aŸwbweÁvb I evsjv aŸwbZË¡ b 1

evsjv D”Pvi‡Yi wbqg

 D”PviY
ÔD‛PviYÕ k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© gyL Øviv aŸwb m„wó, evPb, K_b, e¨³KiY, cÖKvkKiY BZ¨vw`| Gi cÖZ¨qMZ MVb
G iKgÑ Dr + Pvwi + Ab = D‛PviY| evM&h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ aŸwbi Øviv g‡bi fve cÖKvk KivB n‡jv D‛PviY|
wewfbœ fvlvfvlx gvby‡li D‛PviYixwZ wKQyUv Avjv`v| Avevi GKB fvlvfvlx gvby‡li D‛PviYixwZ G‡KK A‡j
G‡KK ai‡bi| D‛PviY †gŠwLK nIqvq evPbfw½i Kvi‡YI G‡Ki m‡½ A‡b¨i D‛PviY Avjv`v nq| ZvB cÖwZwU
k‡ãi h_v_© D‛Pvi‡Yi Rb¨ KZKMy‡jv wbqg ev m”Î cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| k‡ãi D‛Pvi‡Yi G wbqg ev m”‡Îi mgwó‡K
D‛PviYixwZ e‡j|
 D”Pvi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
D‛PviY GKwU wkí| g‡bi fve wj‡L ev D‛PviY K‡i, †hfv‡eB †nvK bv †Kb, Zv cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡j wVK evbvb Ges
weky× D‛PviY Acwinvh©| KÉ A_ev evM&hš¿ Qvov †hgb fvlvi †gŠwLK iƒc Am¤¢e, †Zgwb fvlv cÖKv‡k D‛PviY
m¤“‡K© ¯“ó aviYvi Afve _vK‡j AvaywbKKv‡j fvlvwk¶v Am¤“”Y© e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| evsjv fvlvq A‡bK e‡Y©i
AvK…wZ I iƒc GK n‡jI D‛PviY Awfbœ bq| †hgb : k, m, l, i, o, p Ñ Gme e¨Âbe‡Y©i wVK ¯’vb †_‡K D‛PviY
cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB Avjv`v Avjv`v ¯’vb wPwýZ Kiv Av‡Q| †hgb : KÉ, Zvjy, g”a©v, `š@, Iô, bvwmKv BZ¨vw`| D‛PviY
n‡jv evK&wk‡íi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| Kv‡RB D‛Pvi‡Yi weåvwš@ Gov‡bvi Rb¨ m”Îwbf©iZv, ¯^iwba©viY, Abykxjb Ges
m‡e©vcwi AvÂwjKZv cwinv‡ii Rb¨ weky× D‛PviY Acwinvh©| ky× fvlvPP©v ej‡Z †hgb aŸwbZvwË¡K I iƒcZvwË¡K
Ávb Ges Zvi wVK e¨envi‡K †evSvq, †Zgwb ky× fvlvi •ewkó¨ wn‡m‡e fvlvi ky× I wVK D‛PviY‡K we‡ePbv
Kiv nq| fzj D‛PviY fvlv‡K GKw`‡K †hgb Acwi‛Qbœ I RwUj K‡i †Zv‡j, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb aŸwbMZ I A_©MZ
weK…wZ I cwieZ©b NUvq| Kv‡RB ky× D‛Pvi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©|
 evsjv D”PviY cÖm‡½ AviI hv ÁvZe¨
evOjv D‛Pvi‡Yi mv‡_ AviI m¤“K©hy³ Av‡iv wKQz wbqgvewj msw¶ßvKv‡i wb‡æ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| (hv D‛PviY
cÖZxK wk‡ivbv‡g b‡ib wek¦vm K…Z evsjv GKv‡Wwg evsjv D‛PviY Awfav‡b mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|)
ÔÔ...ev½vjv fvlvq ¯^ie‡Y©i n«¯^ ev `xN© D‛Pvi‡Yi Dc‡i k‡ãi A_© wbf©i K‡i bv|... LuvwU ev½vjv‡Z n«¯^-`x‡N©i
we‡kl ixwZ Avi bvB| ev½vjv D‛Pvi‡Y n«¯^-`x‡N©i cv_©K¨ gvwbqv Pjv nq bv ewjqv, ev½vjv evbv‡bI G wel‡q
euvaveuvwa wbqg bvB,ÕÕ e¯‘Z evOjv ¯^iaŸwbi G •`N©¨ ev n«¯^Zv Phonemic bq eûjvs‡k Phonetic ev D‛PviYMZ|
evOjv D‛PviY Awfav‡b †h‡nZz ¯^Zš¿ k‡ãi D‛PviY wb‡`©wkZ n‡q‡Q, †m-R‡b¨ ev‡K¨ Ae¯’vb ev cwi‡ek‡f‡`
k‡ãi cv_©K¨ wKsev ¯^‡ii n«¯^Z¡-`xN©Z¡ wePvh© nqwb|ÕÕ
A ¯^iaŸwbi iƒcvš@wiZ I aŸwbwb‡`©kK †Kv‡bv cÖZxKx-wPý bv _vKvq Avgiv G-Awfav‡b A-Gi Aa©mse„Z
aŸwb‡K (I ev I-Kv‡ii KvQvKvwQ) I wKsev I († v)-Kvi wP‡ý e¨³ K‡iwQ|
B, D B-Kvi Ges D-Kv‡ii †¶‡Î D‛PviY-wb‡`©‡k †Kej n«¯-^ B (w) Ges n«¯^-D ( y) cÖZxK e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
