Solution To Microwave Engineering Pozar Chapter 14 Exercise 1 With MATLAB

POZAR chapter 14: RF MICROWAVE SYSTEMS. Exercise 01 __ 27/11/2020 20:26:41.
EXAMPLE 14.1
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Contents
Introduction
1.- Satellite Communication Services
2.- Example handheld Iridium device
3.- performance comparison : IsatPhone Pro, Iridium 9555 and Thuraya XT
4.- Iridium abridged Link Budget in ETSI: Propagation Losses are too low
5.- Path Loss in both Downlink and Uplink Budgets
6.- How fast orbiting satellites have to fly in order to stay on orbit?
7.- Zenith - Horizon additional loss not considered
8.- Suspicious : replicated exactly 15.7dB same figure on both downlink and uplink
9.- Missing overall link margin in [1]
10.- Over-Crowded frequency band
11.- No flares expected from NEXT birds
a) Estimates of into buildings and vehicles fading link margins in L-band
a.1.- What does one read in the solutions manual
a.2.- Statistical methods
a.3.- Abridged list of popular statistical models for buildings
a.3.1.- Hata
a.3.2.- Okumura-Hata
a.3.3.- PCS extension to Hata
a.3.4.- Walfisch and Bertoni intro
a.3.5.- Wideband PCS microcell hint
a.4.- Buildings Coverage : Ray Tracing
a.5.- Indoor
a.6.- Vehicles Coverage
a.7.- Radio Over Fibre RoF
b) Would Iridium 98 system have operated reliably in these environments?
b.1.- Comparing received Iridium signal with received GPS signal
b.2.- Coding gain
c) If not, why was the system designed with a 16dB link margin?
c.1.- Iridium not really going for mass cellular service
c.2.- Open questions
References
Further Reading
Attachments
Introduction
[POZAR] chapter 14 exercises apparently start like those at the end of chapter 1; with an exercise requiring more open research than anything else.
However exercise 14.01 is no mere librarian task, no basic recollection of historical facts as required in exercise 01.01 warm-up.
14.01 has 3 parts that are either accidental or deliberate ill-posed questions that require correcting implicitly erroneous or inaccurate assumptions.
14.01 could well be taken for a thesis header, like the ones published by university departments offering projects for students to choose.
Such requirement for corrections on 'wrong lines of approach' happens often while solving real engineering problems. And the only way to solve such
problems is to think ahead of the question originator, think out of the box, who is trying to accidentally, deliberately, unconsciously, or in a planned way to
put us in a squirrel cage.
Think of Start Trek's Kobayashi-Maru ill-posed simulation: the only way to solve it is to 'debug' the question and avoid the wrong approach to solve the
problem.
So before answering this exercise I am getting acquitted with the Iridium system.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
John Bofarull Guix jgb2012@sky.com jgb2014@live.co.uk 1/2
1.- Satellite Communication

Services
From Iridium brochure: In general terms
Iridium [7][8] offers some services similar
to USAF managed GPS and Inmarsat:
 Tracking
 Fleet management
 Mobile data
 Mobile voice
 Emergency services
 Maritime sensors
 Aircraft communications
 Paging (no location given up, really?)
Iridium 2017 (2 years behind schedule) new birds are called NEXT [5]
Iridium 98 simplified satellite block

diagram :
Real time satellites tracking N2YO. List of Iridium Satellites in NASA Satellites Master Catalogue, key in Iridium in this link NSSDCA name field. GPS Chinese
version is called BDS: BeiDou Radio Navigation Service. Chinese Aerospace Corp CASIC, China Electronics Group CETC, China North Industries Group
NORINC.
Iridium 98 bird :
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
Iridium satellite orbit key parameters [1] :
Graph depicting GEO MEO LEO altitudes

and Earth revolution cycles in [att06]
Iridium frequencies: Subscriber Link key parameters:
Iridium 98 Link Budget in attachment [att01].
Ofcom Frequency allocation table entries for Iridium

bands in [att05].
2.- Example handheld Iridium device

Link to attached copy of Iridium handset 9575 a.k.a 'Extreme' specs in [10] and its CE certification declarations [11].
3.- performance comparison : IsatPhone Pro, Iridium 9555 and Thuraya XT

From TelAstra SatPhones, comparison in [14].
I bet the BeiDou 3D base station antenna works broadband including Iridium signals. BeiDou's UR380 set to obviously receive BDS, also all (L1/L2/L5) GPS,
and GLONASS (L1/L2), but no trace of Iridium.
Other Satellite services offered over internet, links in attachment [att04].
4.- Iridium abridged Link Budget in ETSI: Propagation Losses are too low
According to what is shown in

