Chapter 1

Principle of Electromechanical Energy

Conversion
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1.1 Force and torque in magnetic field system

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• Suppose a charged particle q moving with velocity v through an electric field E and
magnetic field B.
• The entire electromagnetic force F on the charged particle is called the Lorentz force and
is given by
F = qE + qv × B.
• The first term is contributed by the electric field.
• The second term is the magnetic force and has a direction perpendicular to both the
velocity and the magnetic field.
• The magnetic force is proportional to q and to the magnitude of the vector cross product
v × B.
• In terms of the angle ϕ between v and B, the magnitude of the force equals qvB sin ϕ.

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• Since a current represents a movement of charges in the wire, the Lorentz force acts on the
moving charges.
• Because these charges are bound to the conductor, the magnetic forces on the moving charges
are transferred to the wire.
• The force on a small length dl of the wire depends on the orientation of the wire with respect to
the field.
• The force is given by dF= idl × B
• The magnitude of the force is given by idlB sin ϕ, where ϕ is the angle between B and dl.
• There is no force when ϕ = 0 or 180°, both of which correspond to a current along a direction
parallel to the field. The force is at a maximum when the current and field are perpendicular to
each other.

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 Example

• A non-magnetic rotor containing a single-turn coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field of

magnitude 𝐵0 , as shown in Fig. (next slide). The coil sides are at radius R and the wire carries

current I as indicated. Find the θ-directed torque as a function of rotor position α when I=10A,

𝐵0 =0.02 T and R= 0.05 m. Assume that the rotor is of length l= 0.3 m.

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Single coil rotor

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 Solution
• Thus, for wire 1 carrying current I into the paper, the θ-directed force is given by
𝐹1𝜃 = - I 𝐵0 𝑙 sin α
and for wire 2 (which carries current in the opposite direction and is located 180° away from wire 1)
𝐹2𝜃 = - I 𝐵0 𝑙 sin α
where l is the length of the rotor.

• The torque T acting on the rotor is given by the sum of the force-moment-arm products for each
wire
T = -2 I 𝐵0 𝑅𝑙 sin α = -2(10)(0.02)(0.05)(0.3) sin α = -0.006sin α N.m

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1.2 Energy balance

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1.3 Energy in a singly-excited system

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Conservation of energy applied to systems with no motion

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Conservation of energy applied to systems with motion

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1.4 Force acting on the moving system using energy

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Torque acting on a rotating system

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End of Chapter 1!!

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