F evOjv fvlvq G-eY©wUi D‛PviY ÔwiÕ (i&-Gi m‡½ B-¯^iaŸwbi mshyw³)| ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi evbv‡b e¨eüZ
(Fwl, FY, FZz, F×, cÖK…wZ, wcZ…, †bZ…, K…wZ BZ¨vw`) F A_ev F-Kv‡ii D‛PviY ewY©Z n‡q‡Q ÔwiÕ
evbv‡b Ges Ô „Õ cÖZx‡Ki AvkÖ‡q|
G evOjv fvlvq G-eY©wUi `y‡Uv D‛PviY eZ©gvb| GK, Gi g”j ev wbR¯^ D‛PviYÑG (h_v : †K, †m, †`k,
†ZR, †gN, †g`, †e` BZ¨vw`) Ges `yB, Gi ÔwZh©KÕ ev ÔeuvKv-GÕÑ A¨v (æ)-iƒc [h_v : GK (A¨vK&); †Kb
(K¨v‡bv); †`Lv (`¨vLv); †hb (R¨v‡bv) BZ¨vw`]
H, J bv‡g evOjv ¯^ie‡Y© `y‡Uv wد^iaŸwb (diphthong) cvB| AvaywbK evOjv fvlvi cÖwgZ D‛PviY n‡‛Q ÔIBÕ Ges ÔIDÕ|
s evOjv fvlvq s (Aby¯^vi)-Gi D‛PviY me©ÎB O&-i Abyiƒc (A_©vr ÔAO&Õ)| myZivs G-Awfav‡b s (Aby¯^vi)-
Gi D‛PviY wb‡`©‡ki R‡b¨ me©Î ÔO&Õ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
t (wemM©)Ñ ms¯‹…‡Z wem‡M©i D‛PviY GK iKg Ôn&Õ aŸwbi g‡Zv| GKgvÎ we¯§qm”PK Ae¨q c‡`B wem‡M©i
GB D‛PviY †kvbv hvq| [Avt (Avn&), Dt (Dn&), evt (evn&) BZ¨vw`|] ZvQvov evOjv fvlvq Gi D‛PviY †bB
ej‡jB P‡j|
u (P›`ªwe›`y) n‡jv evsjv ¯^iaŸwbi mvbybvwmK wPý| ¯^iaŸwbi mvbybvwmKZv †evSv‡Z Ô uÕ (P›`ªwe›`y) cÖZxK
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
T Gi D‛PviY ÔquÕ ev ÔBAuÕ-Gi g‡Zv| G Kvi‡Y G e‡Y©i bvgI n‡q‡Q ÔBAuÕ| T mvaviYZ P-e‡M©i PviwU
e‡Y©i (P, Q, R, S) c”‡e© wKsev P-Gi c‡i hy³ n‡j Zvi D‛PviY `š@¨-b-Gi g‡Zv nq| [h_v : gÂ
(gb&‡Pv), evwÃZ (evb&wQ‡Zv), AÄwj (Ab&‡Rvwj), SÅv (Sb&Sv) Ges P-Gi c‡i, hv‛Tv (RvP&bv)
BZ¨vw`|] myZivs Gme †¶‡Î T-i D‛PviY wb‡`©wkZ n‡q‡Q ÔbÕ w`‡q|
2 b evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ
R& + T = Á evOjv fvlvq c‡`i m”Pbvq Gi D‛PviY A‡bKUv Mu ev Mu¨-i g‡Zv, Avi c`g‡a¨ ev A‡š@ D‛PvwiZ
nqÑ M&Mu-Gi Abyiƒc|
Y G eY©wUi bvg Ôg”a©b¨ YÕ| gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB gš@e¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÒaŸwbMZ w`K †_‡K ÔTÕ Ges ÔYÕ †K
AvgivB mn‡RB AcmvwiZ Ki‡Z cvwi|Ó d‡j evOjv D‛PviY Awfav‡b g”a©b¨ Y-Gi D‛PviY wb‡`©‡ki
R‡b¨ me©Î `š@¨-b e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
r LÊ-r Ges nmš@ Z&-G †h‡nZz D‛PviYMZ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB, †mR‡b¨ ÔZÕ-Gi e¨Äbvš@ D‛PviY wb‡`©‡ki
R‡b¨ †Kv_vI LÊ-r e¨envi Kiv nqwb, me©ÎB ÔZÕ-G nm&-wPý e¨envi n‡q‡Q|
h evOjv fvlvq Gi D‛PviY P-eM©xq R-†_‡K Awfbœ [h_v : hg (Rg&), RÄvj (Rb&Rvj), hy³ (RyK&‡Zv) BZ¨vw`]|
q Aš@t¯’ ÔqÕ-Gi D‛PviY c`g‡a¨ Gi m‡½ hy³¯^‡ii Dci eûjvs‡k wbf©i Ki‡jI G Awfav‡b weky×
¯^iaŸwb (A, Av, B, D, G, I) w`‡q †`Lv‡bv nqwb, me©Î Aš@t¯’-q e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| aŸwbZvwË¡K Ges
HwZnvwmK (evOvjvfvlx cvVK‡`i †Pv‡L Aš@t¯’ ÔqÕÑGi e¨envi LyeB cwiwPZ) G Kvi‡Y D‛PviY
weåvwš@ Gov‡bvi R‡b¨ Avgiv me©Î Aš@t¯’ ÔqÕ-†K D‛PviY-wb‡`©‡ki R‡b¨ e¨envi K‡iwQ|
e evOjv fvlvq wjwcMZ Ges D‛PviYMZ w`K †_‡K Aš@t¯’ ÔeÕ Ges eM©xq (c-eM©xq) ÔeÕ `y-B Awfbœ;
†mR‡b¨ Awfav‡b g”j k‡ãi evbv‡b I D‛PviYÑ wb‡`©‡k GKwU ÔeÕ-B e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
