UNSTEADY AERODYNAMICS ASSIGNMENT

EXPANSION WAVES IN A SHOCK TUBE

SUBMITTED BY
SREERANJ JAYADEVAN
15AE30021

SUBMITTED TO
PROF. ARNAB ROY
DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
IIT KHARAGPUR
 INTRODUCTION
Shock tubes are popular devices to evaluate the dynamic response of
instrumentation. A shock tube is a long tube, made up of a high-pressure driver
section and low-pressure driven section separated by a diaphragm.
Traditionally the driver section is referred to as upstream of the diaphragm and
the driven section downstream.

Fig 1: Generation of an expansion fan

When the diaphragm is suddenly removed, an expansion fan travels to the left,
as also shown in Fig. 1. With the removal of the diaphragm, the gas in region 4
feels as if a piston is being withdrawn to the right with velocity u3, as sketched
in Fig. 1. The expansion wave is a left running wave of finite strength and the
path of the incident waves are “C-” characteristic lines. When the head of
expansion wave impinges on the left wall of the body, the expansion wave gets
reflected from the wall and form the right running wave which are the “C+”
characteristics line. The complex region formed due to interaction of incident
left running & reflected right running wave, is called the non-simple wave
region. In this region, both characteristic families, form a curved pattern. At
each point the properties of reflected shock differs from the incidence
expansion wave. Riemann Invariants (J+ & J-) of intersection point 1-6 are
calculated initially by knowing the initial velocity and temperature values and
further and since across the left running wave or right running wave the value
of J- or J+ must be same for the same wave line. The values of Riemann
Invariants (J+ & J-) are calculated at different points in the x-t plots by using the
MATLAB simulation software and further the local speeds of sound and local
flow velocity of gas were calculated on each point. The mass motion and the
velocity of sound are being calculated with the advantage of points, being on
the same characteristic line. The thermodynamic properties of the effective
regions, are being calculated. The formulations that are being used in the
MATLAB interface, provide the values of the thermodynamic properties
through, which the characteristics of the waves are analysed.

RESULTS
Graphs are plotted and properties calculated with n=3 (number of waves
considered from the head of the fan).

n=3

Location P(atm)
Wall 20.0000786 20.0000786 20.0000786
Intersection Points 17.7025205 17.7025205 NA
Intersection Points 15.635012 NA NA

Location T(K)
Wall 833.333333 833.333333 833.333333
Intersection Points 804.779433 804.779433 NA
Intersection Points 776.723294 NA NA

Location Rho(kg/m^3)
Wall 8.36E-05 8.36E-05 8.36E-05
Intersection Points 7.66E-05 7.66E-05 NA
Intersection Points 7.01E-05 NA NA

Location a(m/s)
Wall 5.79E+02 5.79E+02 5.79E+02
Intersection Points 5.69E+02 5.69E+02 NA
Intersection Points 5.59E+02 NA NA
 Location u(m/s)
Wall 0 0 0
Intersection Points 50 50 NA
Intersection Points 100 NA NA

RESULTS FROM HAND CALCULATION

N=3

We know that

Initial values are,

P1=1atm T1=300K Cp=1004.5 J/kgK Gamma=1.4 R=287J/KgK

a1/a4=0.6

if p4/p1=20

From the equation we get, p2/p1=15.0051

P4=20atm

P2=15.0051atm

a1=sqrt(Gamma*R*T1)=347.1187m/s

a4=578.65m/s => T4=833.33K

Properties of non simple region

Let u1=0,u2=50m/s and u3=100m/s

At 1

u1=0 a1=578.65m/s

At 2
u2=50m/s a2=568.65m/s

At 3

u3=100m/s a3=558.65m/s

At 4

u4=0 (Wall) a4=558.65m/s

At 5

Solve the two equations simultaneously to get

u5=50m/s a5=548.65m/s

At 6

u6=0(Wall) a6=538.65m/s

Similarly using isentropic relations we can calculate the properties of the

reflected waves

We get:

T1=834.43K P1=20atm rho1=8.3514e-05

T2=804.76K P2=17.68 atm rho2=7.6642e-05

T3=776.68K P3=15.61 atm rho3=7.0227e-05

T4=834.43K P4=20atm rho4=8.3514e-05

T5=804.76K P5=17.68 atm rho5=7.6642e-05

T6=834.43K P6=20atm rho6=8.3514e-05

MATLAB CODE:

clear
P1=1;
T1=300;
Cp=1004.5;
R=287;
G=1.4;
a1=(G*R*T1).^(0.5);
a1_a4=0.6;
a4=(a1/a1_a4);
P2_P1=15.0051;
P4_P1=P2_P1*(1+((G-1)*(a1_a4)*(P2_P1-1))/((2*G)*((2*G)+(G+1)*(P2_P1-
1)))^(0.5));
P4=P1*P4_P1;
T4=(a4.^2)/(G*R);
u4=0;
n=3;
u=zeros(n,1);
a=zeros(n,1);
slope=zeros(n,1);
p=zeros(n,1);
T=zeros(n,1);
Rho=zeros(n,1);
u(1)=u4;
a(1)=a4;
slope(1)=-1/a(1);
P(1)=P4;
T(1)=T4;
Rho4=(P4/(R*T4));
Rho(1)=Rho4;
for i=2:1:n
u(i)=u(i-1)+50;
a(i)=a4.*(1-((G-1)/2)*(u(i)/a4));
slope(i)=(1/(u(i)-a(i)));
P(i)=P4*(1-((G-1)/2)*(u(i)/a4)).^(2*G/(G-1));
T(i)=T4*(1-((G-1)/2)*(u(i)/a4)).^(2);
Rho(i)=(P4/(R*T4))*(1-((G-1)/2)*(u(i)/a4)).^(2/(G-1));
end;
max=0;
for i = n : -1 : 1 % calculating maximum number of points of intersection
max = i + max;
end
x=n-1;%3
j=n+1;%5
c=1;
U=0;
for i=1:1:n
U(1,i)=u(i);
end;
cy=1;
for i=1:1:n
A(1,i)=a(i);
end;
cy=1;
for i=2:1:n
j=1;
while(x>0)
%U(i,j)=(0.5).*U(i-1,j+1)+(1/(G-1))*(U(i,j-1)-U(i-1,j+1));
if(c==1)
U(i,j)=0;
A(i,j)=A(i-1,j+1)-((G-1)/2)*U(i-1,j+1);
c=0;
else
U(i,j)=(0.5).*U(i-1,j+1)+(1/(G-1))*(A(i,j-1)-A(i-1,j+1));
A(i,j)=A(i,j-1)+((G-1)/2)*(U(i,j-1)-U(i,j));
end;
j=j+1;
x=x-1;
end;
c=1;
x=n-i;
end;
for i=1:1:n
for j=1:1:n-i+1
T(i,j)=T4.*(1-((G-1)/2)*(U(i,j)/a4)).^(2);
P(i,j)=P4.*(1-((G-1)/2)*(U(i,j)/a4)).^(2*G/(G-1));
Rho(i,j)=Rho4.*(1-((G-1)/2)*(U(i,j)/a4)).^(2/(G-1));
slope(i,j)=-1/(U(i,j)-A(i,j));
end;
end;
x1=(0:6);
x2=(6:-1:2);
for i=1:1:n
y1=slope(1,i)*x1;
plot(-x1,y1);
hold on;
y2=-slope(1,i)*x2;
plot(-x2,y2+0.0235);
hold on;
end;
CONCLUSION

The regions of variation that had occurred, due to effect of different

characteristic waves represent the properties of the regions along the shock
tube. These regions are differentiated depending upon the intersection of both
left running and the right running characteristic lines. Thus, we can conclude
that increase in temperature of the incidence expansion wave, the properties
at each intersection point change accordingly.
Properties like J+ and the J- characteristics of right and left running wave value
are varying as the temperature is increasing for the same velocity of the wave
because there is increase in speed of sound of the wave which added the extra
velocity to each intersection point. As the velocity of wave is almost zero at the
wall section, the J+ characteristic at wall and properties at the other
intersection point, can be calculated with ease. As we proceed to left running
wave above than points of initial value, J- characteristic is decreasing for the
other intersection point and if further there is increase in temperature the
section value becomes more negative because of the increase in speed of
sound of the wave.
Coming to the slope section, as there is increase in the temperature of
incidence shock wave, the slope of the incidence expansion fan becomes less
negative, it means that the incidence expansion wave is becoming steeper
than the previous low temperature range wave. And the slope of the reflected
wave is also becoming steeper than the previous reflected wave of low range
temperature.