NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMET OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EMEC-II
EXPERIMENT MANUAL
NAME
ENROLL.
NO
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
BRANCH
ENGINEERING
SEM V

SESSION JULY - DEC 2012

 NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical &Electronics Engineering

Enrollment No: ________________________

INDEX

CYCLE-1
DATE OF
S.N. EXPERIMENT NUMBER SIGNATURE REMARK
PERFORMANCE
STUDY of 3-POINT AND 4-POINT
1. STARTERS FOR DC MOTORS.
TO PERFORM SPEED CONTROL OF
D.C. MOTOR by:
2.
I) Field Control
II) Armature Control.
TO PERFORM SWINBURN’S TEST ON
3. D.C. MOTOR & DETERMINE ITS
EFFICIENCY.
TO PERFORM HOPKINSON’S TEST ON a
4. pair of D.C. Machines and Draw
Performance Curve.

CYCLE-2
DATE OF
S.N. EXPERIMENT NUMBER SIGNATURE REMARK
PERFORMANCE
TO DETERMINE THE VOLTAGE
5. REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY
SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDENCE METHOD.
TO DETERMINE THE VOLTAGE
6. REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY
MMF METHOD.
TO PLOT V- AND INVRTED V- CURVES
7. OF SYNCHONOUS MOTOR.
TO DETERMINE THE Xd & Xq OF A
8. SALIENT POLE ALTERNATOR.
TO DETERMINE SEQUENCE
9. IMPEDENCES OF AN ALTERNATOR.
TO SYNCHRONISE THE THREE PHASE
ALTERNATORS BY USING
10. SYNCHROSCOPE / LAMP METHOD AND
STUDY LOAD SHARING.

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List of experiments

(Prescribed by University: Expandable)

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LAB STRUCTURE

Branch/Sem Strength No of Batchs Divided

EX/V Sem 62 2

Break-Up

Batch I Enroll No : 1 to 33 First lab in a week

Batch II Enroll No : 33 to 66 Second lab in the week

Lab Proceedings (Applies for Each Batch)

Lab No. Activity

st
1 File Work for I cycle experiments
2 Exp I performance and evaluation
3 Exp II performance and evaluation
4 Exp III performance and evaluation
5 Exp IV performance and evaluation
6 Exp V performance and evaluation
7 Comprehensive Viva Ist Cycle
8 Exp VI performance and evaluation
9 Exp VII performance and evaluation
10 Exp VIII performance and evaluation
11 Exp IX performance and evaluation
12 Exp X performance and evaluation
13 Comprehensive Viva II Cycle

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INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDENTS

1. Students must attend all the labs and on due time.

2. The student must follow the institutional code of conduct like proper uniform,
disciplined activities and silence when coming for lab.
3. All the instructed lab work preparations (Study, File work and observation note
book) must be done by the student prior to lab; else necessary formal action may
be taken against him.
4. The practical manual must have experiments, practice questions, index and cover
pages spiral bound and properly maintained.
5. The File work and Observations would be done using the experiment manual
itself.
6. The observations must be noted down in the practical file and the questionnaire
be answered upon completing an experiment.
7. The student must carry the above mentioned requisites on all lab days.
8. The practical manual must be up-to-date and timely checked.
9. No equipment or apparatus must be touched by the student unless instructed, as
he may attract an undue hazard or damage.
10.Kindly take due precautions against electrical shocks while performing
experiments.
11.When performing experiments the experimental setup must compulsorily be first
got verified by a Lab Technician or Faculty.
12. In case of a shock or accident kindly report to concerned faculty or department
for necessary help/first aid.

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Date: _________________
Experiment No.1

AIM:
Study of 3 point and 4 point starter of DC motor.

APPARATUS:
Three point starters and Four point starters.

THEORY:

The armature current is given by the relation.