i G eY©wU †Kv‡bv e¨Äbe‡Y©i c‡i hy³ n‡j Giƒc e`‡j Ô ªÕ (i)-djv nq Ges i-djvhy³ e¨ÄbeY© k‡ãi g‡a¨
wKsev A‡š@ _vK‡j Zvi D‛PviY wØZ¡ nq [h_v : wkcÖv (wkc&cÖv), `xcÖ (w`c&‡cÖv), wPÎ (wPZ&‡Îv) BZ¨vw`]|
k, l, m Avgiv G wZbwU eY©‡K AwfwnZ Kwi ÔZvje¨-kÕ Ôg”a©b¨-lÕ Ges Ô`š@¨-mÕ bv‡g| cÖvPxbKv‡j wZbwU e‡Y©i
¯^Zš¿ D‛PviY _vK‡jI AvaywbK evOjv fvlvq GMy‡jvi GKgvÎ D‛PviY ÔkÕ (Bs‡iwRi sh-Gi g‡Zv)|
n ÔnÕ-†K wPwýZ Kiv nq ÔAvš@t¯^ihš¿xq ev KÉbvjxi gnvcÖvY †NvlaŸwbÕ-iƒ‡c| Avgiv G Awfav‡b aŸwbZË¡we`
gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB-Gi bxwZ Abymv‡i cÖ_‡g evOjv eY©gvjvi Gme k‡ãi D‛PviY wb‡`©k K‡i weK‡í †ivgxq
(`yÕ GKwU †¶‡Î Avš@R©vwZK aŸwbg”jK) eY©gvjvq D‛PviY eY©bv K‡iwQ| †Kej F ( „)-Kvi hy³, ÔnÕ-Gi
D‛Pvi‡Y ÔnÕ-†K Av‡M †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q [h_v : ü`q (ü`q/ hri`q&), üZ (ü‡Zv/ hri †Zv) BZ¨vw`]|
¶ ÔK& + lÕ- wg‡j ¶-Gi D‛PviY| evsjv fvlvq c‡`i cÖ_‡g ¯“ó ÔLÕ-Gi g‡Zv Ges Ôg‡a¨ I A‡š@ K&L-
Gi Abyiƒc [†hgb : ¶Z (L‡Zv), ¶zw`Z (Lywa‡Zv), ¶vš@ (Lvb&‡Zv) c‡`i g‡a¨ I A‡š@Ñ `¶ (†`vK&‡Lv),
h¶ (†RvK&‡Lv), i¶v (†ivK&Lv), cix¶v (†cvwiK&Lv), A¶q (AK&Lq), eyfz¶v (eyfzK&Lv), A¶vsk
(IK&LvO‡kv), c¶vš@‡i (†cvK&LvbZ‡i), cvw¶K (cvK&wLK) BZ¨vw`]| d‡j Avgiv ¶-i D‛PviY †`Lv‡Z
k‡ãi Avw`‡Z †Kej ÔLÕ Ges ga¨ I A‡š@ ÔK&LÕ e¨envi K‡iwQ|
[Z_¨m–Î : evsjv GKv‡Wwg evOjv D”PviY AwfavbÑ b‡ib wek¦vm]
 evsjv D”PviYixwZ
evsjv fvlvi D‛PviYixwZ Ges Zvi m”ÎMy‡jv ¯^i I e¨ÄbaŸwbi Ici wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q| evsjv D‛PviY m”‡Îi
hZUzKz RwUjZv, Zv evsjv ¯^iaŸwb Avi e¨ÄbaŸwbi A½v½xfv‡e RwoZ nIqvi dj| A‡bK mgq G A½xf‚Z
RwoZ Ae¯’v `„ó I kÖ‚Z nq bv| Ab¨vb¨ fvlvq (†hgbÑ Bs‡iwR, Rvg©vb cÖfw… Z fvlvq) k‡ã ¯^ieY© Avi e¨ÄbeY©
wfbœ wfbœ Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K| wb‡P evsjv GKv‡Wwg wb‡`©wkZ D‛Pvi‡Yi wbqgMy‡jvi Av‡jv‡K evsjv D‛PviYixwZ
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ
 evsjv D”Pvi‡Yi wbqg
c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlvq eY©MZ I aŸwbMZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| A_©vr evbvb I D‛PviY †h memgq Awfbœ n‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv
K_v †bB| ZvB me k‡ãiB †h evbvb Abyhvqx D‛PviY nq Zv bq| c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi g‡Zv evsjv fvlvqI Ggb
mgm¨v †`Lv hvq, hv me©cÖ_g iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi we¯§‡qi m‡½ j¶ K‡iwQ‡jb| Avi †m Kvi‡YB D‛Pvi‡Yi wbqg ev
m”Î AvZ¥¯’ Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j k‡ãi A_© wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB k‡ãi wVK cÖ‡qvM I fvlvi gvayh© i¶v Ges Gi
¯’vb-Kvj-cvÎ †f‡` e¨envi Dc‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ D‛Pvi‡Yi wbqg Rvbv AZ¨vek¨K| Avgiv wb‡P evsjv GKv‡Wwg
wb‡`©wkZ D‛Pvi‡Yi wbqgMy‡jv j¶ Kie :
 ¯^iaŸwbi D”PviY
evsjv eY©gvjvq ¯^ieY© †gvU GMv‡ivwU| h_v : A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J|
wKš‘ evsjvq ¯^i ch©v‡q ¯^Z‡š¿ aŸwbg”j wn‡m‡e D‛PvwiZ nq †gvU mvZwU| h_v : A, Av, B, D, G, I, A¨v|