ETSI ETR 093 [1], for Iridium's
1st round (1998 service 'take-
off') Downlink Budget shows a
split link margin, between a
15.7dB link margin tagged as
Prop. (Propagation?
Propulsion? Proprietary?)
losses, on top of Space loss of
164.7dB, with an 'unusual' ,
and would dare tagging it
'unsafe' 0.0dB Additional
margin in the Iridium
Subscriber Unit section.
Following the ETSI published
abridged Iridium link budget
shown in [1]:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
I call it 'Unusual' because it's sound practice when working out link budgets to close them with a small but positive link margin figure. Neither negative nor
large, and never null.
Given split link margin shown above [1] some non-null additional margin should have been applied, to cover for :
Atmospheric / Tropospheric / .. / into buildings / into vehicles / .. on both ways down and up. Often generic 'cable losses' or 'system efficiencies' are
included in the budget, precisely avoiding any 0.0dB in any link budget field.
Overall or 'additional' link margins cannot be large figures otherwise bulky budget back-offs imply investment that may not return immediately, or at all,
left there just safeguard keeping, to prevent the odd one, the one-off that seldom happens.
While security and military link budgets often include considerable 'back-offs' and 'additional' link margins, commercial wireless communications operations
like Iridium demand immediate revenue or at least to recover as soon as possible investments. To achieve such critical objective, basement to any business
viability, the common sense commercial strategy is to reduce to as small as possible, but never null or negative, such overall link margins.
Meeting such tight objectives tends to help managers keep their seats. But not down to an out-of-academic-classroom exercise 0.0dB.
If a parameter does not influence a budget, what's the point of including a null budget contribution anyway?
5.- Path Loss in both Downlink and Uplink Budgets
Iridium 98 included in zip Link budget Excel format here, from [1]. Slant range calculated in MATLAB script and then written into Excel spread sheet.
Now let's calculate Free Space Path Loss for the 780km satellite - mobile station at relevant Iridium frequencies:
pozar_14_exercise_01.m
c0=3e8;
f1=1.616e9 % [Hz] lambda11 =
f2=1.6265e9 0.185042405551272
f11=.5*(f1+f2) % [Hz] service downlink, centre band
lambda11=c0/f11 lambda12 =
f12=f11 % [Hz] service uplink 0.185042405551272
lambda12=c0/f12
f21=19.5e9 % [Hz] feeder downlink, centre band lambda21 =
lambda21=c0/f21 0.015384615384615
f22=29.2e9 % [Hz] feeder uplink
lambda22=c0/f22 lambda22 =
R1=780e3; % [m] distance LEO orbit - sea level 0.015625000000000
L11=20*log10(4*pi*R1/lambda11) % [dB] path loss L11 =

1.544866750575357e+02
L12=20*log10(4*pi*R1/lambda12) L12 =
1.544866750575357e+02
L21=20*log10(4*pi*R1/lambda21) L21 =
1.760903675029433e+02
L22=20*log10(4*pi*R1/lambda22) L22 =
1.795973323046613e+02
km2mi=1/1.609344 % conversion factor km to statue mile

km2nmi=1/1.852 % conversion factor km to nautical mile
R1_km=R1/1e3
R1_mi=R1_km*km2mi
R1_nmi=R1_km*km2nmi
f11_MHz=f11/1e6
FSL_f11_dB=32.45+20*log10(R1_km)+20*log10(f11_MHz)
FSL_f11_dB =
36.58+20*log10(R1_mi)+20*log10(f11_MHz) 1.544888918356523e+02
=
37.80+20*log10(R1_nmi)+20*log10(f11_MHz) 1.544859141316248e+02
=
1.544860721887340e+02
6.- How fast orbiting satellites have to fly in order to stay on orbit?
This is just a curiosity point, but rewording, how fast orbiting satellites have to fly in order to remain on same altitude? To be able to get away from any
given planet, any 'bird' needs flying faster than certain velocity, otherwise the gravitational pull is too strong and any travelling any slower pulls down all.
For planet Earth ve=(.5*G_earth*m_bird/R)^.5 where G is the gravitational constant particular to each planet G_Earth=6.67e-11% [m/(kg*s^2)]
and R is Earth-gravity-centre to bird-gravity-centre distance.
From [6] for Earth LEO satellite flying 200km high above sea level the velocity has to be 7.78km/s = 4.86mi/s.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
Earth GEO satellite 'parked' at 35800km high has to fly at ~3.08km/s = 1.925mi/s.
% universal gravitational constant for Earth

Grav= 6.672e-11 % [m^3/kg*s^2]
% Earth mass
M_earth=5.9742e24 % [kg]
r_GEO=35786e3 % [m] equatorial 'lamp pole'

