oe HUMAN HUMAN DIMENSION/ PS PWT Tele) atl (ery Pool ede teld Seas ty Ts el ANTHROPOMETRIC TABLES BOVdS YOMSLNI 2 INTERIOR SPACE/BASIC DESIGN REFERENCE STANDARDSHUMAN DIMENSION & INTERIOR SPACE A SOURCE BOOK DESIGN REFERENCE STANDARDS. BY JULIUS PANERO, AIA, ASIO AND MARTIN ZELNIK, AIA, ASID WHITNEY LIBRARY OF DESIGN an imprint of Watson-Guptill Publicaions/New YorkDEDICATION To that smail group of anthropologists specializing inthe feld of en- Gineering anthropemetry, without whose expertise, vision, and Sensitivity tothe importance of human dimension and is relationship tothe desion process this book certainly could not have been writen. ce Unies Sate Cas by Wine Lay es ry Sng ann Panton Oa Augean Naan penny oe Siac torsion songe rd tet apanne CONTENTS FOREWORD, 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, 10 PREFACE, 12 INTRODUCTION, 15 A. HUMAN DIMENSION/ ANTHROPOMETRICS, 24 1. ANTHROPOMETRIC THEORY, 23 1.1 ANTHROPOMETRY, 23 4.2SOURCES OF DATA, 26 1.3 TYPE OF DATA, 27 1.4 PRESENTATION OF DATA, 31 1.5 PERCENTILES, 34 1.8 VARIABILITY AND RELIABILITY, 98 2. ANTHROPOMETRIC DATAJAPPLICATION, 37 2.1 APPROPRIATENESS, 37 2.2 "AVERAGE MAN" FALLACY, 37 2.3 REACH, CLEARANCE, AND ADJUSTABILITY, 38 2.4 THE HIDDEN DIMENSIONS, 38 2.5 PEOPLE IN MOTION, 40 2.6 RANGE OF JOINT MOTION, 43 27 RESTRAINTS, 45 3, ELDERLY AND PHYSICALLY DISABLED PEOPLE, 47 3.1 ELDERLY PEOPLE, 47 3.2PHYSICALLY DISABLED PEOPLE, 50 3.3 CHAIREOUND PEOPLE. 50 34 AMBULANT DISABLED PEOPLE, 54, ANTHROPOMETRICS OF SEATING, 57 4.1 THE DYNAMICS OF SEATING, 57. 4.2 ANTHROPOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS, 60 43 SEAT HEIGHT. 60 4.4 SEAT DEPTH, 83 4.5 BACKREST, 65 4.6 ARMRESTS, 66 4.7 CUSHIONING, 67 HUMAN DIMENSION ANTHROPOMETRIC TABLES, 69 1. METROLOGICAL ANALYSIS, 73 2. ADULTMALE AND FEMALE! ‘STRUCTURAL BODY DIMENSIONS, 63 3. ADULTMALE AND FEMALE! MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURAL BODY DIMENSIONS, 97 4. ADULT MALE AND FEMALE! FUNCTIONAL BODY DIMENSIONS, 99 5. ADULTMALE AND FEMALE/ PROJECTED 1985 BODY DIMENSIONS, 101 6. ADULT MALE WORKING POSITIONS, 103, 7. CHILDREN AGES 610 11/ WEIGHT AND STRUCTURAL BODY DIMENSIONS, 105 8. ADULTMALEHEAD, FACE, HAND, AND FOOT DIMENSIONS, 111 8. JOINT MOTION, 113, C. INTERIOR SPACE/BASIC DESIGN REFERENCE STANDARDS, 121 1. SEATING, 125 2. RESIDENTIAL SPACES, 131 2.1 LIVING SPACES, 133 2.2 DINING SPACES, 139 2.3 COOKING SPACES, 149 24 SLEEPING SPACES, 157 2.5 BATHROOMS, 163 3. OFFICE SPACES, 169 3.1 THE PRIVATE OFFICE, 171 3.2 THE GENERAL OFFICE, 175 3.3 RECEPTION SPACES, 187 3.4 CONFERENCE ROOMS, 191 4. MERCANTILE SPACES, 195 4.1 RETAIL SPACES, 197 4.2 FOOD STORES, 205 4.3 HAIR STYLING, 209 5. EATING AND DRINKING SPACES, 213 5.1 BARS, 215 5.2 FOOD COUNTERS, 219 53 DINING SPACES, 223 6, HEALTH CARE SPACES, 231 6.1 MEDICAL TREATMENT ROOMS, 233 62 DENTAL TREATMENT ROOMS, 237 6.3 HOSPITAL ROOMS, 241 7. LEISURE AND RECREATIONAL SPACES, 247 7.1 EXERCISE AREAS, 249 7.2 SPORTS AND GAMES, 255 73 WORK AND CRAFT CENTERS, 259 8, PUBLIC SPACES, 263 18:1 HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION SPACES, 265 ‘82 VERTICAL CIRCULATION SPACES, 271 18.3 PUBLIC BATHROOMS, 275 8.4 PUBLIC CONVENIENCE FACILITIES, 278 8. AUDIOVISUAL SPACES, 283 9.1 BASICS, 285 9.2 WORKSTATION DISPLAYS, 289 9.3 DISPLAYS FOR GROUP VIEWING, 293 D. EPILOGUE, 299 E. APPENDIX, 209 NOTES, 311 GLOSSARY, 313 ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA/SOURCES, 315 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY, 316 INDEX, 318FOREWORD ‘Over the past 30 years, physical anthropologists have been con- ‘cerned with the documentation and description of human body size variably and its application to design. A significant problem con- tinues to exist, however, inthe communication of such knowledge 10 the wide variety of potential user, the design community. ‘The diversity ofthis group of users is broad, ranging from designers Cf workspaces such as aircraft cockpits or offices, through pattern makers and clothiers to designers of respirators and other personal Protective oquipmont. Equally as diverse are the needs of the users. For example, a designer of an office has litie use for 8 dimension ‘such a8 neck circumference, while a clothier or pattern maker may ‘consider it vital. Furthermore, users often need information about diferent segments of the population, perhaps about chidren, coal miners, college students, office workers, factory workers, etc, and ‘each user may require a different type of analysis or data presenta tion. Iti, therefore, extremely helpful forthe anthropologst to com- ‘municate effectively with each of the many spodialiss within the ‘Specific framework of their particular design probloms. Its tus very gratifying to find that the authors of this book, beth ‘experienced professionals in ther told, have takon on the complex task of bridging he gap not only by bringing to architects and interior designers much valuable anthropometric information in usable form ‘ut, mare importantly, by conveying so persuasively the concept that Luntappod rasources of relevant body size information exist and that its use has much potential impact on tha improvernent of workspace and residential design. In their presentation, the authors strike an excellent balance, avoiding the pitalis of overwhelming the reader with noediess technical complexities and resisting the simple- minded approach which has so often in the past conveyed the mis- taken impression that a fow tables of summary values will provide the answers to specific design probloms. | have long boon an advocate of relating the basic anthropometric ‘ala to a spectic dasigner's needs, and the authors clear treatment {or a spacial audienco is particularly gratitying. The real benefic- iares, ulimately, wil be office workers, small chien, and handi- ‘capped persons, to name but a few of the many consumer groups wih spocialized noods. [Rntrpagy Reseoey PeetINTRODUCTION ‘The fascination of philosophers, artists, theoreticians, and architects with human body size dates back many centuries. n the only com plate treatise on architocture surviving from antiquity Vitruvius, who lived in fst century .c. Rome, wrote: For the human