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Pipe Flow Rate Measurement
Pipe Flow Rate Measurement
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q
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology Types: (1) Venturi, (2) Flow-nozzle (3) Orifice.
Q = pC1 A
D 2
4
2
P CD QQ
actual
ideal
ME 361: Instrumentation & Measurement
Venturi 0:95 < CD < 0:98
Nozzle +
0:99622 0:00059D (6:36 + 0:13D )
0:24 2 =ReD
Orifice 0:60 < CD < 0:65
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 1 / 21 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 2 / 21
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Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 3 / 21 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 4 / 21
Measurement of Fluid Flow Rate Measurement of Fluid Flow Rate
Venturi can be installed in large diameter pipes using flanged, Variable Area Meter (Rotameter)
welded or threaded-ended fittings. It can be used with most
liquids, including those having a high solids content. High
accuracy, good pressure recovery, and resistance to abrasion are
the primary advantages of the venturi. These are offset, however, b = density of float
by considerably greater cost and space requirements than with the = density of fluid
orifice and nozzle. Vb = volume of float
Orifice is inexpensive, and may often be installed between existing CD = drag coeff. of float
pipe flanges. However, its pressure recovery is poor, and it is U = av. vel. past the float
specially susceptible to inaccuracies resulting from wear and Ax = X-section of float
abrasion. It may also be damaged by the pressure transients
because of its lower physical strength. e626.eps
Turbine Flow-meter
Advantages:
Flow rates can be read directly without any secondary reading
devices,
Uniform scale over the range of the instrument,
Fixed pressure loss at all flow rates,
Many corrosive fluids may be handled without complication,
Capacity may be changed with relative ease by changing the float
and/or tube.
Disadvantages:
Meter must be installed vertically,
Float may not be visible when opaque fluids are used,
It cannot be used with liquids carrying large percentages of solids in
suspension,
For high pressures and temperatures, it is expensive.
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Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 7 / 21 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 8 / 21
Measurement of Fluid Flow Rate Measurement of Fluid Flow Rate
Very good accuracy, particularly with low-viscosity fluids. Positive displacements meters use the ‘’fill & dump” technique to
Operation over wide range of pressure, temperature and fluids. measure the true flow rate. Designs vary, but the fluid is allowed to fill
Flexibility in flow control and computer interfacing. a chamber until a limit is reached, at which point the chamber is
discharged while a second one fills.Used to measure steady-state fluid
Intrusive method - pressure drops.
flow rate with high accuracy.
Bearing wear is a major concern.
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 9 / 21 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 10 / 21
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Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 11 / 21 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 12 / 21
Measurement of Fluid Velocity Measurement of Fluid Velocity
Ultrasonic Flow-meter
The three major components of the the meter are:
1 A bluff body mounted across the flow-meter bore.
2 A sensor to detect the the vortex and to generate electrical
impulse. The vortices cause alternating forces on the shedder;
piezoelectric and strain-gauges can be used to detect it. The
interruption of ultrasonic beams by the passing vortices can be
used to detect it.
3 A signal amplification and conditioning stage to give flow
rate/flow tantalizing measurements.
The vortex shedding frequency, fs , flow velocity, v , and the shedder
width, d, are related using the following formula: fs St dv = e415.eps
J J J
fluid flow rates or total flow quantities.
Advantages: Non-intrusive, No pressure drop, Good
calibration,
J
accuracy can be maintained without frequent field
Can be used to measure the flow of liquids e632.eps e633.eps
& slurries which ordinarily cause damage to conventional
Jsensors
J Magnetic flow detector’s principle of operation is based on Faraday’s
Disadvantages: Very expensive,
J
Measures particle velocity
which may be different from that of the fluid, Doppler
Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which states that a voltage will be
induced into a conduction when it moves through a magnetic field.
shift is proportional to the sound velocity in fluid which The fluid serves as a moving conductor. Hence,
depends on pressure & fluid composition.
E = V B D = VBD
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 15 / 21 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 16 / 21
Measurement of Fluid Velocity Measurement of Fluid Velocity
e634.eps
p
q = i 2R = i 2Ro [1 + (Tw To )] = (a + b V Tw)( T1 )
e407.eps
s
VP = (
2 Pt P ) Tw = wire temperature, T1 = free stream temperature of fluid,
V = fluid velocity
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 17 / 21 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fluid Flow Measurement ME 361 18 / 21
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