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Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources:

Allard, LaDonna B.D, et al. Video call by Amy Goodman. July 7, 2020.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3wq7wkgvYY​.

This source is an interview between LaDonna Brave Bull Allard, an Indigenous Lakota
historian and activist and co-founder of resistance camps during the Dakota Access
Pipeline protests, and Tara Houska, a Tribal attorney belonging to the Couchiching First
Nation, and Amy Goodman from Democracy Now! The interview illustrates the shared
fight amongst protectors and allies, with Allard expressing anger and disappointment in
the construction of the pipeline; Allard continues using pathos to have the audience
sympathize with the Nations’ struggles against ongoing land incursions. Houska talks
about how fossil fuels industry have been attempting to push through permits against the
will of Nations in order to complete projects that have negatively impacted Indigenous
Tribes, in this case, Houska cites the low-level environmental examination Energy
Transfer Partners attempted to pass that covers an enormous pipeline carrying millions of
barrels of oil per day. The conducted interview helped the betterment of my
understanding regarding both the emotional and environmental tolls on Indigenous
citizens.

American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. AG/RES.2888 (XLVI-O/16) (June

15, 2016).
https://www.oas.org/en/sare/documents/DecAmIND.pdf​.

This source is an official document detailing the rights of American Indigenous peoples,
which was adopted on June 15, 2016 during a third plenary session amongst the
Organization of American States. Throughout the protests against #DAPL, countless of
Indigenous people have cited treaties and their rights to prove their ability to deny any
further construction of the pipeline. Phyllis Young, a member of the Standing Rock Sioux
Tribe, has reminded people through interviews of the rights Indigenous peoples have over
treaty land. This source has helped me further understand the written proof of Indigenous
rights withing this legal document that have since helped the Tribes gain a significant
victory against the construction itself, and companies who have funded the project.

Archambault II, Dave. 2016. "Standing Rock Sioux Tribe Takes Pipeline Fight To U.N." Speech
given at the United Nations Human Rights Council, Geneva, Switzerland, Sept. 20, 2016.
https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/dakota-pipeline-protests/standing-rock-sioux-takes-p
ipeline-fight-un-human-rights-council-n651381​.

This source is a speech by former Standing Rock Indian Reservation Tribal Chairman,
Dave Archambault II, recorded during a U.N meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, embedded
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within a secondary summary of the meeting by NBC News journalist Daniel A. Medina.
Archaumbault II assayed to amass international opposition to the Dakota pipeline,
declaring the U.S. government’s failure in compliance with the treaties signed by the
Tribe—the 1851 Treaty of Traverse de Sioux and 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie—that
acknowledges the Sioux Nation’s sovereignty. Such action would later bring fruit to the
victory against the Army Corps. and Energy Transfer Partners. The speech made by
Archaumbault II to the United Nations Human Rights Council has shown me the lengths
Indigenous citizens will go to in order to protect their sacred homes.

Estes, Nick. Our History Is the Future: Standing Rock Versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and
the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance. Brooklyn, NY: Verso, February 26, 2019.

This source is a book written on February 26, 2019 by Nick Estes. Nick Estes is a citizen
of the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, as well as an Assistant Professor in American Studies at
the University of Mexico. ​Our History is the Future​ sets resistance facing the Dakota
Access pipeline in the vaster narrative of Indigenous American resistance against land
forays and deprivation. Estes’ book helped me understand the many tragedies and loses
Indigenous American nations faced due to colonialism, as well as the long-established
effects of colonialism.

Hayes, Kelly. “How to Talk About #NoDAPL: A Native Perspective.” ​Truthout​. 28 October,
2020. 02 November 2020.
https://truthout.org/articles/how-to-talk-about-nodapl-a-native-perspective/​.

This source is an article written by Kelly Hayes on October 28, 2020, highlighting events
that happened during the #NoDAPL protests and shares a common reflection of the past
that each member of the protest experienced. The text emphasizes on what dangers the
protesters could’ve and have faced in those moments of turmoil and realizes that
consequences law enforcement posed on the lives of the protestors. This article helped
me begin to understand the threats, pain, suffering, and grief of the #NoDAPL protestors.