I a = (V-Eb) / Ra

When motor is at rest , the induced e.m.f. Eb in the armature is zero (Eb  N)Consequently, if full
voltage is applied across the motor terminals, the armature will draw heavy current ( Ia-V/Ra ) because
armature resistance is relatively small. This heavy starting current has the following effects:
1. It will blow out the fuses and prior that it may damage the armature winding due to excessive
heating effect
2. Excessive voltage drop will occur in the line to which the motor is connected. Thus the operation
of the appliances connected to the same line may be impaired & in same cases they may refuse to
work.
To avoid this heavy current at start , a variable resistance is connected in series with the armature
called a starting resistance or starter, and thus the armature current is limited to a safe value , i.e.
Ia= (V / Ra +R).

Once the motor picks up speed, emf is build up & resistance is gradually reduced. The whole
resistance is taken out of circuit when the motor attains normal speed.
Another important feature of a starter is that it contains the protective device such as over load
protection coil (or relay) which provides necessary protection to the motor against over loading.

Three Point Starter:

The systematic connection diagram of a shunt motor, starter is shown in figure. Ti consists of starting
resistance R divided into several sections. The taping point of starting resistance is connected to no. of
studs .The last stud of the resistance is connected to terminal to which one terminal of the armature is
connected to the power supply line is connected to the line terminal L through main switch. From line
terminal ‘supply is connected to the starting leaver SL through over load release coil OLRC .Spring is
placed over the leaver to bring it in the off position, when supply goes off .A soft iron piece SI is
attached with the starting leaver which is pulled by the no volt release coil NVRC . One end of the shunt
field winding is connected to Z terminal of the starter. An armature is lifted by OLRC under abnormal
condition to short no volt release coil. The negative supply line is connected directly to the remaining
end of shunt field winding & armature of dc shunt motor.

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DIAGRAM:

THREE POINT STARTER

Four Point Starter:

As the three points starter cannot be used for variable speed motor of the series connection of the hold
up magnet and the shunt field starter. The hold on coil has been taken out of the shunt field circuit & has
been connected directly across the line through the protective resistance. When the arm touches stud
number 1 the line current divided in to three parts.
A) One part passes through starting resistance R, series field and motor armature.
B) The second part passes through the shunt field and its field rheostat Rn
C) The third part passes through the hold on –coil & current protecting resistance R.

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DIAGRAM:

FOUR POINT STARTER

Operation:
First of all the main switch is closed with starting leaver resting in off position. The handle is then turned
clock wise to the first stud, & brass strip. As soon as it comes with first stud, whole of the starting
resistance R is inserted in series with the armature & field winding is directly connected across the
supply through brass strip. As the handle is turned further the starting resistance is cut out of the
armature circuit in steps and finally entire starting resistance is cut out of armature circuit.

No- Volt release coil & its function:

A no- volt release coil is a small electromagnet having many turns of fine wire. It is connected in series
with shunt field winding & therefore, carries a small field current and holds the starting leaver at on
position. The no- volt release coil is magnetized by the field current & holds the starting leaver position.
In case of failure or disconnection of the supply, this coil is demagnetizes and the leaver comes to the off
position due to spring tension. The leaver would remain in the on- position in case of supply failure. And
again, when supply comes, the motor would connect directly to the line without starter.
The other important advantage of connecting the no-voltage release coil is series with the shunt field
winding is that if by an accident the field winding becomes open. The starting leaver is immediately

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pulled back to off position by the spring. Other wise the motor would have attained dangerously high
speed.

Over – load release coil & its function:

An over load release coil is an electromagnet having small number of turns of thick wire It connected in
series with the motor & carries the line current.
If motor is over loaded, a current more than predetermined value will flow through it. Then armature is
lifted & short circuits the no-volt release coil. Hence the starting leaver is released and pulled back to the
off position due to spring tension. Thus the motor is disconnected from the supply and is protected
against over loading.

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QUIZ:

a. What is the basic function of Starter?

b. What is the ill-effect of high starting current?

c. What are the various methods to limit the starting current to safe values?

d. How starter reduces the starting current drawn by the motor.

e. What are the protective devices provided in the starter?

f. Discuss no volt release coil and its connection.

g. How does the no volt release safe guard the motor?

h. In which of the circuits of the motor, over load release is connected.

i. Differentiate between three point starter and four point starter.

