Non-pharmacological
treatments
Exercise helps lower the
time it takes for food to
move through the large
intestine. This limits the
amount of water
absorbed from the stools.
Complications
Anal fissure
Anal fissure may
occur when large
and hard stools
pass through anal
mucosa,
stretching it
beyond its
capacity. In turn,
tearing the skin
around the anus.
Hemorrhoids
Rectal prolapsed
Constipation
Group members of D3:
1.Nurul Fatrah Izma binti Rahim
(2017443418)
Drinking lots of water 2. Nurul Najwa binti Zainudin
helps soften stools (2017421458)
and stimulate bowel 3. Salimi Amni binti Adnan
The strain of chronic bowel movement
movements (2017421374)
problems can make your rectum more likely
4. Siti Amalia binti Azam (2017421298)
to move down from its location. Strain while
5. Siti Norbaya binti Abdul Rahim
having bowel movements, if done often over
(2017421008)
a period of years, can also cause rectal
6. Siti Norfitriah binti Mohd Salleh
prolapse.
(2017443432)
7. Wan Atiqah binti Wan Mohd Azmi
(2017443366)
References
1. Search Drug
Information, Interactions, Images, Dosage & Side
Effects | MIMS.com
Malaysia [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 22].
2. Verghese TS, Futaba
K, Latthe P. Constipation in pregnancy. Obstet
Gynaecol [Internet]. 2015 Apr 1 [cited
2020 Apr 22];17(2):111–5.
3. Drugs that Cause
Constipation [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 22].
4. Definition &
Facts for Constipation | NIDDK [Internet]. [cited
Increased pressure 2020 Apr 22].
in the lower rectum 5. Aging and Digestive
due to straining Health [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 22].
during bowel 6. Constipation: Causes,
movement may lead Risk Factors, and Treatment [Internet]. [cited 2020
to hemorrhoids. Apr 22].
What is constipation? What causes constipation? Pharmacological treatments
Constipation is a condition in which you may have
fewer than three bowel movements a week Stimulant laxatives
dry, hard or lumpy stools Dulcolax containing bisacodyl works by
stools that are hard or painful to pass increasing the movement of the
a feeling that not all stool has passed intestines, helping the stool to come out.
However, people may have different bowel Unhealthy diet such as Insufficient intake
Recommended dose for adults and
movement patterns. Hence, only you know what's eating too much junk of water causes the large
children >10 years old: 1-2 tabs
normal for you. Constipation is not a disease but food, food that is high in intestine to soak up water
This should be taken at night for effect
it may be a symptom of another medical problem. fat and sugar and lack of from the food waste, making
on the following morning
It may last for a short or long time high-fiber food the stool to solidify

What are the symptoms? Osmotic laxatives

Lactul contains lactulose which breaks down
in large intestine and then draws water into
the intestine. This softens the stool,
Stress causes the body Medications which helps ease constipation.
Difficulty in Sensation of to release more eg. antacids, non-steroidal Recommended dose for adult: 15-30 mL 
passing stools incomplete defecation corticotropin-releasing It may be taken with meals to reduce
anti-inflammatory drugs
hormone (CRF). This
hormone may act directly (NSAIDs), iron supplements gastrointestinal discomfort.
How do you know if on the intestines thus,
slowing down its
and anti-depressants such
as amitriptyline Enema introduces fluid into the intestines
you have constipation? movement
through the rectum. The liquid softens
impacted stool, while the enema nozzle
Who are at risk? loosens the rectum. That combination will
stimulate a large bowel movement.

Pregnancy leads to
hormonal changes.
Pregnant mothers have
high level of progesterone
and estrogen.
Progesterone is a muscle
relaxant that slows down
the digestion.
Bulk-forming laxatives
Fybogel contains ispaghula husk that
works by increasing the bulk of the stools,
As we age, our digestive which encourages bowels to move the
system slows down. This stools through digestive system, relieving
causes food to pass constipation.
through the colon more Recommended dose for adult and
slowly, allowing more children >12 years old: 1 sachet twice
water to be absorbed daily
from food waste which Must be taken with water and it is best
can cause constipation. taken after meals during the day at least
30 min-1 hr before or after intake of other
medicines.