Liu, Louise. "Thousands of protesters are gathering in North Dakota – and it could lead to
'nationwide reform.'" ​Business Insider​. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
http://www.businessinsider.com/photos-north-dakota-pipeline-protest-2016-9/#while-me
mbers-of-the-standing-rock-sioux-tribes-began-protesting-the-project-as-early-as-april-pr
otests-heated-up-in-august-as-numbers-increased-to-the-thousands-1​.

This source is a website comprised of photographs that show water protectors during the
#NoDAPL movement, alongside texts detailing the events that go along with said
pictures. The photos taken by various photographers highlight protectors on the
construction site at Cannon Ball, North Dakota, on September 13, 2016, along with camp
sites, a banner, a map and flags of other Indigenous Nations in support of the Standing
Sioux Tribe. The photographs were meant to acknowledge the fact that these protests are
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reshaping national conversations regarding environmental prjects that would ruin

Indigenous sovereignty’s lands. The photos and captions have helped me further
understand the sheer importance of allies when it comes to vital issues and environmental
injustices, especially when many Indigenous lands have since been colonized for the
wealthy.

MacMillan, Hugh. Video call interview by Amy Goodman. September 6, 2016.

https://www.democracynow.org/2016/9/6/whos_investing_in_the_dakota_access​.

This interview was conducted by Amy Goodmany of Democracry Now! on September 6,

2016; Goodman interviews Hugh MacMillan, a senior researcher with Food & Water
Watch. MacMillan talks about major financial institutions and banks that are helping
finance the Dakota Access pipeline, before transitioning to the maximum production of
oil and gas via fracking due to the investments from banks. MacMillan’s interview serves
to shed light on important banks and financial consortiums. This source has helped me
understand that it isn’t only a few banks that are funding the construction of the pipeline,
there are very powerful companies that have publicly supported the construction and have
shares within Energy Transfer Partners; these long-term investments will result in the
max production of gas and oil due to fracking.

Manning, Sarah Sunshine, et al. Skype interview by Andre-Pierre du Plessis. September 2016.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJ8pGTX9sqo​.

This live interview with Sarah Sunshine Manning, a Shoshone-Paiute and

Chippewa-Cree columnist at the Indian Country Today Media Network, was uploaded on
Youtube to the TRT World channel on September 13, 2016. The interview also includes a
speech made by Jan Hasselman, the attorney for the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe,
Lakota-Dakota Tribal citizen Robert Brave Heart Eder, and Standing Rock Sioux citizen
Brianne Little Bird. Attorney Hasselman has spoken of evidence regarding the sacred
sites the company had bulldozed and of the police brutality aimed at protectors; Eder
claims that he and others are trying to protect the resources on the land for everyone, not
only for the Tribes, and Bird talks about how these lands are all that is left for them, and
how audacious it is for corporations to try to get around treaties to build a pipeline that
could potentially harm Tribes and their water source. Sunshine’s recollection of the
Standing Rock Tribe’s filing an injunction and a temporary restraining order has really
opened my eyes to how persistent Indigenous Americans truly are, from the first battles
against colonizers to the present fight against massive corporations.

Martin, Steve. Video call interview by TRT World. February 8, 2017.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR3EQdN6Koc​.

This interview of Steve Martin, a mechanical engineer who founded KS Energy and a
Chippewa citizen, was uploaded to the Youtube channel TRT World on February 8,
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2017. Martin recounts the battle with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, confessing that
he is not against pipelines but rather against this particular pipeline that destroys sacred
Indigenous sites and fails to analyse the full impact on residents should an oil spill occur.
The interview has proven the legal grounds thanks to treaties and environmental laws,
and has encouraged many supporters to continue standing alongside the Standing Rock
Sioux Tribe. This source has aided me in understanding that economic wise, pipelines are
not unwanted by Indigenous people, but rather they were against a pipeline because of
what it stands to destroy.

