Limit State Design ofSlabs 257

resisted by concrete a Ione WIt' hout any extra. reJnforcements~. The

CHAPTER 9
Limit State Design of Slabs
9.1 INTRODUCTION
The most common type of structural element used to cover floors and roofs
of buildings are reinforced concrete' slabs of different types. One-way slabs
are those supported on the two opposite sides so that the loads are carried
along one direction only. A common example of one way slab is the
verandah slab spanning in the shorter direction with main reinforcements
and distribution reinforcements in the transverse direction.
Two- way slabs are supported on all the. four sides with such dimen
w
sions such that the lo~ds are carried to the supports along both directions.
Two-way slabs are common in the floors of multistorey buildings.
Cahtilevered slabs are generaIly used for ehajjas over windows & in bal-
conies 'projecting from 'the buildings. In Tee beam-slab floors, the slab is
continuous over tee beams and designed as a con~inuous slab with positive
moments at mid span and negative moments over supports. .
shear. '.
shea~ enhancement factor (k) specified in clause 40,2.1.I of IS: 456 cdde
varymg from 1 to 1.3 depending upon the thickness of slab will consider-
ably Increase the permissible shear stress in slabs when multiplied with the
values of shear stress given in Table-19 oflS: 456- 2000.
In slabs, shear reinforcements may be allowed if the thickness is 200
mm'or more b ut'III no.. case the maximum shear stress in slabs due to ulti-
mate load exceed one half ofthat given in Table-20 of IS: 456-2000.
. In the case of slabs the depth selected is usually greater thanlhe
mlllImun:t depth for the balanced section and hence the steel required may
be calculated by the formula given in IS: 456 or by use of SP-16charts and
Tables
, : . The deslgne
. I b Should be checked for shear stress and deflec-
d sa·
tIOn control.
9.2.2 Design Example
i
De' .
i sIgn. a SImply supported R.C.C. slab for an oftice floor having clear
d menslOns of 4m by 10 m with 230 ",ails all,rounc, Adopt M - 20 grade
!
concrete & Fe-4l5 grade HYSD bars.

a) Data I
Flat slabs are generaIly ,multispan slabs, which are direc,tIy supported Clear span = 4 m
mH-' I
on columns at regular intervals without beams. In the'-case o(basemenis Wall thickness= 230 mm
where headroom available is limited, flat slabs ,can. be conveniently Live load = 4 kN/m'
adopted. Flat slabs are commonly used for garages where limited head, Floor finish = 0.6 kN/m'
room is available. =
hk 20 N/mm'
f, = 415 N/mm'
'.
9.2 DESIGN OF ONE·WAY SLABS
j: b) Thickness of Slab
9.2.1 Desigp Principles
Assume effective depth = d = (span)
25 = (4000)_
25 -160"""'-
Reinforctd concrete slabs. supported on two opposite sides with their
longer dimension exceeding two times the shorter dime!1~ion are referred' Adopting
. a clear cover 0 f 20 mm an dusmg
' ..
10 n:z:l Cllameter bars the total
depth IS computed as D = 185 mm.
to as one-way slabs.
One way reinforced concrete slabs supporting floor or roof loads are
generally designed as beams of unit width. For a given type of support e) Effective span
condition, the span/depth ratio applicable for beams in IS: 456 is also valid
for slabs. Since the percentage of reinforcements in slabs is generalIy low The Icast of
in the range of 0.3 to 0.5 per cent, a span/depth ratio of 25 to 30 is more i) (Clear span + Effective depth) = (4 + 0.16) = -":-5 ill
appropriate by considering the modification factor K, (1.2 to 1.4 for Fe"4l5 II) (centre to centre of supports) = (4 + 0.23) = ~ ~ -co
steel) NormaIly the thickriess of slabs is so chosen tllat the shear can be
" L=4.J6m
 Limit State Design of Slabs 259

d) Loads _(100A.,,) _ (100 x531 x 0.5) _

P,- ~ - 1000x160 -0.166
Self weight of slab = (0.185 x 25) = 4.625 leN/m'
Permissible shear stress in slab (Refer Table-19 of IS, 456) is computed as
Finishes = 1.500
Live load = 4.000 k" = (1.23 x 0.293) '" 0.36 N/mm' >',
Total seivice load'" 10.125 leN/m'
... Ultimate load = 1.5 (19.J.25) = 15J91eN/m' Hence the slab is safe.in shear.

e). Ultimate Moments and Shear Forces j) Check for delleclion conlrol

x
M, = (O.l25w,.L') = (0.125 15.19 X4.16') = 32.86 kN.m
(J) .=(J) xK,xK,xK,
mu b3.lfc .
V; = (O.5w,.L) = (0.5 x 15.19 x4.16) = 31.60 leN
Refer Fig. 7.2, K. =.1.4 for P:= [(100 x 531)i(1000 x 160)] = 0.33 percent.
; 0 Limiting Moment of Resistance . =
Fig. 7.3, K, 1.0 . .
Fig. 7.4, K,. = 1.0
M,.tim = 0.1381., b.d' = (0.138 x 20 x 10' X 160') 10-" = 70.65 leN.m
Since Mu< Mu,iim. se'dian is under reinforced
g) Tension Reinfor.cements
(Jl~ =(20xI.4x1x1)=29

.( A,I, )]
.( L)
d = (4160)
160 =26<29.
M, = (0.87 A"f,ti) [ 1- b ti I.k FrovJded .

Hence. the deflection cnterion is satisfied.

415
(32.86 X 10') = (0.87 x 415A" x 160)[1-( 3
10 x160x20
A" )] . k) Design using SP: 16 Charts
Solving, A" = 531 3IJll' > Aimin) = 216 mm'
Using 10 mm diameter bars, the spacing of the bars is computed as Referring to Chart-p ofSP: 16, for d= 160 mm and M, = 32.86 leN.m
l
.~

S =(1000o,,) =( 1000 X 78.5) = 1~7 mm p, = 0.3625 and A" = 580 mm'·

A" 531 Spacing of 10 mmdiameterbars is [(1000 a,,)fA,,] =J(1000 x 78.5)/580] =
Adopt a spacing of 140 mm. Alternate bars are bent up at supports. 135mm
Which is almost the same as that of analytical computations.
h) Distribution BarS
A" = 0.12 percent = (0.0012 x 1000 x 185) = 220 mm' I) The reinforcementdetails in the slab are shown in Pig. 9.1.
Provide 8 mm diameter bars at 230 mm centres (Ast = 217 mm').
9.3 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLABS
i) Check for Shear slress
9.3.1 General Fealnres

'.
=(~)
bd
=( 31.6x 10') ~0.198 N/mm'
1000 x 160 , Reinforced co))crete slabs supported 'on'all the four sides ,;"ith theirl;l'f'ec-
bve span in the longer direction not.excee(1ing.twQ ti I11es the effective span
in. the shorter directi9n are ,design~d. ~s i .\!"o-wayslabs.Two,way. slabs
I
I
l
262 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Design ofSlabs 263

Where Mr. and My are the design moments in the x and y directions:
w = uniformly distributed load on slab.
L, and L, are the short and long span dimensions of the simply supported
•
°fl
...
0
!i:o.E
i
I1l- CIll .--.

8 t?'~~
~-
O
~~,
qq
00
{:;re
qq "''''
00
"''''
qq
00
~~
00
do
I
"
"''"0 0
0 "'" do 8"
<0 "'
0
' -
~

"'d

~]j~~-
~

slab. "
,£ a:i '0 .Q_ :ro
The values of' coefficients ax and uy are compiled in Table-9.l. •.,.~ ~

~~- "'''' "'"' ~O> 0>'"

'"'"6
c ... -l!?
(Table-270flS: 456) (\j~o "'"'
00 "'"'
E dd dd dd dd 00
"''''
00 0>
00 '" 00 I

. These coeffiCients ate "due to Rankine-Groshoff-theorl8 in which the ~ d

slab is divid~d into a series of ortho'gonal beam strips and the load is £ lQ g~. ;1;~ "'0> OIffi "' 0>
0 0 0 0 . "''' r~
apportioned to the short and long strips such that there is compatibility of
deflection at the junction of strips. .
'~

~• - qq
00
00
do
"'"'
cio dd do
0",
00
0

"'~ [;;:1' "'~ "'''' "'''

"''' qq "'"'
0 0 ' qq "'"'
'"
'"
,.."=0 ~ dd 0 0 0 0 d d' 00
00 00 I 0
0
Table 9.1 Bending Moment Coefficients for Slabs spanning in two directlons at right
• "' ~ "'''
angles, simply supported on four sides (Table-27 of IS: 456·2000)
~
0
... ~O>

"'''' "''' "'''' ~'"

"'"' "'''
0>" 0>
'"0
~0. i'0 '"
00 00
dd cid cid dci 00
00 00 00 I 0

lel 1.0 ':1 1.2 1.3 I.' 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0 ~
'"=
i
I
10
J!l
"'"= :3 "''''
"'" 0 0 ~3 "'''
... 0>
qq "''''
"'0>
"''''
qq "'''
00 I 0 '"
U1

0.074 0.084 0.093 0..099 0.104 0.1013 0.118 0.122 0.124 "~ C ~ c ';ij 0 0 do dd 0 0 do 0
a. 0.062 011 '1.
"
'0 >
u;
a, 0,062 0.06'" 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.020 0.014
. . u-cafa IE"0
In

~
"'OJ "'''' "'0> 0 " '
0 0 "'"
"'" 0 0 "'''
0 0 "'''' qq
"'0
U1"
00 I 0
i;~ () dci od dd 0 0 do 0
Clause D.2.1.1 of the IS: 456 codes specifies that at least 50 percent of the • :0•
II '(:1 Pl 0>'"
'I
tension reinforcement,provided at mid span should extend to the supports. ~ e 8~ 00 U "'0
"'''
0 0 "'"
dd do
00 I 0

The remaining 50 percent should extend to within 0.1 L, or 0.1 L, of the "
,£
'" do 9 d dci
U1U1
0

support, as appropriate. . tJ "''' "'''' "'''' "'"'

0 0 "'"
0 0 "'"
"'
~
0
"'''' 0 0 "''''
0 0 "'''' 00 I ~ '"
'0 '" dd do do dd od 0

9.3.3 Two Way Restrained Slabs with Corne,'s Held Down IS

Xr Xr Xr Xr Xr Xr
Restrained slabs are referred to as slabs whose corners are prevented from
<3
.e '01"
~~
Q5 '00
'0

'"
"0>
lifting. They may be supported on continuous or discontinuous edges. All
the four edges of the two-way slab are assumed to be supported rigidly
against vertical translation. The gesign moments in restrained slabs are
..
0
:;:
:a
",0
C C
o. U
-J!l
o c
"
0>",
~~ E
1il 5
t
~g "0 t" 0
= o>c M~ o ,S
'0
'"
"0>", '"~~
" '"= '0= ~g
= o>c
III• "" ~:§ oc',;;;;
o.E '0',;;;; .c - C .-
easily evaluated using the moment coefficients recommended in IS:
~~ .g~ '"
Qj '" c
c " c '" c .2 C
0;8 08 o 8 o §
456-2000 code and as shown in Table-9.2 (Table-26 of IS: 456 code). "l " 8 c '"
$~ ·c '"
These moment coefficients are based on inelastic analysis or yield line '"• .so. 0'5 0:0 ~~ ~~ ~'5
...:g
0
theory69,70.71 with the following assumptions: Z
'" '" " "' '"
1) The reinforcement for positive- moment is uniformly distributed over
the middle strip extending over 75 percent of the span.
2) Edge strips cover a width equal to (L,I8) Or (L,I8) as shown in Fig. 9.4.
3} Minimum reinforcements prescribed for slabs should be provided in
edge strips.
 Limit State Design ofSlabs 261
260 Reinforced Concrete Design
# 8-230 clc
j
bC!1ding moments are maximum at the centre of the slab and tlie larger

I monient invariably develops along the short span. "

The bending moment in the slab depend upon the following parame.
ters.
i) The short and long span (L. and L y )
ii)' Edge conditions at the support (Fixed, free, continuous etc)
,
.1 Section XX
iii) Magnitude and type of load on the slab (Uniformly distributed, can·
centrated etc).
The reinforcements are generally placed along the transverse and lon~
t230i~'- - - - - , 4 0 0 0 - - - - - + 1 '230-+
gitudinal directions of the slab.

