Bhavikatti S S - Problems and Solutions in Engineering Mechanics - 3ed-1

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THIRD EDITION
S S BHAVIKATTI
A VITTAL HEGDE
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PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
IN
ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
THIRD EDITION
S S BHAVIKATTI
Emeritus Professor,
School & Civil and Environmental Enginnering
KLE Technological University, Hubballi
(Formerly BVBCET, Hubli)
Former Professor and Dean, NITK, Surathkal
SDMCET, Dharwad and Principal, RYMEC
Ballari
A VITTAL HEGDE
Professor
Department of Applied Mechanical & Hydraulics
NITK, Surathkal
Committed to Educate the Nation
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Preface to the Third Edition
Engineering mechanics is a subject in which laws of mechanics are applied to field

problems. By learning this subject, engineering students develop analytical skill. In
this book, the authors aim at developing this ability in engineering students by solving
a series of graded problems.
Looking at question papers of many more universities, authors have added some
more problems to the problems covered in second edition of the book.
It is hoped that both degree and diploma students in engineering find this useful
and stand to gain.
The authors welcome feedback from the users for the further improvement.
S.S. Bhavikatti
A. Vittal Hegde
(v)

Contents
Preface to the Third Edition...............................................................................................................(v)

Preface to the First Edition...............................................................................................................(vi)
1. Coplanar Concurrent Force Systems......................................................... 1–23

• General Information...........................................................................................................1
• Solved Problems...............................................................................................................3
2. Coplanar Non-Concurrent Force Systems.............................................. 24–46

• General Information.........................................................................................................24
• Solved Problems.............................................................................................................26
3. Analysis of Pin-jointed Plane Frames...................................................... 47–71

• Solved Problems.............................................................................................................48
4. Friction........................................................................................................ 72–90
• Solved Problems.............................................................................................................73
5. Centroid of Areas..................................................................................... 91–108

• Solved Problems.............................................................................................................93
6. Area Moment of Inertia.......................................................................... 109–123

• General Information.......................................................................................................109
• Solved Problems...........................................................................................................109
7. Introduction to Dynamics and Linear Motion...................................... 124–135

• Solved Problems...........................................................................................................126
8. Projectiles............................................................................................... 136–147
• Solved Problems...........................................................................................................136
9. D′Alembert’s Principle........................................................................... 148–161

• Solved Problems...........................................................................................................148
(vii)

viii Contents
10. Work-Energy Principle........................................................................... 162–173

• Solved Problems...........................................................................................................163
11. Impulse Momentum Principle............................................................... 174–184

• Solved Problems...........................................................................................................174
12. Impact of Elastic Bodies........................................................................ 185–198

• Solved Problems...........................................................................................................186
13. Circular Motion of Rigid Bodies........................................................... 199–209

• Solved Problems...........................................................................................................200
14. Virtual Work............................................................................................ 210–216

• Solved Problems...........................................................................................................210
15. Introduction to Vector Approach.......................................................... 217–228

• Solved Problems...........................................................................................................219

Chapter
1 Coplanar Concurrent
Force Systems
General Information
Coplanar Concurrent Force diagonal of the parallelogram

Systems which passes through the point
of intersection of the two sides
The various forces acting on a body
representing the forces. In
constitute a system of forces. If all the
Fig. 1.1, the resultant of forces F1
forces in the system lie in a single plane, it
and F2 is R.
is called as Coplanar Force System. If the
lines of action of all the forces in the system
pass through a single point, it is called a
Concurrent Force System.
Resultant of Concurrent Forces
It is possible to find a single force,
which would have the same effect as that of
a number of forces acting on a given body.
Such a single force is called the Resultant
Force.
Composition of Forces
The process of finding the resultant
of a force system is called Composition of
Forces.
Fig. 1.1
Determination of Resultant (ii) The Triangle Law of Forces:
This law states that if two forces
(a) Graphical Method
acting simultaneously on a body
(i) The Parallelogram Law of Forces: are represented by the sides of a
This law states that if two forces triangle taken in order, then their
acting simultaneously on a body resultant is represented by the
at a point are represented in closing side of the triangle, taken
magnitude and direction by two in the opposite order. In Fig. 1.2,
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, forces F1 and F2 are represented
their resultant is represented in in magnitude (to suitable scale)
magnitude and direction by the and direction by AB and BC.
1

2 Engineering Mechanics
According to this law, the closing (b) Resultant by Analytical Method

line of the triangle ABC taken in (i) If only two forces are acting as
opposite order i.e., AC represent shown in Fig. 1.2,
the resultant R.
R = F12 + F22 + 2 F1 F2 cos θ
...(1.1)
F2 sin θ
and a = tan–1
F1 + F2 cos θ
...(1.2)
(ii) Resultant by the Method of
Resolution:
Fig. 1.2
(iii) The Polygon Law of Forces:

This law states that if a number
of concurrent forces acting
simultaneously on a body are
represented in magnitude and
direction by the sides of a Polygon,
taken in order, then the resultant
is represented in magnitude and
direction by the closing side of the
polygon, taken in opposite order.
In Fig. 1.3, R is the resultant of
forces F1, F2 and F3.
Fig. 1.4
Referring to Fig. 1.4,
SFx = F1x + F2x + F3x + F4x ...(1.3)
SFy = F1y + F2y + F3y + F4y...(1.4)
\ P = (ΣFx )2 + (ΣFy )2 ...(1.5)
ΣFy
and q = tan–1 ...(1.6)
ΣFx
(c) Equilibrium of a Body
A body is said to be in equilibrium,
Fig. 1.3 when it is at rest or continues to be in
steady linear motion. Mathematically, it

Coplanar Concurrent Force Systems 3
means, resultant R of the system of forces

acting on the body is zero.
ΣFx = 0 
 ...(1.7)
ΣFy = 0 
Equilibriant of a Force System