Nauman, Talli. “Standing Rock Water Protectors Sue Police, Security Forces.” ​Esperanza
Project.​ Last modified 13 October 2020. Accessed 08 November 2020.
https://www.esperanzaproject.com/2020/native-american-culture/standing-rock-water-pro
tectors-take-tigerswan-security-to-court/​.

This source is an online article written by Talli Nauman, a Lakota Country Correspondent
for The Esperanza Project, published on October 13, 2020. Nauman’s article summarizes
the events of the four-year protest against the Dakota Access pipeline, focusing primarily
on how the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe had filed for a lawsuit against law enforcement
and private security agencies. However, the trial will not be due to excessive force but
rather for the accused groups’ closing a road against protectors’ wishes. This website
article has helped me in understanding how very brave and persevering Indigenous
peoples are, to the point where they will stand to trial against the closure of a road for the
purpose of peaceful protests, rather than the excessive force used on said peoples by
security and police.

Northcott, Charlie. “Life in the Native American oil protest camps.” ​BBC News​. 02 September
2016. 02 November 2020.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37249617​.

This source is a documentative collage of pictures uploaded to the BBC News website on
September 02, 2016. Attached to each photo is a description that adds to the overall
theme surrounding the life of a protester living in the protest camps. With each photo and
paragraph, you can feel the sense of duty each member has from members of the security
team to the coordinators. From this, I can understand the inner workings of the protest
camps and how everyone has a part in maintaining this intricate system.

Ross, Gyasi, et al. Group interview by Lenard Larry McKelvey. December 14, 2016.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Knc7jMKo97E​.

This is an interview of Blackfeet and Suquamish author Gyasi Ross, Oglala Lakota and
Black hard left activist Queen YoNasDa Lonewolf, and conducted by Charlamagne tha
God and Angela Yee, two radio personalities belonging to the Breakfast Club Power
105.1 FM on December 14, 2016. This interview was conducted as a means for the
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channel’s audiences to further their understanding of the Dakota Access Protests by

bringing in Indigenous voices and activists into their studios. The three guests touch up a
lot on concerns regarding Trump’s oncoming presidency, as well as the history of broken
treaties with the U.S. government. Watching this interview not only had me agree with
everything said, but also educated me on Indigenous history with the U.S. government;
there have been many empty promises the U.S. government had offered many sovereign
nations, and this long history ties into the determination of the Standing Rock Sioux
Tribe’s persevering fight against the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Energy Transfer
Partners.

Sr. Mentz, Tim. “Declaration of Tim Mentz, Sr. in Support of Motion for Preliminary
Injunction.” ​Earthjustice​. August 11 2016. September 17 2020.
https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/press/2016/Decl-of-T-Mentz-Sr.pdf​.

This source is a declaration by Tim Mentz taken on August 11,2016. It states what his
relation and relevance is to the Standing Rock Reservation, the historical importance of
the land and its monuments and the harmful repercussions that can happen if the DAPL
doesn’t halt it’s construction. Through this document, I can understand the importance of
the reservation on a more personal and legal level as well as establish just what exactly
the Standing Rock Tribe are trying to protect, what they are protecting from, and who is
against them.

Standing Rock Sioux Rock Tribe v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Civil Action No. 16-1534
(JEB) (2017).
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7285908596574491202&q=dakota+access
+pipeline&hl=en&as_sdt=2006​.

This source is a Civil Action lawsuit that was signed March 7, 2017. This document
informs us of the background of the DAPL; what it does, its current status, and what it
aims to do; its negligence to the people who reside in the land from which the DAPL
travels through and the harms that can and/or will come from the construction of this
pipeline. Described in this text, the DAPL will cause irreparable damage to the people’s
freedom to excersize their religion by running under Lake Oahe. The court concluded to
deny the Motion for Preliminary Injuction. This source helps me understand the legal
implications of each action taken by both sides and the court’s ability to or not to deny.