A Qvov Ab¨vb¨ ¯^ie‡Y©i msw¶ß iƒc ev Kvi-wPý Av‡Q| e¨Äbe‡Y©i c‡i _vK‡j ¯^ie‡Y©i msw¶ß iƒc e¨Ä‡bi
m‡½ hy³ nq, †Kej A-Kv‡ii Rb¨ †Kv‡bv msw¶ß iƒc †bB| A-Kvi †hb e¨Äbe‡Y©i AvK…wZi g‡a¨ jxb _v‡K|
ZvB G‡K wbjxb eY© e‡j|
evsjv wjwLZ fvlvq e¨eüZ A-Gi D‛PviY `y iKg nq| GKwU A (Aa©-wee„Z ¯^iaŸwb), AciwU I (ev I-Kv‡ii
g‡Zv) BZ¨vw`|
 aŸwbweÁvb I evsjv aŸwbZË¡ b 3
Av`¨ A
1. k‡ãi kyi‡‚ Z ÔAÕ _vK‡j †mB A-†K Av`¨ A ejv nq| Av`¨ A-Gi c‡i B ev D aŸwb _vK‡j †mB A-Gi D‛PviY
I-Gi g‡Zv nq| †hgb : AwZ  IwZ, b`x  †bvw`, gay  †gvay, ea”  †evay, iwZ  †ivwZ, Ai‚Y  Ii‚b&,
Abygvb  Ibygvb&|
e¨wZµg : bT_©K A DcmM© Ges mn ev mwnZ A‡_© m Dcm‡M©i A aŸwb AweK…Z _v‡K e‡j DwjÐwLZ wbqgwU
Gme †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| †hgb : Awb‡KZ  Awb‡KZ&, Aaxi  Awai&, Amxg  Awkg&, AmyL  AkyL&,
mwebq  kwebq&, mmxg  kwkg& BZ¨vw`|
Z‡e Gme kã e¨w³bvg n‡j I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : Amxg  Iwkg&, AZzjcÖmv` 
IZzj&‡cÖvkv`& BZ¨vw`|
2. Av`¨ A-Gi c‡ii aŸwb‡Z F-Kvi _vK‡j †mB A I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb : hK…r  †RvK…Z&, gm„Y 
†gvm„b&/†gvm&m„b& BZ¨vw`|
e¨wZµg : bT_©K A DcmM© Ges mn ev mwnZ A‡_© m Dcm‡M©i †¶‡Î DwjÐwLZ wbqgwU cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv| †hgb
: AK…cY  AK…‡cvb&, AK…ZÁ  AK…ZM&‡Muv, mZ…ò  kZ…k&‡bv BZ¨vw`|
3. Av`¨ A-Gi c‡ii aŸwb‡Z h-djv _vK‡j †mB A I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb : A`¨  I`&‡`v, M`¨ 
†Mv`&‡`v, c`¨  †cv`&‡`v, eb¨  †evb&‡bv, cY¨  †cvb&‡bv, kh¨v  †kvR&Rv, Kb¨v  †Kvb&bv, Kj¨vY 
†Kvj&jvb& BZ¨vw`|
e¨wZµg : bT_©K A DcmM© Ges mn ev mwnZ A‡_© m Dcm‡M©i †¶‡Î DwjÐwLZ wbqgwU cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv|
†hgb : Ab¨vq  Ab&b¨vq&, Ae¨vnZ  Ae&&e¨vn‡Zv, me¨q  ke&e¨vq& BZ¨vw`|
4. Av`¨ A-Gi c‡i ¶, ÁÑ G `y‡Uv hy³e¨Ä‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU _vK‡j †mB A I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb : A¶
 IK&‡Lv, e¶  †evK&‡Lv, c¶  †cvK&‡Lv, `¶Zv  †`vK&‡LvZv, hÁ  †RvM&‡Muv|
e¨wZµg : bT_©K A DcmM© Ges mn ev mwnZ A‡_© m Dcm‡M©i †¶‡Î DwjÐwLZ wbqgwU cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv| †hgb : A¶g
 AK&‡Lvg&, A¶Z  AK&L‡Zv, AÁ  AM&‡Muv, AÁvb  AM&Mu¨vb& BZ¨vw`|
5. i-djvhy³ Av`¨ A-Gi D‛PviY I-Gi g‡Zv nq| †hgb : µg  †µvg&, MÖn  †MÖv‡nv, eªZ  †eªv‡Zv, kÖg
 †mªvg&, mªóv  †mªvk&&Uv, cÖ_g  †cÖv‡_vg&, cÖfvZ  †cÖvfvZ&, cÖmbœ  †cÖv‡kvb&‡bv, cÖavb  †cÖvavb&,
MÖš’  †MÖvb&‡_v, åg  †åvg&, kÖeY  †mªv‡evb& BZ¨vw`|
e¨wZµg : GKv¶i k‡ã i-djvhy³ Av`¨ A-Gi ci q _vK‡j mvaviYZ DwjÐwLZ wbqgwU cÖ‡hvR¨ nq bv|
†hgb : µq  µq&, Îq  Îq&, kÖq  mªq& BZ¨vw`|
6. mvayixwZ‡Z B-aŸwb wQj Ggb wµqvc` I we‡kl¨ k‡ãi evbv‡b PwjZiƒ‡c B wejyß n‡jI c”e©eZ©x cÖfv‡e Abyiƒc
Av`¨ A cÖvqk I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb : Kie (Kwie) †Kvi&‡ev, eje (ewje) †evj&‡ev, cowQ
(cwo‡ZwQ) †cvo&wQ, e‡mwQj (ewmqvwQj) †ev‡kwQ‡jv, KjKvZv (KwjKvZv) †Kvj&KvZv, Kievi
(Kwievi)  †Kvi&evi&, aievi (awievi)  †avi&evi& BZ¨vw`|