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Experiment No.2

AIM:
Speed control of D. C. Shunt motor by
1) Varying the field current with armature voltage held constant field Control.
2) Varying the armature voltage with field current held constant armature control.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

.
1 Ammeter 0-2 A MC 1
2 Voltmeter 0-300 V MC 1
3 Rheostat 0-45 , 5A - 2
4 Rheostat 0-300 , 1A - 1
5 Tachometer 0-2000 rpm Digital 1

THEORY:
The back emf for a dc motor is given by:
Eb=PZN/60A
Where P= No of poles
=flux per pole
N= speed in r.p.m.
Z= total no of conductors
A= no of parallel paths
So the equation of the speed can be written as

N=(60Eb) / ZP
N=K.Eb / 
N=K(V-IaRa)/ 
The equation clearly indicates the following:

1) Speed of DC motor can be controlled below the normal range by varying the resistance in
armature circuit included in the form of a rheostat as a variable resistance.
2) Speed of DC motor can be controlled above the normal range of speed by decreasing the flux 
i.e.,decreasing the current in the field circuit by including an external resistance in the form of a
rheostat as a variable resistance.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE :
(1) Set up the circuit as shown in the figure above.
(2) Setup the armature circuit rheostat to its maximum position & keep the field circuit rheostat to
a fixed value position.
(3) Switch on the supply, the motor starts running, in case of a large size motor, it should be
started with the help of a starter.
(4) Record armature voltage, field current & speed. The several readings by varying the armature
circuit rheostat, while keeping the field current constant.
(5) Fix the armature circuit rheostat to a fixed value &vary the field current by varying the field
circuit rheostat. Take several readings of the field current & speed.
(6) Take several sets of readings for fixed values of field current in armature voltage control
method and for fixed values of armature voltage in field control method.
(7) Enter the readings in the observation table.
(8) Switch off the D.C. supply.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

(A)Armature Voltage Control

S.NO. Field current in Armature voltage in Speed in rpm
amp(constant) volt
1
2
3

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4
5

(B) Field Control Method

S.NO. Field current in Armature Voltage in Speed in rpm

amp. volt (constant)
1
2
3
4
5

RESULT:
1) Plot the curves between speed & armature voltage
2) Plot the curves between speed & field current.

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QUIZ:

 What are the various method of speed control of dc shunt motor.

 What is the basic relationship between the back emf and the applied voltage to the
motor?

 What is the range of speed, in which control can be exercised by armature control
method.

 What are the major drawbacks of armature control for controlling the speed of D.C
Motor?

 What are the advantages of field control method for controlling the speed?

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 What are the major drawbacks of field control method?

 What is the extra equipment needed for achieve speed control of D.C. Motor by
armature method.

 What is the speed range that can be achieved in field control

 Write an expression, relating speed with the back emf developed in case of D.C.
Motors.

 What is the basic relationship between the back emf and the applied voltage ot the
motors.

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Experiment No. – 3
Aim -
a) To perform Swinburne’s test on the dc machine, running as shunt motor at no load.
b) To measure the resistance of the armature winding.
c) Determine the efficiency of the machine used as motor at 1/4th,1/2th,3/4th, full and 1.25 times
the full load and plot the efficiency Vs load curve.
d) Determine the efficiency of the machine used s generator at the above loads and plot the
efficiency curve on the same graph.
Apparatus
S. No. Name Type Range Quantity
1 Voltmeter MC 0-300V 1
2 Voltmeter MC 0-30 V 1
3 Ammeter MC 0-25A 1
4 Ammeter MC 0-5A 1
5 Ammeter MC 0-2A 1
6 Rheostat Single Tube 290 ohm,1.4A 1
7 Tachometer Digital 0-2000rpm 1
8 Lamp bank load Resistive 250V, 3kW 1

Theory
Swinburne’s test is an indirect method (without loading) for finding out the efficiency of DC machine.
Various losses occurring in an DC machine can be classified as: -
1. Constant losses.
2. Variable losses.
Variable losses are directly proportional to the square of the armature current or approximately the
load current, where as the constant losses of independent of load conditions.
In this method, constant losses are determined experimentally by operating the DC machine as motor
running at on load are calculated from the known specification of the DC machine.
Let the voltage applied to the shunt motor are V volts and the current flowing in the armature and shunt
field circuit under no load running be Iao & Ish respectively. Then,
Input power to the armature circuit = V* Iao watts.
Input power to the shunt field circuit = V*Ish watts
Total input power at the motor at no load, Wo = V*(Iao + Ish)
Armature copper losses at no load = Iao2 Ra
Thus, constant losses of the machine, Wc = Wo- Iao2 Ra watts.
Hence the constant losses of DC machine can be determined experimentally
by recording Iao, Ish, V and measuring the armature resistance Rao.
The Swinburne’s test should be performed at rated voltage and at rated speed. Calculation of efficiency
as a shunt motor:
Let the motor as taken from name plate specification = Po watts.