It is that single force which is equal
and opposite to the resultant of the given
force system.
Lami’s Theorem
Fig. 1.5
This theorem states that, if a body is
in equilibrium under the action of three (e) Principle of Transmissibility of
forces, each force is proportional to the sine Forces
of the angle between the other two forces.
This principle states that the state
For the system of forces shown in of rest or of uniform motion of a rigid
Fig. 1.5, body is unaltered, if a force acting on the
F1 F2 F3 body is replaced by another force of the
= = ...(1.8) same magnitude and direction but acting
sin α sin β sin γ
anywhere on the rigid body along the line
(d) Free Body Diagram of action of the force.
It is the diagram of a body, in which
the body under consideration is freed from
all the contact surfaces, and all the forces
acting on it, including the reactions at
contact surfaces are indicated.
Solved Problems
(Following sign convention is used in solving the problems; rightward and upward
forces positive, leftward and downward forces negative).
1. The body on the incline in Fig.
1.6(a) is subjected to the vertical and F1 cos
s F2 sin
horizontal forces as shown. Find the co
F2
component of each force along x-y axes F1
n
F2
oriented parallel and perpendicular to si (c)
the incline. F1
(b)
y F1 = 1200N
x
Fig. 1.6
3
Solution: tan q = \ q = 36.87°

4
F2 = 400N
Component of F 1 are F x (along
x-direction) and Fy (along y-direction) and
3
may be easily found by moving from the
4 (a)
Cont...

tail of the force F1 to its head in the desired In case of F2

direction [Refer Fig. 1.6(b)]. F2x = –F2 cos 67.38
F1x = –F1 sin q = –390 cos 67.38
= –1200 sin 36.87° = –150 N (Ans.)
= –720 N. (Ans.) F2y = F2 sin 67.38
F1y = –F1 cos q = 390 sin 67.38
= –1200 cos 36.87° = 360 N (Ans.)
= –960 N. (Ans.) F3x = –F3 cos 40° = –400 cos 40°
Component of F2 are [(Refer Fig. 1.6(c)] = –306.42 N (Ans.)
F2x = F2 cos q = 400 cos 36.87° F3y = –F2 sin 40° = –400 sin 40°
= 320 N (Ans.) = –257.12 N (Ans.)
F2y = –F2 sin q 3. Find the resultant of the two forces
= –400 sin 36.87° shown in Fig. 1.8(a).
= –240 N (Ans.) Solution: From Fig. 1.8(a),
2. Determine the x and y components of
R = F12 + F22 + 2 F1 F2 cos θ
each of the forces shown in Fig. 1.7(a).
F2 = 390 N y
= 202 + 602 + 2 × 20 × 60 × cos 25°
12
5 = 78.58 N (Ans.)
O
x
40° 30°
F1 = 300 N
F3 = 400 N
(a)
F3x
F2 =
F1x
F2y
40°
390
30° Fig. 1.8

F3y
F F1y N
N
1 =3 0
00 40 F1 sin θ
N =
a = tan–1
F3
F2x F1 + F2 cos θ
(b) (c) (d) 20 sin 25°
= tan–1
Fig. 1.7 20 + 60 cos 25°
Solution: = 0.1136
= 6.48° (Ans.)
F1x = 300 cos 30° = 259.81 N (Ans.)
\ Inclination with x-axis
F1y = –300 sin 30° = –150 N (Ans.)
= 20° + 6.48°
12
tan q = \ q = 67.38° = 26.48° (Ans.)
5

4. Find the resultant of the force Solution: Resolving each force in

system shown in Fig. 1.9(a). x and y directions and adding algebraically,
600 N SFx = 150 cos 30° + 100 cos 15°
800 N – 80 sin 20°
= 199.13 N (→)
486.08 N
20° 40°
R
SFy = 150 sin 30° – 100 sin 15°
– 110 + 80 cos 20°
30° = 14.29 N (↑)
200 N
192.12 N \ R = 199.132 + 14.292
(a) (b)
= 199.64 N (Ans.)
Fig. 1.9
14.29
q = tan–1
Solution: Resolving each force in 199.13
x and y directions, and adding algebraically, = 4.09°
we get
as shown in Fig. 1.10(b).
SFx = 600 cos 40°
– 800 cos 20° + 200 sin 30°
= –192.12 N (←)
SFy = 600 sin 40° + 800 sin 20° Fig. 1.10(b)
– 200 cos 30° 6. A system of force acting on a body
= 486.08 N (↑) resting on an incline plane is as
shown in Fig. 1.11. Determine the
\ R = (ΣFx )2 + (ΣFy )2
resultant force, if q = 30°, W = 1000 N,
N = 866.03 N, F = 200 N and
192.122 + 486.082
=
T = 1200 N.
= 522.67 N (Ans.)
ΣFy 486.08
q = tan–1 = tan–1
ΣFx 192.12
= 68.43°
as shown in Fig. 1.9(b).(Ans.)
5. Find the resultant of the force
system acting on the hook shown in
Fig. 1.10(a). Fig. 1.11
Solution:
SFx = T – F – W sin q
= 1200 – 200 – 1000 sin 30°
= 500 N
SFy = N – W cos 30°
= 866.03 – 1000 cos 30°
= 0 N
Hence, the resultant force is 500 N
Fig. 1.10(a) acting up the plane.

