Name: Allysa Paye M.

Tokong Score:__________

Section: II-STEM Mendeleev Date: Sep. 17,2019

CARBOHYDRATES

Overview

Carbohydrates are a class of biomolecules with a backbone of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a
ratio of 1:2:1. Carbohydrates may occur as monomers, oligomers, or long, chainlike polymers with
functions ranging from structural components, cell-cell recognition, and as energy sources.

Guide Questions

1. Define and describe the process of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

- Dehydration synthesis, is the process of combining two molecules, or compounds, together
following the removal of water. Therefore when there is dehydration synthesis, water is
lacking. Hydrolysis, which the reverse of dehydration synthesis, is the process of adding
water molecule to the polymers and separating the polymer back into a monomers.
Therefore when there is hydrolysis, water is added, which different from dehydration
synthesis.
2. Discuss the direct role of water in metabolism
- Water helps boost metabolism, by acting as an appetite suppressant. And drinking more
water helps the body to stop retaining water, leading you to lose the extra pounds of water
weight.
3. What are the common chemical reactions involved in the metabolic pathways involving
biological molecules?
- Chemical bonds in the reacting molecules is broken down, this reaction takes in energy.
When new chemical bonds form to make a new product, this reaction gives out energy.
Exergonic reaction, where energy is being released to the surroundings. The bonds that are
formed in this reaction are much stronger than the bonds being broken. Endergonic
reaction, where energy is being absorbed from the surroundings. The bonds are formed in
this reaction are more weaker than the bonds being formed.

4. Discuss the overall chemical structure of the carbohydrate building blocks: the
monosaccharides.
- Monosaccharides are the simplest type of carbohydrates and the simplest form of sugar. It
is the building blocks of much more complicated type of carbohydrates which is the,
disaccharides and the polysaccharides. The classification and strusture of monosaccharide is
according to the number of carbon atom present. Some of the monosaccharides structure
are long-chained, while others have ringed shaped. This is because of the number of carbon
present.

5. Differentiate the chemical structures of the different monosaccharides:

 Aldose and ketose
- If the monosaccharide is containing a keytone group in an inner atom, then the
monosaccharide is classified to be Keytose. Where keytone group is a carbon atom forming
a double bond with oxygen and a single bond with two hydrocarbon groups. If the
monosaccharide is containing an aldehyde group at an end carbon, meaning a carbon at the
end of the chain, then it is considered as an Aldose. An aldehyde group is a carbon forming a
double bond with oxygen and a single bond with hydrogen.
  Types by number of carbons in the backbone (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, and so
forth)
- Triose, which has 3 carbon atom in the backbone, examples are Glyceraldehyde and
Dihydroxyacetone. Tetrose, has 4 carbon atom in the backbone, examples are Erythrose and
Threose. Pentose, has 5 carbon atoms in the backbone, example is Arabinose. Hexose,
which has 5 carbon atom in the backbone, example is Glucose. Heptose, has 7 carbon atom
in the backbone, examples are Seduheptulose and Mannoheptulose.

 Interconversion between the ring and the linear forms of monosaccharides

- Monosaccharide that has five or more carbon atoms form cyclic or ring structures in aqueos
solution. Two cyclic stereoisomers can form from each straight-chain or linear
monosaccharide. The interconversion of a linear structure to a cyclic or ring structure occurs
through the ability of aldehydes and ketones to react with alcohol.

 By the nature of the anomeric carbon (alpha and beta)

- When the anomeric carbon is pointing downwards, it is called the alpha anomer. And when
the anomeric carbon is pointing upwards, it is called the beta anomer.

6. Draw the linear and cyclic forms of the hexoses and pentoses.
-

7. Discuss the nature of the glycosidic bond and examples of disaccharides.

- Glycosidic bond are in the sugar that we eat, the trunks of trees, the hard shell of a lobster,
and even in our DNA. They are important for the structure of these substances and a lot
more. They are covalent chemical bonds that hold together a glycoside. It forms through
condensation reaction, which means that one water molecule is produced when a formation
of a glycolysis is happening. Examples of disaccharide includes; Sucrose, commonly known
as table sugar. It is a combination of glucose and fructose, its molecular formula is C 12H22O11.
Another example is Maltose or the “Beer” sugar or the malt sugar, is formed from two
glucose molecule, its molecular formula is C 12H22O12. Lactose or the milk sugar, formed from
galactose and glucose, its molecular formula is C12H22O12.

8. Introduce the differences in structure and composition of polysaccharides

- Glycogen, it is branched chain in structure and is composed of polymer chain of glucose
units connected by an alpha(1-4) with branches occurring alpha(1-6) approximately 8-12
residues. Starch, it is a coiled chain of glucose and is composed of glucose monomers joined
together by alpha 1,4 linkage. Cellulose, long straight chain of glucose and is composed of
glucose molecule linked together by beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds.
9. Show that the difference in starch and cellulose is due to the bonding on the anomeric carbon
- Starch contains alpha glucose, while cellulose is composed of beta glucose. In alpha glucose,
the OH on carbon 1 and 4 are facing the same way. This means it can link in a straight chain
or branch off. Because the OH of carbon 1 and 4 are in different place, the molecules are
flip-flopped when connected.

10. Explain the reasons for the vast differences in the properties of starch and cellulose.
- Because the structure formed when the molecules share oxygen is determined by which
form of glucose is linked together, that is why cellulose and starch has different properties.

11. What are the biological roles of carbohydrates

- The biological roles of carbohydrates in the body are; to provide energy, store energy, build
macromolecules, and spare protein and fat for other uses. This primarily came from plants.
Referred to as CHO’s because carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms.
12. Discuss the nutritional role of carbohydrates in diet.
- Carbs provide your body with energy. It also provide stored energy. Carbohydrates help
preserve muscle. They promote digestive health. They influence heart health and diabetes.
Carbohydrates serve several key functions in your body. They provide you with energy for
daily tasks and are the primary fuel source for your brain’s high energy demands. So, carbs
perform these functions in most people. However, if you are following a low-carb diet or
food in scarce, your body will use alternative methods to produce energy and fuel your
brain.

Generalization

Therefore, carbohydrates have many types and they have different structure. It provides us with
a lot of things like, providing as with energy and making as strong. Without carbohydrates we
will be weak, because we don’t have enough energy to face the day. It can also give us more
weight, so when you eat a lot of carbs you will get fat. If you want to have muscles you need to
eat lots of carbs and exercise more, because it helps preserve the muscles. There will be no life if
there is no carbohydrates.