e¨wZµg : G wbq‡gi wKQz e¨wZµgI †`Lv hvq| †hgb : nBe  (n‡ev, KLbI Ô†nv‡evÕ bq), Kwne  KBe
 Ke (K‡ev, KLbI Ô†Kv‡evÕ bq), mwne  mBe (k‡ev, KLbI Ô†kv‡evÕ bq) BZ¨vw`|
7. GKv¶i k‡ã cÖ_‡g ÔAÕ Ges c‡i `š@¨-b _vK‡j ÔAÕ-Gi D‛PviY ÔIÕ-Kv‡ii g‡Zv nq| †hgbÑgb (†gvb&),
Rb (†Rvb&) BZ¨vw`| Z‡e GKv¶i k‡ã Ab¨ eY© hy³ n‡j A_ev mgvme× c` n‡j D³ ÔAÕ AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
†hgbÑebevmx (e‡bvevwm), ebexw_ (e‡bvwew_), abcwZ (a‡bvcwZ) BZ¨vw`|
ga¨ A
1. ga¨ A-Gi c‡i B ev D aŸwb _vK‡j †mB A-Gi D‛PviY I-Gi g‡Zv nq|
†hgb : KvKwj  Kv‡Kvwj, Rjwa  R‡jvwa, mKi‚Y  k‡Kvi‚b&|
2. ga¨ A-Gi c‡ii aŸwb‡Z F-Kvi _vK‡j †mB A I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq|
†hgb : †jvKb„Z¨  †jv‡Kvb„Z&‡Zv Dce„Ë  D‡cve„Z&‡Zv|
3. ga¨ A-Gi c‡ii aŸwb‡Z h-djv _vK‡j †mB A-Gi D‛PviY I-Gi g‡Zv nq|
†hgb : A`g¨  A‡`vg&‡gv, Amf¨ A‡kve&‡fv, Avjm¨  Av‡jvk&‡kv|
4. ga¨ A-Gi c‡i ¶, Á-Gi `y‡Uv hy³ e¨Ä‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU _vK‡j †mB A I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq|
†hgb : A`¶  A‡`vK&‡Lv, AeÁv  A‡evM&Muv, we‡klÁ  we‡k‡kvM&‡Muv|
5. ga¨-A-Gi Av‡M A, Av, G, I GB PviwU ¯^iaŸwbi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU _vK‡j †mB A I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq|
†hgb : Kgj  K‡gvj&, Kvbb Kv‡bvb&, †eZb  †e‡Zvb&, IRb  I‡Rvb& BZ¨vw`|
6. evsjvq †ek wKQy Zrmg kã ¯^vaxb e¨env‡i nmš@ D‛PvwiZ n‡jI mgvme× Ae¯’vq c”e©c‡`i †k‡li A
iw¶Z n‡q I-KvivšÍ iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb : c_ (c_&), wKš‘ c_Pvix  c‡_vPvwi| Abyiƒc, ebevmx 
e‡bvevwk, ebjZv  e‡bvjZv, `xbeÜz  w`‡bv‡evb&a,y dzjki  dz‡jvki&, †jvKMxwZ  †jv‡KvwMwZ|
e¨wZµg : A‡bK k‡ãi †¶‡ÎB G wbq‡gi e¨wZµgI i‡q‡Q| †hgb : ivRbxwZ  ivR&wbwZ, ivRnsm 
ivR&nO&‡kv, ivRcyÎ  ivR&cyZ&‡Îv, dzjkh¨v  dzj&‡kvR&Rv, †jvKmfv  †jvK&kfv BZ¨vw`|
4 b evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

Aš@¨ A
kãv‡š@i ÔAÕ evsjv fvlvq ms¯‹…Z ev cÖvK…‡Zi g‡Zv D‛PvwiZ nq bv| GB ÔAÕ-aŸwbwU c”e©eZ©x e¨Äbe‡Y© jyß ev
wg‡k _v‡K e‡j cÖvqk nmš@iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ n‡q _v‡K| h_v : bvK&, Kvb&, nvZ&, RvZ&, gvb&, avb&, Kvg&, Ni&, ei&, Quv`&,
Rvg&, _vb&, `uvZ&, cvZ&, AvU&, NvU&, bvU&, NU&, evb&, Mvb&, cywjb&, gwjb&, MvQ&, gvQ&, w`ek& BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ me©ÎB G-iƒc
D‛PvwiZ nq bv, †¶Îwe‡k‡l GB ÔAÕ iw¶Z nq Ges ÔIÕ-Kvivš@ D‛PvwiZ nq| h_v :
1. evsjv fvlvq †ek wKQy we‡kl‡Y A_ev we‡klYiƒ‡c e¨eüZ c‡`i Awš@g ÔAÕ jyß bv n‡q I-Kvivš@ D‛PviY n‡q
_v‡K| h_v : Kvj (we‡klY, ÔKv‡jvÕ wKš‘ we‡kl¨ Kvj&), fvj [fv‡jv wKš‘ we‡kl¨ fvj& (Kcvj)], LvU (Lv‡Uv
wKš‘ we‡kl¨ LvU&), †QvU (†Qv‡Uv), eo (e‡ov), GZ (A¨v‡Zv), KZ (K‡Zv), hZ (R‡Zv), †nb (n¨v‡bv) BZ¨vw`|
2. evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ †ek wKQy wØi‚³ kã we‡klYiƒ‡c e¨eüZ n‡j cÖvqk Awš@g ÔAÕ I-Kvivš@ D‛PviY nq|
h_v : Kuv`-Kuv` (Kuv‡`v-Kuv‡`v), Kj-Kj (K‡jv-K‡jv), co-co (c‡ov-c‡ov), eo-eo (e‡ov-e‡ov), Qj-Qj