7. A disabled ship is pulled by means of 300 sin 20°

two tugboats as shown in Fig. 1.12(a). T2 =
sin 130°
If the resultant of the two forces
= 133.94 N (Ans.)
exerted by the ropes is a 300 N force
parallel to the axis of the ship; find: (b) From Fig. 1.12(c), it is clear that T2
is least, when it is at right angles
(a) Force exerted by each of the
tugboats knowing a = 30°. to T1. Hence,
a = 70° (Ans.)
(b) The value of a such that the force
of tugboat 2 is minimum, while Applying sine rule to the triangle
that of tugboat 1 acts in the same of forces,
direction. Find the corresponding T1 T2 300
= =
force to be exerted by tugboat 1 sin 70° sin 20° sin 90°
also. sin 70°
\ T1 = 300
Solution: sin 90°
(a) Let T1 and T2 be the tensile forces = 281.91 N (Ans.)
in the two ropes as shown in Fig. sin 20°
1.12(a) with a = 30°. According T2 = 300
sin 90°
to law of triangle of forces, the
= 102.61 N (Ans.)
system will be as shown in Fig.
1.12(b). Applying sine rule to the 8. An automobile which is disabled is
triangle of forces, pulled by two ropes as shown in Fig.
1.13(a). Find the force P and resultant
T2
R such that R is directed as shown in
R = 300N the figure.
20°
P
T1
(a)
20°
R = 300N 40° R
20° 130° 30°
T1 T2 Q = 5 kN
(b) (a)
R
R = 300N
40° 20°
20° 120°
70° P
T2
T1 90°
Q = 5 kN
(c) (b)
Fig. 1.12
Fig. 1.13
T1 T2 300
= = Solution: From Fig. 1.13(b),
sin 30° sin 20° sin 130°
R 5 P
300 sin 30° = =
\ T1 = sin 120° sin 20° sin 40°
sin 130°
\ R = 12.66 kN (Ans.)
= 195.81 N (Ans.) P = 9.40 kN (Ans.)

9. A Collar, which may slide on a vertical 10. Determine the angle a and the
rod, is subjected to three forces as magnitude of force Q such that the
shown in Fig. 1.14. The direction of resultant of the three forces on the
the force F may be varied. If possible, pole is vertically downward and of
determine the direction of the force magnitude 12 kN. (Refer Fig. 1.15).
F, so that resultant of the three Solution: Since the resultant force
forces is horizontal, knowing that the should be along the vertical, the horizontal,
magnitude of F is equal to (a) 2400 N, summation of the component of three forces
(b) 1400 N. should be zero.
8 kN 8 kN

30° 30°
5 kN 5 kN
Q Q 12 kN
(b)
(a)
Fig. 1.14 Fig. 1.15

Solution: i.e., SFx = 0 = –5 sin (30 + a)
Case (a): F = 2400 N. –Q sin 30° + 8 ...(i)
Since the resultant should be SFy = –12 = –5 cos (30 + a)
horizontal,
– Q cos 30°
SFy = 0
12 − 5 cos (30 + α)
i.e., 1200 + 800 cos 60° – F sin q = 0 i.e.,
Q= ...(ii)
cos 30°
1600
\ sin q = Substituting this value of Q in (i),
2400
\
q = 41.81° (Ans.) 0 = –5 sin (a + 30) + 5 tan 30°
Case (b): F = 1400 N cos (q + 30) + 1.0718

SFy = 0
Solving by trial and error,
i.e., 1200 + 800 cos 60° – 1400 sin q = 0 When a = 10°, RHS = 0.0698
1600 a = 10.5°, RHS = 0.0197
\ sin q = = 1.143 > 1
1400 a = 10.7°, RHS = –0.00015 ≈ 0
which is not possible as sine of an angle \ a = 10.7° (Ans.)
can not be greater than unity. Hence, it
12 − 5 cos (30 + 10.7)
is not possible to have the resultant of the Q =
three forces in horizontal direction with cos 30°
F = 1400 N only. The force F has to be = 9.479 kN (Ans.)
greater than or equal to 1600 N.

11. Find the resultant of the force system i .e., 4[9 + 12 cos q + 4 cos2 q + 4 sin2 q]
shown in Fig. 1.16. = 36 + 24 cos q + 4 cos2 q + 4 sin2 q
i.e., 4[9 + 12 cos q + 4]
= 36 + 24 cos q + 4
i.e., 24 cos q = –12
i.e., cos q = –0.5
\ q = 120°
as shown in Fig. 1.17(b). (Ans.)
13. Two forces equal to 2P and P act on
Fig. 1.16 a particle. If the first force be doubled
and the second force is increased by
Solution:
12 kN, direction of their resultant
SFy = 20 sin 60° – 20 sin 60° = 0 remain unaltered. Find the value of P.
SFx = 26 – 20 cos 60° – 20 cos 60° Solution:
–6=0 P
2)
+1
R
\ Resultant force is zero. (Ans.) R
(P

12. The resultant of two forces 3P and 2P 2P 4P
is R. If the first force is doubled the Fig. 1.18
resultant is also doubted, determine
Let q be the angle between the two
the angle between the two forces. forces and a angle made by the resultant
Solution: with the first force. Then,
P sin θ
in case (i), tan a =
2P + P cos θ
( P + 12) sin θ
in case (ii), tan a =
4 P + ( P + 12) cos θ
As per the condition given,
Fig. 1.17 P sin θ ( P + 12) sin θ
=
et q be the angle between the two
L 2 P + P cos θ 4 P + ( P + 12) cos θ
forces as shown in Fig. 1.17(a). \ P[4P + (P + 12) cos q]
2
R = (3P + 2P cos q)2 + (2P sin q)2 = (P + 12) (2P + P cos q) 4P2
In case 2, the forces are 6P and 2P. + P2 cos q + 12P cos q
(6 P + 2 P cos θ)2 = 2P2 + 24P + P2 cos q + 12P cos q
\ Resultant =
+ (2 P sin θ)2 \ 2P2 = 24P or P = 12 kN. (Ans.)
ence, from the given condition,
H 14. Two forces P and Q are inclined
at angle of 75°. Magnitude of the
4R2 = (6P + 2P cos q)2 + (2P sin q)2
resultant is 100 N. The angle between
\ 4[(3P + 2P cos q)2 + (2P sin q)2] the resultant and P is 45°. Determine
= (6P + 2P cos q)2 + (2P sin q)2 the magnitude of P.