body is go designed by nature thatthe fac, ftom the chin {othe top o he fordhaad and the lowest roots ofthe har fs teh part tthe whole height the open hand from the wristto the tip ol the middle fingers just the same; the head from the chin tothe cxown san eighth land wih the neck and shoulder from the top ofthe breast othe lowest foots ofthe hal isa sixth trom the mica of tho breast othe summit of the crown isa fourth, we take the Relghtof the face isl the distance ‘om the baton ofthe chin to the underside ofthe nostri is one thi of i: the nose from the underside of the nostis toa line between the eye- brows isthe same; rom thereto the lowest roots of the hari also a third. comprising th forehead. The length ofthe fot is one sith ofthe height of the body; of the forearm, one fourth; an! the breadth of the breasts aleo one fouth. The other members, too, have their own syn motrical proportions, and i was by employing them that the famous paints and sculptors of antquty sain to great and endless renown, “Then again, in the human body the central points natural the navel. Fort a man be placed fat on his back, with his hands and feet ‘xonded, ano a pat of compasses canted a his nave, the fingers and {oes of his two hends and feet wil touch the creumference ofa cle ‘dosorbed therelrom. And ust as the human body yilds a circular out- lino, 90 too a square gure may be found from I. For if we measure the {stance from the soles of the feet othe top ofthe head. and then apy that measure tothe outstretched arms, the breadth wil be found to be the same as the height as in the case of plane surfaces which are per feelly square. ‘Not only was Vitruvius concemed with proportions of the body, but wih thelr metrological implications. In alluding to Greek temple de- ‘ign he tells us, “Moreover, they collected from members of the human body the proportionate dimensions which appear necessary in all building operations, the finger or inch, the palm, the foot, the cuit During the Middle Ages, Dionysius, monk of Phouma of Agrapha, ‘wrote of man's body size as “nine heads tal,"*and Cennino Cennini,1 erro ga Vis tras Fang of he man fe based onthe Vraan Norm Man. Photograph cout he Furs 2 Vaan May Jw Gen 04 Boron onto, 17 Fase 3 Mod fret La Co a 15th-century llalan, described the length of a man as equal to his \width with arms extonded.* During the Renaissance, Leonard da Vinci created his famous drawing of the human figure, based on the: Vtruvian norm-man (Figure 1). In the mi-19tn century John Gibson, land J. Bonomi were also to reconstruct the Viruvian figure (Figure 1-2) and later, more than 2000 years after Vitruvius wrote his ten books on architecture, Le Corbusler was to revive intorest in the Vivian nox with his ereation of Modular No. 1 (Figure 3). No discussion of body size and proportion, however, would be com- Blete witiout mention of the so-called Golden Section, the name ‘given inthe 19th century to the proportion derived from the divisions, of a line into what Euclid in 300 9.c. Greece called “extreme and an ralio."S According to Evcid, a line ie cut in such a ratio only n the "whole line is to the greater segment, 90 Is the greater tO the less.” Although three terms, at least, are required for any propor- tion, what is unique about the Golden Section is thatthe third torm of the proportion Is equal to the sum of the other two. Soascinating was this notion of the Golden Section that inthe early Partof the 16th century, Luca Paccoll, a close fiend of Leonardo and Probably the most famous mathematician of the time, wrote a book about it called Divina Proportion (dine proportion) in which he en- ‘dowed the Golden Section with many variad mystical properties in both science and art. He contended, for example, that he could de- fect “an aesthetic principle which is found in architectural forms, in the human body, and even in the letters ofthe Latin alphabet.”” [thas been claimed thatthe proportion of the so-caled Golden Sec- tion is far superior to all other proportions. Actual experiments areA [eee ease ‘said to indicate a preference, on the part of mos: people, for those proportions closest to Euci's extreme and mean ratio, While It was ‘employed as a conscious element in architectural design during the Renaissance, the architecture of antiquity, as well as that ofthe Mid- dle Ages, may also have been designed according fo the proportion ofthe Golden Section. More recently. its most enthusiastic supporter ‘was Le Corbusier, who In 1948 wrote a book dealing with proportions based on it ‘The most fascinating obsorvation about the Golden Saction, however, involves the human figure. If a horizental line is drawn through the navel, three different Body measurements are produced, 2s ilustrates in Figure I-8. One represents statue, or the distance from the top ofthe head tothe floor. Another represents the distance from the navel to the floor, while the third represents the distance from the top of the head to the navel. itis contended that if actual ‘measurements are substituted forthe letters indicated, the ratio of slature to the height of the navel above the floor usually approx- imates 1.618. The proportion of the three measurements conforms fairly closely to Euciid's extreme and mean ratio. Despite Viruvius's attempts to relate the human body to the system ‘of measurements employed by the Greeks in the design of temples, hhumanity’s basic concern with the human figure historically has been ‘more aesthetic than metrological. more involved wth proportion than with absolute measurements and function. Over tha last several doo- fades, however, concem for human dimensions and body size, a8 calical factors in the design process, has steadly increased. No- where has this concern been greater than inthe fd of human fac- ‘ors engineering, as itis caled in the United States, of ergonomics, as tis referred to in Europe. lt should be noted, however, that con: ‘com for body size is only one of soveral areas of inerest to the hhuman factors engineer, or ergonomist, due to tho extremely com- ‘lex nature of those disciplines. According to one definition, “human ‘engineering (human factors engineering, ergoncmics, biotechnol- gy) is not a single scientiic discipine but @ synthesis which inte- grates the biological sciences—psychology, anthropology, Physiology, and mecicine—with engineering."