Standing Rock Sioux Tribe v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Civil Action No. 6-1534 (2016).
https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6818852-D-C-District-Court-Decision-Stand
ing-Rock-Sioux.html#document/p2/a557887​.

This source is a Civil Action lawsuit filed on March 25, 2020. It describes the second
time the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe filed action against the Army Corps of Engineers
after they failed to properly do a review in the case of an oil spill. The suit concludes by
 6

granting and denying in part of both parties. This builds upon my understanding of the
how the legal system treated the case the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and affirms the
Corps’ failure to give a review.

Wong, Alex. Standing Rock Sioux Tribe Rallies In Washington DC For Tribal Rights.
GettyImages. JPG/PNG. March 10, 2017.
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/activists-participate-in-a-protest-against-
the-dakota-news-photo/651443640​.

This source is a photo taken on March 10, 2017. The image depicts a crowd of people
holding signs, collectively protestings against the DAPL. They protested for the halt of
the pipeline at the White House and they advocated for the rights of Indigenous people.
From this image, I come to understand the emotions of the people and the impact the
DAPL could have on the lives of the people. The sheer amount of people protesting
against the pipeline is immense and puts into perspective of just how much meaning the
land means to its people.

Young, Phyllis. “Speech to DAPL company.” Tribal Council and Energy Transfer Partners
Meeting, ​Earthjustice​. September 2014. September 17, 2020.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wlRdkP3Q70​.

This recorded speech by Phyllis Young, a Lakota-Dakota activist, was uploaded by

Earthjustice’s Youtube channel of the same name on December 13, 2016. In this
September 2014 recording, Phyllis exposes the many lies Energy Transfer Partners had
told the general public in response to the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe’s objections against
the Dakota Access pipeline. Phyllis reports that the Tribe had discussed the construction
of the pipeline, voicing concerns more than two years ago; Phyllis talks about the land
incursions and dispossession of Indigenous lands and mass Indigenous genocide for
colonizers to profit off of. The recording of Phyllis’s speech gives more insight on
Indigenous treaties with the U.S. government, and how federal laws must be adhered to
for the protection of Indigenous lives.

Secondary Sources:

Cagle, Alison. “Standing Rock Tribe Wins in Court After Years of Perseverance.” ​Earthjustice.​
Last modified 25 March 2020. Accessed 08 November 2020.
https://earthjustice.org/blog/2020-march/standing-rock-tribe-wins-in-court-after-years-of-
perseverance​.
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This source is a news article which was last modified on March 25, 2020 describing a
significant legal victory of the Stand Rock Sioux Tribe. After 4 years of persistent action,
the Standing Rock Tribe won against a permit that allowed further construction under the
Missouri River. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was ordered by the court to partake
in a thorough environmental review after neglecting that an oil spill may take place. The
Standing Rock Tribe will continue fighting until the official shut down of the pipeline. It
is in this article that I build a better understanding of how high of a hurdle this one action
was, the failure of understanding on the courts part and how long the journey has been
and far the protesters still need to go.

Dijkstal, Haydee J. “The Dakota Access Pipeline and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage:
Apply the Crime Against Humanity of Persecution Before the IC.” ​Minnesota Journal of
International,​ 277 (2019).
https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1276&context=mjil​.

This source is an academic journal written by Haydee J. Dijkstal, a barrister practicing

international human rights, criminal law, and general law, in 2019. The article sought to
dictate whether the contruction of the Dakora Access Pipeline infringes on international
human rights and criminal law, and whether corporatation officials would become liable
for the contruction and operation should it be found the pipeline violate international
human rights. From this, I can undertsand a different perspective of the Dakota Access
Pipeline, one that isn’t heavily influenced by spiritual and religious beliefs, and has no
personal connection thus lacking personal bias against the construction.

Levin, Sam. "At Standing Rock, women lead fight in face of Mace, arrests and strip searches."
The Guardian.​ ISSN 0261-3077. April 4, 2019.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/04/dakota-access-pipeline-protest-standi
ng-rock-women-police-abuse​.