Solution: Solution: From Lami’s theorem,

F1 F2
=
sin (90 + 50) sin (90 + 30)
736
=
sin (180 − 50 − 30)
736 sin 140
\ F1 =
sin 100
= 480.39 N
736 sin 120
and F2 =
Fig. 1.19 sin 100
q = 75°, a = 45° R = 100 N = 647.23 N (Ans.)
Q sin θ 16. Two smooth spheres each of radius
tan a = 150 mm and weight 250 N rest in a
Q cos θ + P
horizontal channel having vertical
Q sin θ walls, the distance between which
i.e., 1 =
P + Q cos θ is 560 mm. Find the reaction at the
or P + Q cos q = Q sin q points of contact A, B, C and D as
shown in Fig. 1.21(a).
or P = Q (sin 75° – cos 75°)
= 0.70711 Q
R2 = (Q sin q)2 + (P + Q cos q)2
= 2 Q2 sin2 q
Since, Q sin q = P + Q cos q
1002 = 2 Q2 sin2 75°
\ Q = 73.205
\
P = 0.70711 × 73.205
= 51.764 N. (Ans.)
15. A particle is in equilibrium under the
influence of forces as shown in Fig.
1.20. Find the unknown force using
the Lami’s theorem.
Fig. 1.20 Fig. 1.21

Solution: Referring to Fig. 1.21(a),

angle a is given by
O2 P 560 − 150 − 150
cos a = =
O2O1 150 + 150
= 0.867
\ a = 29.92°
Considering FBD of sphere with
centre O1 [Refer Fig. 1.21(b)],
R RB Fig. 1.22
A =
sin (90 + α) sin 90°
Solution: Since the pulley is
250 frictionless, tensile forces in CA and CB
= should be equal. Referring to FBD of pulley
sin (180 − α)
as shown in Fig. 1.22(b),
a = 29.92°,
Since
SFx = 0 ⇒ T cos q1 = T cos q2
RA RB
= or q1 = q2 ; say = q
sin 119.92° sin 90°
Referring to Fig. 1.22(a),
250 DCFD = DCFA

=
sin 150.08° \ CD = CA
\ RA = 434.32 N (Ans.) BD = BC + CD = BC + CA
RB = 501.11 N (Ans.) = length of cord = 8 m
C onsidering FBD of sphere with DE = 5 m, the distance between the
centre O2 [Fig. 1.21 (c)]. walls.
SFx = 0 ⇒ RD – RB cos (29.92°) = 0
5
\ cos q = or q = 51.32°
RD = 501.11 cos 29.92 8
= 432.32 N (Ans.) \ BE = 8 sin q = 8 sin 51.32

SFy = 0
= 6.245 m
D BHI is parallel to D BDE
⇒ RC – 250 – RB sin (29.92°) = 0
BI 2
⇒ RC – 250 – 501.11 sin 29.92 = 0 \ HI = DE = ×5
BE 6.245
or RC = 500 N (Ans.)
= 1.60 m
17. A cord ACB 8 m long is attached at two
\ AH = 5 – HI = 5 – 1.6 = 3.4 m
points A and B to two vertical walls
5 m aparts as shown in Fig. 1.22(a). A Since D ACJ = D HCJ,
pulley C of negligible radius carries a AJ = JH = x
suspended load of 100 N and is free to But AJ + JH = 3.4
roll without friction along the chord. or 2x = 3.4
Determine the position of equilibrium,
⇒ x = 1.7 (Ans.)
as defined by the distance x, that the
Now at C,
pulley will assume and also the tensile
force in the cord. SFy = 0 ⇒ 2 T sin q = 100

100
T =
2 sin 51.32°
= 64.05 N (Ans.)
18. A roller of radius r = 500 mm
and weight 4000 N is to be pulled
over a curb of height 250 mm by a
horizontal force P applied to the end
of a string, wound tightly around the
circumference of the roller. Find the
magnitude of force P required to start
the roller move over the curb. [Ref.
Fig. 1.23 (a)].
Fig. 1.24
Solution: For this case the reaction
R should pass through the centre, since
the other two forces pass through it.
250
Referring to Fig. 1.24 (b), cos q =
500
= 0.5. \ q = 60°, Referring to Fig. 1.24(c), if
AB represents graphically the self-weight,
Fig. 1.23
the direction of R is along BC′. Since the
Solution: Since the body is in body is in equilibrium, the figure drawn,
equilibrium under the action of only three representing the forces one after the other
forces, namely self-weight, applied force must close. Hence for P to be minimum,
P and reaction at curb, they should be AC should be perpendicular to BC′.
concurrent as shown in Fig. 1.23(b). From DABC,
P = CA = AB sin q = 4000 cos 60°
From the figure,
= 3464.1 N (Ans.)
OC 250 20. In the Fig. 1.25(a), find the forces in
cos a = = = 0.5
AO 500 the bars AB and AC. Neglect size of
\ a = 60° the pulley, which is frictionless.
From DAOB, ∠OAB = ∠OBA
Since OA = OB
But ∠OAB + ∠OBA = a
⇒ 2∠OBA = 60°
\ ∠OBA = 30°
SFy = 0 ⇒ R cos 30° = 4000
\ R = 4618.8 N (Ans.)
SFx = 0 ⇒ R sin 30° – P = 0
\ P = R sin 30° = 2309.4 N (Ans.)
19. In the above problem what is the least
pull P, through the centre of the wheel
to just turn the roller over the curb? Fig. 1.25

Solution: Since pulley is frictionless, TBC = 87.5 N (Ans.)

