiv n‡e †h¸‡jv nvwi‡q hvIqv ev we‡jv‡ci cÖwµqvq Av‡Q| fvlv-we‡jv‡ci cÖwµqv
e¯‘Z fvlvwUi wecbœZvi gvÎv‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i| G‡¶‡Î D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h fvlv
wecbœZv †Kv‡bv w¯’i Ae¯’v bq, eis fvlv-wecbœZv ej‡Z wecbœ-fvlvwUi Ggb GKwU
Ae¯’v‡K wb‡`©k K‡i hv GKB m‡½ Pjgvb Ges Zv fvlvwUi wewfbœgvwÎK wecbœZv‡K
†evSvq|
2. evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv
evsjv‡`‡ki msL¨vMwiô gvby‡li cÖ_g fvlv evsjv―MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªfvlv
wn‡m‡e evsjvfvlvi i‡q‡Q mvsweavwbK gh©v`v|10 cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶vi ïiæ †_‡KB G
†`‡ki wkïiv Bs‡iRx fvlvi m‡½ cwiwPZ nq cvV¨µ‡gi AšÍfz©³ welq wn‡m‡e|
†mw`K †_‡K Bs‡iRx evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li wØZxq fvlv| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b
ivóªfvlv evsjvi mvsweavwbK ¯^xK…wZ _vK‡jI †Kv‡bv wØZxq fvlv wKsev evsjv e¨ZxZ
Ab¨‡Kv‡bv ivóªxq `vßwiK fvlvi D‡jøL †bB| wKš‘ ev¯ÍeZv n‡jv cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶vi
Ask wn‡m‡e Bs‡iRx fvlvi PP©v Ges ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †¶‡Î Bs‡iRx fvlvi
e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y Bs‡iRx‡K G †`‡ki wØZxq fvlv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| wKš‘
258 evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKv

wØZxq fvlv wn‡m‡e Bs‡iRx fvlvi †bB †Kv‡bv mvsweavwbK ¯^xK…wZ Avi †mB Kvi‡YB
Bs‡iRx‡K evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi Ô`vßwiK fvlvÕ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv bv †M‡jI PP©vi w`K
†_‡K Kvh©Z Bs‡iRx evsjv‡`‡ki `vßwiK fvlv| G †`‡k evsjvfvlx evOvwj Rb‡Mvôxi
evB‡i i‡q‡Q cÖvq PwjøkwU Ab¨ b„-‡Mvôx Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡Ki i‡q‡Q c„_K fvlv,
Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv b„-†Mvôxi g‡a¨ e¨eüZ fvlv‡K †Kv‡bv fvlvi Av‡iKwU Dcfvlv
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| †mw`K †_‡K GmKj b„-†Mvôxi fvlvi msL¨v QvweŸkwU|11
evsjv‡`‡ki GB mKj b„-†Mvôx Ges Zv‡`i e¨eüZ fvlvi msL¨v wb‡q i‡q‡Q
gZv‰bK¨| evsjv‡`‡k evOvwj Ges Ab¨vb¨ b„-†Mvôx QvovI i‡q‡Q wKQz msL¨K wenvix
hv‡`i cÖ_g fvlv Ges wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi fvlv n‡jv D`©y|12 myZivs,
AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K evsjv‡`k c„w_exi ey‡K ¶z`ªZi GKwU †`k n‡jI fvlv‰ewPΨ
†`kwU Abb¨| Dr‡mi wePv‡i wewfbœ fvlv-cwiev‡ii fvlv GB †`‡k cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
mf¨Zvi †h ch©v‡q we‡`k åg‡Y wfmv-cvm‡cvU© jvM‡Zv bv †mB Kv‡j gvbyl Lye
mn‡RB e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i we¯Ívi, ivRmxgv we¯Ívi, ag© cÖPvi I Zx_©¯’vb cwi`k©b, wk¶v
AR©b wewfbœ Kvi‡Y GK †`‡ki mxgvbv †cwi‡q Ab¨ †`‡k ågY Ki‡Z cviZ| Avi
GiB m~‡Î msjMœ fvlv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Nwbô AvšÍtms‡hv‡Mi d‡j GKwU fvlv Ab¨ fvlvi
Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Q| GB cÖfv‡ei d‡j †Kv‡bv fvlv cwiewZ©Z n‡Z n‡Z Zvi Drm
†_‡K GZUvB `~‡i m‡i G‡m‡Q †h Zvi Drm wbY©q KivI KwVb n‡q c‡o‡Q| †hgb,
mvuIZvj fvlv Dr‡mi wePv‡i A‡÷ªv GwkqvwUK cwievifz³|13 wKš‘ fviZ
Dcgnv‡`‡ki c~e©v‡ji B‡›`v-Avh© fvlvi m‡½ ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j GB fvlvwU‡Z GZ
†ewk B‡›`v-Avh© kã Xz‡K c‡o‡Q †h mvuIZvj Ges nvRs‡K B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq cwiev‡ii
fvlv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|14 wKš‘ mvuIZvjx fvlvi AvšÍK©vVv‡gv Ges fvwlK-m~Î
Abyhvqx fvlvwU‡K A‡÷ªvGwkqvwUK cwiev‡ii msjMœ wn‡m‡eB wPwýZ Kiv hvq|15
evsjv‡`‡k †gvU PviwU fvlv cwiev‡ii fvlv cÖPwjZ Av‡Q: B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv-
cwiev‡ii B‡›`v-Avh© kvLv, A‡÷ªv-GwkqvwUK, `ªvweoxq Ges Pxbv-wZeŸZx cwiev‡ii
wZeŸZx-eg©x kvLv| evsjv‡`k f‚-L‡Ð cÖPwjZ fvlvmg~n‡K Drm Abymv‡i wb‡Pi
ZvwjKvq D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:

fvlv-cwievi/ Dc`j/ kvLv fvlv Dcfvlv-ˆewPΨ fvlv-AÂj

esk eM©
B‡›`v- B‡›`v- B‡›`v- evsjv evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ mgMÖ evsjv‡`k
BD‡ivcxq Bivbxq Avh© A‡ji Dcfvlv
evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv 259

wenvwi/ D`©y XvKv, Lyjbv,

w`bvRcyi mn
evsjv‡`‡ki
13wU †Rjv
cvÄvex
gwbcyix/ gv`vBMvO, wm‡jU,
weòzwcÖqv ivRviMvO †gŠjfxevRvi
nweMÄ
Anwgqv
PvKgv/ Z½¨v cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg,
mvKgv/ ivOvgvwU,
LvMovQwo,
ZvKvg ev›`ievb
nvRs iscyi, wm‡jU
mv`wi IuivI ivRkvnx, iscyi,
wm‡jU,
†gŠjfxevRvi
nweMÄ, Lyjbv,
wSbvB`n,
gv¸iv
evsjv Bkviv
fvlv
iv‡Rvqvi wejyß (wmK`vi,
2011)
¸RivwU /
wnw›`
†ivwn½v PÆMÖvg,
K·evRvi
A‡÷ªv- gb&-L‡gi DËi gb&- Lvwm wm‡jU
GwkqvwUK L‡gi wj½vg †b·KvYv
c&bvi wm‡jU,
†gŠjfxevRvi
Iqvi- wm‡jU,
ˆRwšÍqv †gŠjfxevRvi
gyÛvwi DËi gyÛv mvuIZvwj ivRkvnx, iscyi
†Kvj /
†nvi/†nv
260 evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKv

Gvnvwj ivRkvnx
wejyß (wmK`vi,
2011)
gyÛv nvmv`v, †Kiv, ivRkvnx,
jvZvi, bv¸wi w`bvRcyi,
wm‡jU
Pxbv-wZeŸZx wZeŸZx- KzwK-wPb cvsLDqv/ ivOvgvwU
eg©x cvsLy/
cvs‡Lv
wg‡Rv/ ivOvgvwU
ûjvs‡Mv
†jB/jymvB/
jykvB
ˆg‡Zwq/ wn›`y ˆg‡Zwq wm‡jU,
wg‡ZB/ cvsMvb (cvsMvj) †gŠjfxevRvi
‰g‡_wq
gªy/ gviæ/ AvbK, †`Š‡cÖs, ev›`ievb
gyiæs/gªys mysgv
Lywg ev›`ievb
Eg ev›`ievb,
ivOvgvwU
wLqvs/ wn‡qv/ ev›`ievb
Av-‡kv
†ev‡ov D‡mvB/ cvbwR, †Rv‡jvB ev›`ievb
D‡kvB
KKe‡ivK Avbs, Avmjs, LvMivQwo,
wÎcyiv/ †`b`vK, Mvwes, PÆMÖvg
wUciv †KDqv,Lvwj,
bvBZzs, dvZzs,
ZscvB
†gMvg/ †b·KvYv
wgMvg/
†bMvg
wiqvs/ ivOvgvwU
†iqvs/
KvDeªæ
gvw›` gqgbwmsn,
gaycyi, wm‡jU
evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv 261

†KvP gaycyi,MvRxcyi,
Kvcvwmqv,
Kvwjqv‰Ki,
Uv½vBj,
gqgbwmsn,
†b·KvYv,
iscyi-w`bvRcyi
jvjs/cvÎ wm‡jU
Cvwjqv
ivReskx gqgbwmsn,
iscyi,
RqcyinvU,
w`bvRcyi,
cvebv, e¸iv,
h‡kvi, XvKv
†iswgZ&mv/ ev›`ievb (cÖvq
iswgZPv wejyß)
mvK-jyBk PvK cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg
Vvi/‡_K (wejywßi
c‡_)16
†jv‡jv- ivLvBb/ gM wm‡Z¡ PÆMÖvg,
evwg©R K·evRvi,
cUzqvLvwj
Gvigv ivOvgvwU,
ev›`ievb
LvMovQwo,
K·evRvi
`ªvweoxq DËi KziæL IivIu/ DivIu iscyi,
`ªvweoxq (mv`wi/ w`bvRcyi,
IivIu †_‡K ¯^Zš¿) VvKziMvuI,
cÂMÖvg
†mŠwiqv ivRkvnx, iscyi
cvnvwiqv/ (eZ©gv‡b wejyß)
cvnvwiqv/
gvj‡Zv
m~Î: Grierson, 1927;17 Ethnologue, 2013;18 Ges wmK`vi, 2011
262 evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKv

2.1. fvlv †kÖYxKi‡Yi mgm¨v

eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü evsjv‡`k f‚-L‡Ð cÖPwjZ fvlvmg~‡K †kÖYxKiY Kievi Rb¨ †h wZbwU
Drm e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸wj n‡jv RR© Aveªvnvg wMÖqvimb cÖYxZ wj½yBw÷K mv‡f©
Ae BwÛqv (1906); evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖYxZ cÖwgZ evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY (2011) MÖ‡š’
msKwjZ †mŠif wmK`vi iwPZ GKwU Aa¨vq Ôevsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ b„-†Mvôxi fvlvÕ;
†mŠif wmK`vi cÖYxZ evsjv‡`‡ki Avw`evmx fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ (2011); Ges G_‡bvjM
(2015)| G wZbwU wfbœ wfbœ Drm †_‡K cÖvß fvlv¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© mv`„k¨c~Y© Z‡_¨i
cvkvcvwk †h fvlv¸‡jvi D‡jøL wZbwU Dr‡mi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU Dr‡m D‡jøL i‡q‡Q
Ggb mKj Z_¨B Dc‡ii ZvwjKvq mwbœ‡ek Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †kÖYxKiY Ki‡Z wM‡q
†`Lv wM‡q‡Q G Drm¸‡jv‡Z evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ wewfbœ fvlvcwiev‡ii fvlvmg~‡ni
msL¨v wb‡q i‡q‡Q Z_¨weåvwšÍ| †hgb, G_‡bvjM (2013)-†Z evsjv‡`‡k Awfevmx
wenvix Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv wn‡m‡e D`y© D‡jøL Kiv n‡jI cvÄvex wKsev ¸RivwU wKsev
wnw›`i K_v D‡jøL Kiv nqwb; wKš‘ wmK`vi (2011)-G fvlv¸‡jvi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| Z‡e
D`©y, cvÄvex, wKsev ¸RivwU ev wnw›` G‡`‡k Awfevmx fvlv e‡j eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi
cieZ©x As‡k wecbœ-fvlv wPwýZKi‡Y G fvlv¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv n‡e bv| G cÖm‡½
Av‡iv D‡jøL Kiv hvq †h, evsjv Bkviv fvlv‡K Gi cÖZxKmskÖq Ges c`MVb I
evK¨MVb cÖwµqvi w`K †_‡K evsjv †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ fvlv wn‡m‡e wPwýZKiY †hŠw³K bq|
eis evsjv Bkviv fvlvi ¯^vZš¿¨ aiv c‡o †KejB Gi cÖKv‡ki wfbœZi fw½i Kvi‡Y|
ZvB cÖe‡Üi cieZ©x As‡k evsjv Bkviv fvlv ¯^Zš¿ fvlv wn‡m‡e DwjøwLZ n‡e bv|
GQvov Dc‡ii ZvwjKvq DwjøwLZ me¸‡jv fvlvi e¨env‡ii AÂj wb‡`©k Kiv hvqwb|
†Kej G_‡bvjM (2013)-‡Z †h fvlv¸‡jvi e¨env‡ii AÂj wb‡`©k Kiv Av‡Q †Kej
†m fvlv¸‡jviB fvlv-AÂj D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi KviY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, wMÖqvimb
m¤úvw`Z fvlvRwi‡c DwjøwLZ fvlv-AÂj eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbv-
KvVv‡gvi m‡½ m½wZc~Y© bq| Ab¨w`‡K G_‡bvjM (2013)-†Z evsjv‡`‡ki 2001
mv‡j m¤úbœ Rbïgvwi Abyhvqx Z_¨ mwbœ‡ek Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov wKQz fvlvi JcfvwlK
ˆewPΨ wb‡qI wfbœ gZ cwijw¶Z nq| †hgb, wmK`vi (2011) gvigv Ges ivLvBb‡K
ci¯ú‡ii Dcfvlv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, wKš‘ G_‡bvjM (2013)-G gvigv Ges
ivLvBb‡K `ywU wfbœ fvlv wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K gvigv RbkÖæwZ Abyhvqx
gvigv Ges ivLvBb ¯^Zš¿ †Kv‡bv fvlv bq, eis `ywU ci¯ú‡ii Dcfvlv wn‡m‡eB
gvigv I ivLvBb mgv‡R ¯^xK…Z| GQvov G_‡bvjM (2013)-G †ivwn½¨v fvlvi D‡jøL
i‡q‡Q, wKš‘ wmK`vi (2011) Ges evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU (2007) (Kvgvj,
2007)-†Z †Kv‡bv †ivwn½¨v RvwZ wKsev fvlv-†Mvôxi bvg DwjøwLZ nqwb|19 GQvov
evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv 263

cvk¦©eZ©x †`k gvqvbgvi †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k Awfevmx †ivwn½¨v Rb‡Mvôx evsjv‡`‡ki

PÆMÖv‡gi Dcfvlvq K_v e‡j|20 GmKj welq we‡ePbvq cÖe‡Üi cieZ©x As‡k
evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß Ges wecbœ-fvlv¸‡jvi eY©bvi †¶‡Î gvigv/ivLvBb I PvKgv/
ZbP½¨v-‡K ¯^Zš¿ fvlv wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡e bv, eis gvigv-ivLvBb I PvKgv-
ZbP½¨v ci¯ú‡ii Dcfvlv wn‡m‡e DwjøwLZ n‡e Ges GKB m‡½ †ivwn½¨v bv‡g †Kv‡bv
wfbœ fvlv‡K D‡jøL Kiv n‡e bv| GQvov gvnvwj fvlv wmK`vi (2011)-G `ªvweoxq
fvlv wn‡m‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ wMÖqvimb (1906) Ges cvwU (2002)21-†Z gvnvwj‡K
A‡÷ªv-GwkqvwUK cwiev‡ii gyÐvwi kvLvi fvlv wn‡m‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB
eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü gvnvwj‡K A‡÷ªv-GwkqvwUK cwiev‡ii fvlv wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
myZivs, †Kej MÖš’MZ M‡elYv (library research) Ges ˆØZxwqK Dr‡mi Ici wfwË
K‡i evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ fvlvmg~‡ni eZ©gvb msL¨v KZ, cÖwZwU fvlvi fvlx KZRb
Ges fvlv¸‡jvi JcfvwlK ˆewPΨ m¤ú‡K© wbf©yj msL¨vZvwË¡K I eY©bvg~jK weeiY
Dc¯’vcb Kiv Am¤¢e| KviY evsjv‡`k, GgbwK Jcwb‡ewkK fviZe‡l©i
fvlv‰ewP‡Î¨i we¯Í…Z Ges we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY i‡q‡Q †Kej wMÖqvimb m¤úvw`Z (1903-
1921) wj½yBw÷K mv‡f© Ae BwÛqv‡Z hvi eqm cÖvq GKk eQi AwZµvšÍ n‡Z
P‡j‡Q| GB GKk eQ‡i fviZe‡l©i †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbv †hgb cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q †Zgwb
GB A‡ji AcÖavb Ges Z_vKw_Z ¶z`ª fvlv¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK ms‡hvM Ges
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e e„nËi fvlv¸‡jvi Avwac‡Z¨i Kvi‡Y N‡U‡Q fvlv-cwiZ©b| mv¤úªwZK
M‡elYvq (wmK`vi, 2011) †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv fvlv‡K wejyß wn‡m‡eI D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q,
†hgb `ªvweoxq gvnvwj I cvnvwoqv ev gvj‡Zv fvlv Ges B‡›`v-B‡›`v‡ivcxq iv‡Rvqvi
fvlv| GmKj Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki fvlvmg~n m¤ú‡K© AšÍZ msL¨vZvwË¡K Z_¨ nvjbvMv`
Kievi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki mvgwMÖK Ges mvgš^wqK fvlv Rwic GLb AZ¨šÍ Riæwi n‡q
c‡o‡Q|
3. evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv
†h fvlvwU B‡Zvg‡a¨ wejyß n‡q †M‡Q †mB fvlvwU wPwýZKiY wbtm‡›`‡n `ytmva¨|
KviY †h fvlvq Avi †KD K_v e‡j bv, †h fvlvwU m¤ú‡K© †KD wKQz Rv‡b bv, wKsev
†h fvlvi †Kv‡bv wjwLZ wb`k©b †bB †mB iKg GKwU fvlv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z †M‡j
mgmvgwqK gvby‡li Kv‡Q Zv ixwZg‡Zv KvíwbK e‡j g‡b nq| ZvB †Kv‡bv wejyß fvlv
wPwýZKi‡Y cÖ_g c`‡¶‡c IB A‡ji fvlv¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© KvjvbyµwgK wewfbœ Rwic
wKsev M‡elYv †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_¨i Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji
†Kv‡bv M‡elYv wKsev Rwi‡c †h fvlv¸‡jv Abycw¯’Z †m¸‡jv‡K wejyß wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
264 evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKv

Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wØZxq ch©v‡q mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji Z_¨-Dr‡m †h fvlv¸‡jvi D‡jøL
†bB †m¸‡jv‡K wPwýZ K‡i gvV ch©v‡q cÖZ¨¶ M‡elYvi gva¨‡g †mB fvlv¸‡jvi
eZ©gvb Ae¯’v, A_©vr, Zvi we‡jvc m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü
cÖZ¨¶ M‡elYvi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM †bB e‡j †Kej MÖš’MZ Dr‡mi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z
n‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb AvBwik fvlvwe` Ges fvi‡Z wbhy³ weªwUk
miKvwi Kg©KZ©v m¨vi RR© Aveªvnvg wMÖqvim‡bi m¤úv`bvq 1898 mvj †_‡K msM„nxZ
Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ 1903 †_‡K 1928 ch©šÍ `xN© cuwPk eQi a‡i cÖYxZ I cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q wj½yBw÷K mv‡f© Ae BwÛqv| Gi c‡i Awef³ fviZ Ges †`kwefvM cieZ©x
cvwK¯Ívb Ges 1971-Gi gyw³hy‡×vËi ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k GiKg mvgwMÖK fvlv-Rwi‡ci
Avi †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nqwb| D‡jøL Kiv hvq †h, RvwZms‡Ni BD‡b‡¯‹v cÖYxZ
we‡k¦i fvlv-wecbœZvi ˆe`y¨Zxb gvbwP‡Î (e-map) evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv wn‡m‡e
†Kv‡bv fvlv‡K wPwýZ Kiv nqwb|22 ZviciI mv¤úªwZK M‡elYvq †h fvlv¸‡jv‡K
B‡Zvg‡a¨B wejyß †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kej †m¸‡jv‡KB eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü wejyß fvlv
wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡e| G‡¶‡Î D‡jøL¨, wmK`vi (2011) evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ B‡›`v-
BD‡ivcxq fvlv-cwiev‡ii B‡›`v-Avh© kvLvi iv‡Rvqvi Ges A‡÷ªv-GwkqvwUK
cwiev‡ii gvnvwj I `ªvweoxq cwiev‡ii cvnvwoqv ev gvj‡Zv fvlv‡K eZ©gv‡b wejyß
e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ Av‡iv D‡jøL Av‡Q †h, gvnvwj, gvj‡Zv (cvnvwiqv) I
iv‡Rvqvi-fvlxiv eZ©gv‡b B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq mv`wi fvlv e¨envi K‡i|
3.1. evsjv‡`‡k fvlvi wejywß I wecbœZv
fvlv -wecbœZv cÖm‡½ GKwU welq Aek¨ D‡jøL¨ †h, wecbœ fvlv‡Kw›`ªK m‡PZbZv
†Kej †h fvlv¸‡jv B‡Zvg‡a¨B g„Z, wKsev wejyß, wKsev wejyßcÖvq †m¸‡jv‡K wb‡qB
AvewZ©Z n‡e Zv ev¯Íem¤§Z bq Ges Kvg¨I bq| KviY PjwZ kZvãxi g‡a¨ hw`
c„w_exi cÖvq beŸB kZvsk fvlv wejyß n‡q hvq Zvn‡j msL¨vi wePv‡i eZ©gvb c„w_exi
A‡bK cÖfvewe¯Ívix fvlvI Avgiv nvwi‡q †dje| myZivs, wecbœZvi wPÎ Ges Avfvm
wbðqB me fvlvi Rb¨ GK iKg bq| AvšÍR©v‡j (internet) Ave× mgKvjxb
c„w_ex‡Z fvlvi e¨envi I fvwlK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg †¶Î n‡jv AvšÍR©vj|
AvšÍR©vwjK †hvMv‡hv‡M fvwlK cÖKvk I Dc¯’vcb m¤¢e n‡q‡Q cÖhyw³i DbœwZ Ges
GKB m‡½ mvaviY gvby‡li cÖhyw³-NwbôZvi Kvi‡Y| AvMvgxi c„w_ex‡Z mv¤ªvR¨ev`x
fvlvi AvMÖvm‡bi ejq †_‡K †mmKj fvlvB wb‡R‡`i ¯^vZš¿¨ wb‡q wU‡K _vK‡e hviv
fvlv‡K AvšÍ©Rv‡ji fvlv wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv w`‡Z cvi‡e| G cÖm‡½ D`vniY wn‡m‡e
evsjvfvlvi K_vB ejv hvq| 2010-Gi wn‡me Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k, fvi‡Zi cwðge½,
Avmvg I wÎcyivq evsjvi ¯^fvlx evBk †KvwU wgwj‡q eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z evsjvi me©‡gvU
evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv 265