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Approximate value of full load efficiency assumed, η =85%
Thus, input power to the motor = Po/.85 = V* IL
Hence the current drawn by the motor under lull load condition, IL = Po/ (0.85*V)
Armature current drawn under full load, Is = IL -I sh
Thus , armature copper losses at full load = Ia2Ra
Total losses at full load = Wc +Ia2Ra
Hence, efficiency of the motor at full load, ηmf = Po x 100 percent
Po + Wc + Ia2 Ra
Similarly, efficiency at all other lods can be calculated in a similar way.
Calculation of efficiency as a shunt generator:
Full load output of the generator ,Po’ and its rated terminal voltage , V’ are obtained from the name-
plate specification of the machine
Full load output of the generator ,Po’ = V’ x IL’ watts
Thus , full load current, IL’ = Po’
Armature current at full load, Ia’ = IL’ + Iah
Full load armature copper losses = Ia’2 Ra
Thus, total losses at full load = Wc + Ia’2 Ra
Hence, the efficiency of the generator at full load, ηGF = Po’ x 100 %
Po’+Wc+ Ia’2Ra
Similarly efficiency of the generator at 50% full load,
ηGF/2 = Po’/2 x 100 % Po’/2 + Wc + (1/2) Ia’2
Ra
Efficiency at all loads can be calculated in a similar way
Circuit Diagram:
Fig. Shows the circuit diagram for conducting Swinburne’s test and for measuring the armature
resistance respectively

Procedure
a) For conducting Swinburne’s test
1. Connect the dc motor as per fig.
2. Ensure that the external resistance in the field circuit is zero.
3. Switch on the dc supply to the motor and start it with the help of starter. In case the starter is
not provided with the motor ,then a rheostat of 45ohm,5A can be included in the armature
circuit , which should be fully inserted in the armature circuit at the instant of starting the

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motor and should be cut out after the motor has picked up the speed. Ensure that the voltage
applied to the motor is of rated value.
4. Adjust the sped of the motor to rated value by varying the resistance in the field circuit .
5. Record the readings of all the meters connected in the circuit.
6. To stop the motor,switch off the dc supply.
b) For measurement of armature resistance:
1. Connect the circuit as per fig.
2. Switch on the dc supply.
3. Switch on some bulbs in the lamp bank load , so that the current flowing
in the armature circuit is the rated full load current of the dc motor. Wait
for 30 minutes with the full load current flowing in the armature winding,
so that the temperature of the armature winding approximately becomes
equivalent to that obtained under working conditions.
4. Record the readings of both the meters connected in this circuit.
5. Switch off the dc supply.
Observation Table:
For Swinbune’s Test For Armature resistance
S. No. V Iao Ish S.No. Va Ia Ra

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QUIZ:

1. Discuss various losses occurring in dc machine under the loaded conditions.

2. What are the various parts of the dc machine, in which iron losses take place.

3. Where do the copper losses take place in a dc machine?

4. What is the major advantage of this method compared to direct loading.

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5. Discuss various components of iron losses along with their variation with frequency of flux
reversal, flux density etc.