I 420 t- o :
~' (C·IL) f# 10-140 clc I 9,3,2 Simply Supported Slabs
~
I I When a slab simply supported on all the four sides is subjected to trans·
: / I verse loads. the bel1ding of the slab in the two principal directjons causes
I 1>1-20
: Fe-415
I 185mm
- -;7'#

•
8-230 clc I
I
I
:
the corners to curl and lift up as shown in Fig. 9..3. due to non-uniform
variation of load transmitted to the supports, Sjmply supported slabs which
do not have adequate provision to resist torsion at corners and to prevent
the corners from lifting, the maximum moments per unit width are speci-
Fig. 9.1 Details of Reinforcement hI One Way Slab fied in the IS: 456·2000 code and computed by the following equations,
Mx~axwL;
rT
Deflection
tt:=========t My=: uy wL;
,I diagram Corners will lift up
unless restrained

J
/.
I
<4-

--
r r 1 -- ___::-c_==-= -

! ! ! - Lx

.~~,l
Corner reinforcement
in slabs held down to
resist torsion

~ Ly Bending\moment
~dlo9rom
r I Crocking in
corners held down

Supports
Fig. 9~2 Two Way Slab Action With Moment & DeOection Diagrams
Fig. 9.3 Torsion Effects In Two Way Slab
deform with significant curvatures in two orthogoJ¥.ll directions with
moments developed in the principal directions'as shown
in Fig. 9.2; The
 '-,','

ijr;~4 Concrete Design Limit State Design ofStabs. 265

>:,t'.?---:,,~,_
.... 0 0
4) Torsion r~inforcement is provided at comers where the slab is simplY'
....
_~2-c en.-.
d~~J
'<t
I 0 '" ;g :g
0"' '" 0
supported on both edges meeting .at that corner. The reinforcement
c en (ij J
o 0 0 0 0 comprising three quarters',of the area required for the maximum mid
.:E 11I OJ>- span moment in the slab is provided in each of the four layers in the
o:i '0.Q m
.... form of a mesh extending to a minimum distance of one-fifth of the
<:> ... @' ....0 ....'" <D
0> 0

0'"
~o <:> I <:> sllorter span. As shown in Fig. 9.4, full torsional steel is provided at
'" ~ 0 <:> 0
corner A where the slab is discontinuous on both edges meeting at that
i(?
~

'"0 r- 0
~ corner. At comer B where the slab is discontinuous on only one edge
-
<0 0
0 "'
'" I 0
meeting at that corner, 50 percent of full torsional steel is provided. At
0 0 0 0
'"5 comer C, as the slab is continuous on both edges meeting at the cor~
~
<b ;1;
0 0
0 0
I
<D
....
0
0
0>
<0
0
0
"C" ner, torsional steel is not required (Refer Fig. 9.4a).
8
on ~ If-'----Ly
gill ;::
C J
:J- ~ 00 I 0
<0
0 "
,~

r
'0 0
.. .,'" dd 0 .~
0. !;
~
I 0
~0 J'l.,c
0>
~'<K1 ~
~
Ie it;
0 0
<D
I 0 "' r-
0
"t_',

~
ro 0 0 0 0 ii'
;g.,
> ,;
on }-

on 0~ ","" ~~ocy
~ ;:: 0>
"''"0
':)
0
0 ;':! 0 I 0
~- Lx
:is 0 0 0 0 ,c
0
,..• <D 'g Moment
I

:3 0~

1
°
;1; on
..: I
"'
<:>
0
0
0
0
u

"~
C
coefficient

.... <D
( striP
Ed~e).
:3 on '" '<t '<t
I 0 '" on
0 I 0'125Lx
~
0 0
0 0 0 0 --,f-
."
X >- X >- X
">
.~
-1; ,f 0.75 Ly - L-L
"0
., '125Lx (Middle stri~125i'.x
"""
"0 ~
c (Edge strip)
~ (Edge strip)
'"c
Q;
)2
x
'"c Fig. 9.4 Middle & Edge Strips in Two Way Slabs
'" 8c
0.
0., J'l
'"., '" "0'"., '"0 .,'" '"0
~ ~
., 0
0>
~
~ ,
0.
>-'" E
0
E .,., ·E ., c ."0., °E
0> ~
"0 C ~ 0> C
V
~ 8 ~ "
c 0
0 ~ 0
.c .." .c g 0 B
>- "0 >- "0 LL '0 '" C
.
ci
z .... <0 0>
i
1- I

D A

Fig. 9.4a Provison of Torsional Steel in Slabs

 266 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Design ofSlabs 267

9.3.4 SpanlDepth Ratio Adopt effective depth = d = 145 mm

Overall depth =; D = 170 mm '.
In the case of two-way slabs, the magnitude of moments will be smaller c) Effective span
than one-way slabs since the load is distributed in two principal directions.
COhsequently the percentage reinforcement being- s~all, the modification Effective span = (Clear span + effective depth)
factor for tension 'steel K, is higher resulting in higher values of maximum' = (4 + 0.145)
permissible span/depth ratios. Hence the following span/overall depth = 4.145 m
ratios have heen recommended in IS: 456 code clause 24.1 for two way
slahs with shorter spans uP'lo 3.5 m, using Fe"425 HYSD bars. d) Loads
Ii)' Simply supported slabs = 28
b) Continuous slabs = 32 Self weight of slab = (0.17 x 25) = 4.25 kN/m'
Live load on slab = 4.00
9.3.5 Deflection and Crack control Floor finish = 0;60
Total working load = w = 8.85 leN/m'
The deflection of two-way slabs is controlled by spim/depth ratio similar to .. Design ultimate load =w. = (L5 x 8.85) = 13.275 kN/m'
the case of one-way slabs and beams. In tw~ Way slabs 'the shorter span aul
the percentage of steel in that direction have to be considered for compu- c) Ultimate Design Moments and Shear Forces
tations of modification factors.
Crack control in two way slabs may be assumed to be satisfactory if the Refer Table-9.2 and read out the moment coefficients for (L/L,) = L25
J":
empirical rules for detailing of reinforceme~tsoutlined in section 7.5.3 arc a, = 0.076 and a, = 0.056
l

followed. M., = (a, w. L;) =(0.076 x 13.275 x 4.1452) = 17.37 leN.m

9,3.6 Design Example M., ;' (a, w. Li) = (0.056 x 13.275 x4.1452) = 12.80 leN.m
V., =(0.5 w. L,) =(0.5 x.13.275 x 4.145) =27.6 kN
Design a two way slab for a room of size 4m by Sm with discontinuous and
l) Check for Depth·
simply supported edges on all the sides with corners prevented from lifting
to support a live load of 4 kN/m' Adopt M-20 grade concrete & Fe-415 M mu = 0.138 fo. b a'
HYSD bars.
17.37 x 10'
a= 0.138x20x 10
) -79.33 mm < 145 mm
a) Data
Hence, the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the design ultimate
L,= 4 m(L/L,) =L25 moment
L, =5 m
10k = 20 N/mm' (A")m;, =(0.0012 x 1000 x 170) =204 mm'
f, = 415 N/mm' g) Reinforcements (Short and Long span)

[ A,,J,]
Two way slab simply supporte~onall the-sides with provision for torsion
at corners. M" = 0.87 A,,!, d 1- b d !".

b) Depth of slab
(17.37 x lO'l=(0.87x415A"x 145)[1 ,415A" ]
(10 x 145 x 20)
As the span is more than 3.5m, adopt a span/depth ratio of 25
.. Depth = (span/25) =(4000 /25) = 160 mm
,.','
',:
 . Reinforced <::o(lcretppesign Limit State Design ofSlabs 269

:;01IV"'211•• '" 302 mn1" =

ii) Spacing of main steel < 3d < (3 x"145) 435 mm
Adopt 10 mm diameter bars at 255 mm centres in short span direction.. iii) Diameter of reinforcement < (DI8) = (175/8) = 21.8 mm
Using 10 mm diameter bars in the long span direction; .'
Hence cracks will be within· permissible limits as per the specifications of
Effective depth'" (145-10) = 135 mm.·Hence reinforcements in the long
IS:456 code.
span direction is computed using the relation,
k) Torsion Reinforcementat Corners
(t2.8x 10').= (0.87x415A"x 135)[1 ,415A" ]
10 x 135 x20
Area of reinforcement in each of the four layers = (0.75 x 302) = 226.5
Solving A" = 237 mm'. Hence provide 10 mm diameter bars at 300 mm
mm 2.
cemres in the long span direction (A" 262 mm') = Distance over which torsion reinforcement is provided = (,lIS short span)
= (0.2 x 4000) = 800 mm. Provide 6 mm diameter bars at 100 mm centres
II) Check for Shear Stress
for a length of 800 mm at all four comers in 4 layers.
Considering tne short span 4. and unit width of slab, the shear stress is
I, I) Reinforcement in Edge Strips
1 given by ,
I
.m~
'." 1 T
,
=(~)
bd
= (27.6 x 10') =0.1~ = =
A.. 0.12 percent of cross sectional area (0.0012 x 10' x 170) 204 =
, lO'x145 ,
mm 2/m .
, Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 300 mm centres (A.. ~ 262 mm') in all
,
"
1
tOOA") (100X302) 2
P, =( IJd = lo'x 145 =O.ON/mm
'
edge strips.
I
IT'-:'1 Refer Tnble-19 (IS: 456) and read out the permissible shear stress as
I m) Design using SP: 16 design Tables
t'! ;~ h, '= (1.26 x 0.32) = 0040 N/mm' > T,
I
, M" = 17.37 kN.m and M" = 12.80 kN.m. overall depth = D = 170 mm
Hence the slab is safe against shear forces.
Referring to Table-41 of SP: 16. read out the reinforcement i along short &
i) Cheek for Deflection long spans as
a) 10 mm diameter bars at 240 mm centres along the short span.
Considering unit width of slab in the short span direction Lx b) 10 mm diameter bars at 300 mm centres along the long span.
\
n) The details of reinforcements in the two-way slab are shown in Fig. 9.5.
( ~) basIC
, = 20 and for P, = 0.20, From Fig. 7,2. read out K, = 1.7

9.3.7 Design Example

(7) "
(, ma~
(20 x 1.7) = 34.;;
Design a two-way slab for an office floor to suit the followi.ng data.
,
.. (~) =(4150) = 28.6 <34 a) Data
(provided 145 (
Hence deflection control is satisfied
Size of office floor = 4 m by 6 m
Edg~ conditions = Two adjacent edges discontinous
j) Check for Cracking Materials: M-20 grade concrete and Fe-4l5 HYSD bars.
'. /.7
i) Steel provided is more than the minimum percentage of 0.12 percent.
 Limit State Desigll ofSlabs 271
270 Reillforced COllcrete Desigll
e) Effective Span
d Edge
E ge Middle strip strip
striP,'
+500 ... ' ---3000 - I 500Ci1 Torsion reinforcement
~
Effective span in along the short and long span directions are computed as L
I 66-100 cle L", = (clear span + effective depth) = (4.000 +0.145) = 4.145 m
--f14Iayers) =
L,,= (clear span + effective depth) (6.000 t 0.145) 6'.145 m =
l Edge strip
O.lOLy
,,
(5001 • 625
-1 d) Loads