r_LEO1=200e3 % [m] very low LEO
r_Iridium=780e3 % [m]
R_Earth=6378.96e3 % [m] Earth radius v_GEO =
v_GEO=(Grav*M_earth/(r_GEO+R_Earth))^.5 3.074624271488848e+03
v_LEO1 =
v_LEO1=(Grav*M_earth/(r_LEO1+R_Earth))^.5 7.783757095464948e+03
v_Iridium =
v_Iridium=(Grav*M_earth/(r_Iridium+R_Earth))^.5 7.461788407045570e+03
7.- Zenith - Horizon additional loss not considered
Iridium does not supply coverage maps with multiple signal strength contours on Earth, a hell of a saving in the marketing department one could say.
Publishing such multiple contour detailed and updated coverage maps is a common practice among terrestrial wireless network operators, the fierce
competitors currently in control of the urban markets where Iridium claims that intends to achieve some penetration (as minuscule as it may end up being).
Perhaps (unlikely) at Iridium they have such extensive data but don't make it public, arguing global coverage (including both Earth poles), or simply (a lot
more likely), because at null slant (satellite - ground distance 780km) Free Space Loss = 154dB (16.1GHz) they can even penetrate ground (if not too thick)
according to [2] measurements. 1 concrete block concrete: 13dB at 13GHz . Right at 780km, 10dB less path loss, if no further obstacles, those 15.7dB no
needed, so would Iridium be able to detect landmines?
Also observe in [2] that Average loss from 1 floor : within [20 .. 30]dB and loss from 1 floor + 1 wall : [40 .. 50]dB
At Iridium the system designers discarded, like GPS designers, assuring any kind of indoor service, pragmatically simplifying offered service.
If signal get's in, good, if it doesn't we didn't promise.
Fade observed when transmitter turned at right angle corner : [10 ..15]dB
This probably is, by any EMC measurements initiated reader, 90º side lobe input, probably the antenna used when checking initial coverage by Iridium
contractors has 15dB peak-to-side lobe ratio, and +0.3dB (down through horizon) +0.3 (up through horizon).
.. do not attempt phone calls while under trees .. !? The obvious next average
But then one reads in Iridium's promotional brochure, -
customer question being: - do leafless trees in Autumn and Winter count ? because if they do, the lighting pole round the corner is also
going to be an obstacle (in average customer's mind set), and then coverage the lack of coverage maps so readily available from all major mobile network
operators maps is another lacking benchmark when comparing services.
As shown in solution to exercise 14.21, atmospheric horizon additional attenuation may be up to about 0.3dB, compared to lowest Satellite-Earth link
through atmosphere using shortest zenith path.
[POZAR] mentions 16dB, yet [1] shows 15.7dB only, so it is reasonable to consider, in the same way that
 in the budget 'additional margin' has been left null,
 atmospheric attenuation due to rain is missing,
 important terms like building/vehicle (urban) additional attenuations have not been included, when they should have,
then such 0.3dB should have also be included, despite one may also argue that a significant amount of time satellites are almost on vertical or almost
vertical position, from mobile ground stations point of view.
On the left hand side

each satellite large
beam with slight
overlap. On the right,
a single satellite
beam distribution into
48 L-band sub-
beams.
Within each satellite
beam, each satellite
switches several
times per second
through all
corresponding sub-
beams.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
8.- Suspicious : replicated exactly 15.7dB same figure on both downlink and uplink
While configuring wireless communications link budgets one has to take into account rain, snow, fog, wet air, .. and the also important but missing: vehicle
roofs, house roofs, urban coverage penalties [2].
Yet exactly same figure, 15.7dB is used for uplink and downlink budgets.
9.- Missing overall link margin in [1]
The overall Satellite Link margin has to include data up-down and then data down-up, not just an up-down margin or a down-up margin.
However [1] Iridium did not supply the actual link margin to ETSI, then one could erroneously infer overall link margin being 15.7 + 15.7 = 31.4dB .
[2] shows Iridium 98 negative link margin: the Iridium 98 link budget was already short a few dBW yet they went ahead. The operation goes bankrupt,
they try again, yet opacity regarding coverage and link budget details seem to prevail.
10.- Over-Crowded frequency band
From [1] pg79 point 7.1.6.1.1.2 Frequency sharing. The following quotation has a
diametrically opposite statement, 1st declaring that according to undisclosed studies
shared between Iridium and US administration (really 'the' US Gov? huge organisation!
What department? any study reference? author? year published? how many pages?)
Iridium signals work ok on same spectrum, simultaneously, than GEOSTAR and

LOCSTAR, HOWEVER Iridium then the statement asserts that they restrain the usage of
half an outrageously expensive spectrum they pay to use (and just assured can fully
co-exist) to avoid spectrum conflict with RAS and GLONASS.
And the next thing on reads on the news (BBC Feb 12th 2009) is the February 12th 2009
'brief encounter' between Iridium bird 33 and a 'slowing down' Kosmos 2251, meeting
angle ~100º.
Next, on the left, Quote from [1] and on the right, comments :
It seems as some department in the US government did the homework for

Iridium Inc. states that L-Band sharing studies, submitted by
Iridium, asking former CCIR, now ITU-R, for validity? authenticity? to
the US Administration to CCIR WARC-92 actually carry out the studies?
Working Parties show that