Tension in segment AD = tension in TBA = 158.6 N (Ans.)
segment AG = 50 kN.
Free body diagram of pulley at A is 22. A ball weighing 100 N is at rest in a
shown in Fig. 1.25(b). right angle trough as shown in Fig.
SFx = 0 1.27(a). Determine the forces exerted
on the sides of the trough at D and E.
P sin 30° – T sin 60° – 50 sin 60° = 0
Assume all surfaces to be smooth.
⇒ 0.5 P – 0.866 T = 43.30 ...(i)
Solution: Referring to FBD of the
and SFy = 0
ball shown in Fig. 1.27(b),
P cos 30° + T cos 60° – 50
– 50 cos 60° = 0
⇒ 0.866 P + 0.5 T = 75 ...(ii)
0 .5
Multiplying equation (ii) by ,
we get 0.866
0.5 P + 0.2887 T = 43.30 ...(iii)
Subtracting eqn. (i) from eqn. (iii),
we get
Fig. 1.27
T = 0 (Ans.)
Applying Lami’s theorem, we get
43.3
\ P = = 86.6 kN (Ans.) RD RE
0 .5 =
21. An electric light fixture weighing sin (180 − 50) sin (180 − 40)
200 N is supported as shown in Fig. 100
=
1.26(a). Determine the tensile forces sin (40 + 50)
in the wires BA and BC. \ RD = 76.6 N (Ans.)
RE = 64.3 N (Ans.)
23. Determine the forces developed in the
members of the system shown in Fig.
1.28(a), when a load P = 2000 N acts.
Neglect self-weight of the members
and assume ideal hinge at A and a
perfectly flexible string BC.
Fig. 1.26
Solution: Free body diagram is
shown in Fig. 1.26(b). Applying Lami’s
theorem,
TBC TBA
=
sin (90 + 65) sin (180 − 50)
200
=
sin [(90 − 65) + 50] Fig. 1.28

Solution: Referring to FBD of B, 0.985

shown in Fig. 1.28(b), Multiplying eqn. (ii) by , we
get 0.1736
TBC C
=
sin (180 − 20) sin (90) 5.33 RB – 0.985 TCA = 28361.9 ...(iii)
From eqn. (i) and (iii), we get
2000
= 4.98834 RB = 29361.9
sin (90 + 20)
or RB = 5886.1 N (Ans.)
\ TBC = 727.9 N (Ans.)
and TCA = 3058.9 N (Ans.)
C = 2128.4 N (Ans.)
25. A ball of weight W = 6000 N rests upon
24. A right circular roller of weight 5000 N
rests on a smooth inclined plane and a smooth horizontal plane and has
is held in position by a chord AC as attached to its centre two strings AB
shown in Fig. 1.29(a). Find the tension and AC, which pass over frictionless
in the chord and reaction at B, if pulleys at B and C and carry loads
there is a horizontal force P = 1000 N P = 1000 N and Q = 3000 N respectively
acting at C. as shown in Fig. 1.30(a). If the string
Solution: Free body diagram of the AB is horizontal, find the angle a
ball is shown in Fig. 1.29(b). shown in the figure, when the ball is
Noting that tension in AC makes in a position of equilibrium. Find also
30 – 20 = 10° angle with horizontal, the pressure R between the ball and
SFx = 0 ⇒ RB sin 20° + 1000 the plane.
– TCA cos 10° = 0 Solution: Consider FBD of the ball,
i.e., 0.342 RB – 0.985 TCA = – 1000 which is as shown in Fig. 1.30(b),
...(i)
SFy = 0 ⇒ RB cos 20°
– TCA sin 10° = 5000
0.9397 RB – 0.1736 TCA = 5000 ...(ii)
Fig. 1.29 Fig. 1.30

SFx = 0 ⇒ 3000 cos a = 1000

\ a = 70.53° (Ans.)
SFy = 0 ⇒ R – 6000 + 3000 sin a = 0
\ R = 3171.6 N (Ans.)
26. In Fig. 1.31, P = 500 N and Q = 1000 N,
are suspended in a vertical plane by
strings AD, AB and AC. Find the
tensions induced in each of these
strings.
Solution: Tension in string AD
Q = 1000 N = TAD(Ans.)
Now consider the FBD of joint A
[Ref. Fig. 1.31(b)].
Fig. 1.32
Solution: Referring to FBD of joint

D [Ref. Fig. 1.32(c)],
TBD TDE
=
sin (90 + 45) sin (90 + 30)
500
=
sin (180 − 30 − 45)
\ TBD = 366.02 N (Ans.)
TDE = 448.29 N (Ans.)
Considering FBD of joint B,
SFx = 0 ⇒ TBD sin 60
+ TBC sin 30° – TBA = 0
⇒ 0.866 TBD + 0.5 TBC – TBA = 0
Fig. 1.31
i.e., TBA – 0.5 TBC = 0.866 × 366.02
SFy = 0 ⇒ TAB sin 30° = 500 = 316.98 ...(i)
\ TAB = 1000 N (Ans.) SFy = 0 ⇒ TBC cos 30 – 400
SFx = 0 – TBD cos 60 = 0
⇒ TAB cos 30° + TAC – TAD = 0 ⇒ 0.866 TBC = 400 + 366.02 cos 60°
⇒ 1000 cos 30° + TAC – 1000 = 0 \ TBC = 673.2 N (Ans.)
⇒ TAC = 133.97 N (Ans.) From eqn. (i)
27. A system of connected flexible cables TAB = 316.98 + 0.5 × 673.2
shown in Fig. 1.32(a) is supporting = 653.58 N (Ans.)
two loads 400 N and 500 N at points B 28. Two equal loads are supported by
and D. Determine tensions in various a flexible cable ACDB as shown in
segments of the cable. Fig. 1.33(a). Determine tensile force

developed in portion AC, CD and DB i.e., 2 TCE sin b = W

respectively, if the span l = 12 m and W
sag h = 1.5 m. Neglect weight of the or TCE = ...(i)
2 sin β
cable.
From FBD of point C [Fig. 1.33(b)],
SFx = 0 ⇒ TAC cos 60° = TCE cos b
W 1
or TAC = . cos β
2 sin β cos 60°
A B
60° 60°
C D
E
Fig. 1.33 W W
Solution: From DAEC and DBFD, TAC W
TBD
(a)
4 60°
tan q = \ q = 69.44° 60°
1 .5 D

