Formation Properties

and Mineralogy

Section 7

Printed: 3/25/2006

EDC, Tomball, TX

Formation Properties
O Formation thickness, ft.
³ Gross (hg)- total expected vertical fracture
height, ft
³ Net (hn)- portion of the height that will accept
fluid during the treatment
O Permeability, md
O Porosity, fraction
O Depth, ft
O Fracturing gradient, psi/ft

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 Permeability
O Horizontal & Vertical Flow Capacity
O Perm Distribution
O Perm Profile
O Perm Is A Tensor Value
³ An abstract value dependent on the
orientation of flow

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EDC, Tomball, TX

Permeability Values From

Conventional Core
O “Routine core analysis”
O Usually reported as a “specific gas
permeability” (Ksg)
O May be corrected for gas slippage
(Klinkenberg perm, Kinf)
O May be measured on plugs or “wholecore”

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 Porosity
O Determined from Log Analysis
O Core Analysis
O Watch for Natural Fracture
O Send TTC your core sample if possible

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EDC, Tomball, TX

Fracture In Thin Section

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Natural Fractures in Morrow
Formation, Eddy County, NM

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EDC, Tomball, TX

Coarse Quartz Crystals in a

Natural Fracture

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 Natural Fracture Surface
Quartz and Calcite Crystals

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EDC, Tomball, TX

Formation Properties (cont.)

O Poisson’s ratio
O Young’s modulus, E, psi
O Temperature deg. F
³ Formation
³ Fluid injection
O Reservoir pressure, psi
O Fracture toughness, psi-in1/2

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 Formation Properties (cont.)
O Reservoir fluid properties
³ Viscosity, cP
³ Compressibility, psi-1
³ Density, lb/Cu ft
O Rock embedment strength, psi
O Tortuosity

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EDC, Tomball, TX

Mineralogy
O Formation Composition
O Bulk Mineralogy

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 Mineral Groups
O Quartz
O Feldspars
O Carbonate Minerals
O Sulfate Minerals
O Zeolites
O Iron Oxides & Sulfides
O Salts
O Clay Minerals
O Glauconite
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EDC, Tomball, TX

Quartz
O Silicon Dioxide, hexagonal SiO2
O The most common mineral in clastic
sedimentary rocks
O A very stable mineral

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 More About Quartz

QUARTZ
CRYSTALS

QUARTZ
GRAINS

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EDC, Tomball, TX

Importance of Quartz
O Most common mineral in sandstones
³ May occur as grains, cement, moveable fines
O Most chemically stable mineral
O Not soluble in any acid except HF
³ May occur as acid-insoluble fines in
limestones & dolomites

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EDC, Tomball, TX

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 Feldspar
O Framework aluminum silicates
O Two main groups of feldspar minerals
³ Alkali Feldspar group
Ë (K,Na)(AlSi3O8)
Ë Potassium Feldspars
³ Plagioclase Feldspar group
³ Series of chemical compositions
Ë Na(AlSi3O8) - Ca(Al2Si2O8)

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EDC, Tomball, TX

Carbonate Minerals
CO32-
O ARAGONITE , calcium carbonate
³ orthorhombic CaCO3
O CALCITE, calcium carbonate
³ hexagonal CaCO3
O SIDERITE, iron carbonate
³ rhombohedral FeCO3
O DOLOMITE, calcium-magnesium carbonate
³ rhombohedral Ca,Mg(CO3)2
O ANKERITE, iron-bearing dolomite
³ rhombohedral Ca,(Mg0.67,Fe0.33)(CO3)2

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 SULFATE MINERALS
SO42-
O Calcium Sulfates
³ GYPSUM, CaSO4• 2H2O
³ ANHYDRITE, CaSO4
³ BASSANITE, CaSO4 • ½H2O
O Barium Sulfate
³ BARITE, BaSO4
O Strontium Sulfate
³ CELESTITE, SrSO4
O Barite - Celestite Series
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EDC, Tomball, TX

Zeolite Minerals
(Na2,K2,Ca,Ba) [(Al,Si)O2]n • xH2O
O Hydrous framework silicate minerals
O Most common zeolites in reservoir rocks
³ ANALCIME (ANALCITE), Na-Zeolite
³ LAUMONTITE, Ca-Zeolite

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 Iron Oxides & Sulfides
O Iron Oxides
³ MAGNETITE, Fe3O4
³ HEMATITE, Fe2O3
³ GOETHITE, - alpha-FeOOH
³ AKAGANEITE, - beta-FeOOH
³ LEPIDOCROCITE, -gamma-FeOOH
O Iron Sulfides
³ PYRITE, FeS2
³ MACKINAWITE, Fe9S8

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EDC, Tomball, TX

SALTS
CL-
O Halite, NaCl
O Sylvite, KCl
O Calcium Chloride, CaCl2

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 Mineralogical Data
A B C D E F
Minerals BA BB1 BB1 BB1 BB2 BB2
6637.6 6752.5 6761.7 6777.4 6787.2 6794.3
Quartz (SiO2) 75% 48% 55% 51% 57% 50%
Plagioclase Feldspar Trace 31 25 23 23 22
Potassium Feldspar --- 8 8 8 10 Trace
Calcite (CaCO3) 9 --- --- --- --- ---
Fe-Dolomite
Trace 1 Trace 3 Trace 2
Ca[Fe,Mg][CO3]2)
Siderite (FeCO3) 1 Trace 2 4 --- ---
Pyrite (FeS2) 2 2 Trace --- 2 2
Halite (NaCl) --- --- --- --- --- ---
Kaolinite --- Trace Trace --- --- ---
Chlorite --- --- --- Trace Trace ---
Mica + Illite --- Trace 2 Trace Trace 4
Mixed-Layer
12 9 7 10 7 19
Illite/Smectite
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Totals 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
EDC, Tomball, TX

Mineralogical Data (cont.)

A B C D E F

Minerals BA BB1 BB1 BB1 BB2 BB2

6637.6 6752.5 6761.7 6777.4 6787.2 6794.3

Acid Solubility Testing

15% HCL 8.3 5.5 5.1 8.3 3.8 8.1

Soluble Iron Content 0.3 1.2 1.3 2.2 0.8 1.7

Capillary Suction Time Testing (time in seconds)

Fresh Water 40.7 31.6 35.3 18.7

2% KCl 14.6 17.0 17.0 15.1

4% KCl 12.2 14.3 14.8 13.2

6% KCl 11.1 14.2 14.1 14.5

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 Clay Types
O Determined from SEM, XRD work
O Kaolinite - Migrator
O Chlorite - Fe-rich, Acid Sensitive
O Illite - K-rich, Migrator
O Smectite - Swelling Clay
O Mixed-layer (Combination) Clays
³ Most Common Is MLIS
³ Combination Of Smectite & Illite Properties

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