ITU-R Space Sector, called ITU-R Space Services has a DVD priced
CHF600.- (~£512.25 order sheet) tagged BR International Frequency
Information Circular (BR IFIC) claiming to contain space sector frequency
IRIDIUM can share the spectrum with generic RDSS allocations spacehelp@itu.int .
services such as GEOSTAR and LOCSTAR.
Having done some regulations reading in the past, the 1st catch is that it's
just for year 2020, and secondly, the usual allocation, or table of contents is
the main contents of such documents, pointing to dozens of other
The studies show that IRIDIUM would be able to documents that one again should splash more cash to read.
ETSI has a distinct policy of publishing for free many regulations that FCC
and ITU only put on shelf with hefty price tags.
use the spectrum in the same place and at the same time
as the generic RDSS services So probably Iridium was telling ETSI that if they would put online for free
what FCC and ITU were selling, then they wouldn't release it right away,
ETSI would have to pay to ITU to read those 'studies'.
without causing mutual interference. Co-existing signals on same spectrum band and transmitting at same time
as if the other signals were not there is by definition inference. That such
signals are robust enough to get data payload through, without errors, at
the same time, that may be called interference tolerant, but WITHOUT
Because of the need to incorporate other services
causing mutual interference? I doubt it.
in the band allocated to MSS (i.e. 1 610,0 - 1 626,5MHz),
And how is Iridium going to control generic 'RDSS services' pulling up the
IRIDIUM only uses the upper volume?
10,5 MHz of the spectrum, thus affording protection to just after this declaration, taking to the wall 'the studies' that were carried
out measuring RDSS signal levels, but now the originators of those signal
RAS and GLONASS. levels have decided to improve received signal strength and there's nothing
that Iridium can do to prevent competitors increase their signal coverage
that happen to be in same band and transmitting right at the same time as
Detailed information regarding sharing between IRIDIUM Iridium base stations.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
and other satellite services, GSO and NGSO, Patent lack of transparency to non-US regulators.
were not provided,
although reference was made to a
number of JIWP papers containing sharing studies. References that ETSI doesn't publish because one has to pay to read them.
ETSI publishing the contents of such references would probably be copy
right breach?
end of quote.
A few acronyms:
CCIR : Comité Consultatif International des Radiocommunications, year 1992 conference WARC-92 (World Administrative Radio Conference downloads of
frequency allocation recommendations)
RAS : Radio Astronomy Service, attached to this note copy of ITU-R Radio Astronomy handbook .
SAR : Search and Rescue.
RDSS : Radio Determination Satellite Service. Examples RDSS: GEOSTAR and LOCSTAR.
GSO : Geostationary Satellite Orbit.
MSS : Mobile Satellite Service.
NGSO : Non-Geostationary Satellite Orbit.
JIWP : Joint Interim Working Party, of the CCIR, that belongs to ITU, not to the US government.
GEOSTAR : Geostationary Synthetic Thinned Aperture Radiometer. NASA 2002 Atmospheric sounder upgrade to GOES network that uses Infra Red only.
Clouds may obstruct IR measurements JPL Lambrigtsen paper. GOES satellites status. GOES and GeoSTAR related to NOAA satellites National Oceanic
Atmospheric Administration. Satellite GSTAR3 details in Gunter's Satellites page.
Similar to AMSU-A/B; Atmosphere probing at for instance 183GHz is how O2 H2 N2 attenuation L(f) curves
LOCSTAR :
GLONASS ГЛОНАСС
Euteltracs :
So RAS and GLONASS, in same band as Iridium, right on same frequencies, at same time. And all that Iridium states to ETSI : Undetermined 'studies', no
references supplied to ETSI. Iridium claims only upper side of 1.6GHz is going to be used, and sure Iridium committed and excelled at not over-spilling onto
other bands, but did the others equally 'respect' assigned spectrum to Iridium?
Out of having worked on VHF UHF TV broadcast systems, and knowing that Galileo MEO (like GPS and GLONASS a Global Navigation Satellite System
GNSS) is EU backed, while GLONASS is Russian Federation, it wouldn't be unreasonable to bet some additional CIR SIR margin should be included in the, at
best, over-optimistic Iridium 1998 link budgets.
11.- No flares expected from NEXT birds
Among other factors that contributed to

1998 Iridium bankruptcy, the 1st generation
Iridium birds were criticised for causing
(sometimes naked eye visible) 'flares'.
Same effect as glaring clean goggles glass,

when surface not finished with anti-glare
coating reflecting for instance fluorescent
light at certain angles.
The flaring antenna panels were the ones

shown in [POZAR] pg687 and 45º folded
front panels in 2nd figure 1st page of this
solution to exercise 14.1.
On right hand side, 8 NEXT stacked on 2

layers, 4 NEXT per layer, on their way to
launch.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
So, 14.01 1st question is
a) Estimates of into buildings and vehicles fading link margins in L-band
a.1.- What one reads in the solutions manual is, after flaring a couple literature references that probably most of readers have never come across before,
the solutions manual closes the acceptable answer for 14.01 with the following couple of in my opinion laconic points
1.-
... a line-of-sight system (as when the handset is used outdoors with little or no blockage to the satellite) would
require a link margin of 0 dB in principal, although a few dB of margin would provide a more robust system.
Agreeing with my comment that closing link budgets with exactly 0.0dB, may be ok, seldom is, a large figure is also suspicious, but a few dB left, a small
figure indicates no waste of resources, yet the link budget has been taken 'above' problems, not just grazing them.
2.- In view of this data, it is not clear why the Iridium system was designed with a link margin of 16dB.
So why don't you go and get some other data !? Lack of clarity is precisely why questions are often asked.
Iridium doesn't supply coverage twice: in 1998 and 2017. However at Iridium they know that the network supplies the expected coverage. From Iridium
point of view 15.7dB (or 16dB) seems to work, no need to elaborate. Not to ETSI, or even supplying literature references regarding the vague 'studies'
Iridium refers to regarding spectrum coexistence. Top-of-the-food-chain attitude.
There are 2 broad ways to control wireless fading: statistical and ray tracing [4] (a.k.a. empirical, deterministic)
a.2.- Statistical methods
These are the tools that have always been used when one cannot
measure it all or even a relevant amount compared to a total.
Build a probabilistic model and take samples.
The 1st thing that one does when fitting an statistical model on a
wireless link is to broaden the exponent n on the distance R
Free Space is 1/R^2 but urban outdoor indoor in-vehicle is a far more
punitive environment regarding the loss that wireless signal incur.
Right hand side a key field measurement, up to 10km in busy urban

area [4].
The slope may go milder because of constructive multipath, but most of

the points no are above n=2.
The previous graph is outdoor, and on the right hand side an indoor field
measurements from [4] too.
I have read that in China a mobile communications operator is supplying 5G for

out doors mainly, and offering subscribers indoor coverage with 'high-speed' wifi
only. Rewording, instead of having base station signals trying to reach as many
outdoor and indoor spots, focus base signals to reach as many outdoor points
as possible, and offer routers with roof/window antennas for indoor coverage,
avoiding wall and roof signal penetration and can reach 120dB, typical 30dB.
This solution is of particular interest in apartment buildings, sky scrappers and