® Ergonomics has been defined in one instance as ‘the technology of ‘work design” that “is based on the human biological sciences: anat- ‘omy, physiology and peychology.”? In another inetance, itis defined ‘more simply as “an interdiscipinary science which studies the rela tionships between people and ineir environments," Most agree that both terms “human engineering” and "ergonomics" may be Used in- terchangeably, and during the course ofthis book, both rms will be so used. The application of human factors engingoring has been typically associated wit highly complex and limited technological problems in ‘machine and equipment design. The problems have usually involved relatively sophisticated man-machine interface situations: the design ‘of control contrs, aircraft cockpits, electronic consoles, and endless ‘numbers and types of military ar, ground, and sea vehicles, Yat to- day human factors engineering relates tothe civlan sector as well The desigr of consumer products, work environments, Yransporta- tion vehicles, to name a few, all quire human factors input ‘The field was gWven enormous impotus during the Second World War due to the compeling need to reconcile human capabities with the {technological sophistication of miltary equipment. The possibility of ‘human error had to be eliminated. Equipment had to be operated at ‘maximum afficeney under the most trying of circumstances, Prob- Joms facing the ergonomist ranged in complexity from a simple con- {Wo such as the push button, to complicated console designs for use ‘under battle conditions. More recertly, tha ergonomist has had to ‘cope with physiological, psychological, and anthropometric (the study of human bedy measurement, which will be thoroughly dis- cussed in Part A) aspects of design problems inherent in space travel. Of greatest significance, however, was the basic realization and acceptance of the idea that consideration of human factors con- stituted an integral pat of the design process. ‘Among the most important of these human factors is body size and dimension as it relates to the so-called ergonomic fit, or the ergofit- ting, of the user to the environment—one aspect of the so-called man-machine interface to which the ergonomist constantly alludes, Most applications of human engineering have, in fact, been inthe in- FRolatively few cviian anthropometic surveys, however, have been taken. Pethaps the most currant and complete study of the eivllan population of the United States—the National Health Survoy—was prepared for the Ospartment of Health, Education, and Walfare (HEW) by Dr, Howard W. Stoudt, Dr. Albert Damon, and Or. Ross [NeFariand tormery ofthe Harvard School of Public Health and Jean Roberts the U.S. Public Health Service “This study involved a na: tionwide probability sample of over 7500 nonmilitary and noninstit tionalized people between the ages of 18 and 79 years, of which 6672 were examined. Most anthropomatric research, nevertnaless, is stil being done for the military. Allbranches of the service have active programs, and in ‘many instances will share thelr data with professionais in the private ‘sector. An excellent exaripie is the three-volume Anthropometric ‘Source Book published by the National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ‘ministration. This book is probably the most comprehensive source ‘of summarized body size data currently in existence anywherein the ‘world 5 Appendix 1 ists military anthropometry laboratoroe, as well 2a other national and international sources of anthropometric data “The designer should use the data cautiously and, ininstances where the nature of the design problem requires more sephisticated data, consult wih a qualified professional in the field of anthropometry. 13 TYPE OF DATA ‘Human body dimensions thatimpact on the design ot intorior spaces are of two basic types—structural and functional. Stuctural dimen- sions, sometimes referred to as “atic” dimensions, include meas- luremenis of the head, torso, and limbs. in standard positions Functional dimensions, also eferred to as “dynamic” dimensions, a: the term suggests, include measurements taken in working positions ‘or during the movement associated with certain tasks, The former are simpler and more readily obtained, while the lator are normally, far more complicated. Figures 1-4 through 1-6 ilustrate the basic an- thropomeric instruments usually employed in the measurement of body parts and thelr use. There are more sophisticated measuring Sevices and techniques, such a2 muliple probe contour devices ‘hotometrc camara systems, andrometric camara systems, stereo- ‘Photogrammetry, but their use is not presently widespread. ‘Aglance at any anatomy textbook's sufciont to suggost the endless ‘number of body dimensions possible. One recent publication con- tains almast one thousand measurements.® The number of pos- siblities and the exotc medical terminology involved can be ‘Somewhal intimidating for the designer. For example, the “crnion- ‘menton” isthe term forthe distance between the har line inthe mid de ofthe forehead and the midpoint of the lower edge of the chin, \while the “menton-supramentale” isthe distance from the angle be- ‘ween the chin and the lower lip to the lower edge of the chin. Such data might be extremely useful to a designer of a helmet for a pres- surized spacesuit, but would be of litle value to an interior designer.435 1107 ADULT MALE AND FEMALE FUNCTIONAL BODY DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION ‘Table 4 provides functional dimensions for males and females not in- ‘luded within the scope of Table 2. Only Sth and 95th percontile ‘measurements are indicated since these were deemed to be the ‘most useful for design purposes. ‘SOURCE ‘A Male Data: US. Air Force Flying Personnel, 1987; Churchil, Kika, ‘and Churchil, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright: Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1967. ‘A, D, F Female Data: Air Force Women, 1988; Clauser, et al, An- ‘hropometry of Air Force Women, Technical Report 70-5, Aerespace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, ‘Ohio, 1972. B, D Male Data: U.S. Air Force Flying Personnel, 1950; Heraberg, Daniels, and Churchill, Anthropometry of Flying Personnel, 1950, Technical Report no.’ 52-321, Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1954, 1B, E Female and E Male Data: Woodson and Conover, Human En- gineering Guide for Equipment Designers, 20 ed. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of Calornia Press, 1964), pp. 5-18, 5-17, 5-18, 519. © Male Data: Snow and Snyder, Anthropometry of Ar Trafic Control Trainees, Report no. AM 85-26 (September 1965), Federal Aviation ‘Agency, Oklahoma City, Okla C Female Data: Airine Stowardesses, 1971; Snow, Reynolds, and Allgood, Anthropometry of Airline Stowardesses, Department of ‘Transportation, Report no. FAA’AN-2, FAA Office of Aviation Medi- cine, Civ Aeromedical Institute, Oklahoma City, Okla, 1975, F Male Data: Hertzberg, otal, The Anthropometry of Working Posi- tions, Report no. WADG TR-54-520, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1956.‘STRUCTURAL BODY “Adult Male and Female Miscellaneous Structural Body Dimensions in Inches ‘and Centimeters by Age and Selected Percentiles nN piece Del oielostle © wa a wea be woe rem oO MEN] ot wo [oat [aaa |ay ae] aa aa] ae wo Tse we) 5 woups [nt us [avins |rvoe oa az |e ea] oo co ar ou Me St rier poner as | at os | me oo one [ni or [333 [sige [ue 2 Ls ae oo we Lt ng [peecene Bt HH conn] ADULT MALE AND FEMALE FUNCTIONAL BODY DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION Table 4 provides functional dimensions for males and females not in- ‘luded within the scope of Table 2. Only Sth and 95th percentile ‘measurements are indicated since these were deemed to be the ‘most usetul for design purposes. SOURCE ‘A Male Data: U.S. Air Force Fiying Personnel, 1967; Church, Kika, ‘and Churehil, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright: Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1967. ‘A.D, F Female Data: Air Force Women, 1968; Ciauser, at al, An- ‘thropometry of Air Force Women, Technical Report 70-6, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Obio, 1972. B,D Male Data: US. Air Force Flying Personnel, 1950; Hertzberg. Daniels, and Churchil, Anthropometry of Flying Personnel, 1950, Technical Report no.’ 52-321, Wright Air Development Center Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1954, B, E Female and E Male Data: Woodson and Conover, Human En- gineering Guide for Equipment Designers, 2d ed. (Berkeley and Los “Angeles: University of California Press, 1964), pp. 5-18, 5-17, 5-18, 5-19. Male Data: Snow and Snyder, Anthropometry of Air Trafic Control Trainees, Report no. AM 65-28 (September 1965), Federal Aviation ‘Agency, Oklahoma City, Okla, © Female Data: Airline Stewardessos, 1971; Snow, Reynods, and Allgood, Anthropometry of Airine Stewardesses, Department of ‘Transportation, Report no. FAA-AM2, FAA Office of Aviation Medi ine, Chil Aeromedical Institute, Oklahoma City, Okla. 1975. F Male Data: Hertzberg, otal, The Anthropometry of Working Posi- tions, Report no. WADC TR'54-520, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1956. POUT NCTIONNL OWENS 81a oy — D E ‘Female Functional Body Dimensions in (naa | 9 759 Mo one 2s ors nom | ao | mom | mem] mon | im on ma os] wri | Heri | sso coo | oon moa] eas me 63 vc2 | ao raes | _corsor | a7 eos | seo ns | sore ea wes | ea toos | —movaas | 207 78 | m0 7x7 | Toney zo eas | 729 152 ADULT MALE AND FEMALE PROJECTED 1985 BODY DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION In Part A, secular changes inthe body size of populations, over per 0s of time, were discussed. Itwas noted, for example, thatthe body size of Second World War inductees was greater than that of First World War inductees. A recent study by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, taken in 1971-1974, indicatos that ‘lately more men and women are taller than those examninedin the ‘National Health Survey of 1960-1962. Fifty-one percent ofthe men in ‘the recent survey were 175.3 om, or 69in, or taller as compared with 538 percent in the 1960-1962 survey. Flacognizing the significance of ‘secular change, as well as the length of the research and develop- ‘ment cycle associated with the design and production of various ‘equipment—a process typical of certain industries—projections of future body measurements can at times prove extremely useful. Al the very least the inclusion of certain projections in these tables can, to some degree, complete the spectrum of anthropometric data available tothe architect and interior designer. Table 5 includes such [rojections. Selected anticipated female and male structural body ‘Measurements for the year 1985 are shown. Only Sth and 95th par ‘centile measurements are indicated since they were deemed to be ‘ost useful for design purposes. ‘The male measurements reflect extrapolations made on the basis of ata from a number of surveys of U.S. Air Force (USAF) and US. ‘Navy Flying Personnel conducted between 1950 and 1973. The data, ‘Were restricted to those from commissioned officers in the 23-25 age ‘ange. The female measurements wore estimated from a 1968 Air Force Women's survey. Unfortunately, there was no corresponding large croup of surveys on which to study secular changes in dimen- ‘ions of female officers. Proper allowances for clothing and shoes should be added to al data, ‘SOURCE ‘Anthropometric Source Book, Volume |: Anthropometry tor De- signers, NASA reference publication 1026, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Ottce, ly 1978. AOULT PROMECTED os DMENGONS 01ADULT MALE WORKING POSITIONS PROJECTED 1985 BODY DIMENSIONS aS e Senay ae ots eae wore er eel we oesouron WEN] aise wr7] 70 120s] era 1e57] 74a 6] sea eva] set eos] 75 voi] ‘Table 6 provides various Sth and 95th percentile body dimensions of WOMEN | 1651 749 426"1007| 57 14 [eso 1720] 17 e06| 313 76| 59 19 kneeling, crawiing, and prone positions not included in the data indi- MEN fas? €52) «15 105s] s07 ross |esa vea2| 200 res] 01 real s7 ves] cated in the other tables. This information is useful to the architect WOMEN tors «74 {200° 65 | 404 1229 |600 1523] 257 677] 274 es] 41 104] ‘and interior designer inthe planning of mechanical and ublty spaces, ‘exercise rooms, physical therapy spaces, and other similar areas. 