This is source is an article that was uploaded to The Guardian news site on April 4, 2019.
Here it describes the experiences and traumas that the Indigenous women and others alike
lived through during the DAPL protests. It describes the abuse they experienced from law
enforcement and the effects it has on their lives now. The article goes further in detail of
the horrid relationship Natives have with law enforcement and reasons behind the words
Native Lives Matter. From these experiences and knowledge, it helps me understand a
little about the trauma each Indigenous individual faces because of law enforcement and
the corruption in the system.

Miller, Emily M. “Standing Rock Sioux celebrate ‘significant legal win’ in DAPL fight.”
Earthbeat.​ Last modified 01 April 2020. Accessed 08 November 2020.
https://www.ncronline.org/news/earthbeat/standing-rock-sioux-celebrate-significant-legal
-win-dapl-fight​.
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This source is an article was last modified on April 1, 2020 and describes the victory the
Standing Rock Tribe took after fighting against the DAPL for years. It describes the
experiences of those during the protests and how they felt. In the quarrel between the
Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, many felt was also a spiritual fight in a sense as many sent
out prayers of success to those protesting. However the success, Earthjustice says that the
ruling does not affect the operation of the pipeline. This article gives a bit more
perspective of how important of a win this was and also points out a potential downside
to the court’s ruling.

McKenna, Phil. “Native American Pipeline Protest Halts Construction in N. Dakota.” ​Inside
Climate News​. August 19 2016. September 17, 2020.
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/18082016/native-americans-sioux-tribe-protest-north-
dakota-access-bakken-oil-pipeline-fossil-fuels​.

This source is an article posted on August 19,2016 and catalogues the beginnings of the
Dakota Access Pipeline protests and the events that led to them. It is described in the text
that on July 25, 2016, the Army Corps of Engineers got approval to start construction on
the DAPL, by then only a few 50 people took part in protesting. The number of protesters
however grew drastically as time went on according to the County Sheriff. The article
goes on to describe the stride as other Native communities came to the protests to assist
the Standing Rock Tribe in their endeavors. Allegations were made against the protesters
by the county sheriff saying that the protesters shot at them and threw bombs. The tribe
however, did not under the pretense that they are non-violent having only mock charged
at the police who were informed beforehand to step back during the presentation process.
From this article, I learn and understand where the protests began and to what lengths law
enforcement would’ve gone to try and deter the protesters.

McCauley, Lauren. "'Is That Not Genocide?' Pipeline Co. Bulldozing Burial Sites Prompts
Emergency Motion." Common Dreams.
http://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/09/05/not-genocide-pipeline-co-bulldozing-b
urial-sites-prompts-emergency-motion​.

This source is an online article written by Laren McCauley of Common Dreams on

September 5, 2016. McCauley’s article leans in favor of the water protectors, writing
about the events from the perspective of Indigneous peoples and allies. The article
includes statements from Indigenous citizens, such as LaDonna Brave Bull Allard, a
historic preservation officer, and Linda Black Elk, a Catawba citizen who is married to a
a Cheyenne River Sioux citizen; Black Elk recaps the discovery of bulldozed burial sites
as protectos were met with violent force from authorities, while Allard highlighted the
U.S. government’s effort to further erase Indigenous culture. The article serves the
purpose of informing audiences of Indigenous struggles, of which has helped me
 9

recognize the huge amount of support the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe has gained through
their long and hard-fought battle.

Mufson, Steven. "Trump dumped his stock in Dakota Access pipeline owner over the summer."
The Washington Post​. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/11/23/trump-dump
ed-his-stock-in-dakota-access-pipeline-owner-over-the-summer​.