(Q‡jv-Q‡jv), SiSi (S‡iv-S‡iv), mvR-mvR (kv‡Rv-kv‡Rv), eva-eva (ev‡av-ev‡av) BZ¨vw`|
* e¨wZµg : KiKi (Ki&Ki), Lo Lo (Lo& Lo&), go go (go& go&), MiMi (Mi&Mi&), ZiZi (Zi&Zi&) BZ¨vw`|
3. 11 †_‡K 18 ch©š@ msL¨vevPK k‡ãi †klÑÔAÕ iw¶Z Ges ÔIÕ-Kvivš@ D‛PvwiZ n‡q _‡K| h_v : (11) GMvi
(G¨vMv‡iv), (12) evi (ev‡iv), (13) †Zi (Z¨v‡iv), (14) †PŠÏ (†PvD`&‡`v > †Pv`&‡`v), (15) c‡bi
(†cv‡b‡iv), (16) †lvj (†kv‡jv), (17) mZi (kZ‡iv > k‡Z‡iv) Ges (18) AvVvi (AvVv‡iv)|
4. ÔBÕ wKsev ÔGÕ-Kv‡ii ci ÔqÕ (= ÔBAÕ) _vK‡j, †mB ÔqÕ nmš@iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ bv n‡q cÖvqk ÔIÕ-Kv‡ii g‡Zv
D‛PvwiZ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb : wb‡Y©q (wbi&‡b‡qv), wcÖq (wcÖ‡qv), wgªq (wgª‡qv), ¯^xq (wk‡qv), wLq (wL‡qv), †`q
(†`‡qv), †cq (†c‡qv), we‡aq (we‡a‡qv), Aby‡gq (Iby‡g‡qv), A‡`q (A‡`‡qv), ¯§iYxq (ku‡ivwb‡qv), eiYxq
(e‡ivwb‡qv), †Áq (†Mu‡qv), A‡Rq (A‡R‡qv), Zzjbxq (Zz‡jvwb‡qv) BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ ÔBÕ A_ev ÔGÕ-Kv‡ii
cwie‡Z© ÔAÕ ev ÔAvÕ aŸwb G‡jB ÔqÕ-Gi ÔAÕ (ev iƒcvš@wiZ ÔIÕ) wejyß n‡q nmš@iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| h_v :
welq (wekq&), bq (bq&), jq (jq&), Rq (Rq&), mq (kq&), Lvq (Lvq&), hvq (Rvq&), cvq (cvq&), b¨vq (b¨vq&),
gvq (gvq&), †`q (`¨vq& Ñ GLv‡b Ô†`Õ-Gi D‛PviY ÔGÕ bq ÔA¨vÕ) †bq (b¨vq& Ñ GLv‡bI Ô†bÕ-Gi D‛PviY ÔGÕ bq
ÔA¨vÕ), Mvq (Mvq&) BZ¨vw`|
5. kã †k‡li ÔAÕ-Gi Av‡M hw` H J s (Aby¯^vi) t (wemM©) Ges F ( „ )-Kvi _v‡K, Z‡e †mÑÔAÕ cÖvqk wejyß
bv n‡q I-Kvivš@ D‛PviY nq| h_v : •Zj (†ZvB‡jv), •kj (†kvB‡jv), •¯¿Y (†¯¿vB‡bv), •Rb (†RvB‡bv), •`e
(†`vB‡ev), •ea (†evB‡av), •be (†bvB‡ev), •ke (†kvB‡ev), †MŠY (†MvD‡bv), †gŠb (†gŠD‡bv), †gŠj (†gvD‡jv),
†hŠb (†RvD‡bv), †cŠi (†cvD‡iv), †mŠi (†kvD‡iv), †hŠ_ (†RvD‡_v), †aŠZ (†avD‡Zv), †fŠg (†fŠD‡gv), †mŠa
(†kvD‡av), †jŠn (†jvD‡nv), esk (eO&‡kv), nsm (nO&‡kv), Ask (AO&‡kv), wesk (weO&‡kv), Ksm (KO&‡kv), `ytL
(`yK&‡Lv), K…k (K…‡kv), e„l (e„‡kv), Z…Y (Z…‡bv), e„K (e„‡Kv), g„M (g„‡Mv), b„c (b„‡cv) BZ¨vw`|
* e¨wZµg : †`Šo (†`vDo&), †cŠl (†cvDk&), †eŠj (†evDj&), †gŠj (†gvDj&), †cŠU [< (†cvDU&)], †kŠP (†kvDP&) BZ¨vw`|
6. ÔZÕ I ÔBZÕ cÖZ¨qvš@ kã we‡klY n‡j Aš@¨ A, A_©vr †k‡li A-Gi D‛PviY I-Gi g‡Zv nq| †hgb : a„Z 
a„‡Zv, g„Z  g„‡Zv, ÁvZ  Mu¨v‡Zv, PwjZ  †Pvwj‡Zv, cwVZ  †cvwV‡Zv, wkw¶Z  wkK&wL‡Zv,
weevwnZ  weevwn‡Zv, cixw¶Z  †cvwiK&wL‡Zv|
e¨wZµg : Gme cÖZ¨qvš@ kã we‡kl¨ n‡j Aš@¨ A jyß nq| †hgb : MxZ  wMZ&, cvwjZ  cvwjZ&, gZ
 gZ& BZ¨vw`|
7. kã †k‡l Aš@¯’ q-Gi wVK Av‡M B wKsev G aŸwb _vK‡j †mB A I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb : wb‡Y©q 
wbi&‡b‡qv, wcÖq  wcÖ‡qv, †cq  †c‡qv, †kÖq  †mª‡qv BZ¨vw`|
8. we‡kl¨ k‡ãi †k‡l n _vK‡j Aš@¨-A I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb : Kjn  Kj‡nv, mgxn  †kvwg‡nv,
weevn  weev‡nv, wbe©vn  wbi&ev‡nv, wein  wei‡nv, †`ªvn  †`ªv‡nv, †øn  †ø‡nv BZ¨vw`|
9. kã †k‡l hy³e¨Ä‡bi A I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb : e¶  †evK&‡Lv, c¶  †cvK&‡Lv, e½  eO&‡Mv,