high density habitats.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
Path Loss exponents for different environments
Also from [4] pg139 table 4.2 environment n

as summary regarding n values :
free space 2
urban cellular 2.7 .. 3.5
SHADOWED urban cellular 3 .. 5
in-building line-of-sight 1.6 .. 1.8
Obstructed, in buildings 4 .. 6
Obstructed, in factories 2 .. 3
If Iridium really wanted to play cellular Mobile Communications, with base stations at [780 2250]km up in the sky, against close-by and fiercely competitive
cellular network operators, Iridium link budgets should have been used more diverse and larger link margins to correctly address such urban coverage .
In mobile communications/cellular/ in general wireless terrestrial environments, where the end customers are attached to or fly near-by, CIR figures from
neighbouring wireless devices (base stations and terminals) are sometimes so high that often cellular planners get figures right by just ignoring most of all
other link budget problems (apart from obvious distance) and work exclusively with CIR: CIR is the noise ground to build upon, not the fairly flat AWG
noise. The interfering devices are so annoying, constantly present and loud, that unless link budgets exclusively withstand them and at the same time
provide good Quality of Service, some one should have told Iridium 98 planners to start with [2] pg139, on right hand side reproduced
a.3.- Abridged list of popular statistical models for buildings
There are many wireless coverage models. A few from [4]
a.3.1.- Hata
a1_hre=(1.1*log10(fc)-.7)*hre-(1.56*log10(fc)-.8) % [dB]small medium city
valid within [150 1500] MHz a2_hre=8.29*(log10(1.54*hre))^2-1.1 % [dB] large city and fc<300
a3_hre=3.2*(log10(11.75*hre))^2-4.97 % [dB] large city and fc>300
L50_1_dB=69.55+26.26*log10(fc)-13.82*log10(hte)-a_hre+(44.9-6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d) % [dB]
L50_2_dB=L50_1_dB-2*(log10(fc/28))^2-5.4
L50_3_dB=L50_1_dB-4.78*(log10(fc))^2+18.33*log10(fc)-40.94
L50_1_dB path loss in urban area

L50_2_dB path loss in sub-urban area
L50_3_dB path loss in rural area
fc in MHz
hte transmitter antenna height [m] within [30 200]
hre effective receiver antenna height [m] within [1 10]
d in [km] distance transmitter-receiver.
a_hre is a factor to calculate in advance to L50_dB the predicted urban path loss
a_hre to be chosen according to area to be covered is a
small or medium size city then a_hre=a1_hre
large city and fc<300 then a_hre=a2_hre
large city and fc>300 then a_hre=a3_hre
a.3.2.- Okumura-Hata is Hata with a list of corrections
a.3.3.- PCS extension to Hata COST-231 is the EU committee that produced the following
typical EU, technologically piggy-backing on some one else, copy-cat, change the label, rise millions from the EU commission to pay thousands of
researchers to end up defining a_hre as previously defined in Hata model, why do you think they called that PCS model? either piggy-backing or suing
Microsoft and Facebook for zillions as unpaid fees, to then fund local companies to take market share away from non-EU enterprises.
L50_pcs=46.3+33.9*log10(fc)-13.82*log10(hte)-a_hre+(44.9-6.55*log10(he))*log(d)+c1
fc model valid within [1.5 2] GHz
hte within [30 200] metre

hre within [1 10] metre
d within [1 2] km
c1=0 [dB] for suburban and medium sized cities

c1=3 [dB] for metropolitan centres
a.3.4.- Walfisch and Bertoni intro
P0=(lambda0/(4*pi*R))^2
Q rooftop signal reduction caused by buildings row immediately shadowing receiver at street level
P1 based upon diffraction, signal from diffracting rooftops to street
S=P0*Q^2*P1
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
a.3.5.- Wideband PCS microcell hint
Valid within [20 1900] MHz

Antenna heights [3.7 8.5 13.3]
Receiver antenna at 1.7 height, all antenna units in [m]
These are a few of the earlier published models. Then there are proprietary models only available to planning departments in network operators.
Read [4] references for more detail on these models.
a.4.- Buildings Coverage : Ray Tracing

What mobile network operators pay money for: Building real models of the buildings and ray tracing thus a true scaled model of the area to cover can be
built, this being done in conjunction with aerial photographs and building planning diagrams.
[4] recommends CAD SitePlanner [20] as mentioned 'for both students and professionals'
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264979376_A_Video-Enabled_Dynamic_Site_Planner
SISP : Site Specific Propagation Models

example SitePalnner A Site-Specific Indoor Wireless Propagation Model Chen Jin University of Tennessee - Knoxville [21]
GIS : Graphical Information Systems databases
photogrammetric methods : 2D → 3D
a.5.- Indoor
Indoor models are about counting partitions (roofs, floors, walls, windows, ..) that rays have to go through to connect transmitter-receiver and then apply
tables with different attenuation values. 3 different tables from [4] in [att02]
Log-Distance Path Loss Model: PL_dB=PL_d0+10*n*log10(d/d0)+X_sigma
The above tables standard deviations units are all dB, no linear sigma to be used.
a.6.- Vehicles Coverage