4 r J K c uM N Proper allowances for clothing and shoes should be added to all won[mom>mom|monpm om| mon] mom ata. way a] ies Ws] a7 ssi |e? @apos saa[ TT a] ‘aiarsea| 174 42 207 s27|244 e2o| 104 488] 107 274 ‘SOURCE mas s21] 169 sea] saa a6alzz2 sea] 75 weal 03 210 Human Factors Engineering, 34 od., AFSC Design Handbook 1-3/1 wes] ue ve] v2 a7|a0 333 8193] January 1977, Department ofthe Air Force, Headquarters Air Force ‘Systems Command Andrews AF8, DC 20334, p. 8. The data used from AFSC DH 1-3 was, in tum, extracted from H. TE. Hertzberg, | Emanuel, and M. Alexander, The Anthropometry of Working Posi- tions, WADC-TR-54-520 [Yellow Springs, Ohio: Antioch College, Au- gust'1956 (DDC N° AD 110573)]; and Albert Damon, Howard W. ‘Stoudl, Ross McFarland, The Human Body in Equipment Design (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1871), pp. 194-196,“Adult Male Working Positions in Inches and Centimeters land by Selected Percentiles" ate le o Le Fle lH mae] mo | a) | =e sso_| so | 2 | we | vos | 7 | we | 75 ws [101 | se | a7 | m7 | ws | 99 asr_|_scs | rsa | osx | nz | nse “Ana @ tom Caen, Stud. MeFarand The Han Body ia Egbert Design. CroughH hom Human Factors Engineering CHILDREN AGES 6 TO 11 WEIGHT AND STRUCTURAL BODY DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION To dato, vary lite anthropometric deta have been avaiable to the designer with regard to functional body measurements of infants and children. Such information is vita othe proper design of juvenile fur- fiture and preschool, school, and other interior environments for use by children. What mekes the need for such data evan more critical is that the element of safety as well as comfort is at stake. There Is a ‘trong relationship between improperly designed furniture and acci- ‘dental death and injury to children. Cases of strangulation and neck Impingement in cribs and high chairs, for example, are not uncom- ‘mon. Table 7 provides some anthropometric data inthe form of body ‘measurements of chilren from 6 to 11 years of age in the United ‘States from 1963 to 1965. Although the measurements are structural rather than functional, they should be useful to the designer. (The ‘measurements were converted from centimeters to inches. which ‘explains why there are some discrepancies within the tables) Proper allowances for cothing and shoes should be added to all data. For adstional anthropometric data concerning infants and children, a 41975 study prepared by Snyder, Spencer, Owings, and Schneider, all of the University of Michigan, for the Society of Automotive En gingers, entitled Anthropometry of U.S. Infants and Chilaren, Is highly recommended. SOURCE Robert M. Malina, Peter V. V. Hamil, and Stanley Lemeshow, Ne- tional Health Examination Survey: Selected Body Measurements of Children 6-11 Years, 1963-1965 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern- ‘ment Printing Otfice, Vital and Health Statistics Series 11, no. 123, DHEW publication no. (HSM) 73-1605.B 7 WEIGHT siTING HEIGHT ERECT ‘of Chiaren in Pounds and Kilograms ‘Sex, and Selected Percentiles ‘Siting Height Erect of Children in inches and Gentimetersby Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles, veers | 7Yeas | Svea | oVeas] 10 eae Yous | 7 Years ] 8 Yoas | 9 Years | 10 Wears] 11 Yours eg] © ig] bmg) kg) in em|_mem| im om| mem] inom, om as s| seas a7|_os7_ms 5 wear] cr oa] 20 ze mal mena | ‘STATURE ELBOW-TO- “Stature of Children in Inches and Cont Danae of Geen ; Elbowto-Elbow Breadth of Ghilcren inInches and ————SSSSC~*S 92. lected Percent Centimeters by Age. Sex, and Selected Percentiles yews | 7Years | GYeers | SYeas | lO vears 6 Years ‘é Years | _oYears | 10 oars ] 1 Yours so] s28 ious] ees tons] re ae 8 me aa sa] For] was oa] 07 ara] s2sa) uo _w2| 20 say_sso2 roe 209 t7_asr| res a7] 1a1_ma| a9 2 a7 s10_ws| 99 as ute ‘os o| a7 ste] vor as7| toa _ats| _so8 arr | nts moa twa au_wss|_ sts ss 1050 eo_mas|_o1 sx| os as| on _z08| 10s asr| 0s 200 OMRORENWESIT AND OMENSIONS 1077 we HIP KNEE BREADTH ») HEIGHT ‘Hip Breadth of Children in Inches and Centimeters. y ‘Knee Height of Children in inches and Centimeters, bby Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles: u by Age. Sex, and Selected Percentiles ee eT Per] see |e Steen [Tees] evens | SO Tess BOYS] es ue] oe me ze = we m7] ee aa] wa aa] aa aT 8 wa] za_vaz|_ 01s 3 wzo_sea| rasa] waa | moma] see] mee oa] sky 7 THIGH CLEARANCE Thigh Glearance of Ghidren ia Inches and Centimeters ‘Sex, and Selected Percentiles Pees] eas Boys a ins, zas| tae _9| sas asa|_51_ana|_ turn] tea _any| B0¥S aie] ea a7] tas mea] 0 ara] mo] isa QO) cms ci Ness rs | asl nd eomel a cee ee BOvS wea] ee aoa] aa ano] 07 oer] we] 16 a0 GirLS za|_zs_wo|_aa_ 7] ui avr] ore 23 0) ss wa] a2 rs] 0 se7] 98 ea] a 73] Gras zo| 120 006| we ms| wos a2] 140 s60| 140 _a75| BOvS a GiALS z7| sma] 22a] vane] ina aes] er _ae7 BOvS zo] wane] vrs o0x | tea ais] 130 —sa0] 30 3am O) crus mes create] carl se| ges ea) ee aed a Ca ‘BOYS: eo ma] 27a] na 7] ints zo] tos_za]_is_a95 xa|_ws_ns|_ 1s)MALE HEAD, FACE Buttock Popliteal ‘Of Children in Inches and Gentimtors by Ago, Sex. and Salada Perenies HAND, AND FOOT SYears | 7Years | 8 veas | 9 Years | 10 eas | 11 ans DIMENSIONS 10 invem| in cm | in om| in om| inom | in ves sig] 193 a8] 158] 150 m2] 180 907] v8 wo soe] vee sea] tas oa] 4a nea] 109 ara | 180 ws a3] 23 s12{ 130 09s] a7 oer] tea ona] 180 DESCRIPTION ‘The table provides sth and 95th percentile dimensions of the male ‘head, face, hand, and foot. Although of greater value tothe designer ‘of clothing and equipment, the hand and foot dimensions could also ‘prove quite usetul to the architect and interior designer. Applications ‘would include securily grilles, gratings, access and vision panels, recreational equipment, commercial or residential shoe storage ar- rangements and devices, and spacial spaces for physicaly disabled people. Proper allowances for clothing and shoes should be added to all data ‘SOURCE