AÁ  AM&‡Muv, n¯@  nm&‡Zv, `š@ `b&‡Zv, KgjvKvš@  K‡gvjvKvb&‡Zv BZ¨vw`|
10. ÔZiÕ I ÔZgÕ cÖq¨vš@ k‡ãi Aš@¨ A I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb : AwaKZi  Iwa‡KvZ‡iv, e„nËi  e„nZ&Z‡iv,
D‛PZi  DP&‡PvZ‡iv, wcÖqZg  wcÖ‡qvZ‡gv, D‛PZg  DP&‡PvZ‡gv, wbæZg  wbg&‡bvZ‡gv BZ¨vw`|
11. c”‡e© wemM© wQj wKš‘ cÖwgZ evbv‡b Zv jyß n‡q‡Q, Ggb k‡ã Aš@¨ A I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb : Kvh©Z
 Kvi&‡Rv‡Zv, g”jZ  gy‡jv‡Zv, µgk  †µv‡gv‡kv, cÖvqk  cÖv‡qv‡kv, cÖavbZ  †cÖvavb‡Zv,
mvaviYZ  kvavib‡Zv BZ¨vw`|
12. wµqvc‡`i Aš@¨-A mvaviYZ I-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb : hve  Rv‡ev, ejj  †evj&‡jv, K‡iwQj 
†Kv‡iwQ‡jv BZ¨vw`|
 aŸwbweÁvb I evsjv aŸwbZË¡ b 5

Av
1. Á-Gi m‡½ hy³ Av-Kvi mvaviYZ A¨v-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb : Ávb  Mu¨vb&, ÁvZ  M¨uv‡Zv, ÁvwZ 
M¨uvwZ, weÁvb  weM&Mu¨vb&, AÁvb  AM&Mu¨vb& BZ¨vw`|
2. h-djvhy³ e¨Äbe‡Y©i m‡½ Av-Kvi mshy³ n‡j †mB Av A¨v-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb : a¨vb  a¨vb&, b¨vq
 b¨vq&, cu¨vP  cu¨vP&, e¨vKiY  e¨vK‡ivb&, e¨³  e¨vK&‡Zv, e¨¯Í  e¨vm&‡Zv BZ¨vw`|

G aŸwbi D”PviY
evsjv fvlvq ÔGÕ ( † ) Kvi wjwLZiƒ‡c GKwU n‡jI, Gi D‛PvwiZ iƒc `ywU (ÔGÕ Ges A¨v (æ)]| †gl (†gk&), †`k
(†`k&), Gj (G‡jv), Gm (G‡kv) BZ¨vw` k‡ãi Av`¨ÑÔGÕÑGi D‛PviY wbR¯^ (†hUv ms¯‹…Z I cÖvK…Z fvlvmg”‡n
me©Î e¨eüZ)| †Ljv (L¨vjv), †ejv (e¨vjv) BZ¨vw` k‡ãi Av`¨ ÔGÕ-i D‛PviY ÔGÕ bq cwi®‹vi ÔA¨v (æ) (†hUv
ms¯‹…Z fvlvq †bB wKš‘ Bs‡iwR Cat, Bat Gi g‡Zv k‡ãi a-†Z Av‡Q)|
evsjv fvlvi cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Y eûj e¨eüZ, AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq GB g”jaŸwb ev †dvwbgwUi ¯^Zš¿ †Kv‡bv eY©cÖZxK
†bB| d‡j, ÔGÕ, Ô † Õ A¨v, G¨v, Ô ¨ Õ (e¨_v) ¨v (L¨vZ), q¨v Ges weky× ÔAvÕ ( v )ÕÑKviÑ G ai‡bi wewPÎ cÖZx‡K
†jLv nq|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi gvÎvIqvjv G ( ‡ )ÑKvi w`‡q A¨v (æ) aŸwb‡K †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, wek¦fviZx MÖš’b wefvM GL‡bv
G bxwZ AbymiY K‡i| wKš‘ G‡Z mgm¨vi myivnv nqwb, Zvi cÖ_g KviY gvÎvIqvjv ( ‡ ) Ges gvÎvnxb ( † )-G
Kvi wP‡ýi cv_©K¨ G‡Zv m”¶¥ †h GUv mn‡R †Pv‡L c‡o bv, wØZxqZ, c‡`i Av`¨v¶‡i gvÎvIqvjv ( ‡ ) G-Kvi ¯“ó
n‡jI c‡`i ga¨ ev Awš@g e‡Y© Gi Aw¯@Z¡ wba©viY Am¤¢e| ivR‡kLi emy A¨v (æ) aŸwbi Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿ ¯^ieY© Ges
e¨Äbe‡Y©i m‡½ †hvR¨ Avjv`v GKwU Kvi-wPý D™¢veb K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Gi †Kv‡bvwUB Pvjy nqwb|
mv¤“ÖwZKKv‡j †KD †KD cÖ¯@ve Ki‡Qb G = A¨v Ges KviwPý iƒ‡c [ † ]|
GB ÔGÕ, †Kv_vq ÔA¨vÕ wn‡m‡e D‛PvwiZ n‡e Ges †Kej ÔGÕ-Kvi wKsev ÔA¨vÕ-KviB n‡e, G ai‡bi me©Rb¯^xK…Z weavb `yj©f|
PwjZ evsjv fvlvi cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Yi engvb aviv Abymi‡Y ÔGÕ-msµvš@ KwZcq k‡Z©i D‡jÐL Kiv hv‡‛Q|
1. k‡ãi cÖ_‡g hw` ÔGÕ-Kvi (e¨Ä‡b hy³I n‡Z cv‡i) _v‡K Ges Zvic‡i ÔBÕ ( w ), C ( x ), D ( y ), E ( ” ),
G ( † ), ÔIÕ ( † v ), q, i, j, k Ges n _vK‡j mvaviYZ ÔGÕ AweK…Zfv‡e D‛PvwiZ nq| h_v : GwK (GwK),