This source is a website article written by Steven Mufson, a reporter covering the
business of climate change, on November 23, 2016 at Washington Post’s website.
Mufson talks about Donald J. Trump’s share of Energy Transfer Partners, from the
then-president elect’s nearly one million dollars in share on May 2015 to less fifty
thousand dollars by June-July 2016. This article helped me think about the possibility of
a political stunt pulled by Trump as he sold off his share, and how contradicting Trump’s
actions have been when he had received generous political contributions from Energy
Transfer Partner’s chief executive, Kelcy Warren.

Osborne, Samuel. “US veterans return to Standing Rock to form human shield to protect Dakota
Access pipeline protesters.” ​The Independent.​ 12 February 2017. 02 November 2020.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/us-army-veterans-huma
n-shield-dakota-access-pipeline-standing-rock-a7576291.html​.

This source is an article written by Samuel Osborne for the Independent and was publish
on Febuary 12, 2017. The article illustrates the actions taken by the military veteran
organization group Veterans Stand and their ties to the DAPL protests. The group has
raised more than $200,000 against the DAPL and these funds were used to send supplies
to the Sioux Tribe. This article helps me to understand how other interest groups play a
part in the story of the DAPL protests and how their help assist the advancements of the
protests.

"Trump's stock in Dakota Access pipeline raises concerns". ​Al Jazeera​. Last November 25, 2016.
Accessed November 2, 2020.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/25/trumps-stock-in-dakota-access-pipeline-rais
es-concerns/​.

This source is an online article published on Al Jazeera, a Turk-English news channel, on

Novermber 25, 2016. The article details Donald J. Trump’s stocks in Energy Transfer
Partners, a Texas-based oil company, and talks about how Trump’s shares raises concerns
due to his blind trust in his investment. Sharon Buccino, director of environment group
Natural Resources Defense Council, has shared her opinion regarding Trump’s
investment. The article helped me understand the difficulty in investing in companies that
have raised political concerns.
 10

Whyte, Kyle Powys. “The Dakota Access Pipeline, Environmental Injustice, and U.S.
Colonialism.” ​Red Ink: An International Journal of Indigenous Literature, Arts, & Humanities​,
Issue 19.1 (February 28, 2017): 154-169.
https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=6080921261180230181250650910161180
940590920370200270431220871050901221030761170091180071140610610500220341
001240071120060951080230060660820830001150810961110720650960100480511191
091200920850271040660281210841180711220280961261080260090190770810641150
13&EXT=pdf​.

This source is paper written by Kyle Whyte on September 16, 2016 and it gives his
personal feelings on the DAPL protests as well as a closer view of what the protests look
like. This paper touches on the effect the Trump administration had on the DAPL, the
Injustices done by the pipeline, how it ties into Indigenous erasure and the environement
injustices that the DAPL has on the land and it’s people. This paper gives me an
analytical understanding of the DAPL and how its effects are damaging not only to the
land the and the people but also the Native people’s community as a whole.

Whyte, Kyle. “Why the Native American pipeline resistance in North Dakota is about climate
justice.” ​The Conversation​. September 16, 2016. September 17, 2020.
https://theconversation.com/why-the-native-american-pipeline-resistance-in-north-dakota
-is-about-climate-justice-64714​.

This source is a website article written by Kyle Whyte, an Associate Professor of

Philosophy and Community Sustainability at Michigan State University, on September
16, 2016. Whyte touches up on the Dakota Access protests in the perspective of a climate
scientist while also acknowledging the negative affects of colonization on Indigenous
Tribes. The article really helped me see the protest not simply in the perspective of
long-lasting colonization, but also how the construction of the pipeline would affect the
land.

Young, Stephen M. “The Sioux’s Suits: Global Law and the Dakota Access Pipeline.” ​American
Indian Law Journal​ Vol. 6 : Iss. 1 , Article 4 (2017).
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3487241​.

This source is an academic journal written by Stephen Young in 2017. Young talks about
the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe’s lawsuits against the Dakota Access Pipelines, and how
much international attention and support the Tribe gained. Young also tracks the
legalities involving the protest and construction. This article helped me understand the
various models of legality that come with opposing the construction of the $1.3 billion
pipeline.