"
~
t'J,2 Lx~
(aO )
'I
Middle strip
Live load = 4.00
Finishes = 1.50,
=

Totai working load = w = 9.75 kN/m'

=
Self weight of slab (0.17 • 25) 4.25 kN/m'
I"
I
I
I
I
I

I "
3750
.,. 'Design Ultimate load =w.
= (1.5 X 9.75) = 14.625 kN ,
Ie< ".
I

#1~-255 t-0·1O Lx. \ ,

I

~
(400 ) e) Ultimate Design Moments
,
I

.. 10-300 i71~-300 Refer Table-9.2 and read out the moment coefficients for (LIL,)
'1.5 '
=(6/4) ='
r"
)
Short span moment coefficients:
a} - ve moment coefficient = a, = 0.075
= =
b} + ve moment coefficient a, 0.056
,
.,I'~ Lx = 4 m - - - - + ' t
Long span moment coefficients:
--+
= =
a) ~ ve, moment coefficient a, 0.047
#10-300 #10-300 =
b) + ve moment coefficient i:t, = 0,035
'l? ~1~8~0~0~~I:!~:::~~~~~ {4layersl M,,(-ve) = (a, w. 1-';,) =(0.0075 x 14.625 x 4.145') = 18.85 kN.m
400-+ .,," 10-220 M,,(+ve) =(a, w. L;,) =(0.056 x 14.625 x 4.145') = 14.07 kN.m
,
.:.)'f- 4000 -~~--+
M o,(-vel =(n' w:L;,) = (0.047 x 14.625 x 4.145') = 11.81 kN.m
sect ion X X M.,(+ve)';' (a;·w. L;,) " (0.035 x 14.625 x4.145') = 8.80 kN.m
Fig. 9.5 Reinforcement Details in Two Way Slabs
(with provision for torsion at corners) t) Check for depth

b) Depth of slab Mu,h'm = 0.138 kk b d'

As the span is more than 3.5 m, adopt a span/depth ratio of 25. 18.85 X 10'
d= 0 138 0 0 = 82.64mm < 145 mm
:. Overall depth = (span/25) = (4000/25) = 160 mm . XW~lO _ _ ,_
Adopt effective depth = 145 mm Hence, the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist ihe design ultimate
And Overall depth = 170 mm moment.
A".m;" = (0.0012 x 1000 x 170) = 204 mm'
 272 Reinforced Concrete Design ,Limit State Design ofSlabs 273 ."

g) Reinforcements along short and long span directions

.. ,
'I : II
The area of reinforcement is calculated using the relation, LeXe I
'I I
M. = 0.87 f,A" d [1- :;1,] 1
L ex l3l I
I

I I
Spacing of the selected bars are computed using the relation,

Spacing::: S ::: Area of OI'JC bar) X 1000 such that ASl (provided)
. ~ A' .
SI (minimum) 1---
-+ J::
!4ey/3- i'- Leyl3
+------ .
t- Ley/3-
-- ----
( Total Area
1--- -- ---. ------
In addition, the spacing should be the least of three times ,the effective depth or ),.. 300 h ;I> 10-300 c/c_"-
300mm.
Using 10 mm diameter bars for long span, d = 145 mm & for short span;d =
135 mm.
The details of reinforcements provided in the two-way slab is compiled in
I I - l'-
Table-9.3. 1 r
Table 9.3 Reinforcement details In Two way slab
.. 10 -235 clc
;ri--235
"'1"1
location A.t (Required) Spacing of 10 mm $ bars
Ler
1) Short span
~ ! "

328.7 mm2 235 mm C/C

a) -va B.M(IOp of supports)
b) +ve 8.M (centre of span) 242.2 mm 2 300 mm c/e
Long span.: # 10 at 300 clc
2) Long span
218.10mm2 300 mm c/o Slab thickness: 170 mm
a) -ve 8.M (lOp of supports)
204 mm~ (A.1.rn1fI) 300 mm c/o
b) +ve 8.M (Cenlre of span) Fig. 9.6 Reinforcement Details In Two Way Slabs n
iI
h) Torsion Reinforcement at cor':l~~s from the wall face from lintel beams or floor slabs. The slabs are generally 'i
designed as one-way slabs as a cantilever fixed or continuous at the sup- "

Referring to Fig. 9.4 (a), ' , pOrIs. The trial depth is selected based on spanldeplh ratio of 7 recom-
Area oflOrsional steel in each of41ayers at - A = (0.75 x 242.2) = 181.65 mended in IS: 456 codes. The reinforcements provided in the slab at the
m~ . tension face should be checked for lhe anchorage length near the supports.
The thickness of the cantilever slab is generally varied from a maxi- i
Provide 4 layers of reinforcement at Awith 4 bars 0(8 mm diameter in
mum at the fixed end to a'minimum of 100 to 150 mm at the free end. I
each layer (two layers at top level and two layers at bottom level) over a i
" length of 800 mm in each direction from the corner. Distribution steel is provided in the transverse direction.
Proper selection of depth and detailing of reinforcements will safe-
At .'B' 50% of total torsional steel is 2 bars of 8 mm dimeter in eachof
gaurd againSl excessive deflections and cracking of lhe cantilever slabs.
form layers. Cantilever structural elements should be checked for, safely against
At 'C' torsional steel is not required.-
overtufning.
i) Details of reinforcements are shown in Fig. 9.6. 9.4.2 Design Example

9.4 DESIGN OF CANTILEVER SLABS Design a cantilever slab projecling 2.1 m from the support using M-20
concrete and Fe-415 grade steel:
9.4.1 General features
a) Data
Cantilever Slabs are commonly used for chajjas and balconies projecting Cantilever Projection =L =2.lm
 Limit State Design of Slabs 275
274 Reinforced Concrete Design
Solving A" = 305,6 mm'
Materials: M-20 Concrete Provided 10 mm diameter bars at 255 centres at top of slab,.
Fe-415 Grade Steel
10, = 20 N/mm' andf, = 415 N/mm' g) Distribution steel

b) Depth of slab ASI = 288 mm2 • Provide 10 mm dimeter bars at 270 mm centres.

Effective Depth,:, (span/10) = (2100/10)" 21 h) Anchorage Length

Provide d = 240 mm
D = 215mm
Maximum depth of 240 mm at support is gradually red,uced to 120 mm at 0.871,) ( 0.87X415)
L,= ( 42" $=, 4x1.2x1.6 1O=470rnrn
free end.
Main tension bars are extended into the support to a minimum length of
470 mm inCluding anchorage value of hooks and 900 bends. Further safety
c) Load
against overturning has to be satisfied by providing sufficient balancing
Self-weight of slab = 0.5(0.24 + 0.12) 25 = 4.5 kN/m' moment.
L.L. (Assuming Residential Building) = 2.0,
I) Check for Deflection Control
Finishes = 1.5
Total working load = w= 8.0 kN/m'
... Ultimate load w, = (1.5 x 8) = 12.0 kN/m' ( ~) =(~) xK,xK,xK,
max basic .

,
d) Ultimate Moments
,
looA,,) (looX305.6)
P,= (~ = 100x2i5 =0.142
M, = 0.5 w, I! = (0.5, x 12 x 2.1') = 26.46 kN.m
From Fig. 7.~read outK,= 2, K, = Land K,= 1

e) Check for depth .. (~)~ =(7';2xtx1)" 14

. .
(~L",= (2d~) = 9.76 < 14
26.46x10'
d= 0.t38x20xlooo =98.9rnrn<215rnrn Hence the cantilever slab satisfies the deflection limits prescribed in :the
code.
Hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the design ultimate
moment. j) Reinforcement details in the cantilever slab are shown in'Fig. 9.7.
A".m', = (0.0012 x 1000 x240) = 288 mm'
, 9.5 DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS SLABS
f) Reinforcement details

,[
Mu=O. 87 AnJyd 1- bdfck
A,J,] 9.5.1 Introduction

In the case of tee beam and slab floors, the slab'is continuous over ,tee
(26.46 x 10') = (0.87 x415 A" x 215)[1' 415A,,]
11, " . 1ooox215X20

I
 -Riiinforced Co~crete Design Limit State Design of Slabs 271

c) Loads
# 10-255 cle Self weight or'slab = (0.16 x 25) = 4.00 kNlm'
Finishes= 1.00
Fi:===;=4=::::;=::;:=:;:::;-, '-.I'-
t-
240m
120mm
-./<-
Total dead Load = g = 5.00 kN/m'
Live load = q = 4.00 kN/m'

+-f~-- ------'r 2·1 m

# 10-210 cle d) Effective span = centre to centre of supports = L = 4 m

e) Moments and shear forces

Fig: 9.7 Reinforcement Details in Cantilever Slab
beams spaced at regular intervals of 2.5 to 305m, Continuous slabs are
designed similar to that of continuous beams using moment and shear
coefficients recommended in IS:456 - 2000. The depth of the slab is based
Referring to Table-12 and 13 of IS: 456 - 2000 code.
Maximum negative moment at support next to the end support is
M.(-ve) = 1.5 [( gl~') +( q~')] = 1.5 [( 5 ~04') +( 4~4')] 22.66 kN.m

[(gl~'J +(~~'J] = 1.5 [( 5 ~24') +( 4 ~04')] = 20.65 kN.m

on the basic span depth ratio of 26 recommended in the IS. Code with
M.(+ve) = I.5 I,
suitable modification factors applied for tension reinforcement. /
The limitations regarding variations in spans and redistribution of'
moments discussed in continuous beams, also apply for the design of con- ~ Maximum shear force is computed as
tinuous slabs when the moment and shear co-efficients specified in Tables V. = (1.5 xO.6)(g +q)L
1:'1" -12 and 13 of the IS : 456-2000 code. are used in design.
= (1.5 x 0.6)(5 + 4)4 = 32.4 kN
9;5.2 Design example
e) Check for depth
1'''.'' Design a continuous one- way slab for an office floor. The slab is continu- -
ous over tee beams spaced at 4m intervals. Assume live load of 4 kN/m'
atid adopt M·20 grade concr~te and Fe-415 HYSD bars. x e-
-,:2::;2",.6",6::e
-=-
1O:...'c:-; - 90 6
_ . mm< 140 rom.
d=
0.138x20xI0'
a) Data
Hence the provided depth is safe.

Live Load = q = 4 kN/m'. Ie, = 20 N/m' and J, = 4 I5 N/mm' f) Reinforcements

b) Depth of slab
[ A.I,]
M. = (0.87 f,A"d) 1- bdh'
./
Since the slab is continuous and the percentage of reinforcement is small,
the span/depth ratio may be assumed as 30 ,, [ 415A,,]
(22,66 x 10') = (O.87x415 xA,.x 140) 1- 10'x 140x20
:. spanJ = (4000)
Depth= ( 30 30 =134mm Solving. A" = 485 mm'
Adopt effective depth = d = 140 mm and Overall depth = D = 160 mm Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centres at supports (A" = 524
mm')
 278 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Design ofSlabs 279

'. The same reinforcement is provided for positive moment at mid span. 9.6 DESIGN OF FLAT SLABS
=
. Dislribution reinforcement (0.0012 x 1000 x 160) 192 mm' = 9.6.1 Introduction
Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 300 mm centres.
A flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly over column's
g) Check· for Shear without beams generally used when headroom is limited such as in cellars
and warehouses.
,, =(V,)=(32.4XlO')=0.23N/mm~
bd lO'x140
Refer Table-I 9 of IS: 456 and read out the permissible shearslress as r----l-i-.-L-----y Slab
t, =(1.25 x 0.36) = 0.45 \'I/mm' >-t,
Hence, the slab is safe against shear failures.

h) Check for Deflection Control (a) Slab Without Drop and Column Without
Column Head

( ~d)......... =(~)
d
xK basic I
and 100X52~)
p,=( 1000 x 14
=0.37. Prom Pig. 7.2, K, = 1.35

(~L =(20;26) 1.35 =29.9 r-----'-.j--l-----y Slab

.~ a'I.ll!