†`wL (†`wL), †gwK (†gwK), †XuwK (†XuwK), †ewk (†ewk), GKz‡b, †eMyb, GKzk, †iOzb, †g‡q, G‡b, †P‡q, †M‡q,
†L‡q, †c‡q, [e¨wZµg,-G‡Ki (A¨v‡Ki&), G‡K G‡K (A¨v‡K A¨v‡K) BZ¨vw`|] †kÖq, †Lqv, †Kqv, †Xi, †Ri, †ei,
†Ni, †`o, †M‡Qv, †f‡Zv, †Z‡Zv, †g‡Vv, †mI [e¨wZµg : †`Iqi (`¨vIi&), †kIov (k¨vIov)] †Zj, †ej, †kj,
Gj, †fj, †Rj, †ij [e¨wZµg : wb‡¶c A‡_© †dj (d¨vj& / d¨v‡jv), †Mj (M¨v‡jv, hvIqv A‡_©)] †ek, †jk,
†kl, †ck, Gm, †Kn, †`n, †gn, †øn, †jnb BZ¨vw`|
2. k‡ãi Av`¨ ÔGÕ-Kv‡ii c‡i hw` s (Aby¯^vi) O wKsev ½ _v‡K Ges Zvic‡i ÔBÕ (n«¯^ ev `xN©) ÔDÕ (n«¯^ ev `xN©)
Abycw¯’Z _v‡K Z‡e †m‡¶‡Î ÔGÕ, ÔA¨vÕ-Kv‡i iƒcvš@wiZ nq| h_v : †eO [e¨vO, wKš‘ B ( w )-Kvi mshy³
n‡j †ewO)], †Lsiv (L¨vvOiv wKš‘ †LO&wi), †e½gv (e¨vO&‡Mvgv wKš‘ †eO&‡Mvwg), †fsPv (f¨vO&Pv wKš‘ †fO&wP),
†UOiv (U¨vO&iv wKš‘ †UO&wi), †jsov (j¨vO&ov wKš‘ †jO&wo), †bsUv (b¨vO&Uv wKš‘ †bO&wU)|
3. G-Kvihy³ GKv¶i (monosyllable) avZzi m‡½ Av-cÖZ¨qhy³ n‡j, mvaviYZ †mB ÔGÕ-Kv‡ii D‛PviY ÔA¨vÕ-
Kvi n‡q _v‡K| h_v : †L`v (†L`& + Av = L¨v`v), †¶cv (†¶c& + Av = L¨vcv), †ePv (†eP& + Av = e¨vPv), †Vjv
(†Vj& + Av = V¨vjv), †djv (†dj& + Av = d¨vjv), †Ljv (†Lj& + Av = L¨vjv), †njv (†nj& + Av = n¨vjv),
†Zjv (†Zj& + Av = Z¨vjv), †Mjv (†Mj& + Av = M¨vjv wKš‘ wMj& + Av = †Mjv (MjvatKiY)] BZ¨vw`|
4. g”‡j ÔBÕ-Kvi ev F-Kvihy³ avZz cÖvwZcw`‡Ki m‡½ Av-Kvi hy³ n‡j †mB B-Kvi G-Kvi iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ n‡e,
KLbI ÔA¨vÕ-Kvi n‡e bv| h_v : †Kbv (wKb& avZz †_‡K), †gjv (< wgj& ), †jLv (< wjL&), †Mjv (<wMj&), †gkv
(< wgk&), †Rjv (<wRjv), †kLv (< wkL&), GjvKv (< BjvKv), Gbvg (< Bbvg), Gev`Z (Bev`Z), Gbmvd
(< Bbmvd), †cUv (<wcU&), †iPK (<wiP&), †jnb (<wjn&), †e`b (< we`&), †bZv (< bx-avZz), †KZve (<
wKZve), †bcvj (<b„cvj), †gl (<wgl&) BZ¨vw`|
5. GKv¶i (monosyllable) me©bvg c‡`i ÔGÕ mvaviYZ ¯^vfvweKfv‡e A_©vr AweK…Z ÔGÕ-Kvi iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nq|
h_v : †K, †m, G, †h BZ¨vw`|
6. ms¯‹…Z ev Zrmg k‡ãi Av`¨ G-Kvi cÖvqk AweK…Z ÔGÕ-iƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ n‡q _v‡K| h_v : †Kq”i, †cÖiK,
†ZRw¯Œqv, †e`, †cÖg, †ngš@, †eMeZx, †iev BZ¨vw`|
6 b evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ
7. mvaviYZ k‡ãi Av`¨ ÔGÕ-Kv‡ii c‡i ÔAÕ Ges Av _vK‡j ÔGÕ-Kv‡ii ÔA¨vÕ-Kviiƒ‡c D‛PvwiZ nIqvi cÖeYZv
_v‡K mgwaK| wKš‘ IB ÔAÕ wKsev ÔAvÕ-Gi cwie‡Z© ÔBÕ-Kvi ÔDÕ-Kvi wKsev ÔGÕ-Kv‡ii g‡Zv ¯^iaŸwb G‡jB
ÔGÕ-Kvi Zvi wbR¯^ D‛Pvi‡Y wd‡i hvq| h_v : GLb (A¨v‡Lvb&), Ggb (A¨v‡gvb&), †Kgb (K¨v‡gvb&), †hgb
(R¨v‡gvb&), †Zgb (Z¨v‡gvb&), GK (A¨vK&), GKv (A¨vKv), †eUv (e¨vUv), †RVv (R¨vVv), †VVv (V¨vVv), †V½v
(V¨v½v), †cuPv (cu¨vPv), †Kb (K¨v‡bv), †hb (R¨v‡bv), †nb (n¨v‡bv), †db (d¨vb&), †ni (n¨v‡iv), †Zi (Z¨v‡iv),
†Uiv (U¨viv), †Zov (Z¨vov), †fov (f¨vov), †bov (b¨vov), †gov (g¨vov), †Pjv (P¨vjv), †POov (P¨vO&o&v) BZ¨vw`|
e¨wZµg : GLvb (GLvb&)|
wKš‘ Gme k‡ãi †k‡l hw` ÔBÕ ÔDÕ wKsev GKvi Av‡m, Z‡e ÔGÕ-Kvi wbR¯^ D‛Pvi‡Y wd‡i hvq| h_v : GwK,
GKzk, †nwi, †Uwi, †bwo, GLywb, †RwV, †RVz, †cuwP, †Vw½, †bwo, †POwo BZ¨vw`|