Human Factors Engineering, 3d ed., AFSC Design Handbook 1-31 ‘January 1977, Department ofthe Air Force, Headquarters Air Force Systems Command Andrews AFB, DC 20394, p. 6 OUT MAE SELECTED OMENSING 1H‘Ceeumferonce JOINT MOTION DESCRIPTION “The study, measurement, ard evakiation of the ranges of ont mo- tion isa complex and rlaively sophisticated scionee. Measuring techniques have rot been completly perfected and some yet re ‘main to be devised. Research wth respect © conan aspacts ofthe ‘namics invlved, partly in toms of to interaction of two or ‘more jis or muscles, is sil nts eary stages. The deta avalladle fre scarce, and information speccaly rlatad to large samplings of the clan population practicaly nonexistent. Table 9 includes what informations valable concering ranges of joint motion relative to the neck, spine, shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, wrist, fingers, ankle, and foot. Most of the data, however, are based on a military population and ate concamned primary win the simple movement of single Jont and not withthe efect of one upon the other. Proper alowarces for ching and shoes should be added o al data. ‘SouRCE ‘Human Factors Engineering, 34 ed., AFSC Design Handbook 1-3, ‘January 1977, Depariment of the Air Force, Headquarters Air Force ‘Systems Command, Andrews AFB, DC 20334, pp. 18-17. oer woron 9JOINT MOTION TERMINOLOGY" Flexion: bending or decreasing the angle between the parts of the body. Supplementing the more commonly measured arm an lo flexons, several kinds of fexion have been denied to meet special escrpive needs. These are dunk lateral flexion in which the nk ‘Segments move So fe decrease the angle between them and the "nt thigh: radial Resin, which refers tothe movement ofthe thu ‘Sie ofthe hand toward be racial de ofthe forearm segments; at Ulnar flexion, which refers tothe opposite side of the hand's move: ‘ment toward the ulnar side ofthe forearm segment. Extension: straightening or increasing the angle between the parts of the body. It is generally defined as the retum from flexion When a joints extended beyond the normal range ofits movement, the movement becomes known as “hyperextension.” ‘Abduction: movement of a body segment away from the midline of the body or body part to which itis attached. ‘Adduction: movement ota body segment or segment combination toward the midline of the body or body part to which itis attached. Medial rotation: turing toward the midline of the body. Lateral rotation: turing away from the midine of the body. Pronation: rotating the forearm so that the palm taces downward ‘0 that the palm faces HYPEREXTENSION ‘Supination: rotating the forearm so that the palm faces upward, YPEREXTENSIO version: rotation ofthe foot which its its lateral border to tun th ‘Sole or plantar surface cutward. Inversion: liting the medial border of the foot to turn the sole ins ward.SHOULDER 7 \e Pamanrsnion FLEXION AND EXTENSION PRONATION AND ‘SUPINATION.= ane ae) ’ fortmes jursearroee sence x a, 4 ‘ : ee x ~ q NEUTRAL DORSIFLEXION AND PERMANENT FLEXION FLEXION PLANTAR FLEXION OINT MOTION ABDUCTION AND METATARSOPHALANGEAL ROTATION ROTATION IN "ADDUCTION IN FLEXION EXTENSION NEUTRAL EXTENSION HYPEREXTENSION "AND FLEXION JOINT MOTION 3‘The promise of easy answers associated with packaged solutions, rules of thumb, standards, and other presumably painiess and time- ‘saving devices is understandably an appealing one. In certain situa- tions, reliance on such sources may be perfectly appropriate. In ‘problems dealing wth such human factors as the inter‘ace between the human body and the designed environment, however, the use of ‘such sources should be discouragod. The great variety of body sizes ‘and dimensions to be contended with and the almost infinite number Of interace scenarios possible make reliance on such sources Sometimes dangerous, often inappropriate, and usually unwise. In those instances where so-called standards or rules of thumb may. in fact, be appropriate, it is stil more useful to understand the undery- Jing concepts, process, and rationale than to unquestioningly apply them with oniy the end results in mind, INTENT In anticipation that the term “design reference standards,” the tile {given to this section, should in any way be misconstrued to suggest the promise of a handbook of ready-made design solutions its nec ‘essary that the purpose of this sation be marie clear. Ini definitely ‘not intended that the drawings on the following pages be viewed as te Coaly anno Ses Jee loge involved and to underscore the anthropometric aspect of the alE/3 2|ulle process, it should be noted that each drawing contains certain de xiilg|>|c\sle mensional arrows crawn in sold ine with code numbers writen 2) 2/8) | 215 above. The numbers represent certain standard body measure- 2 8\a)3) 8] a8 ‘mont: 4 Taste a aatncas 7 STATURE The legend for translating th bers into particular 2 eT legend for translating these numbers into particular an- thropometric measurements contained both inthe master matrix at SIELEOW HERAT: the beginning of each secton and in the matrix at the beginning of 4 SITTING HEIGHT ERECT ‘each subsection. The dimension line indicates where the measure- 5 SITTING HEIGHT NORMAL "Ment taken. The folowing observations should make the use of tho Sa CITA ‘matrix easier. One column lists the 24 body measurements. The NS SSNS ‘ther column ists the various types of interior spaces. The circular symbols indicate those specific measurements that are most signif- '@ SHOULDER BREADTH Cert ta Geson oa paula p4ce pe. The darkened elon ‘8 ELBOW-TO-ELBOW BREADTH Signy tha! the measurement s person having a larger ody size. The cies shown in outine indicate that the measure- ar: POLE EARTH. ment should be of @ person having a smaller body size. The halt 1K26| 11 ELBOW REST HEIGHT darkened ose signet hat bot age and salad Sze dla bo [f2 THIGH CLEARANCE: ‘considered. The extended arrows identity the tables in Part B in ‘which the related body measurements can be found. The matrix at pe ete {he beginning ofeach subsection ists only those measurements ret Nao f'4 POPLITEAL HEIGHT ‘evant to that subsection, The other colurmn ists the basic activiies 