( ~) ""....'W..,.'!
=(4000) = 28.5 < 29.9
140
e:}4S· Column head .j ,
i

Hen",""e, the slab is safe against excessive deflections.

(b) Slab Without Drop and Column With "
i) The details of reinforcements in -the continuous .slab are shown in Column Head ! i"~JA1IZ
,
"
Fig. 9-". ,
-+
#: 10-300
t o'3 L, t-0'3L2i
# 10-150 # 10-300
....
/60
.c- -l-f-lL....-----=!CSlab

Drop
..L e :I> 45·
column head
As, 0·5 As, AS 2 AS 2
(#10-150) . (#10-150)
+0'2SL, +0'2SL2+ (e) Slab With Drap and Column With
-1"~---'--L, (4000) ---~'I' L2 (4000)-+- column Head

Fig. 9.8 Reinforcement Det~.lIs in One Way Continuous Slnb Fig. 9.9 Different Types of Flat Slabs

The different types offtat slabs shown in Fig. 9.9 are referred to as
(i) Slabs without drops and column heads
 Limil State Design of Slabs 281
Reinforced COflCr~te Design

(ii) Slabs without drops 9.6.3 ~ Proportioning of Slab thickness,

iii) Slabs with drops and column with column head Drop panel and Column head

9.6.2 Panel Divisions a) Thickness ofFlat slab

The thickness of flat slab depends upon the span I effective depth ratio
The flat slab panel is generally divided into column strip and middle strip. which is specified as 40 for two-way slabs. However the IS: 456 code per-
a) Panel: P.anel is that part of the slab bounded on each of its form sides mits a reduction factor of 0.9 resulting in a span I effective depth ratio of
by the centre line of columns or centre lines of adjacent spans. 36 for flat slabs. However the longer span should be considered in the
b) Column Strip: Column strip is a design strip having a width of 0.25 computations. The millimum thickness of a flat slab is 125 mm.
I.-, but not greater thanO.25 1.-" on each side of the column centre line
whereL. is the span in the direction, moments are being determined b) DrOps
measured centre tq centre of supportS and _~ is the span transverse to The drop panel is formed by increasing the thickness of slab in the vicinity
L) measured centre to centre of supports. of the supporting column. The main purpose of providing drops is to
c) Middle Strip: Middle strip is a design strip bounded on each of its reduce the shear stress around the column 'suppqrts. Since the moments in
oppositesides by the column strip. . the column strip are higher than in middle strips, drops help to reduce the
Fig. 9.10 shows the division of flat slab into column and middle strips. steel requirement to resist the negative moments at the column supports.
--J<
I
colu:n n -'
strIp
" Middle
strip
t ~olumn
strip
f- The code clause (CI.3I.2.2) prescribes that drops should be rectangu-
lar in plan, and have a length in each direction not less then one third of the
1 . panel length in that direction. For exterior panels. the length measured

~:;:;" ~.+---Ln--H.~
.- perpendicular'to the discontinuous' edge from the column centre line
should be taken as one half of the. corresponding width of drop for the
interior panel (Fig. 9.12). Although the code does not specify the thickness

t-
of the drop, it is recommended by the ACI code", thnt the thickness of the
drop should be not less than one fourth the slab thickness and preferubly
not less than 100 mm.

Middle c) Column Head

strip
I The column head or capital located by flaring of the column at the top is
primarily .intended to in~rease the punching shear strength of the slab. The

~
IS: 456 Code clause (CI.3I.2.3) specifies the useful portion of the cO,lurnn
Column heod capital as that which lies within the largest circular cone or pyramid that
or co pltat has a vertex angle of 90· and can be included entirely within the outlines of
.f---Y-f----I---:-l-- the column and column head.
olumn
Column
slrlp _+~I+-+ 9.6.4 Direct Design Method
The direction design method facilitate~ the computation of positive and
L.-l-·---'----'.-l---L---"----.J negative design moments under design loads at critical sections in the slab
using empirical moment coefficients. However, the code (C 1.21.4.1) spec-
ifies that the following conditions must be satisfied by -the flat slab system
Fig. 9.10 D1visio~ of Flat Slab into column and Middle Strips for the application of the direct design method.
a) There"must be"at least three continuous spans in each direction.
 282 Reinforced Concrete Design
Limit State Desigll of Slabs 283
6) The panels should be rectangular and the ratio of the longer span to
the shorter span within a panel should not exceed 2 The total design moment M, is distributed in the following proportions.
c) The columns must not be offset by more than 10 percent of the span 0.10 ]
from either axis between centre lines of successive columns. Interior Negative Design Moment = 0.75 - [ 1+(1/0;,)
d) The successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more
than one third of the longer span. , [ 0.65 ]
Exterior Negative Design Moment = I + (1/0;,) .
e) The design live load must not exceed three times the design 'lead load.
'\
9.6.5 Total Design Moment for a span
Positive Design Moment =0.63 -[ I :(~~o;,) ]
In the direct design method. the total design moment for a span b~unded
laterally by the centre lines of the panel on each side of the centre line of Where Uc = Ratio of flexural stiffness of exterior columns tq the
supports is expressed as (CI.31.4.2.2) , flexural stiffness .of the slab at a joint taken in the direc-
tion. moments are being determined and is given by
M.=(~L,) lX, = [EK,} K,J
Where L K, = Sum of the flexural stitfness of tile columns meeting at
Where M, = absolute sum of the positive and average negative bending the joint and .
mom'eht in each direction. K, = Flexural stiffness of the slab, expressed as moment per
W = total design load covered on an area L 2 Ln unit rotation..
L n = clear span extending from face to face of columns,capitals
:At an exterior support, the column strip must be designed to resist the total
brackets or walls, but not less than 0.65 L j (Refer Fig. 9.12)
L 1 = length of span in the direction of M o ~egative moment in the panel at that support.
,.
~ = span length tn~nsverse to L 1
9.6.6 Eqnivalent Frame Method
The expressions for Mo is computed as the maximum mid span static
moment in an equivalent simply supported span L n, subjected' to a uni-
The structure is analysed as a continuous frame with the following
=
formly distributed total load W w (L, L,) where L, L" is the effective
assumptions.
panel area on which the unit load 'w' acts.
According to IS: 456-2000 Clauses 31.4.3.2. the total miJlllent M in a) The struCture is considered to be made up of equivalent frames longi-
the panel is distributed to the column and middle strips in the followOing tudinally and transversely consisting of row of· columns and strip of
proportions. slab with a width equal to the distance between the centre lines of the
panel on each side of the row of columns. '
a) Moments in Interior Panel b) Each frame is analysed by any established method like moment distri-
bution or any other suitable method. Each strip of floor and roofmay
Bending Moment Di,stribution (Percent of M,) be analysed as a separate frame with the columns above and below
....
Type of Moment Column Strip Middle Strip assumed fixed at their extremities.
c) -The relative stiffness is computed by assuming gross cross section of
Negative Moment (0.65 x 0.75) = 49% 15% the concrete alone in the calculation of the moment of inertia.
Positive Moment (0.35 x 0.60) = 21 % 15% d) Any variation of moment of inertia -along _the axis of
the slab on
account of provision of drops should be considered. In the case of
recessed or coffered slab which is made solid in the region of the col-
, b) Moments in Exterior Panel umns, the stiffening effect may be ignored provided the solid part of
The moments in.the ~xterior panel are influenced· by the flexuralsti.ffness the slab does not extend more than 0.15 Lef into the span me~s\Jred
of columns and'slab. from the centre line of the columns: The stiffening :effe.G1 'offlared
column heads may be ignored. . , "'" >c ;' " '
 284 Reinforced Conc.rete Design Limit Srate Design ofSlabs ·285

9.6.7 Shear In Flat Slab Length of drop < (U3) in either direction < (6/3): 2 m
Adopt drop width: 3m
In the case of flat slabs, the critical section for shear is at a distance (dl2) ... Column strip: drop width: 3m
from the periphery qf the column 1 capital 1 drop panel, perpendicular to Middle strip: 3m
the plane of the slab where 'd' is the effective depth of the section. The Span of flat slab: L, : L, : 6m
shape in plan is geometrically similar to the support im'mediately below the
slab. c) Loads
The nominal shear stress· in flat slabs is computed as (V/bo.d) where Ii
is the shear force due to design load and bo is the periphery of the critical Self weight of slab: (0.15 x 25): 3.75 kN/m'
section and d is the effective depth. Live Load : 5.00
When sheaf reinforcement is not provided. the calculated shear stress D,ead Load due to extra depth
at the critical section shaH not exceed ks.'tc where of slab at drops: (0.05 x 25). : 1.25
Total working load: w : 10.00 kN/m'
k, : (0.5 + ~Jbut not greater than I. .. Ultimate load: W,: (1.5 x 10): 1,5 kN/m'
~, : Ratio of short side to long side of the column 1 capital and
~, : 0.25..J];;in limit state method of design and 0.16 ..J];; in d) Ultimate Bending Moments
'" working stress method of design.
M o : (WL ,/8)
When the shear stress exceeds this value, suitable shear reinforcements
L,: (6 - 1.5): 4.5 m > 0.65 L, > (0.65 x 6): 3.9 III
according to the provisions of the code should be provided.
and L,: L, :'6m
In practice it is preferable to increase the thickness of the slab near the
., W : (lV,.L,.L,): (I5 x 6 x 4.5): 405 kN
column head to reduce the shear stresses rather than providing shear rein":
.. M o : [(405 x 4.5) 1 8] : 230 kN.m.
forcements. .
For Interior panel with drops:
9.6.8 Design Example Columns strip moments
Negative B.M: 49% M o : (0.49 x 230): 113 kN.m.
Design the interior panel of a flat slab for a ware house to suit the follow- Positive B.M.: 21 % M o : (0.21 x 230): 48 kN.m
ing data:
Middle Strip Moments
a) Data Negative B.M.: 15% M o : (0.15 X 230): 35 kNm
Positive B.M.: 15% M o : (0.15 x 230): 35 kNm
" ",

Size of ware house 24 m by 24 m divided into panels of 6 m by 6 m

e) Check for thickness of slab
Loading c1ass-5 kN/m'
Materials: 'M- 20 Grade concrete
i) Thickness of slab required near drops
Fe-415 grade HYSD bars.

b) Interior Panel· Proportions

d _~ M,
;
where . b : 3000mm
- 0.138/0, b

Thickness of slab: (Span/40): (6000/40) : 150 mm

Thickness of slab at drops: (150 + 50): 200mm :
..y Il3xlO'
0.138x20x3000: 117 mm
ColuffiQ., head diameter is computed as
D> 0.25 L: (0.25 x 6) : I.5 m
. Adopt diameter of cohimnhead : D : 1.5 m
286 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit Sta.it~ Design of Slabs 287
Effective depth provided = d = 170 mm
Overall depth =; 200mm M.= 0.87 f,A"d[l- bA;fJ

ii) Thickness of slab required in middle strips

(I13XIO')=(0.87X415A"XI70)[1 415A" ]
(3000 x 170x20)
49 x 10'
d= ::::;;77mm
0.138x20x3000 Solving ASl = 2000 mm 2

Provide effective depth =d = 120 mm and overall depth =150 mm :. AJmetre = (2000/3) = 667 mm'
, .~
Adopt 16 mni diameter bars at 300 mm centres (A" = 670 mm'j
o Check for shear stress AS1 (for +ve moment) is given by
Shear stre;s is checked near the column head at section (D 4- d). 415A" ]
Total load on the circular area with (D + d) as diameter is given by (49 x 10')= (0.87 x415A"x 120)[ I
(3000 x 120 x 20)
WI = (n/4)(D + d)'w" Solving Asl ;::; 1215 mm 2