fvlxi msL¨v cÖvq wZwik †KvwU|23 cÖvq ev‡ivk eQi eqmx evsjv evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªfvlv
I msL¨vMwiô gvby‡li cÖ_g fvlv; fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½i cÖavb fvlv Ges cwðge½
QvovI Av‡iv `ywU iv‡R¨ cÖfvewe¯Ívix fvlv| G fvlvq cÖvq ev‡iv kZvãxKvj a‡i iwPZ
mg„× mvwnZ¨`„‡ó Ges fvlv PP©viBwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbvq evsjv‡K c„w_exi Ab¨Zg
cÖwZwôZ Ges weKwkZ fvlv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| GKB m‡½ fvwlK mvg‡_©¨i w`K
†_‡KI evsjv DbœZ fvlv wn‡m‡e AvR ¯^cÖwZwôZ| GiKg cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evsjvi fvlvi
eZ©gvb Ae¯’v ch©v‡jvPbvq GKwU welq cÖvqk:B Av‡jvwPZ nq- Bs‡iwR fvlvi
A_©‰bwZK Zvrch© I mvgvwRK Avwac‡Z¨ evsjvi Ôfvlv`~lYÕ Ges Gi †_‡K evsjv
fvlvi fwel¨r wecbœZvi AbyKíbI j¶¨ Kiv hvq| G cÖm‡½ GKwU K_v wbtm‡›`‡nB
ejv hvq †h AvšÍR©vwjK cÖKv‡k evsjvi w¯’wZ Ges evsjvfvlvi AvšÍR©vwjK cÖKvkMZ
mvg‡_©¨i cÖvhyw³K Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv †M‡j AvMvgx GK‡kv eQ‡i c„w_exi nvwi‡q
hvIqv fvlv‡`i ZvwjKvq Avgv‡`i AšÍZ evsjvfvlv‡K †`L‡Z n‡e bv| myZivs, GKwU
welq ¯úó †h evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ AcÖavb fvlv¸‡jvi wecbœZvi Zyjbvq evsjv wecbœ-
fvlv bq| wKš‘ †h fvlv¸‡jvi fvlxi msL¨v µgk wbgœMvgx, Ges fvwlK mvg_©¨ I
mvwnwZ¨K HwZn¨ Ges GKB m‡½ wbR¯^ wjLbixwZ‡Z Dc¯’vc‡bi mvg‡_©¨i w`K †_‡K
`ye©j †m fvlv¸‡jv‡KB wecbœ wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq| wecbœZvi gvb`‡Ð †h
fvlv¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb me©wb‡gœ, wbtm‡›`‡n †mB fvlv¸‡jvB Av‡M nvwi‡q hv‡e| †h
Ae¯’v¸‡jvi wfwˇZ GKwU fvlvi wecbœZvi ¯Íi wba©viY Kiv hvq †m¸‡jv n‡Z cv‡i
cÖ_gZ, fvlvwUi AvšÍR©vwZKZv, A_©vr, wewfbœ †`‡k cÖPwjZ wKbv; wØZxqZ,
†hvMv‡hvMxq mvg_©¨, A_©vr, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi m¤¢ve¨ mKj †¶‡Î fvlvwUi fvwlK cÖKv‡ki
mvg_©¨; Z…ZxqZ, wk¶vi gva¨g wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq wKbv; e¨envi-w¯’wZ, A_©vr, cÖwZwU
cÖR‡b¥i mK‡jB fvlvwU‡Z †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM K‡i _v‡K wKbv; PZz_©Z, wkï-cÖRb¥
fvlvwU e¨envi K‡i bv wK Ab¨ †Kv‡bv fvlvq K_v e‡j; cÂgZ, fvlvwUi e¨enviKvix
†Kej e‡qv‡R¨ôiv wKbv hviv msL¨vq wbZvšÍB Aí; Ges lôZ, fvlvwUi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †KejB
HwZnvwmK mZ¨ wKbv Ges †Kej we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb I cwi‡e‡k fvlvwUi cÖZxKx e¨envi
i‡q‡Q wKbv| e¯‘Z GmKj we‡ePbvq GKwU fvlvi wecbœZv Ges fvlvwU Avï wejyß
n‡Z P‡j‡Q wKbv Zv wba©viY Kiv qvq| D‡jøL¨, G_‡bvjM (2013) `kwU gvb`‡Ði
wfwˇZ fvlvi wecbœZvi ¯Íi wba©viY K‡i‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K BD‡b‡¯‹v fvlvi wecbœZvi
QqwU ¯Íi wba©viY K‡i‡Q, K. msKvUcbœ (vulnarable); L. wecbœ (definitely
endangered); M. AwZ wecbœ (severly endangered); N. Pig wecbœ (critically
endangered); O. wejyß (extinct); Ges P. cybiæ×viK…Z (revitalised)|24
myZivs, †`Lv hv‡”Q †h fvlv¸‡jv Dc‡i DwjøwLZ wecbœZv gvÎvi PZz_©, A_©vr, ÔPig
wecbœÕ ¯Í‡i Av‡Q †mB fvlv¸‡jvB Avï wejyß n‡Z P‡j‡Q| G ch©v‡q evsjv‡`‡ki
266 evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKv

wecbœ-fvlv wPwýZKi‡Y †Kej fvlxmsL¨v Ges wbR¯^ wjLbixwZi e¨envi‡K wfwË K‡i
wb‡Pi QKwU cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q; KviY wecbœZvi mKj gvb`‡Ði wfwˇZ evsjv‡`‡ki
wecbœ-fvlv¸‡jv‡K eY©bv Kivi Rb¨ cÖZ¨¶ DcvË (empirical data) cÖ‡qvRb hv
eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi cwim‡i m¤¢e bq|