Exercise 14.01 is the kind of questioning that would well suit for the initial requirement towards writing a Thesis. Ray tracing simulation into vehicles
requires the vehicle model in for instance AutoCAD. There are many vehicle types. Some Public transport operators offer wifi, so handsets may be receiving
enough signal from nearby base station, but users may tell their mobile phone to switch to on board free wifi.
Vehicle manufacturers put prototypes in EMC chambers and obtain certifications towards EMC EMI validity towards specific markets.
Since [POZAR] has a long list of exercises, the solutions manual limits the answer for this exercise to the following lines,
Data on satellite fading at L-band in various environments can be found in

“Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems”
by J. Goldhirsh ,W. Vogel
and in
“Satellite Systems for Personal and Broadband Communications”
by E. Lutz, M. Werner, A. Jahn
as well as from various other sources.
'various other sources' , really? again like with often found unknown simulation package references and planted results, [POZAR] is really telegraphic at
best mentioning the kind of tools used to solve some examples and exercises. [POZAR] readers would really appreciate far more insight into unknown
tools. Summarily put: proficiency using such omitted tools is what employers really look for.
Typically, one can expect fading levels of 15 to 20 dB for domestic and commercial buildings,
for 95% link availability.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
John Bofarull Guix jgb2012@sky.com jgb2014@live.co.uk 10 / 2
Car manufacturers must have accurate measurements for each model they sell to general public. It's compulsory in order to comply with radiation
regulations and have cars sold by dealers, for a car, a toaster, a mobile phone or an Airbus 747 .. they all need certain radiation and immunity certification:
product in an anechoic chamber, rotate it, frequency up, frequency down, apply spectral templates, what is that spike .. so on so forth.
Regarding vehicles coverage, the solutions manual supplies a telegraphic figure
For vehicles, the fading levels can be 20 dB or more.
a.7.- Radio Over Fibre RoF

Currently Iridium cannot rival and take a significant market share away from terrestrial wireless network operators that have extensively deployed fibre to
base stations not even caring on the master plan for the correct in- around- near-buildings, and in-vehicle wireless terminals.
Example RoF equipment supplier: BBN.
Example RoF Link Design copy [17]. Rof further reading [18][19].
b) Would Iridium 98 system have operated reliably in these environments?
This 'these' = urban + vehicular. Buildings tunnels bridges cars lorries trains .. : crowded urban cellular. From [6] Quote
While for sub-urban/rural scenarios 10dB to

15dB are required for 90% locations to be
covered 90% time (UHF, at 860MHz) greater
link margins .. order of 30dB are required to
provide same 90% area coverage 90% time
performance in urban scenarios.
While [0.5 2] GHz SOUND satellite broadcasting

usually requires 15dB link margin, Iridium
higher frequencies 16GHz and 29GHz require
higher link margin for same service.
From [6]: SHADOWING and MULTIPATH ..

30dB ( at least, or around this figure, not half of
it)
At Iridium they do not want to spend on

detailed coverage measurements.
There's a lot of margin between when satellites are right on receiver, just 780km or receivers at the edge of each satellite main beam. So reception through
a few walls or in vehicles may be possible when satellite - receiver distance just 780km, but satellites have a 90 minute cycle around Earth, and such
distance increase rapidly, moreover taking into account that each satellite steers finer beam within main cone.
Because Iridium doesn't publish or probably doesn't really even have extensive coverage studies, moreover the past tense of the question, it would
reasonable to consider answer asking whether Iridium 2017 is going to work in such environments, that Iridium should check for 2nd generation whether it's
going to work. The negative to release coverage data on this 2nd round implies that it may not work in so many cases that it's not worth telling customers.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
b.1.- Comparing received Iridium signal with received GPS signal
EPFD: Equivalent Power

Flux Density [W/m^2]
[13] The way to find out

whether a given point is
illuminated below SAR
(now SAR standing for
Specific Absorption Rate
[W/kg]) safety levels is
similar to base station -
mobile link BER
measurements:
Set up a measuring
station (with an as
isotropic as possible
antenna) and leave it
there measuring received
RF power, counting
occurrences over certain
amount time; how many
times, safety thresholds
are crossed.
Iridium panels electronically steer beams several times per second among sub-cells, as [3] shows in related YouTube presentation. Apparently there seems
to be a sequence followed by each Iridium bird steering 'sub-beam spot' within it's several hundred kilometres wide main coverage cone. However, nothing
points out at that it's not possible that the 'light spot', the sub-beam can be directed to a particular narrow area with higher demand and hold it there 'for a
while', manual override, to satisfy short transmission, while the rest of the main cell doesn't show traffic requirement, hence the 'do not stand behind trees'
May be an excuse to avoid 'traffic

queues likely' in the shape of
dropped calls.
Helix and for the case any metal

monopole correctly dimensioned
can handle more transmit power
than an equivalent similar size high
density patch antenna array.
On the right hand side, GPS bird,

helix antennas used, instead of.
With high density panels finer
thinner beams can be electronically
built and steered to bring the 'light
spot' on a particular location. But
Iridium panels are more expensive
than helix antennas.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
b.2.- Coding gain