= (n/4)(1.5 X 0.17)' 15 :. AJmetre = (1215/3) = 405 mm'/m

Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 250 mrn centres (A sl ;::; 452 mm 2 )
=33kN
Shear force = [(Total Load) - (Load on circular area)] ji) Middle Strip
= [(15 x 6 x 6) - (33)]
= 507 kN ASl for +ve and -ve B.M. is computed as
Shear force / meter of perimeter _----'4.::15:::.-A" ]
(35 x 10') = (0.87 x 415A" x 120) [I
(3000 x 120 x 20)
_[ 507 ] =[ 507 ] = 97 kN/m
V"- 1(D+d) 1(1.5+0.17) Solving A s1 = 850 rnm 2
3 :. AJmetre = (850/3) = 284 mm'/m
2
Shear Stress::: 't = ( V") = ( 97 X 10 ) = 0.57 N/mm Provide 10rnm diameter bars at 270 rnrn centres (A sl' =290 mrn 2 )
.. , bd lO'x 170

According to clause 31.6.3.1 of IS: 456. h) Reinforcement Details

Permissible shear stress = ks·1:c
Where k, = (0.5 + ~,) where ~,= (L.tL,) = (6/6) = I The details·of reinforcements in the flat slab are shown in Fig. 9.11.
= (0.5 + I) = 1.5 > 1.0 :. k, = 1.0
and t, = 0.25 w:;; = 0.25 ;JW = 1.12 N/mm' 9.7 YIELD LINE ANALYSIS OF SLABS
:. k,.t, = (1.0 x 1.12) = 1.12 N/mm'
The actual shear stress of 0.57 N/rnm2 is within safe pCl'missible limits. 9.7.1 Introduction

g) Reinforcements in Column and Middle Strips The failure of reinforced concrete slabs of different shapes such as square,
rectangular, circular with different types of edge conditions is preceded by
a characteristic pattern of ctacks which are generally referred to as yield
i) Column Strip
lines which arc characteristic of the shape of slab, type of loading and edge
conditions. The yield line theory was. innov~ted .,by .it Danish engineer
A" (for -ve Moment) is computed as.
 Limit StateDesign ofSlabs 289
Reirif'Jrc"d C'onc'ret< Design
design of slabs using the yield line theory. The Indian standard code IS:
Column strip I Middle slriD I Column strlo I.

'T ------- 456-2000 specifies that two way slabs carrying uniformly distributed loads

1
m 1 3m 3m 1"

---'--
#16-300c/<(lDP)
-';;:::-'
---,~--
-----
may be designed by any acceptable theory, The most generally used elastic
methods are based on Poteau's or Westergaard's th eory 80,81 and the ulti-

C,S
3m
~~- -
- '3
#12 250c/c
. .~-~
'-l-/
mate load methods are based on Johanssen's yield line theory and HilIer-
borg's" strip method of design. The ultimate load methods have been used
by the author83,84 for the design of different types of slabs.

~1_.Q:!4!J~~~lb~lt~o~m~)~~~~~~~~~~_~
M,S
t 0'22l n
_ _
==.:::<-:..
:11000
:./Z'#12 -270 c/c
(lop)
1....
=. =J-==
:'I-!-
L2=6m
9.7.2 Characteristic Features of yield lines

The typical crack pattern (yield lines) developed in an isotropically rein-

forcedsquare slab is shown in Fig. 9.12, As the load is gradually increased

_
3m

i
. I---+--,-+-H+--I---+I--I
~10-270 c/c'I
bD(lom)
on the slab, the region of highest moment will yield first and the yield lines
are' propagated until they reach the boundaries of the slab, The final failure
will take place by the rotation of the slab elements about the axes of rota-

+
C,S
.
3m
. ~COI umn .-$-_ 1-;-
tion which are usually the supporting edges of the slab,

/,
.- .-

~
/,

1
Ln = 4,5 m I. '.Bmf
L.----~~~
1

4j'~--- L, = 6m
Plan
Column head
of X v~
V
777/~

10-270 c/c -#- 16- 300 c/c Initial Final

;t to Fig. 9.12 Yield Line Pattern in a Simply Supported Slab

It is important to note that for the complete yield line pattern to

't' #12-250c/c
\ olumn develop, the slab must be under reinforced so that sufficient rotation
- head capacity is available for the initiation and propagation of the yield lines,
l' The following characteristic features of yield lines are helpful in
selecting a possible yield line mechanism in a typical slab,
Fig. 9.11 R~inforcement Details in Flat Slab a) Yield lines end at the supporting edges of the slab
b) Yield lines are straight
Ingerslav7J , and waS considerably improved and advanced' by c) A yield line or yield line produced, passes through the inteTsection of
JollilnSSen74 , 75. In the case of slabs the computation of ultimate loads "is the axes of rotation of adjacent slab elements,
relllly complicllted and is a challenge 10 the research workers and design- d) Axes of rotation generally lie along lines of supports and pass over
l'f$. any columns.
The determination of ultimate loads on slabs based on yield line theory Fig, 9.13 shows the notations used to represent the yield line and sup-
78
has ,been further extended by WOOd 76. 77 ; and Jones of Great Britain. ports, The yield line patterns developed in slabs of different shapes and'.
Shllkla's" hllnd book published by SERe is also a useful reference for the
2.9:") Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Design of Slabs 291

~ positive Yield line

(Tension in bottom face

_ _ _ _ _ Negative Yield line

(uaaUIt/(U Simply ~upported Edge

.cMMc<>I)QOtX'>5XY C6ntinuous or Fixed Edge

,
_ . __ ' __ Axis of Rotation Rectangular Stab
Square Slab
Beam Support
---,-----
o point Load -ve yield line
+ve yield line
Column Support
~
Fig. 9.13 Notations For Yield Lines and Supports

with different edge conditions ...re compiled in fig. 9.14. Negative yield
lines form near the supports in the case of slabs fixed or continuous at the
Triangular Slab Rectangular Slab
edge,.
{Fixed support l
9.7.3 Yield Moments

When the yield lines form at right angles to the direction of the reinforce-
ment as shown in Fig, 9.15 (a).The yield or ultimate llloments is computed
by considering the slab section as under reinfoi·ced.
According to IS: 456-2000, the yield or ultimate moment is expressed
as

/11 =M.=0.87 fyA".d [1 ::h:'] Hexagonal Slab Circular Slab

Referring to Fig. 9.15 (0), if an yield line ah has an ultimate moment '/11'
Fig. 9.14 Typical Yield Line Patterns in Reinforced ConI... de Slabs
per unit length and the yield line ab makes an angle 'Q' with the yield line
cd which is at right angles to the reinforcement, the yield moment 'm' is Ina = Lm.cos ex
2

calculated as follows:
In squareslabs, isotropically reinforced, equal steel is provided in perpe -
ma.ab = (m. cos a x cd)
dlCular dlrectl~ns. !f 'm' is the ultimate moment of yield lines at rig~t
ma = m .cosa(cd/ab) = m.cos a
2 angle~ to t!lC dIrectIon of the reinforcement, then the ultimate moment of
.any yIeld hne at an angle a to the horizontal is given by
If there is more than one mesh reinforcement 2 · 2 ·
ma :::; m. cos ex + Jim . cos (90 - ex)
= 111 • cos2 ex + Jim.sin 2 ex
 ',.\.\:.,:,.
I.",,',. ,
''''''.'.: '.
,

; ,':. , 292. .Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Design ofSldbs . 293

1 ·m
9.7.4 Ultimate loads on slabs
t Yield line
\ There are two methods of determining the ultimate load capacity. of slabs.
IIIIIIII,I
I (aJ
They are based on the principles of (a) Virtual work (b) Equilibrium.
Reinforcementj
The virtual work method is based on the principle that the applied loads
causing a small virtual displacement is equal to the internal work done or
b
energy dissipated in rotation along the yield lines. It is generally assumed
that the elastic deformations in the slab are negligible and all the plastic
deformation takes place at the yield lines.
In the equilibrium- method, the equilibrium of the individual segments
of slab formed by the yield lines under the action Of the npplied loads and
( bJ moments and forces acting on the edges of the segments are considered.
a =-_-+0:,-__
Yield lines Both the virtual work and equilibrium methods give an upper bound to
c m d
the collapse load on the slab. Hence it is essential that all possible yield
line patterns have to be investigated to find the lowest value of the ultimate

Reinforcement I,IIIIIIIII load.

If a correct yield line pattern has been assumed, the lower bound solu-
tion will coincide with the upper bound solution but lower bound solutions
are not available except for a few simple cases of slabs. Test results have
b
shown that the actual failure loads of slabs is greater than the predicated
L'lJ!11 values by yield line analysis because of membrane action. Hence the upper
mo: bound solutions resulting from yield line analysis can be used with a rea-
,um (c)
sonable degree of safety.
0:
c a L:._"-_ m d 9.7.5 Yield line analysis. by virtual work method
T (1) 1sotropically reinforced square slab simply supported and
Reinforcement/ IIIIIIIII I supporting uniformly distributed load

O'
Fig. 9.15 Yield Momen.ts The principle of the virtual work method is "to equate the internal work
done due to rotation of yield lines to the external work done due to the
= m (cos2 0. + sin 2 a) loa,ds having a virtual displacement.
=m External work done = (W. 0)
This criterion indicates that in an isotropically reinforced slab. the yield =
WhereW Loads i~
moment is the same in all directions. Referring to Fig. 9.15 (c), if the rein- o" Virtual displacement
forcement is arranged in two directions at right angles but with unequal. Internal work done = (M e) = L (m.L.e)
magnitude, the slab is said to be orthotropically reinforced. This type of
'Where Tn:::: ultimate moment per unit length of yield line
arrangement of different steel in perpendicular directions is very Common .
L = length of yield line
in rectangular slabs. In such cases the yield moment along a line inclined at
an angle 'a' to the horizontal is computed as Referring to Fig. 9.16,
2 2
rna= m . cos ex + J.l m . cos (90 - a) The square slab is isotropically reinforced. The ultimate moment along the
2
= m . cos 2 ex. + Jl m . sin ex yield'line is also 'm' and the total work done in yield line ac is given by
 294 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Design ofSlabs 295

T- L

T/. li'-'-

r
1m
I L
n;-

~
m L

~
m
J-dl~
Fig. 9.16 Yield Line Pattern in a Square Slab (Simply Supported)

L (M e)" = L(m L 0) = [m fiL (2f2)/L] = 4 m

Fig. 9.17 Yield Line Pattern in a Square Slab (Fixed)
The work done in yield line bd is the same as in ac.
Total internal work done = L(M0) = 8 m Internal work done along the negative yield lines ab,.bc, cd, and de is given
For a virtual displacement of S = 1 at e, the centre of gravity of -each of the by
triangular elements deflects by 113
L(M.0)=4[m.L (2/L)] =8m
L (Wo) = (113) IV.L'
=
.. Total internal work done L (M . e) 16 m =
Where IV = uniformly distributed load on slab, By equating = =
External work done L (W. 0) (1/3) \V.L'
L (M.0) = L(W.o) Equating internal to external work done
L(M.0) = L(W.o)
We have, IVL')
m = ( 24 16m =(1/3) wL'
(2) Isotropically reinforced square slab fixed on all edges and
snbjected to a uniformly distributed load
m =( ":s')
RefelTing to Fig. 9.17, since the edges are fixed negative yield lines will (3) Triangular slab simply supported on adjacent edges and subjected
form along the edges. to uniformly distributed load and isotropically reinforced
Internal work done along the positive yield lines ac and db is given by
Referring to Fig. 9.18, the triangular slab acb is simply supported at ac alid
L(M.e) = 8 m (Refer previous problem), cb. The yield line formed is cd. Unit displacement is given for point d.
Since slab is isotropically reinforced m1. = my = m
 iieinforced Concrete Design. Limit State Design ofSlabs 297
-1... m=
_,---:W::aL='..'::S1~'n-,o/,-~

6[cot(o/ - $) + cot $]
~
m = (1I6)war.', sin $, sin('!' - $)
2
,
x
For a maximum value of m, (dmld$) ~ 0
7
c cos $, sin('!' - $) = sin $ cost'!' - $)
.2
~ tan $ = tan('!' - $)
;,
'"" "-r'Q
·c
2
$ = (1I2)'!'
Hence the yield line bisects the angle opposite the free edge,
x . Substituting the value of <I> we have the final value given by
~~ m~ {(J 16) waL', sin' ('1'12»)
In a right angled triangle 'I' ~ 90', Then m ~ (w,a.L')/6

4) Orth'!.tropicaUy Reinforced Rectangular slab~SimplY

supported
along its edges and subjected to a Uniformly distributed
load of w/unit area

Referring to Fig. 9,19, the rectangular slab abcd is simply supported at the
Fig. 9.18 Triangular Slab Simply Supporled on Adjacent Edges edges, The yield line pattern assumed is given by ae, de, bf, cf and ef. M
and '.1m are the yield moments along the x and y-axis respectively. In the
For Element A, 8A• =(lIde) =(lIx, tan $) and 8A, =0 yield line pattern shown 'f\L' is an unknown dimension. The yield line efis
given a virtual displacement of unity.