fvlx-msL¨v
fvlv
wmK`vi G_‡bv‡jvM wjwc wecbœZvi ¯Íi gšÍe¨
(2011) (2013)
iv‡Rvqvi ― Anwgqv wejyß
weòzwcÖqv 40,000 †bB wk¶vi gva¨g weKvkgvb
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
Anwgqv ― †bB wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eûj
e¨eüZ
PvKgv 1,50,000 gb&-L‡gi e„nËi weKvkgvb
2,52,986 †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
gva¨g
nvRs 11,477 8,000 †bB msKUvcbœ weKvkgvb
mv`wi 5987 ? 1,66,000 †bB msKUvcbœ weKvkgvb
Lvwm 13,412 b~¨bZg †bB Pig wecbœ Pig-wecbœ
wj½vg ― 1,000 †bB Ab¨ fvlvq (wj½vg fvlv‡K
miY N‡U‡Q Lvwmi GKwU Dcfvlv
g‡b Kiv nq)
c&bvi ― 4,000 jvwZb msKUvcbœ wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eûj
e¨eüZ
ˆRwšÍqv ― 16,000 †bB msKUvcbœ
mvuIZvwj 202744 2,25000 evsjv / wk¶vi gva¨g weKvkgvb
†ivgvb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
†Kvj 1,660 †bB msKUvcbœ wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eûj
e¨eüZ
Gvnvwj †bB wejyß
(wmK`vi,2011)
gyÐvwi/ gyÐv 2,112 2,500 †bB msKUvcbœ wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eûj
e¨eüZ
cvsLIqv 3,227 3,200 †bB / msKUvcbœ
†ivgvb
wg‡hv/ 662 250 †bB Pig-wecbœ
evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv 267

jymvB
ˆg‡Zwq ― 15,000 Anwgqv / msKUvcbœ weKvkgvb
†ivgvb
†¤ªv 22,178 30,000 †bB/ msKUvcbœ weKvkgvb
†ivgvb
Lywg 1,241 10,000 †bB msKUvcbœ wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eûj
e¨eüZ
eg 6,978 2,090 †bB msKUvcbœ weKvkgvb
wn‡qv 2345 ― †bB msKUvcbœ weKvkgvb
D‡kvB ― 22,400 †bB msKUvcbœ weKvkgvb
wUciv ― 50,000 †bB msKUvcbœ wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eûj
e¨eüZ
†gMvg ― 6,870 †bB msKUvcbœ wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eûj
e¨eüZ
wiqvs ― 500 †bB Pig-wecbœ miY ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q
gvw›` 68,210 1,20,000 †ivgvb msKUvcbœ
†KvP ― 6,000 †bB msKUvcbœ
cvÎ/jvjs 2,033 †bB msKUvcbœ
cvwjqv ― †bB msKUvcbœ
ivReskx 5,444/ †bB msKUvcbœ
20,000
(?)
†iswgZ&mv 30 (Alo, 2015) †bB cybiæ×viK…Z
mvK 2,000 3,000 †bB Pig-wecbœ
Vvi 40,000 †bB msKUvcbœ
gvigv 1,50,000 ewg© / †bB (e„nËi weKvkgvb
gb&-L‡gi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
gva¨g)
ivLvBb 2,00,000 (e„nËi weKvkgvb
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi
gva¨g)
KziæL 85,000 50,000 †bB Pig-wecbœ
cvnvwiqv 1,853 7,000 †bB wejyß (wmK`vi,
(gvj‡Zv) 2011)
j¶Yxq Dc‡ii Q‡K †Kej †h fvlv¸‡jvi we‡jvc m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ cvIqv †M‡Q †Kej
†m¸‡jv‡KB wejyß wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G_‡bvjM Ges BD‡b‡¯‹v cÖ`Ë
wecbœZvi KvVv‡gvi Abymv‡i Ab¨vb¨ fvlv‡K wecbœZvi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
268 evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKv

Z‡e G †kªYxKiY c×wZMZfv‡e m¤ú~Y© I m¤úbœ bq KviY G `ywU ms¯’vi †kÖYxKiY

c×wZI wfbœ| GQvov evsjv‡`‡ki wecbœ-fvlv¸‡jv‡K wecbœZvi ¯Íi Abyhvqx
†kÖYxKi‡Yi †Kv‡bv ¯^xK…Z ivóªxq cÖvwZôvwbK D‡`¨vM M„nxZ nqwb| Avi ZvB G_‡bvjM
Ges BD‡b‡¯‹v cÖ¯ÍvweZ KvVv‡gv AbymiY K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki AcÖavb fvlv¸‡jvi
wecbœZvi gvÎv wbY©q AZ¨šÍ SzuwKc~Y©| KviY G `ywU KvVv‡gvi †Kv‡bvwUB ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq
Ges G `ywU cÖwZôv‡bi cÖKvwkZ I Dc¯’vwcZ Z‡_¨i MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv wb‡qI i‡q‡Q wØav|
ZvB eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi mxwgZ I mxgve× my‡hv‡Mi cwimxgvq GB cÖ‡Póv wbtm‡›`‡nB
D”Pvwfjvlx|
3.2. evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv : fvlv cwiw¯’wZ
eZ©gvb M‡elYvq e¨eüZ Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ evsjv‡`‡ki wecbœ-fvlv¸‡jvi wecbœZv
ch©v‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z wZbwU fvlv‡K wejyß wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq: iv‡Rvqvi,
gvnvwj I gvj‡Zv (cvnvwiqv)| j¶Yxq, wmK`vi (2011)-‡Z iv‡Rvqvi fvlvwUi D‡jøL
i‡q‡Q wKš‘ cieZ©x M‡elYv G_‡bvj‡M (2013) iv‡Rvqvi bv‡g †Kv‡bv fvlv‡K
ZvwjKve× Kiv nqwb| myZivs, a‡i †bIqv hvq G_‡bvjM (2013) †gŠwLK msÁvc‡bi
gva¨g wn‡m‡e iv‡Rvqvi fvlvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cvqwb e‡jB fvlvwU‡K ZvwjKve× K‡iwb| †m
Kvi‡Y eZ©gvb M‡elYvq iv‡Rvqvi fvlv‡K wejyß wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Ab¨w`‡K, gvnvwj I gvj‡Zv `ywU fvlv‡KB c~e©eZ©x M‡elYv, A_©vr, wmK`vi (2011)-
†Z B‡Zvg‡a¨B wejyß wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wmK`vi (2011) cÖ`Ë Z_¨ Abymv‡i
gvnvwj Ges gvj‡Zv Dfq fvlvi fvlxiv eZ©gv‡b mv`wi fvlv e¨envi K‡i| myZivs,
ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, G `ywU fvlvi fvlx‡`i fvlv miY N‡U‡Q mv`wi fvlvq|
iv‡Rvqvi (Rajwar)
wmK`vi (2011)-†Z iv‡Rvqvi fvlv‡K GKwU B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv wn‡m‡e
ZvwjKve× Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G fvlvi fvlxiv eZ©gv‡b mv`wi fvlv e¨envi K‡i e‡j
DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e wMÖqvimb m¤úvw`Z fvi‡Zi fvlvRwi‡c G m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv Z_¨
cvIqv hvqwb| iv‡Rvqvi b„-†Mvôxi evm fvi‡Zi wenv‡i Ges Giv wnw›`i †Kv‡bv GKwU
Dcfvlv e¨envi K‡i|25 Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Z_¨m~‡Î evsjv‡`‡kI G b„-†Mvôx i‡q‡Q
e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|26 j¶Yxq G †¶‡Î iv‡Rvqvi Avw`evmx †Mvôx evsjvfvlv
e¨envi K‡i e‡j DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü e¨eüZ Ôiv‡RvqviÕ m¤úwK©Z `ywU
Z_¨Dr‡mi (Martin, 1838 Ges Joshua Project, Rajwar in Bangladesh)
†Kv‡bvwU‡ZB G‡K ¯^Zš¿ fvlv wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv nqwb| G `ywU Z_¨-Drm Abymv‡i
ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, iv‡Rvqvi GKwU ¶z`ª b„-†Mvôx Ges evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi wenv‡i
evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv 269

Giv emevm K‡i Ges evsjv‡`‡ki iv‡Rvqvi‡`i fvlv evsjv,27 A_ev mv`wi|28
myZivs, ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, iv‡Rvqvi-fvlx‡`i evsjv Ges mv`wi fvlvq miY N‡U‡Q|
gvnvwj (Mahle/ Mahili/ Mahali)
wMÖqvimb gvnvwj‡K A‡÷ªv-GwkqvwUK cwiev‡ii gyÐvwi kvLvi fvlv gvnvwj Ges GwU
mvuIZvj fvlvi GKwU JcfvwlK ˆewPΨ wn‡m‡e wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb|29 wmK`vi (2011)
gvnvwj fvlv‡K `ªvweoxq cwiev‡ii fvlv wn‡m‡e †kÖYxfz³ K‡i‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z gvnvwj
fvlv wejyß Ges eZ©gv‡b G fvlvi fvlxiv B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq mv`wi fvlv e¨envi K‡i|
Z‡e wmK`vi (2011) Qvov Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨-Dr‡m wMÖqvimb (1906) Abymv‡i evmy30 Ges
†Kv‡j31 gvnvwj fvlv‡K A‡÷ªv-GwkqvwUK cwiev‡ii gyÐvwi kvLvi fvlv wn‡m‡e D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb| wMÖqvimb cwðge‡½i exif~g, mvuIZvj ciMbv, gvbf~g I gqyifćK
gvnvwji fvlv AÂj wn‡m‡e wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb| GQvovI G_‡bvjM (2013) Abymv‡i
evsjv‡`‡ki DËie‡½i ivRkvnx A‡j gvnvwjfvlx i‡q‡Q| myZivs, gvnvwj fvlvi
wejywßi wel‡q wfbœ gZ i‡q‡Q e‡j †Kej MÖš’MZ Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ gvnvwj fvlv wejyß
wKbv †m wel‡q my¯úó gšÍe¨ Kiv m¤¢e bq|
gvj‡Zv (Malto)
wMÖqvimb (1906) m¤úvw`Z wj½yBw÷K mv‡f© Ad BwÛqvi PZz_© L‡Ð cwðge‡½i
mvuIZvj ciMbvi ivRgnj cvnvo AÂj, ûMwj, w`bvRcyi, `vwR©wjs, fvMjcyi, gvj`v
Ges evOvwj I wenvwi Aay¨wlZ GjvKvmg~n‡K gvj‡Zvi fvlv AÂj wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv
n‡q‡Q| 32 j¶Yxq, GLv‡b ZrKvjxb c~e©evsjvi †Kv‡bv AÂj wb‡`©k Kiv nqwb|
myZivs a‡i †bqv hvq, wMÖqvim‡bi fvlvRwic Abymv‡i evsjv‡`‡k †Kv‡bv gvj‡Zvfvlx
wQj bv| GKB m‡½ 1890 mv‡j fvi‡Z cwiPvwjZ Rbïgvwi‡Z gvj‡Zvi †Kv‡bv
fvlxmsL¨v wb‡`©k Kiv nqwb e‡jI wZwb D‡jøL K‡ib| Z‡e gvj‡Zv fvlv m¤ú‡K©
wMÖqvimb e‡jb, æ...turned out to be a corrupt Bengali”|33 wMÖqvim‡bi G gšÍe¨
wbtm‡›`‡nB gvj‡Zv fvlvi evsjvq fvlvZvwË¡K miY (shift) m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ
K‡i| m¨vb‡dvW© Rvbv‡”Qb, wenv‡ii ivRgnj cvnvo QvovI cwðge½, Dwol¨v Ges
wÎcyivi wbw`©ó wKQz A‡j gvj‡Zv-fvlxiv i‡q‡Q|34 G †¶‡ÎI j¶Yxq welq n‡jv,
evsjv‡`‡k gvj‡Zv fvlvi fvlx i‡q‡Q wKbv †m m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv Z‡_¨i D‡jøL †bB|
gvj‡Zv fvlvi `ywU JcfvwlK ˆewP‡Î¨i K_v Rvbv hvq, Z‡e, wmK`vi (2011)
gvj‡Zv fvlxiv eZ©gv‡b mv`wi fvlv fvlv e¨envi K‡i e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
4.
270 evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKv

evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlvmg~n m¤úwK©Z eZ©gvb M‡elYvq wZbwU fvlv: iv‡Rvqvi, gvnvwj
I gvj‡Zv‡K wejyß wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡jI wb‡`©wkZ Z_¨-Dr‡mi Av‡jv‡K iv‡Rvqvi
fvlv‡K †Kv‡bv ¯^Zš¿ fvlv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq bv| †mw`K †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki
wejyß fvlv wn‡m‡e `ywU fvlv‡K wPwýZ Kiv hvq: gvnvwj I gvj‡Zv| evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß
Ges wejyßcÖvq fvlvi Ae¯’v ch©v‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq †h fvlv¸‡jv‡K †Kv‡bv GKwU
Dr‡m nqZ wejyß wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q, Avevi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Dr‡m Zv‡K
wecbœZvi Ab¨ GKwU ¯Í‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GQvov evsjv‡`‡k †gvU KZwU fvlv i‡q‡Q
Ges cÖwZwU fvlxi msL¨v‡Kw›`ªK weåvwšÍ GKwU Ab¨Zg mxgve×Zv evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv
wecbœZv ch©v‡jvPbvq| GiKg GKwU Ae¯’vq `vuwo‡q evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß I wejyßcÖvq
fvlv¸‡jvi wPwýZKi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki mKj fvlvi mvgwMÖK msL¨vZvwË¡K DcvË
cÖ‡qvRb| Avi Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mvgwMÖK I mvgš^wqK fvlvRwic| G fvlvRwi‡ci
gva¨‡g AcÖavb fvlv¸‡jv hv‡Z nvwi‡q bv hvq Zvi Rb¨ fvlv¸‡jvi wecbœZvi gvÎv
Abyhvqx Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb †hB fvlvwU wejyß n‡q †M‡Q †mB
fvlvwU‡K cybM©Vb c×wZ‡Z HwZnvwmK I Zzjbvg~jK fvlv‰eÁvwbK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g
cybiæ×vi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, †h fvlvwU wejyßcÖvq Zv‡K evuwP‡q ivLvi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î fvlvwUi wjwc bv _vK‡j wjwci cÖYqb
K‡i †jvKmvwnZ¨ wjwce× Kivi gva¨‡g fvlvwUi wjwce× iƒc wbg©v‡Yi cÖ‡Póv †bIqv
†h‡Z cv‡i| cieZ©x ch©v‡q AšÍZ wkï‡`i‡K gvZ…fvlvq wk¶v`v‡bi Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯ÍK
cÖYqb K‡i cvV`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov Ab¨ fvlvi mvwnZ¨ IB fvlvwU‡Z
Abyev‡`i gva¨‡g fvlvwUi fvwlK mvg_©¨ ev fvlvZvwË¡K mg„w× Avbqb m¤¢e n‡e| wKš‘
GmKj Kvh©µg †Kv‡bv GKK e¨w³i c‡¶ m¤¢e bq| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb hy‡Mvc‡hvMx I
mvgwMÖK fvlvcwiKíbv hv GKBmv‡_ fvlv¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb I Aeqe cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K©
w`Kwb‡`©kbv †`‡e|

Z_¨wb‡`©k

1 Mohammad Shaheed Hossain Chowdhury & Masao Koike & Shigeyuki, Critical
Analysis of the Forest Policy of Bangladesh: Highlights on Conservation and
People’s Participation, Forest Conservation in Protected Areas of Bangladesh ed.
by Mohammad Shaheed Hossain Chowdhury, (Springer 2014), p. 46
2 David Bradley & Maya Bradley, Introduction, Language Endangerment and
Language Maintenance, (Routledge Curzon 2002), p. xi
3 K David Harrison, When Languages Die, (Oxford University Press 2007), p. 5
evsjv‡`‡ki wejyß fvlv 271

4 Dadid Crystal, Language Death, (Cambridge University Press 2000), p. 1

5 Julia Sallabak, Language Endangerment, The Sage Handbook of Sociolinguistics,
(Sage, 2011), p. 501
6 g„Yvj bv_, fvlv I mgvR, (bqv D‡`¨vM 1999), c„. 254
7 BBC, BBC evsjv retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/bengali/multimedia/ 2014/08/
140814_mrk_india_sanskrit on (2016, August, 24).
8 Rajiv Malhotra, The Battle for Sanskrit: is Sanscrit political, sacred, obsessive or
liberating, dead or alive (New Delhi: Harper Collins Publisher, 2016), p. 276
9 gwbiæ¾vgvb, Dcfvlv PP©vi f~wgKv, (evsjv GKv‡Wgx 1994), c„. 158
10 MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb (1972)|
11 †mŠif wmK`vi, evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ b„-†Mvôxi fvlv, cÖwgZ evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, (evsjv
GKv‡Wgx 2011), c„. 179
12 Ethnologoe, Urd, Languages of the World retrieved from https://www.
ethnologue.com/language/urd on 2015, November 04
13 Ethnologoe, Santhali, Languages of the World retrieved from https://www.
ethnologue.com/language/sat on 2015, November 04
14 wmK`vi, 2011
15 cÖv¸³
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