C

TCE TED
TCE
\ From FBD of point C [Fig. 1.33(b)], W

W E (d)
SFy = 0 (b)
W
⇒ TCA cos q = 10 (c)
10 10
⇒ TCA = = Fig. 1.34
cos θ cos 69.44
= 28.48 kN (Ans.) W cot β
TAC = ...(ii)
2 cos 60°
SFx = 0
⇒ TCD = TCA sin q = TCA sin 69.44° SFy = 0
\ TCD = 26.67 kN (Ans.) ⇒ TAC sin 60° – TCE sin b – W = 0
From FBD of point D [Fig. 1.33(c)], Substituting the values of TCE and
TAC from eqns. (i) and (ii),
TDB cos 69.44° = 10
\ TDB = 28.48 kN (Ans.) W W
cot b tan 60° – –W=0
29. On the string ACEDB are hung three 2 2
equal weights, placed symmetrically or cot b tan 60° = 3
with respect to the vertical line 1
⇒ cot b = 3, or tan b =
through the mid-point E as shown 3
in Fig. 1.34(a). Determine angle b, if \ b = 30° (Ans.)
the other angles are as shown in the 30. A wire is fixed at two points A and D
figure. as shown in Fig. 1.35(a). Two weights
Solution: From FBD of point E 10 kN and 30 kN are supported at B
[Fig. 1.34(c)], and C respectively. When equilibrium
SFx = 0 ⇒ TCE = TED is reached it is found that inclination
SFy = 0 ⇒ TCE sin b + TED sin b = W of AB is 20° and that of CD is 50° to
the vertical. Determine the tension in

the segments AB, BC and CD of the i.e., 8.2425 cos q – 3 sin q

wire and also the inclination of BC to = sin q + 0.8391 cos q
the vertical.
or 4 sin q = 7.4034 cos q
Solution: Consider FBD of point B ⇒ tan q = 1.85085
[Ref. Fig. 1.35(b)],
or q = 61.62° (Ans.)
SFx = 0 ⇒ TAB sin 20° = TBC cos q
\ From eqn. (ii),
⇒ TAB = 2.9238 TBC cos q...(i)
TBC = 23.46 kN Ans.)
SFy = 0
From eqn. (i),
⇒ TAB cos 20° – TBC sin q = 10
TAB = 32.61 kN (Ans.)
From eqn. (iii),
TCD = 14.56 kN (Ans.)
31. A rope AB 6 m long is connected at two
points A and B at the same level 4.5 m
apart. A load of 2000 N is suspended
from point C on the rope at 2 m from
A, as shown in Fig. 1.36(a). What load
connected at point D on the rope, 1.5 m
from B, will be necessary to keep CD
horizontal?
Fig. 1.35
i.e., TBC (2.9238 cos 20° cos q – sin q) = 10

...(ii)
Consider FBD of point C [Fig. 1.35(c)],
SFx = 0 ⇒ TBC cos q = TCD sin 50°
TCD = 1.3054 TBC cos q...(iii)
Fig. 1.36
SFy = 0
⇒ TBC sin q + TCD cos 50° = 30 Solution: Referring to Fig. 1.36 (a),
Let AE = x and seg EC = h
⇒ TBC[sin q + 1.3054 cos q cos 50°] = 30
From D AEC, x2 + h2 = 4 ...(i)
⇒ TBC[sin q + 0.8391 cos q] = 30 ...(iv) 2 2 2
From D BDF, BF + h = 1.5
Dividing eqn. (ii) by eqn. (iv), we get
i.e., (4.5 – 2.5 – x)2 + h2 = 2.25
2.7475 cos θ − sin θ 1 i.e., 4 – 4x + x2 + h2 = 2.25
=
sin θ + 0.8391 cos θ 3 i.e., x2 – 4x + h2 = –1.75 ...(ii)

From eqn. (i) and (ii) Solution:

– 4x + 4 = –1.75 d 0 .3
From DBED, tan a = = = 0.1
5.75 L/2 3
\
x= = 1.4375 m
4 \ a = 5.7106°
h = 4 − 1.43752 = 1.3905 Equilibrium of joint E gives
1.3905 TBE = TED
a = tan–1 = 44.05°
1.4375 and TBE sin a + TED sin a = 2500
h 1.3905 1 2500
tan b = = ⇒ TBE =
BF 4.5 − 2.5 − 1.4375 2 sin 5.7106
\ b = 68.039° Since TBE = TED and a = 5.7106
Considering equilibrium of joint C, \ TBE = 12562.3 N
we get
From the equilibrium of joint B,
TAC sin 44.05° = 2000
TBF sin 30° = TBE cos a
\ TAC = 2871.3 N
TCD = TAC cos 44.05 12562.3 cos 5.7106°
\ TBF =
= 2871.3 cos 44.05 sin 30°
= 2063.7 N = 2500 N (Ans.)
Considering the equilibrium of joint D, TBF = TDG by symmetry. (Ans.)
TDB cos 68.039 = TCD = 2063.9 33. Three bars hinged at A and D and
TDB = 5518.3 N pinned at B and C, as shown in
Fig. 1.38, form a four linked mec-
and W = TDB sin 68.039°
hanism. Determine the value of P that
= 5117.9 N (Ans.) will prevent movement of bars.
32. In the Fig. 1.37 find the tensile force
in each of the two guy wires BF and
DG, if the load Q = 2500 N, L = 6 m
and d = 0.30 m.
Fig. 1.37 Fig. 1.38

Solution: Referring to FBD of joint

B [Fig. 1.38(d)],
TBC 300
=
sin (180 − 85)° sin (180 − 50)
⇒ TBC = 390.1 N
Referring to FBD of joint C
[Fig. 1.38 (i)]
P TBC
=
sin (180 − 85)° sin (180 − 45)
⇒ P = 549.6 N (Ans.)
Fig. 1.39
34. A 500 N cylinder is supported by the
frame ABC, which is hinged at A, and = 166.67 N (Ans.)
rests against wall AD. Determine the \ RD = RB = 166.67 N (Ans.)
reactions at contact surfaces A, B, C
and D. [Ref. Fig. 1.39 (a)]. 35. Two smooth spheres, each of radius
Solution: Referring to FBD of 150 mm and weighing 250 N rest in
Cylinder [Fig. 1.39(b)], a horizontal channel having vertical
RC = 500 N (Ans.) walls, the distance between the walls
RB = RD being 560 mm. Find the reactions at
Referring to FBD of rigid frame the points of contact A, B, C and D as
[Fig. 1.39(c)], shown in Fig. 1.40.
300
tan a =
100
\ a = 71.565°
RA sin a = RC = 500
500
\ RA = = 527.0 N (Ans.)
sin 71.565°
and RB = RA cos a = 527 cos 71.565°
Fig. 1.40
Cont...