For element B, 8•• ~ (lid!) ~,II(x tan 'I' - x tan $) For Element A, O. = (2/a.L), 0, = 0, M, = mL
•• (M"O, + M"O')A ~ (2mla,)
and 8B,~(l/gd)~ lI(x-yco!\V)
For elementD, Ox =O,O,.(IIf\),M, =(a.LlJI'l)
(M,O.+M,O)
• , 'B
~m[ tan\jl-tan$
I + I
cot<l>-cot\jl
]
.. (M"Ox+M"O')D ~ (a,wnlf\)

~m
I + tan \jI tan <1>] ()
~mcot\jl-<I>
Since elements A and C and Band D are similar
[ tan \jI- tan <I>
l.:(M,8) =2[2; t ,,~n]
Thus :1:(M,O) ~ m[cot('I' - $) + cot <1>]
The external work done is given by
:1:(W,o) ~ (116) waL ',sin 'I'
~ w ,L' [2~a + a(l ; 2f\) J
And
l.:(W,o)
Equating :1:(M,O) ~ :1:(W,o)
,
We have
 298 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Design of Slabs 299

"r~-- t.r Cross multiplying, we get the quadratic as

f L

a~~'-LL<:LLLLLLJ.~AOLLL~:CLL..~;,jb h [4f3'+4~a'f3-3~a1 =0

~m .exJ1O:L/2
The positive root of this quadratic as
f3 = 'I, [-yr(3-.~-a"'-'+~~"ac-,) -3a ..r,;.

i
LQ"L

-+-Il L
e

-+-(
,
tI

1-2 Jl) L-+- Il L

'.,

-----f-
YL J?J
X
Substituting the value of f3 in the equation for m, we have

III
(wa'L')
= ~ [-Y(3+~a') - ~a1 ,
5) Isotropically reinforced circular slab, simply supported all round
ilL and uniformly loaded

g~=1 Referring to Fig. 9.20, a circular slah of radius 'r' is simply supported at
e the edges and supports a uniformly distributed load of w/unit area. In the
Fig. 9.19 Rectangular Slab Simply Supported at the Edges circular slabs, the faHuce will take place by the formation of an infinite
number of positive yield lines running radially from the centre to the cir-
Equating Z(M.8) = L(W.o) we get· cumference, resulting in the formation of a flat cone at collapse.
I.-,',,'

III =(..!..) a,J 3f3-2f3'l

12. L2f3+~a'J
If the work equation is of the form
111 :::: W [Ji(X_,X2)]
. f,(x,x,) o~ ,
h:_,U

I ~
For a maximum value of m, fA =
~ - A

(~)=o I
This is obtained for the condition
I
c~_ ~.L..:~::'"
It,;

!.(x"x,) (~) (f;(x"x,)] 6=1- 0 d

f,(x"x,)

Using this criterion, for a maximum value of m,

(~) ({,(x,,'x,)]
+- Y ---t- +- 1 -4- Yr+
Fig. 9.20 Circular Slab Simply Supported at the Edges

(~~)=o For unit displacement at the centre of slab

Hence we have External work done = Z (W . 0) = (1t.r'.wI3)

For a central displacement of unity
3f3-2~')=(3-4f3) "
( 2f3+~a' 2. LAOa = $ = (I/r)
 '~f' ~' ~;;.="c_,::~:. (,.• h'
Limit State Design ofSlabs 301

i" Change of slope of the slab in the taIlgential direction at A. pei unit length
Q/.
-r-- l l'
b
of are is equai to the angle between the two normal unit length of arc apart
at A and is given by (IIr..r). Total change of slope in one complete revo-
C
lution is give by m
1
LO = (2WA X IIr"r) = (21rJr) 8 D
e m
Internal work done in rotation at yield line = L(mLS) since all the yield
A
lines are of equal length.
d Yc
Work done.= mLre = m r (2rr1r) = 2n11l
Equating internal work to external work done we have
,~
(1/3).nJ1l.,2 w =2nm Q
f l
b

m = (6wr')
l' '

9.7.6 Yield Line Analysis By Equilibrium Metbod e

Fig. 9.21 Equilibrium of Element C

1'1"1
1) Square slab, isotropically Reinforced and Subjected to a Uniformly
Distributed Load

The assumed yield line pattern is shown in Fig. 9.21. Considering the
equilibrium of the triangular element C. we have by taking moments about
r ,1<-;- l

a /.~~~~LLL..<'LLL,~b
~~'r

the edge ab a:l

m.L = (112) L.(L/2)(w) (L/6)

m =(~')
1
2) Rectangular slab Orlhotropically Reinforced and subjected to a
Uniformly distributed load
b-r--
c.....,-,--l a:l
The assumed yield line pattern is shown in Fig. 9.22. Considering the
equilibrium of the trapezodial element A.

m.L =w [(I ~2P)L{ a;)( ~)+2(P~)( a;)( ~)] m

j
m

W~:L') P)]
m = [( (3 - 4
Fig. 9.22 Equilibriuin of Element in a Rectangular Slab

Taking moments about be for element B

 302 Reinforur/ ('(Jflr
,
hV,DeSlgn
.rr;l';
. Li/llit State Design ofSlabs 303

I ~,m,L = (1/6) w .a.j3',L J

,,
. m:::::~(
Wj3'L') , I

I
Equatmg the lV/fJ /'/
' fill'1'1J JTium equations we have, ,I
ra'(3-4j3)] =(13') m I
I

ur
L24 6l!
. ,I
1413' + 4l!a'j3 - 3l!a'l = 0 •I
the positive roC){ (/1' II I .., I
I Ii (/uadratlc III 13 IS I

'I,
II = [.,j(3l!a'+ l!'.a') -l!a'j J
Substituting the v'll . ":~
, lit' til f~ in the equilibrium equation we. have
I•

(wa'L') [..j(3+ l!a') - "aw1 '

I
/II "24 I

~... ,
3) Hexagonal Sill" I Fig. 9.23 Equilibrium of Elements in a Hexagonal Slab I
uniforml II ."lUh'opically reinforced and subjected to I

~",~ "
Y' NIo'IJ'"'"d load b) Depth of Slab
The isotropieally I{\j r
,
d
Considering the ('( II UI'~;cd hexagonal slab is shown in Fig. 9.23. For simply supported slabs using FeAl5 HYSD bars. according to IS: I
, IIIlJlhl'lilm of element A we have, ', 456-2000 code (span I overall depth) ratio = (35 x,0.8) = 28
,I
",./. =[! L {3L ,I {3 L]
2"2"3'2'
W
.. Overall depth = D = ( s~;n ) = (5~~O) = 178.5 mm I
I

W.L') Hence adopt overall depth = 180 mm L~

ffZ = ( -8-
=
And effective depth = d 160 mm ,
I
I
9.7.7 Design EXIUl\lll,,'
c) Ultimate loads
Design a simply Slip ,
vice live load of (I Y~'rtc2d square slab of 5 m side. length to support a ser-
HYSD bars A', ~NII\\. Adopt M·20 Grade concrete and Fe·415 grade
I
Self weight of slab = (18 x 25) = 4.5 kNlm'
code. . "'",\\' I"<IeI f
actors ' to the IS: 456 - 2000 standard
accordmg Live load = 4.0
,
~·UlIlI

=
Floor Finishes 1.5 "
"

a) Data
=
Total Load W = 10.0 kNlm'
,
~I
(U1timateload'= w, = (1.5 x 10)= 15 kNlm'

Square slab, silll!'1 ' . d) Ultimate moments and shear forces

Side length _ L ) '''''l''lrted at edges
- :;: ~\\\
Live Load = q =.\ ", • The yield or ultimate moment capacily of a simplysupported square slab is
" ~", \ll'
f"f= 20 N/mm',.t; = ·1\:- Nlmm' ~iven by "',' ' .
m = M," (w,.L'/24) = (15 x 5')/24 =15.625 kN,m/m
 Lilllit State Design ofSlabs 305
304 Reinforced Concrete Design

Ultimate shear= V, = (0.5 w,.L) = (0.5 x 15 x 5) = 37.5 kN/m b) Depth of Slab

e) Limiting Moment capacity of slab section

Overall depth = D = ( s~;n) =( 4~~O) = 143 mm
M,= 0.1 38J.".b.d' Adopt overall depth = 150 mm
= (0.138 x 20 x 10 3 X 160') 1O-6kN.m Effective depth = 130 mm
=70.65 kN.m
Since Mu < Mu,rirn the section is under reinforced. c) Ultimate loads

o Reinforcements in slab Self weight of slab = (0.15 x 25) = 3.75 kN/m'

Live load = 4.00
. [ A,,fy]
M, = III = 0.87 f.;1."d 1- bdj;,
Floor Finishes
Total service load
= L25
= 9.00 kN/m2

6 [415A" ] Therefore, ultimate load = w, = (L5 x 9) =13.5 kN/m'

(15.625 x 10 ) = (0.87 x415A" x 160) 1 - (lOOOx 160 x 20)
d) Ultimate Moments and Shear Forces
Solving A51 := 280mm 2
Adopt 10 mm diameter bars at 280 mm centres (A" = 280 mm')
M =m = (W"a'L') [.,j(3+~a')-a{,JY
" 24
g) Check for shear stress
=( 13.~: 16) [.,j(3 +0.7 x 0.44) -D.666,,[Q.7]'
X
T
•
=(V")
bd
=(37.5 10')=0.23
1000 x 160
N/mm' = 14.3 kN.mlm

( lOOA,,)
bd
=( 100X280) =0.175
1000 x 160
V, = (0.5w,L) = (0.5 x 13.5 x 4) = 27 kN/m

Permissible shear stress = k,T,= (L25 x 0.36) = 0.45 N/mm' e) Limiting Moment capacity of the Slab
Since ks'f:c > 'Tv. shear stresses are within safe permissible limits.
M,.lim = (O.l38/o,bd') = (0.138 x20x 1000x 130') 10-6
9.7.8 Design Example = 46.64 kN.mlm < M,
Hence, the section is underreinforced.
Design a rectangular slab 6m by 4m in size and simply supported at the
edges for a service live load of 4 kN/m . Assume co~eftlcient of orthotro-
2

phy (~) as 0.7, M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD Bars.
o Reinforcements
a) Data
A,,fy]
[
M" (short span) = 0.87 f,A" d 1- bd j;k
L =6m ~ =0.7
aL =4m J." =20 N/mm' 415A,,]
(14.3 x 10') = (0.87 x 415A" x 130) [ I - (1000 x 130 x 20)
a = 0.666 , =415N/mm'
Jy
 306 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Design of Slabs 307