Hope XI is cracking Iridium messages [3]
On right hand side graph from [6]
There's a lot of room in the software side to improve things.
Not many references regarding Iridium coding.
c) If not, why was the system designed with a 16dB link margin?
As if not then how many signal power Watts are needed for Iridium signal to get in and out of a Humvee loaded with troopers?
Or are 16dB margin ok to link Iridium being using inside a Chinook on flight? or on an commercial aircraft en route?
Who knows, go figure, may be some one in the Iridium planning team pulled Rappaport's table, plus some other undisclosed 'studies', did read '13dB'
somewhere for single concrete wall attenuation, number 13 is not going to work for marketing, add 3dB, and there you have a possibility how on heaven
they came up with 16dB.
Or perhaps a really few measurements were done, just in, Pensacola? with an antenna showing peak-to-side-lobe 16dB attenuation ratio, and perhaps an
unorthodox cut-all-corners-with-single-sword-stroke was: if it works through 1st side lobe it's going to be ok, it did for a few measurements in, Pensacola?
so what could possibly go wrong, it's going to be ok for the rest of the world, including both Earth poles.
c.1.- Iridium not really going for mass cellular service
GPS and other satellite communication services already control satellite commercial radiolocation markets. It is highly unlikely that the bulk of cellular users
are going to consider Iridium mobile terminals as replacement for current 3G 4G 5G mobile phones. I wouldn't replace my 2G old Nokia for one of these
even if the gave me money to swap mobile phones: stay away from trees ?? is this 2nd round Iridium going to be viable as business ?
So Iridium seems to be posed to offer value to critical mission operators, aircraft fleets, sea trade mainly. The worrying thing is how does one explain to
critical mission users that trees may pose a serious obstacle to Iridium signals. Or that the cells are so broad, that sub-beams may be busy serving incoming
traffic, that you will have to wait on a drop-off queue; and no one is going to update your queue status with a polite 'you are 10th on this queue', just keep
trying.
Such operators often working in remote places, if a tree is going to break the wireless communication link, what about bushes, traffic lights, bridge pillars,
tunnels, or even a hat! Do users have to stop cars, jump of the car and use their Iridium mobile phones on the street every time they need to speak to a
remote supervisor? or do they have to buy the Iridium hands-free kit to be installed on roof of lorry or car
Urban areas clutter? crowded cities electromagnetic noise? at 10,000ft flight there's not much of that. Nor it there is such problem while moving cargo in
the middle of the Ocean either.
The underlying, apparently deliberate, weaknesses in Iridium's planning seems to have been, twice,
 Not taking into account to the punitive 1/R^n that forces mobile network designers to go for only safe distance attenuation calculations to be
considered; with min(n)=3 or even safer max(n)=5.
 Not embarking more power on the satellites (at least to illuminate with similar [W/m^2] than GPS that at least for civilians only supplies [x y z t]), to
equal power on user antenna, not for just GPS reception [], but to stand the spectrum jungle that me be a crowded stadium, a sluggish or completely
halted traffic along miles of motorways, or simply city centres with sky scrappers full of simultaneous internet connections.
 Not embarking smarter antennas that beam multiple rays on demand, like terrestrial base stations do in 3G 4G and 5G, that can simultaneously throw
'fingers' at different users, and track them on real time.
 Not using user terminals that can simultaneously 'listen' and 'talk' to different flying base stations, but that is difficult because of such large cell size,
perhaps lower orbits should have been considered for Iridium 2nd generation. Coverage overlap is an advantage, not something to avoid.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
Regarding Iridium 'mobile phones' (sample dealers satellite mobile/desktop phones: Satphone, G-comm, Satellitephonestore, wifi hotspot: Ashbury's), at
least for the average income, hard working, law abiding, tax paying, middle class wireless communications consumer, either some one decided for a really
expensive long shot, or Iridium already decided not trying to catch a significant portion of the soaring cellular market, only focussing on critical operations,
and wherever remote wireless access is needed. But hey! mobile network operators want it all, and they are also offering competitive products in such
'corners' of the wireless communications big market. Sometimes in business the only way to get something is to aim at getting it all. Or the big players will
make sure Iridium doesn't get anything at all.
c.2.- Open questions
Since asking this apparently simple questions at the beginning of chapter 14 round of exercises is more a psychological landmine than basic microwave
engineering exercise in an introductory book to microwaves engineering, the answer to such Thesis-worth question, wolf-in-sheep? bounce-back. 14.01
deserves to be closed with some open questions.
[POZAR] implicit message to readers is, if you make to 14.01, get the human factor into account, the question may be ill-posed. Avoid wasting time on ill-
posed questions.
In real work environments, some time some question shouldn't be really answered, like the closing sentence in the solutions manual implies, that according
to the available data it's not clear why 16dB, back to square one, turn page, avoid the pit.
Like big banks, Iridium seems to be managing a strategic network, from a government point of view, so if it happens again it is likely that some one is
going to bail out Iridium to prevent Iridium terminals end up stranded and without coverage.
c.2.1.- Can Iridium flying base stations illuminate terrestrial mobile phones and 'convince them' as if being connected to a terrestrial base station?
c.2.2- On the worldwide coverage overlapping zones, 3 NEXT birds hitting same area, how much [W/m^2] on receiving antenna? on humans?
c.2.3.- The enterprise façade name? an odd Mendeleyev's table chemical, element with exactly equal to sought amount of orbiting satellites?
Didn't they expect for demand to increase and therefore the amount of satellites would increase too? back-ups? MTTF? MTBF? po-ten-tial col-li-sions?
c.2.4.- two of the thought lines, while 'thinking it through', seem to have been:
 Outer space is ours, who is going to collide against our satellites anyway? and
 Main customers do not expect to double or triple number of troops, sea fare is more or less stable, air traffic grows but not that fast,
therefore it seems to be the case that there has been no need for planning on
 More power on each bird,