Solution: Referring to Fig. 1.40(a), Referring to the equilibrium of second

angle a is given by roller, [Ref. Fig. 1.41(b)],
560 − 150 − 150 260 SFy = 0
cos a = =
O1O2 150 + 150 ⇒ RC cos 40° – 120 – RB sin 40° = 0
= 0.867 120 + 77.1 sin 40°
RC =
or a = 29.93°. cos 40°
Considering the equilibrium of sphere = 221.4 N (Ans.)
with centre at O1 [Ref. Fig. 1.40(c)],
SFy = 0 ⇒ RB sin a = 250
i.e., RB = 501.1 N (Ans.)
and SFx = 0
⇒ RA = RB cos a
= 501.1 cos 29.93°
= 432.3 N (Ans.)
Now, considering the equilibrium of
sphere with centre at O2 [Ref. Fig. 1.40(b)],
SFy = 0 ⇒ RC – 250 – RB sin a = 0
RC = 250 + 501.1 sin 29.93°
= 500 N (Ans.)
SFx = 0 ⇒ RD – RB cos a = 0
\ RD = 501.1 cos 29.93°
= 434.29 N (Ans.)
36. Two identical rollers, each weighing
120 N are placed in a trough as Fig. 1.41
shown in Fig. 1.41(a). Assuming all SFx = 0
surfaces of contact are smooth, find
⇒ RD – RC sin 40° – RB cos 40° = 0
the reactions developed at the contact
RD = 221.4 sin 40° + 77.1 cos 40°
surfaces.

= 201.4 (Ans.)
Solution: Referring to FBD of first
roller [Fig. 1.41(c)] 37. Two cylinders are placed in a trough
as shown in Fig. 1.42(a). Neglecting
S forces normal to the plane = 0, gives
friction, find the reactions at all
RA – 120 cos 40° = 0 contact surfaces, given.
\ RA = 91.94 N (Ans.) Diameter of first cylinder = 120 mm
S forces parallel to plane = 0, gives Diameter of second cylinder = 60 mm

RB – 120 cos 50° = 0 Weight of first cylinder = 250 N
\
RB = 77.1 N (Ans.) Weight of second cylinder = 100 N

Solution: Referring to Fig. 1.42(a), SFx = 0

⇒ R4 cos 45° + R2 cos a – R3 = 0
140 − 30 − 60 50
cos a = = \ R3 = 495 cos 45° + 120.3 cos 56.25°
60 + 30 90
= 416.9 N (Ans.)
\ a = 56.25°
38. Cylinder A and B weighing 5000 N and
Considering equilibrium of second
2000 N rest on smooth incline planes
cylinder [Ref. Fig. 1.42(b)]
as shown in Fig. 1.43. Neglecting
SFy = 0 ⇒ R2 sin 56.25° = 100 the weight of connecting bar and
\ R2 = 120.3 N (Ans.) assuming smooth pin connections,
SFx = 0 ⇒ R1 – R2 cos a = 0 find the force P to be applied such that
the system is in the equilibrium.
\ R1 = 120.3 cos 56.25° = 66.82 N
Solution: Applying Lami’s theorem
(Ans.)
to the equilibrium condition of cylinder A
Considering equilibrium of first [Ref. Fig. 1.43(b)].
cylinder [Ref. Fig. 1.42(c)],
C 5000
=
140 mm sin 60° sin (60 + 90 − 20)
\ C = 5652.6 N
30
1 Considering the equilibrium of
2 cylinder B [Fig. 1.42(c)].
60 SFx = 0
3
⇒ – P cos 45° – R2 sin 30°
4
+ 5652.6 cos 20° = 0
45°
(a)
R1
R2
100 N
(b)

R3
R4 45°
250 N
(c)
Fig. 1.42
SFy = 0
⇒ R4 sin 45° – 250 – R2 sin a = 0
250 + 120.3 sin 56.25°
R4 = Fig. 1.43
sin 45°
P
= 495 N (Ans.) ⇒ + 0.5 R2 = 5311.7 ...(i)
2

SFy = 0 ⇒ –P cos 45° + R2 cos 30° Cylinder Weight Radius

– 2000 – 5652.6 sin 20° = 0 A 80 N 100 mm
−P
⇒ + 0.866 R2 = 3933.3 ...(ii) B 160 N 200 mm
2 C 80 N 100 mm
From eqns. (i) and (ii), we get
Assuming all contact surfaces to be
1.366 R2 = 5311.7 + 3933.3
smooth, determine the reactions acting on
⇒ R2 = 6767.9 N cylinder C.
\ P = (5311.7 – 0.5 × 6767.9) 2 Solution: Referring to the Fig. 1.44(a),
= 2726.25 N (Ans.) BD 450 − 100 − 200
cos a = = = 0.5
39. The weights and radii of the three BA 200 + 100
cylinders piled in a rectangular ditch \ a = 60°
as shown in Fig. 1.44 are as given
From the equilibrium condition for
below:
cylinder A [Fig. 1.44(b)],
450 mm SFy = 0 ⇒ R2 sin a = 80
80
\ R2 = = 92.4 N
100 mm sin 60°
1
A Referring to the FBD of cylinder B
2
[Fig. 1.44(c)],
200 mm
D
B 3 SFy = 0
4 ⇒ R4 sin a – 160 – R2 sin a = 0
100 mm 160 + 92.4 sin 60°
5 \ R4 =
C
sin 60°
= 277.1 N (Ans.)
6
(a) Referring to the FBD of cylinder C
80 N [Fig. 1.44(d)],
SFx = 0 ⇒ R5 – R4 cos a = 0
A ⇒ R5 = 277.1 cos 60°
R1 = 138.6 N (Ans.)