Solving A" = 323 0101'/01 b) Yield or ultimate moment

Adopt 10 0101 diameter bars at 240 0101 centres (A" = 327 mOl') in the short A,J; ]
span direction. III = M, = 0.87 f,A".d [1- bd h,

A" (Long span)= It (A",)

= (0.7 x 323)
2
;: 226 mm > ASl' min
= (0.87x415 x785 x 120)[1- (lO~~:~~:)20J .
~ (29.4 X10 ) N.mm
6
provide 10mm diameter bars at 340 mm centers along the long span (l1s1 =
231 mOl')
= 29.4 kN.m ,
g) Check for shear Stress c) Ultimate load on Slab
t·,. ••
i
= 11.025 kN/m'
,,
=(6m) =(6X29.4) I
= (--""-) = ( 27.x 1000 ) = 0.20 N/mm' IV
'" bd 1000 x 130 'aL' Ixl6
I

(100A,,) = ( 100 x 327 ) = 0.25

d) Service Live Load I

bd 1000 x 130
Permissible shear stress (Table-19 of IS:456) = k,.',= (1.3 x 0.36) = 0.468
Total Service Load = (11.025/1.5) = 7.35 kN/m'
Dead load of slab = (0.15 x 25) = 3.75 kN/m' r""
N/min2 which is greater than 't y • Hence shear stresses are within safe per- , Therefore, service live load = (7.35 - 3.75) = 3.6 kN/m'
missible limits. . 9.7.10 Analysis Example ;,U

9.7.9 Analysis Example
A right angled triangular slab is simply supported at the adja.cent edges AB
and Be. The side AB = BC = 401 and CA = 601. The slab IS Isotroplcally
reinforced with lOrom diameter bars at 100mm centr~s. both . ways at an
average effective depth of 120mm. The overall depth of the slab is 1500101.
Ifh' = 20 N/mm' and!, = 415 N/mm'. Estimate the safe permissible ser-
vice live load on the slab.
A hexagonal slab of side length 3m is simply supported at the edges and it
is -isotropically reinforced with 12mm diameter bars at 150mm centres.
both ways at an average effective depth of 118 0101. The overall'depth of
the slab is ISO 0101. Calculate the ultimate load eapacity of the slab and
also the safe permissible service live load ifh, = 20 N/mm' and!, = 415
N/mm'.
aj Data

a) Data Hexagonal slab, simply supported at edges

Side length = L = 3m
Triangular Slab ABC right angled at B 120101 diameter bars provided at 1500101 centres
AB =BC=4m
L=4m,aL=4m ... a= I .. x 113) = 753 mm'IIII
AsI ;;; ( 1000150
Reinforcement provided (lOmm diameter) at 100 mm centres both ways.
b) Yield or ultimate moment
A =(1000 x 78.5) = 785 mm'/m
SI 100
. [ A,J;]
III = M, = 0.87 !,A"d 1- bdh'
h, = 20 N/mm' and !, = 415 N/mm'.

I
 Reinforced Corycrete Design Limit State Design ofSlabs 309

Floor Finishes = 1.5

=(0.87x415x753x 118)[1- (753x415) ]
. (JOOOx'18x20) Total Service Load = 10.0 kN/m2
Ultimate design load = w, = (1.5 x 10) = 15 kN/m'
=27.84x IO'N.mm
=27.84 kN.m d) Ultimate moments and shear forces

c) Ultimate load on Slab The yield moment or ultimate moment capacity of a simply supported cir-
cular slab is given by the relation.
wu = -8m)
(U =
(8X27.84) ,
9 . = 24 .75 kN/m . m= (w{) =( 15 ~2.5') = 15.625 kN.m/m
d) Service live load
e) Limiting or balanced moment capacity of slab
Total service load =(24.75) = 16.5 kN/m'
. 1.5
M,.nm = 0.138 h,·b.d'
Dead load of slab = (0.15 x 25) = 3.75 kN/m' = (0.138 x 20 X 103 X 150') 10-6
:. Safe permissible live load = (16.5 - 3.75) = 12.75 kN/m' = 62.1 kN.m
Since m < Mn.1im • section is under reinforced.
9.7.11 Design Example
l) Reinforcements
Design a circular slab of diameter 5m which is simply supported at the
edges. Live load -= 4 kN/m'. Assume M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415
HYSD bars. Assume load factors according to IS:456-2000. . [AI.!']
m = M, = 0.87 f,.A,,·d I - bdh'

~~:~ x 20J
a) Data
(15.625 x 10') = (0.87 x415 xA" x 150) [I (1000
Circular Slab, simply supported at edges
Diameter of slab = 5 m, radius;' r = 2.5 m Solving A" = 300 mm'/m
Live load = 4 kN/m' Adopt IOmm diameter bars at 250mm centres (A" = 314 mm')
h, = 20 N/mm',f, =415 N/mm'
g) Check for shear stress
b) Depth of Slab

span) (5000)
v, = (0.5w,.L) = (0.5 x 15 x5) = 37.5 kN
Overall
. depth of slab = D = ( -28- = -28- = 178.5 mm
Adopt overall depth = 180 mm
t
,
=( V,)=( 1000
bd
37.5 x 10
x 150
3
;) =0.25 N/mm'
Effective depth = d = 150 mm

c) Ultimate Loads ( 100A,,)

bd·
=( 100 x 314) = 0 209
1000xl50 . .
Self weight of slab = (0.18 x 25) = 4.5 kN/m' Fronl Table.-19 ofl5:456 code, k, t, = (1.25 x 0.36) = 0.45 N/mm'
• Live Load = 4.0 Since ks 'tc->'t~. shearstresses are within safe permissible limits.
 310 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State [)(',\'ign of Slab.\'
311
9.7.12 Analysis Example t -'-,-c----- Lx = cc Ly -

A rectangular slab 4.5m by 6.5m is simply supported at the edges. The ra~
coefficient of orthotrophy. /.l : 0.75. If the ultimate design load is 12
kN/m2 • estimate the ultimate ~oment capacity of the slab in the short span !:.l /
2
direction by deriving the expression.
w = (24mIL;)(W lan'$) o

from first principles where

e of- 4 2

w : ultimate design load

!:r
2 3,
m = ultimate moment capacity of the slab in the short span direction
/.l : coefficient of orthotropy
L, : short span length
$ : angle made by the shorter yield line with the side L.,

a) Data
1 ~

+-.s:2 tan ~ ----t-

L Ly Icc -tan ~) I L ~,
- - r - t tan ~--f-
1
t
Short span length: L, : 4.5m
Long span length: aL, : L, : 6.5m ,.~
Ultimate design load: w: 12 kN/m' Fig. 9.24 Rectangular Slab With SimpJ)' SUlllllJl'h~d gdges
Coefficient of orthotrophy ,; /.l : 0.75 ~ Therefore,
Ultimate moment capacity of slab in the short span direction: m kN.m/m
, Total external work done in elements 1' 2·3
, and 4 ',,,.~ ()II'
) arne d as
, Ultimate moment capacity of slab in the long span direction: /.l m kN.m/m
L(W.o): 2 (work done in element I + work don~ in cloment 2)
b) Derivation of relation between ullimate load
L(W.o): (l12).w.L; (a - 1/3.tan $)
and ultimate .moment
Internal Work done on
. yield.
lines 'ae bf, cf
<'md de bY rotatIOn
. of
Referring to Fig. 9.24 eIements 1,2,3 and 4 IS obtamed as follows:
External work done: L (W . 0) For element -I,
Yield line of 'ef is given unit deflection, 0 : I
Work done by the elements I, 2, 3 and 4 are computed as detailed below
ex = (2JLy), ex = 0, Mx= m.Lx=m.aLy
For element -1. (Mx.ex+My.e y) = 2m,a)
Work done: [L, (a - tan $) (L,f2).(1/2)] For Element - 2,
+ [(2 x 'I,) x (L/2) tan $) x (L/2) x 1/3)]
8,=(2IL,.tan$),8,=0 and M,=""mJ.,
: [(114) L; (a - tan $) + (1/12) L; tan $]
.. (M.,8.+M,.8,) = 2",m/tan$)
For element 2.
(Total internal work done in all the yield lines is
Work done : [(1/2),L, (L/2) tan $ (1/3)]
: (I/12)L; tan$ L(M.S): 2 [2m.a+ (2/.ltnltan$)]

:4m[a+(Wtan$)]
 R,dh''lmced Conc~ete Design Limit State Design of Mabs . . 313

For equilibrium we must equate If the slab is fixed on all fOUf sides and m' is the moment capacity of the
negative reinforcement, then the relation between the ultimate moment and
ultimate load on the slab is expressed by the relation,
(1/2).IV.L,:(a -1/3tan$) =4m(a+ JL'tan$)
IV = [24(m +m')IL~ [JL'tan'$)
(IV L,:i24m) = (IX + JL'tan $)(3IX - tan $) ... (3)
If iii =m', then
For a maximum value of 'm', we have
[dmld (tau tjJ)] =0
Differentiating the R.H.S. of equation - 3 we have 9.7.13 Analysis Example
(IX + JL'tan $) (3a - tan $) =(-JL'tan'$)/(-I) = (JL'tan' $)
I A two~ way R.C.C. slab is rectangular having a size 4111 by 5 m with two
I [IX. tan' $ + 21t. tan $ - 3IX.ItJ = 0 longer edges fixed in position and the two shorter edges are simply sup~
I
The positive root of the quadratic is ported. Derive the relation between moment capacity of slab and ultimate

~.~
load by first principles and hence design the slab for a working Jive load of
tan $ = ...j~(3-1t-+~1t,c-/IX7,) -(JL'IX) 3 kNlm' by yield line theory. Assume Il = 0.8 Adopt M-15 grade concrete
Which gives the values tan <l> for minimum collapse load. and HYSD bars.
I
I Substituting this in equation 3, the collapse load is expressed as
a) Data
lt w = (24.m/Z;)(Wtan'tjJ) ...(4) Short span length = L y = 4 m

::q c) Example
Long span length = L, = 5 m
Coefficient of orthotropy Il 0.8
= =
Working live load q 3 kN/m'
= =
,
..yt
In the given example: Longer edges are fixed and shorter edges are simJ?ly supported.
.,~

, w =
12 kN/m'
Concrete: M-15 grade
Steel: Fe-415 grade HYSD bars
Il = 0.75
L, =6.5 m
b) Stresses
L y =4.5 m
'j a = (6.5 1 4.5) =
1.44
!ok = 15 N/mm',fy = 415 N/mm'
tau tjJ = V(31l + Il'/a') - (wa)
c) Derivation of Relation
., = V(2 x0.75) + (0.75'11.44') ,- (0.7511.44)
'1 Referring to Fig. 9.25
= 1.06
External work done is obtained as
m = (wL:124) (tan'tjJ/ll)
L(W.Ii) = w.(II2)L:(a-1I3 tantjJ)
= [(12 x 4.5')/(24)] [(1.06'/0.75)] Internal work done by rotation of
= 15.16 kN.m/m (a) Positive yield lines = 4m (et + wtan tjJ)
. (b) Negative yield lines = 4 a.m'
 314 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Design of Slabs 315

d) Example "j

I
(Total internal work done (MO) is expressed as
t Lx ------~'I~ a ~ (L, I L,) ~ (5/4) ~ 1.25

T
I
'~~-; L, ~ 5 m, L, " 4m, 11 ~ 0.8
- - - ~~9~i::- y~et-; l~e - - - - - - - e) Thickness of Slab
i
For a two way slab (IS: 456)
Ipm Effective depth ~ d ~ (span/35) ~ (4000 I Jj) ~114 mm.

