University of Jordan

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Mechanical Engineering Department

Strength of Materials (I) Laboratory

Section:1 (Sunday 2-5) Group: B

Experiment No. (6):Creep Test

Done on: 20/4/2014
Date of Submission: 27/4/2014

1
Introduction
Creep is high temperature progressive deformation at constant stress. Creep rates are used in evaluating materials for boilers, gas turbines, jet
engines, ovens, or any application that involves high temperatures and are under load. It measures the tendency of a material to change its
form under stress High temperatures allow metals to deform more easily since atoms can move more readily, hence, greater movement of
dislocations or slips occur. This test is used to determine the minimum creep rate and thus the expected deformation that might occur when
applying a constant load at elevated temperature. In our experiment, we'll investigate the effect of applying a constant load on several lead
specimens of 30mm gauge length at a constant temperature (room temperature: 24°C). Measurements of strain are then recorded over a period
of time, until fracture occurs.

Creep occurs in three stages:

-Primarystage (I)

-Secondary stage (II)

-Tertiary stage (III)

Stage I, or Primary creep occurs at the beginning of the tests, and creep is mostly transiently; not at a steady rate. Resistance to creep increases
until Stage II is reached. In Stage II, or Secondary creep, the rate of creep becomes roughly steady. This stage is often referred to as steady
state creep. In Stage III, or tertiary creep, the creep rate begins to accelerate as the cross sectional area of the specimen decreases due to
necking. If stage III is allowed to proceed, fracture will occur.

Results:

Load: 11N

2
Time (s) Deflection (mm) Strain

3
0 1.6 0.064
5 1.8 0.072
10 2 0.08
15 2.2 0.088
20 2.3 0.092
25 2.4 0.096
30 2.5 0.1
35 2.58 0.1032
40 2.65 0.106
45 2.7 0.108
50 2.78 0.1112
55 2.82 0.1128
60 2.88 0.1152
65 2.94 0.1176
70 2.98 0.1192
75 3.01 0.1204
80 3.05 0.122
85 3.1 0.124
90 3.15 0.126
95 3.2 0.128
100 3.3 0.132
105 3.35 0.134
110 3.38 0.1352
115 3.41 0.1364
120 3.45 0.138
125 3.49 0.1396
130 3.53 0.1412
135 3.56 0.1424
140 3.6 0.144
145 3.63 0.1452
150 3.68 0.1472
155 3.72 0.1488
160 3.8 0.152
165 3.82 0.1528
170 3.87 0.1548
175 3.93 0.1572
180 3.96 0.1584
185 4 0.16
190 4.01 0.1604
195 4.19 0.1676
200 4.25 0.17
205 4.28 0.1712
210 4.32 0.1728
215 4.35 0.174
220 4.38 0.1752
225 4.45 0.178
230 4.54 0.1816
235 4.6 0.184

4
 240 4.64 0.1856
245 4.68 0.1872
250 4.74 0.1896
255 4.79 0.1916
260 4.83 0.1932
265 4.9 0.196
270 5 0.2
275 5.1 0.204
280 5.41 0.2164
285 5.62 0.2248
290 6.08 0.2432
295 6.38 0.2552
300 6.82 0.2728
305 8.4 0.336

Graph #1: Strain VS Time (for 11N load)

Load: 12N

Time (s) Deflection (mm) Strain

0 1 0.04
5 1.2 0.048

5
10 1.4 0.056
15 1.46 0.0584
20 1.55 0.062
25 1.6 0.064
30 1.68 0.0672
35 1.72 0.0688
40 1.78 0.0712
45 1.82 0.0728
50 1.86 0.0744
55 1.9 0.076
60 1.95 0.078
65 1.99 0.0796
70 2.04 0.0816
75 2.05 0.082
80 2.1 0.084
85 2.15 0.086
90 2.19 0.0876
95 2.22 0.0888
100 2.26 0.0904
105 2.28 0.0912
110 2.4 0.096
120 2.46 0.0984
130 2.55 0.102
140 2.6 0.104
150 2.7 0.108
160 2.85 0.114
170 2.9 0.116
180 3 0.12
190 3.1 0.124
200 3.3 0.132
210 3.6 0.144
220 4.4 0.176

6
Graph #2: Strain VS Time (for 12N load)

Calculations:

*The Creep Rate:

The creep rate = slope of the curve in stage 2:

For graph #1 (when 11N is applied):

ε
slope=
t

0.2164−0.2
=1.64 ×10−3 s−1
280−270

For graph #2 (when 12N is applied):

7
 −4
0.132−0.12 −1
=6 × 10 s
200−180

:Total And Instantaneous Elongations

*:For the 11N load

Instant elongation = 1.6mm

Total elongation =8.4mm

*:For the 12N load

Instant elongation = 1.0mm

Total elongation =4.4mm

Sample Of Calculation:

We will take our sample at

load =12N

and at time =50 sec

strain=deflection/length(gage)

strain=1.86mm/25mm=0.0744

8
Discussion & Conclusion
We performed a successful creep test to several lead specimens. The creep diagram
reflectsa typical creep behavior, so we can conclude that the results were pretty accurate.A
deflection reading was recorded each five seconds. Deflection values were used to calculate
.the creep ratethat resulted from applying the loads (11N and 12N)

After plotting graphs of strain vs time, the results show the variation of elongation with
time.The graphs do not start from the origin. This is because a sudden elongation occurs
when the load is first applied at time (t=0). At the primary stage, rapid elongation occurs
with respect to time. While at the secondary stage, the slope represents a linear relationship
ε
between elongation and time, which represent the creep value ( t ¿ . The slope

decreases/becomes very steep until fracture/failure occurs.The whole curve represents the
total elongation of the sample. The creep rate is greater when 12N is applied. This explains
.the greater value obtained for the slope of the linear region in the calculations

The study has also shown the necessity to select optimum test conditions to evidence
differences. For instance, applied load must be high enough to detect the potential impact of
void content on the permanent deformation behavior. On the other hand, too extreme test
conditions may lead to plastic failure (collapse of the mix structure) and unrepeatable
.results

Creep test is important because it helps designers identify which typeof a material can do  
better job under stress or high temperatures. They most commonly test the creep of alloys
and plastics for the understanding of their properties and advantages of one material's use
.over another

:Source of Errors

.The specimens used were not all identical in shape, which lowers the accuracy -

A reading was recorded each 5s. A personal error might have occurred in counting, so the -
.time at which the reading was recorded might have exceeded the five seconds

.Repetition is an effective way to reduce errors