10.2K| {iS BUTTOCK POPLITEAL LENGTH involved, while the symbols indicate those specific measurements 1P2L 16 BUTTOCK KNEE LENGTH ‘ost relevant to a particular activity SaiOSeOaTeTH TASB. 18 BUTTOCK HEFL LENGTH ieee fio VERTICAL REACH HFIGHT SITTING ‘The arrows shown in broken ine, with a etter above, indicate other a ‘mensional criteria that have been determined in order to comiorta- Bo NERTICAL GRIP RAG bly accommodate the designated body moasuremenis. The charts 21 SIDE ARM REACI ‘on each page are keyed tothe letters and show the dimensions in [22 THUMB TIP REACH both English and matic systems, [23 MAXIMUM BODY DEPTH. ‘Through the caret use ofthese drawings, tables, matrices, chats, 1X6A [24 MAXIMUM BODY BREADTH ‘and ext 2s a model, the designer of interior space should be able to establish the dimensional requirements necessary to respond to the ‘anthropometric demands inherent in any type of interlace stuation| that includes the human body and that space. Preliminary design ‘assumptions so developed are sure to be far more responsive to human dimension than arbitrary or often outdated standards or rules of thumb.“The design of seating, more than any other element of interior space, involves the elusive quality of user comiort. Since relatively tle re- search in this area has been undertaken, conficting recommenda. tions abound for_many of the dimensions involved. The measurements indicated in the drawings on the folowing pages, therefore, reflect basic anthropometric requirements anc, within rea: sonable parameters, generally accepted notions of comfort. The in- tent of the diagrams is to indicate some of the more basic cxtica dimensional requirements necessary to ensure a reasonable inter- face between the human body and the seat and to establish an itel- ligont point of departure for the design process. Par ofthis process, it shouldbe noted, involves the fabrication of fullsize mockups and pro- {olypes, whereby function, esthetics, and user comfort can be prop erly evaluated and design modifications made accordingly. Inmany instances, seating Is rectly rotated toa table, desk, counter, ‘ora vatily of special worksurlaces. However, the clagrams in tis ‘section deal exclusively with the seat itsel. The proper relationship ‘between the seat and ather elements is included in those other sec- tions appropriate to the activity involved. For example, the desk/chair telaionship is included in Section 3 dealing with office spaces; situa- tions involving visibly and lines of sight from a seated postion are ‘covered the section on the design of audiov'sual spaces. The seat- ing types included in the dagrams are executive chairs, secretarial ‘chairs, general purpose chairs, drafting stools, and banguettes. The ‘tical dimensions examined include seat height, seat depth, seat ‘width, seat angle, armrest height and spacing, and backrest cimon- sons and slope. should be noted thatthe dimensions shown are taken from the com- pressed seat padding or cushion surface. n the design of seating, the ‘lative resilency and compressive qualities ofthe cushion ae there fore extremely important. Recommended seat compression allon- ‘ance varies, cording tothe source consulted, rom ¥3 to 2in, or 1.3, 05.1 em, ands obviously a function ofboth the material used and the ‘manner in which the padding is detailed. Section 4 of Part A deals in ‘greater detail with the question of cushioning and with the general ‘theory of eeating design. This section should be consulted prior tothe ‘agpliaton of any of the recommended dimensional Information ‘shown inthe following diagrams. PLAN view iis also suggested at the reader ro- fertoPar Secson 4, and the folow- legpages of is section for adtional ‘Semaen rated to the oars! ‘epoct of chal sign. A ood deal of hats appcable al cha pes.‘Soe wew PLAN view. GENERAL PURPOSE CHAIR Soevew PLAN VIEW EXECUTIVE CHAIR ‘CHAIR /STOOL PLAN View im omTserrne ‘The draings atthe bottom show the base amoneone for te dosh oF Banquet seating. The lack of rm reste makes ditt to done Seat boundaries The user, here, ends to eatablon Nis ow tortry by 26- Suming 2 decied eting postre and pacing personal atten ext 10 hen Sich aa brotcase, purse or pack- ‘ge. Snce the nate his ype of ‘hating can pormt some form oft) ‘Sorta Rien ersions nd er ‘Sonal space ls play 8m important Dpetinfow eeseine urs enanng the Banque wil st Because tthe mary ndeen psycho. lepealfacors von the acta ff ‘concy of tus seating ype terme ot fxpacty 15 questonabie The lar (gas recato two possbie seating Stators. each ctted by the an- Tropemetres volved. Ono aange- mor isbaod onto premise tha! he Users otbows willbe extended, poss By in eantuncton wih some acy. ‘ch as roan. or simply as an a= tempt to ste out aden try, [Sr woud be the case be sage ‘estoning ot some personal ertcioon {he seat In ths stuaton f would De ‘enscnabia 0 assume tat enc User ‘woud take op abo 0 782 em ‘hapace The ster gram shows & more compact seating arrangement. ‘Tho dagyam at to op shows @ Soe ten trough yi! tanaueta BANQUETTE SEATING BANQUETTE SEATING RESIDENTIAL alelele Sis lé la 5[5|2 2/8 lolz |S/Elly giz bse 18 2)8|a|8|a)& vane [as/8] 819 Tas T STATURE : Bac 7 EVE HEIGHT 135 3 ELBOW HEIGHT i020 SITTING HEIGHT ERECT SITTING HEIGHT NORWAL 78 EVE HEIGHT SITTING 7-iOSHOULOER HEIGHT SITE 3 SHOULDER BREADTH 0 ELBOWTOELSOW BREAOTH uaF 70" HIP BREADTH 71 ELBOW REST REGHT a 2 THGH CLEARANCE ihiat 13 RNEE HEIGHT wai 1a POPLITEAL HEIGHT 10.2K ‘15 BUTTOCK-POPLITEAL LENGTH a Tea 16: BUTTOGKKNEE LENGTH Tas 17 BUTTOOR TOE LENGTH ines 1 BUTTOOK HEEL LENGTH ee EVERTON RESET FARE STS tae 20" VERTICAL GRIP REACH Uae BT SIDE ARM REACH aD 22 THUNB TE REACH ‘ws 26" MAXIMUM BODY DEPTH KoA 2 WAXIMUM BOOY BREADTH‘The variety of human actviy that occurs within residential spaces whether they be studio apartments, two- and three-bedroom coopera tives, or suburban houses, is formidable. I is within tis single of ronment that people sleep, dine, relax, meditate, entertain and a ‘entertained, make love, do housework, read, Cook, bathe, aro cory ceived, and in some cases are born or die. It is also within thowe ‘spaces that people sperd al least half of their waking hours and ae ‘subjected