R2 160 N SFy = 0 ⇒ R6 – 80 – R4 sin a = 0
(b)
⇒ R6 = 80 + 277.1 sin 60°
= 320 N (Ans.)
40. The spheres A, B and C weighing
B R3
200 N, 400 N and 200 N respectively
80 N and having radii 400 mm, 600 mm
R4
(c) and 400 mm respectively are placed
in a trench as shown in Fig. 1.45(a).
Treating all contact surfaces as
R5 C
smooth, determine the reactions
developed.
R6 Solution: Referring to the Fig. 1.45(a),
(d)
BD 600 − 400
sin a = = = 0.2
Fig. 1.44 AB 400 + 600

\ a = 11.537° Referring to FBD of cylinder B

Referring to FBD of sphere A [Fig. 1.45(d)],
[Fig. 1.45(b)], SFy = 0
R2 cos a = 200 ⇒ R6 sin 45 – 400 – R2 cos a
200 – R4 cos (45 + a) = 0
\ R2 =
cos 11.537° ⇒ R6 sin 45° = 400 + 204.1 cos 11.537°
= 204.1 N (Ans.) + 144.3 cos 56.537°
and R1 – R2 sin a = 0
\ R6 = 961.0 N (Ans.)
\ R1 = 40.8 N (Ans.)
SFx = 0
Referring to the FBD of sphere C
[Fig. 1.45(c)], ⇒ R5 – R2 sin a – R4 sin (45 + a)
S Forces parallel to inclined plane = 0 – R6 cos 45° = 0
⇒ R4 cos a – 200 cos 45° = 0 \ R5 = 204.1 sin 11.537
⇒ R4 = 144.3 N (Ans.) + 144.3 sin 56.537 + 961.0 cos 45°
SFx = 0 = 840.7 N (Ans.)
⇒ R4 cos (45 – a) – R3 cos 45 = 0 41. Three spheres are piled in a trench
⇒ R3 = 170.3 N (Ans.) as shown in Fig. 1.46(a). Self weight
and radii of the cylinders are as given
below:
Sphere Weight Radius
A 2 kN 400 mm
B 2 kN 400 mm
C 4 kN 600 mm
Treating all contact surfaces as

smooth, determine the reactions developed
at the contact surfaces P, Q, R and S. Given:
Centre to centre distance between sphere A
and B is 500 mm.
Fig. 1.45
Cont...

Referring to FBD of sphere A

[Fig. 1.46(c)],
SFx = 0 ⇒ Rp sin 60° – R1 cos a = 0
2.066 cos 75.522°
Rp =
sin 60°
= 0.596 kN (Ans.)
SFy = 0 ⇒ RQ – R1 sin a – 2
– Rp cos 60° = 0
⇒ RQ = 2.066 sin 75.522 + 2
+ 0.596 cos 60°
Fig. 1.46 = 4.298 kN (Ans.)
Referring to FBD of sphere B
Solution: From triangle ABC in
Fig. 1.46(a), [Fig. 1.46(d)],
AD 250 SFx = 0 ⇒ R2 cos a – Rs sin 45° = 0

cos a = = = 0.25
AC 400 + 600 2.066 cos 75.522°
Rs =
\ a = 75.522° sin 45°
Referring to FBD of sphere C = 0.730 kN (Ans.)
[Fig. 1.46(b)],
SFy = 0 ⇒ RR + RS cos 45°
SFx = 0 ⇒ R1 cos a = R2 cos a
– R2 sin a – 2 = 0
i.e., R1 = R2
SFy = 0 ⇒ R1 sin a + R2 sin a = 4 ⇒ RR = –0.730 cos 45°
⇒ 2R1 sin a = 4 + 2.066 sin 75.522 + 2
4 = 1.484 kN (Ans.)
R1 = = 2.066 kN = R2
2 sin 75.522

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Preface to the Third Edition...............................................................................................................(v)

1. Coplanar Concurrent Force Systems......................................................... 1–23

2. Coplanar Non-Concurrent Force Systems.............................................. 24–46

3. Analysis of Pin-jointed Plane Frames...................................................... 47–71

5. Centroid of Areas..................................................................................... 91–108

6. Area Moment of Inertia.......................................................................... 109–123

7. Introduction to Dynamics and Linear Motion...................................... 124–135

9. D′Alembert’s Principle........................................................................... 148–161

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10. Work-Energy Principle........................................................................... 162–173

11. Impulse Momentum Principle............................................................... 174–184

12. Impact of Elastic Bodies........................................................................ 185–198

13. Circular Motion of Rigid Bodies........................................................... 199–209

14. Virtual Work............................................................................................ 210–216

15. Introduction to Vector Approach.......................................................... 217–228

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Coplanar Concurrent Force diagonal of the parallelogram

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According to this law, the closing (b) Resultant by Analytical Method

(iii) The Polygon Law of Forces:

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means, resultant R of the system of forces

Equilibriant of a Force System

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tail of the force F1 to its head in the desired In case of F2

30° Fig. 1.8

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4. Find the resultant of the force Solution: Resolving each force in

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7. A disabled ship is pulled by means of 300 sin 20°

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Fig. 1.14 Fig. 1.15

Case (b): F = 1400 N cos (q + 30) + 1.0718

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Solution: Solution: From Lami’s theorem,

Fig. 1.20 Fig. 1.21

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Solution: Referring to Fig. 1.21(a),

= 432.32 N (Ans.) \ BE = 8 sin q = 8 sin 51.32

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Solution: Since pulley is frictionless, TBC = 87.5 N (Ans.)

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= 432.32 N (Ans.) \ BE = 8 sin q = 8 sin 51.32

Solution: Since pulley is frictionless, TBC = 87.5 N (Ans.)