EXPERIMENT NO – 4

AIM:

To perform Hopkinson’s test on a pair of DC machines and to obtain the performance curve.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Generator: Motor:

Power : 1 KW Power : 2HP

Voltage : 220 V Voltage : 220 V

Speed : 1500 RPM Speed : 1500 RPM

Current : 4 A Current : 8 A

Fuse Rating:

Fuse Rating = 125% of rated current = 125/100 * 17 ≈ 20 A

APPARATUS REQUUIRED:

SL.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

1 Voltmeter 0 – 600 V MC 1

2 Voltmeter 0 – 300 V MC 2

3 Ammeter 0 – 10 A MC 2

4 Ammeter 0–5A MC 2

5 Tachometer Digital 1

THEORY:

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In this method full load test can be carried out on two shunt machines without wasting their
outputs. The two machines are mechanically coupled and adjusted so that one of them runs as a
motor and the other runs as a generator. The mechanical output of the motor drives the generator
and the electrical output of the generator drives the motor. Due to losses the generator output is
not sufficient to drive the motor and vice versa. The motor is started with no load. Then the field
of one is weakened and the other is strengthened so that the former runs as motor and the latter
as generator.

Initially the SPST switch is kept open. The field is adjusted so that the motor runs at rated speed.
The voltage is adjusted by the field regulator until the voltmeter reads zero indicating that the
voltage is same in polarity and magnitude as that of main supply. Then the switch is closed to
parallel the machines. By adjusting the respective field regulators any load can be thrown on the
machine. Generator current I1 can be adjusted to any desired value by increasing the excitation of
generator or by reducing the excitation of motor.

The power required for this test is very small when compared to the full load power of two
machines. As machines are tested under full load conditions the temperature rise and
commutation quantities are observed.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CALCULATIONS :

1. Armature Cu loss of generator = (Ifg + Ig)2 Ra Watts

2. Armature Cu loss of motor = (Ig + Im – Ifm)2 Ra Watts

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3. Shunt Cu loss of generator = Vg Ifg Watts

4. Shunt Cu loss of motor = Vm Ifm Watts

5. Power drawn from supply = Vm Im Watts

6. Stray loss Wc = VmIm – {(Ifg + Ig)2 Ra + (Ig + Im – Ifm)2 Ra + VgIfg + VmIfm} Watts

7. Stray loss of single machine = Wc/2

8. Total loss in generator = Wc/2 + (Ifg + Ig)2 Ra + Vg Ifg Watts

9. Total loss in motor = Vm Ifm + (Ig + Im – Ifm)2 Ra + Wc/2 Watts

10. Output of generator = Vg Ig Watts

11. Input of generator = Output + losses

12. Efficiency of generator = output power/input power * 100 %

13. Input to the motor = Vm (Ig + Im) Wattts

14. Output power of motor = Input – losses Watts

15. Efficiency of motor = Output power/Input power *100%

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The supply is switched ON by closing the DPST switch.

3. The motor is started using three point starter.

4. The direction of rotation of the motor is checked if it is proper otherwise the field terminals of
the motor are interchanged.

5. The field rheostat of the motor is adjusted till the motor attains its rated speed.

6. The field rheostat of the generator of the generator till the voltmeter connected across the
SPST switch reads zero.

7. The SPST switch is closed.

8. The readings of the ammeter and voltmeter are noted and tabulated.

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OBSERVATION TABLE

Armature Armature Shunt Cu

Cu Loss of Cu Loss of loss of
Motor Generator
Generato Motor generato
r r

Vm Im Ifm Vg Ig Ifg (Ig+ Ifg)2 (Ig+Im- VgIfg

Volts Amps Amps Volts Amps Amps Ra Watts Ifg)2 Ra
Watts
Watts

GRAPHS :

1. Output VS Efficiency (of generator)

2. Output VS Efficiency (of motor)

RESULT:

Thus the Hopkinson’s test was conducted and the performance curve drawn.

PRECAUTIONS:

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1. The starter handle must be kept in OFF position at the time of switching on supply

2. The field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum resistance position.

3. The SPST switch is closed only when the voltmeter connected across the motor and
generator shows zero reading.

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QUIZ:

1. What is the purpose of Hopkinson’s test?

2. What are the advantages of Hopkinson’s test?

3. What are the conditions for conducting the test?

4. Why the adjustments are done in the field rheostat of generator and motor?

5. If the voltmeter across the SPST switch reads zero what does it indicate?

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Department of Electrical &Electronics Engineering

Enrollment No: ________________________

FORMAT No. ISSUE DATE REV. No. REV. DATE APPROVED BY

NIIST/A/09-01 15/1/12 0 15/01/12