to mest of the physical inuries they are ikely to sustal during the course of thar fete. The impressive number and diva sity of functions that must take place within this single environment, the extended period of time that people spend within it, and ther vil erabiliy to fatigue and accidents give the quality of their interface ‘wath that envirorment added significance. Another factor that make the qualiy of interiace even more crticalis the decrease inthe size of residential spaces avaiable on today’s market due to the increasing costs ofboth construction and and. As a consequence af hese exiey nl economic factors, it becomes necessary in many cases to maxi mize the ulilzation of existing space to the greatest degree possibie Iinsome instances this involves innovative ways of percotving both the problem and he design solution. For example, it may be necessary 10 ‘explore the use of overhead space, to have’a single portion of the space perform several functions, or to creatively recycle space, for erly used for a dierent purpose, to accommodate a resider ial function. The text and illustrations to follow deal with human dimore ‘sion and residential space in termes ofthe major functions that must be ‘accommodated, Sea Ins ropa sat height must ak to consideration popal hah, while ‘Seat depth must be esgonsiveibltock pope length Cxculon around seat rg elomerts must accommodate mats Body breath, whee Ipeaton oa Cate tate n elation oa chai shoud be reeponsiato human reach amonsion. ‘The Right a whch a pln nung ona wal should be Stormined elt: ship eye haght. The possblies ae almost endess andthe aewings one totowing pages explore enya few ofthe many cesgn stvatons at requre kroweoge of human dmoraions. The mathe above macates some of tho a ropomre maatirerent ate no consteraion fo ensure Ina prope” eves ot macs.DAs 2 soxces ‘he damage here oxaine th ria lenstip of fomaia and mat body mensions fo sola seating. horde 6 determine how much spaco. the Seated" body requres. “The ar tropoetic measurements f major Ieterest here are masirum body brea and butock popliteal length The op draing deas wih male mensions; based on 850 porcenile ata, maximum body bread tmenaon 6 2.8 nor 579 cr wh 3 hide ject Aton or cloting ard Some. Dooy movemerta¢ well as change n posture and postion, amin mun dimension of 281 71m. Siggostog ab a with alowarce for 8 rated person The oerl imenac, ‘Peto eudestne nau woth Sfomences and the wah ot 8 88 larmeawsrucon, whic ebvusty can ‘ary depending on personal eign Deleteres Arango o'3 06 in of 76 {0 152 cm, fs suggested. Using the ato ponitealengh of he smaller person and adgng asl alowance G16 10 9m oF 152 10 229 0m, for acest constucten as wel a8. 3 ‘inemim one in ten ft ota for (oot movement. an over depth mension of 42 108 no 1087 10 121g, is suggested The rangle lor the drawing athe batom dealing wth feraie data ls he sare. Te {omaton shoud prove noon util prow hoor teh othe ‘oncral reatoranp. bomeon 800) ‘See ane future bt of spect value In estichng priminary design a Sumptons for nawusonal sear fn Seabee desired excavaly or the ‘eet males or of females in spaces where souting ls to bo used by bom {ives larger dmencione shoud ao ‘SOFA SEATING /MALES. € 3 [eeeeee ‘sone 3 152-229 6 Te=182 2 I Se __—Tes-127 # pats SOFA SEATING / FEMALE 24s 1« B spaces: ‘The top draweg examinos to role tonship ofthe female and mais body ‘mensions to arm cha sexing it ‘er 10. determine the. amount ot ‘Space the seated body rogues. The ‘ionaie sm fo Pn Sealing ‘wth soe seating, cuties onthe re ‘ada p02 ‘Th bottom drawings nt intended to ‘suggest a speci ayout or a conver atonal grouping, and heetore oud rat be taken Mera Nos Ssuggosted fat epecal female and trae seating be provided nthe same ing space. The rawing ie oseen- tly erative and perpose 0 Suggest alowances for corte Cheation relaive to come” ange eating s2uatone The kay coneders ten anivopometrealy ' macerur body breach data Se clearances inveve, the data related he ger pevson aera Pe mater shows be uted 7 Wer 152-22924s 1H spaces The cravings at the top and certor ea! wit the major obaraces In ‘voted in lounge or conversations Seating The tp raw is based ona conversation! grouping in whch 2 ‘ceararce betwoen Pw Font the ‘seat ad the edge of he abel [oabetwoen 16nd Yin, or 40.8 and 457 em The clearance may tegure some degree of body contactor = ‘Sappng for ereuston and sccbes Antrepometicaly. Powever. dows ‘zcormodale human reach, pert tng be seats porson aesese to he cof table witout rng. Th dra Ingo suggests a amensionalvange ter verbal conversion. The centr (aving lusatos a Sra trivee ‘arargenent that woud. parmt ce Gulaten wih tl heaton ates, The ‘earance inated. however 10 per: It such scones woul make timpes Sbie fx most people to roach he Cation table tom a seated postion, Tis could be entromety undesrabain terms o fod, beverages, and coe rates. Given the cnoce boteoan hl heaton eccess andthe accor ter frase the authors otto reach 4nd recommend the sraler clear Thetbotom arawing suggest an over all alowanee fr oasy chi o ocln ng char seating, cag forest Tho butoccieg fongth of the ager person sho. moat ignifoant. an Ivoporsie measurement in 80 Ising Dus learanem Wehad azo be ‘ote thatthe height of he fotes i ‘ko a hacton of seat haght. The ‘e eight of he seat =a a_i pares] Bee "a 0-wo. iS 473-2087 1618 wos-ne7 | E 356-032 305-457 Tea-o14 Hz mos 8 ie24-1727 62972-1675 WALL UNIT) ACCESS BY FEMALE WALL-MOUNTED BAR UNIT) ACCESS BY FEMALE 24s. = T spaces “The drawings on this page state tho rlatorehip of human dimension sd ccesabity 9 on ano hgh sto ‘ge 0° tare, vsualy aceoiated ‘mth ving spaces, Te coniguraton llste Mustraton of ay spectc eee ‘ment of lurk, bak rather ‘general repeseniaion of tunture ‘pes nomaty furdin alin space. Iatuatons whore the ser f hat ‘own ent, nari ems ofS oF ‘ody ze. ho bocy aie data of te ‘sailor person shoud govern he ‘event tne use known, mensions ‘nore appropiate 1b fat body size Shouts be used whore praca. ‘rout be noted hater each eo two “Groner a stow oh dawn. Ineach case the ower ues based cn Sh percerle body 20 data ard ‘ho larger on 95th perro Sta 5-55 35-40 e- E30 ero | 2s G6 “753 | foe. We 7-127