1
Adopt d ~ 120 mm and overall depth D ~ 150
Ly
4m
---k-.L
t) Loads

Positive yield line ~ Self weight of slab ~ (0.15 x 24) ~ 3.6 kN/m'
Finishes ~ 0.6
~-m-~-~-:xm;-~-XJC-OO-:XX;-W-;;:X;-oo-:Xx--Xi-rn-ro-m'· .
Live load ~ 3.0
Total working load ~ 7.2 kN/m'
.,/~~-------- 5m ---------,}_ (Ultimate load ~ w ~ (1.5 x 7.2) ~ 10.8 kN/m'

Fig. 9.25 Rectangular Slab With Fixed and Simply Supported Edges
g) Moment of Resistance
I(MO) ~ 4a(m + m') + (4""J1tan $)
tan$ ~ "';(1.511 + 1"/40:') -(fl/2a)
Equating 2:.(W.8) ~ I(M.O)
w .(1I2)L;(0: - 1/3 tan$) ~ 40:(m + m') + (4mfl/tan $) ~ "';(1.5 x 0.8) + (0.8'M x 1.25') - (0.8/2 x 1.25)

Assuming m = m' ~0.82

w.(1I2)L;(a-1I3tan$) ~ 4m(20: + fl/tan$) m ~ (wL;124)(tan' $/1')

(w .L;)(24m) ~ (20: + fl/ tan $)/(30: - tan $) ~ (10.8 x 4'/24)(0.82'10.8)

For a maximum value 'm' differentiating the right hand side of the equa- ~6.05kNm/m
tion we have
For the R.C.C. slab with d ~ 120 mm
20: + (fl/tan $)/(3a - tan $) ~ (-fl/tan' $)(-1) ~ (fl/tan' $)

[20: tan' $ + 211 tan $ - 30:.11] ~ 0

The positive root of this quadratic is ~ (0.148 x 15 x 1000 x 120')/10'

tan $ ~ (1.511 + 11'/40:') - (fl/2a) ~ 331.968 kN m/m

and Since m < Mu,lim. the slab is under reinforced

.. (6.05 X 10') ~ 0.87f,.A"d [1- (A,J,)/(b.d.!,,)]

~ (0.87 x 415 xA" x 120)[1'- (1l,,.415)1(1000 x 120x 15)]

I
 Limit Stale Design of Slabs 317
Reinforced.Coll~fe/e.Desigll _.
Ultimate load :;; IV
Solving, A" = 150mm' Slab is isotropically reinforced.
But minimum quantity of sieel = 0.12% Three adjacent edges are simply supported and the rcmaining edge. is
= (0.i2 x 1000 x 150/100) = 180 mm'l m unsupported.
Adopt 6 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centres both ways and also over the b) Derivation of Reh'tion
fixed edges as negative reinforcement.
Rcferring to Fig. 9.26, the external work done is computed for elements 1,
9.7.14 Analysis Example 2 and 3.
For element 1, we have
A uniformly loaded isotropically reinforced concrete square slab is simply
supported on three sides and unsupported on the fourth.lfw = load per unit (W.8) = [(0.5 x 0.5L tan'" x (l13)Jw = (w.L '. tan "'/I 2J
area at collapse of slab and m :::positive plastic mo~ent per unii'width, For element 2, we have
show that for the yield line pattern shown in Fig 9.26, the minimum upper
(W.8) = [0.5w x 0.5L(L - 0.5L tan"')] + [(0.5w x O.5L IOn'" X 0.5L(1/3)J
bound solution is given.by the relation,

w =C~~m) Where tan"'= 1.4

'~ '1'
Where '" = Angle made by the inclined yield line with the edge. (TOIaI external work done for elements 1,2 and 3 is given by

---.F-f-L- Ll2 ¢--+ (W.8) = [(w L '. tan <I»1I2J + [2(w.L '/4) (I - tan "'/3)]

1
-f---LI2 tan. tan
= [(w.L')121 [1-(tan(/6)1
/. ¢
Internal work done by rotation of yield lines is computed for the elements
2 LI2 1,2, and 3. . i
For element 1, we have
,
I
8, = (2/L . tan 8), 8, = 0, and M, = m.L
"" (M, 8,+ My 0,) = (2/L.tan 0) (m.L) = (2m/ta" 8)
I L
I For elements 2 and 3 we have
,• /

8, = (2/L), 8, = 0, and My = m.L

1
j (M, 0,+ My 8,) = (2/L) (m.L) = 4 m
LI2
1 3 .
, " Total internal work done is given by the equation

.~~'7'77777 JL
I

I ~(M8) = [4m + (2mltan"')]

I
j x Equating ~(W.8) = ~(MO)
" , -------+A
.,tf------- L
I
, [ 1 -tan
(IVL-) -- 2m 'J
"'] = [ 4m +--
I
Fig. 9.26 R.C. SI~b With Three Edges Simply Supported and One Edge Free
6 tan'"
I

V" "1
1
a) Data IV.L \,,)
( 24
=[ 2 + (IItan",)]
(6-10""')
Side length of slab = L, = L, = L
Moment capacity of slab::: m
 318 R~illforced Concrete Design Limit State Design of Slabs 319

For a maximum value of '111', differentiating the right hand side of the '5) De~ign t~e .interiorspan Df a .continuous slab for an office floor ·to suit
equation. we have the relation. the following data:
(2 + (1/tao<l»)] ~[-(1Itao'<I»] ~[_l_, ] Slab is continuous over tee-beams spaced at 4 m intervals. Width of
rib ~ 250 mm
[ (6-tao<l» -1 tao <I>
Superimposed load on office floor ~ 4 kN/m'.
Cross multiplying. the quadratic equation. is obtained as
Materials: M-20 grade concrete and Fe415 HYSD bars.
(tao'<I> +tant;> - 3) ~ 0
,I 6) A flat slab floor with drops is proposed for a ware house 20 m by 30 m
The positive root of this quadratic equation is in size. Using a column grid of 5 m by 5 m design an interior panel of
the flat slab to support a live load of 7.5 kN/m'. Adopt M-20 grade
tao<l>~[-1+~J~1.3 concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars. . "
7) Design the exterior panel of a flat slab using the following data:' _...
Substituting this value of tan <I> in equation (I), we have the final relation =
Size of panel ~ 6m by 6 m,· Loading class 5 kNlm', Column size =
between collapse load and ultimate moment capacity of the slab as 400 mm diameter. Height between floors ~ 4 m. Thickness of slab in
=
column strip 250 mm and·thickness of slab in middle sttips 200 =
(W.L') [ I ]
24m ~ (1.3)'
mm. Adopt M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars. Sketch the
details of reinforcements in the slab.
14.2m) 8) A square slab of 4 m side length is simply supported along the edges.
W=
.(
-U The slab is required to support a uniformly distributed load of 4
kN/m'. Using the yield line theory, design the slab using M-20 grade
9,8 EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars.
9) A rectangular slab 6.5 m by 4.5 m, simply supported along its edges-is
I) A simply supported slab has a clear span of 2.1 m and is supported on to be d~signed as an isotropically reinforced slab· to ·support an uni-
walls 400mm thick along the edges. If the hve load on the slab IS 4 formly distributed working live load of 4 kN/m'. Design the slab using
kNlm', and the floor finish weighs 0.6 kNlm',design the slab using yield line theory and adopting M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415
M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars. HYSD bars.
2) Design a two" way slab for a residential roof to suit the following data: 10) A triangular reinforced concrete slab has equal sides of length 5 m.
Size ofroof~ 4.5 m by 6 m The isotropically reinforced slab is simply 'supported on two sides and
Edge conditions: simply supported on all the sides on load bearing carries a uniformly distributed load. If the moment of resistance of the
masonry walls 300 mOl thick without any provision for torsion at cor- section of the slab is 30 kN.m1m, estimate the ultimate collapse load
ners. carried by the slab from first principles.
Materials: M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars.
II) A hexagonal slab, simply supported on all the edges has a side length
3) Design a two- way slab 4 m by 6 m continuous on all the edges and of 4 m. Find the uniformly distributed load which would cause col-
supported on 300 mm wide beams to serve as an office floor. Adopt lapse of the isotropically reinforced slab if the ultimate moment of
M-25 grade concrete and Fe-500 HYSD bars. Sketch the details of resistance of the slab is 6 kN.m1m.
reinforcements in the slab.
12) A rectangular slab 6 m by 4 m is isotropically reinforced and is con-
4) A cycle stand shade consists of a R.C slab which cantilevers 3 man linneus 'over all the edges. The slab is reinforced with similar rein-
each side of a central R.C. beam and is monolithic with the beam. f~rcements to resist both positive and negative moments. Show that
Design the cantilever 'slab for a superimposed load of 1.5 kN/m'. the ultimate inoment capacity of the slab fan be expressed as
Aaopt M-20 grade concret~ and'Fe-41~, HYSD bars.
m = (w.r..;. tan' <jl)/(48)
 320 Rei,Vo"rteclConcrete Design
where. m =' ultimate moment of resistance of the slab per unit length
L = short span length CHAPTER 10
q/ = angle made by the positive yield line with shorter edge
2
Also, design the slab for a service design live load of 6 kN/m lIsing Limit State Design of
yield line theory. AdoptM-20 grade concrete and Fc-415 HYSD bars.
Columns and Footings
13) A rectangular slab 6m by 4.5 m is simply supported at the edges. The
coefficient of orthotropy Il = 0.7; If the ultimate design load is 16
kN/m2, estimate the ultimate moment capacity of the slab in the short
span direction using yicld linc theory. 10.1 INTRODUCTION
14) A two way reinforced concrete slab 6 In by 4 In has two longer edges
fixed in position and the two shorter edges are simply supported. Structural concrete members in compression are generally referrcd to as
Derive the relation between the moment of resistance of the slab and columlls and struts. The term 'Column' is associated with members tfHns-
the ultimate load using yield line principles. Also design ~he slab for a fCITing loads to the ground and the term 'strut' is applied to compression
service load of 4 kN/m 2 using yield line theory. Assume the coeffi- mcmbers is any direction such as those ill a truss.The IS:456-2000 code
cient of orthotropy as 0.8. Adopt M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 clause 25.1.1 defines the column as a 'compression mcmber' the effective
length of which exceeds three times the I.cast lateral dimension.The term
HYSD bars.
'pedestn!' is used to describe a vettical compression member whose effec-
15) An isotropically reinforced square slab of side length 5 m is simply tive length is less than three times to least lateral dimcnsion.
supported on three sides and unsupported on the fourth side. Derive
Axially loaded columns may fail in any of the following three modes:
the relation between the moment 0f resistance and the ultimate I?ad
carrying capacity of the slab using yield line the~ory. Also, design thc I) Pure compression failure
slab to support a working live load of 4 kN/m-. Adopt M-25 grade 2) Combined compression and-bending fail me
n' ...
concrete and Fe-500 HYSD bars. 3) Failure by elastic instability.
The failure modes depem! primarily on the slenderness ratio of the member
16) A square slab of 4 m side length is simply supported along2
ihc edges
and supports a uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m , including its which is turn depends on the cross sectional dimensions, effective length,
own self- weight. If the slab is reinforced isotropically to give an ulti- and support conditions of the member.
mate moment of resistance of20 kN.m/m, calculate the magnitude of
the additional central point load rcquired to cause collapse of the slab. 10.2 Classification of Columns
Assume a pattern of simple diagonal yield lines.
a) Based on Type of Reinforcement

Depending on the type of reinforcement used, reinforced concrete columns

are classified into the following three groups.
1) 'Tied Columns' in which the main\ longitudinnl bars are confined
within closely spaced lateral ties [Fig. 10.1 (a)]
2) 'Spiral Columns' having main longitudinal reinforcements enclosed
within closely spaced and continuously wound spiral reinforcement
[Fig. 10.1 (b)]
3) 'Composite Columns' in which the longitudinal reinforcement is in
the form of structural steel section 01' pipes with or without longitudi-
nal bars [Fig. 10.1 (c)]