 Cheaper bird antennas,
mobile 5G base stations just evolved to similar Iridium panels, but 5G operators can deploy many more and far closer to users
 More birds, no need for more flying base stations
 Narrower beams
 End user segment marketing. Inexistent, Perhaps at Iridium they liked Audi early almost non existing advertising:
product quality is best marketing, no need for 'pamphlets', if you want one you know how to get it.
So as a closing plausible factor contributing to Iridium's 1st round bankruptcy, like Walmart - Asda in Germany, Motorola's wise business experts were
patently present precisely because of the serious lack of important decisions throughout the critical initial product/service/system design:
 do we have to illuminate with more power to reach with similar GPS signal strength?
 is there going to be need for more/different frequency bands?
 is there any modulation with higher efficiency?
 how do we get more and smarter spectrum.
 are we going to need to deploy more flying base stations a.k.a. satellites,
 Have we compared our user equipment against all annoying interfering to be taken into account?
c.2.5.- Each and all of these questions regarding broad decisions that could have brought Iridium to eventually grab mass mobile communications market
share, were they really asked by the planners? How many users/customers can we get? compare figures to GPS and Inmarsat or even Verizon users.
 This only points out at the following sequence:

 Motorola jumped in,
 saw it wouldn't work, it would be too expensive to make it work,
 for a while remained on the boat to prevent retaliation from otherwise important providers/regulators/customers along other Motorola product
lines and services,
 minimised loss by gradually cutting experts spending hours, holding tight to the anchor named 'let it fall and don't get in the way'.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
References
[1]
ETSI ETR 093 : 1993

Satellite Earth Stations (SES); Possible European standardisation of certain aspects of Satellite Personal Communications Networks (S-PCN) Phase 1 report
https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_etr/001_099/093/01_60/etr_093e01p.pdf
Space base station abridged link budget
Subscriber unit abridged link budget
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
[2]
Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice

2nd ed.
author: Theodore Rappaport
[3]
HOPE XI 2016 DefCon Iridium intercept and decoding presentation

https://xi.hope.net/
https://www.rtl-sdr.com/talk-decoding-data-from-iridium-satellites/
get GPS antenna, remove GPS filter, replace with (Mouser Digikey) Iridium filter, .. replace GPS patch antenna with Iridium patch
[4]
Radio System Design for Telecommunications

Freeman
Proakis collection
[5]
2nd generation Iridium space segment

source of NEXT photos
https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/i/iridium-next
[6]
Satellite Communication Systems

3rd ed, IET
B.Evans
[7]
Iridium Internet Website

https://www.iridium.com/
[8]
Iridium Communications Network Intro - VIKY

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_Communications
[9]
A group of hackers called XI hope [3] has started decoding Iridium packets with conventional SDRs. Presentation attached.
https://www.rtl-sdr.com/talk-decoding-data-from-iridium-satellites/
[10]
From 9575 quick start guide

Iridium handset 9575 a.k.a 'Extreme'
file:///D:/A%20Microwave%20Engineering%20-%20Pozar%202012/04%20deliv%20WIX/SHIFTED%20COMPLETE/14_MICROWAVE_SYSTEMS/pozar_14_exercise_01/Ir%20Extreme%20Quick%20Start%20Guide.pdf copy
.. The phone must be used outside, away from trees and tall buildings ..
Manufacture by Iridium Satellite LLC, 8440 South River Parkway, Tempe AZ 85284.
[11]
CE Declaration of Conformity
https://www.iridium.com/download/?dlm-dp-dl=24323 copy
Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Directive 1999/5/EC

Low Voltage Directive 73/23/EC as amended by 93/688/EC
EN60950-1:2006 Information Technology Equipment safet - part 1: General Requirements
EN301 489-01 v1.8.1 (2008-04) Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services
ETSI EN 50 360:2001 Product standard to demonstrate the compliance of mobile phones with the basic restrictions related to human exposure to
electromagnetic fields (300MHz to 3GHz)
ETSI EN 301 441 v1.1.1 05/2000 Satellite Earth Stations nod systems (SES); Harmonised EN for Mobile Earth Stations (MES)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
Acceptance tests carried out at TRaC Telecoms and Radio, Pendle Place, Skelmersdale, West Lancs, WN8 9PN
except for SAR report carried out at EMC Technologies Pty Ltd. ABN 82 057 105 549, 176 Harrick rd, Keilor Park, Victoria, Australia 3042
and the lot:
Iridium hand set required Regulatory Certification, the above one and all these ones:
Iridium 9555 / Iridium Extreme - Product Regulatory & Safety Card Jan 09, 2019 862.34 KB
Iridium Extreme - Certificate of Origin Oct 31, 2017 161.55 KB
Iridium Extreme - EC Directive Declaration of Conformity Aug 30, 2011 25.56 KB
Iridium Extreme - FCC Grant Part 25 Jan 17, 2018 11.86 KB
Iridium Extreme 9575N - EU Declaration of Conformity Apr 15, 2020 114.24 KB
Iridium Extreme 9575N - EU Type Examination Certification Apr 18, 2020 1.13 MB
Iridium Extreme 9575N - REACH Declaration 209 (IRIDN0215X) Oct 12, 2020 166.97 KB
Iridium Extreme 9575N - RoHS Certificate of Compliance (IRIDN0215X) Oct 12, 2020 173.7 KB
Iridium Extreme 9575N - RoHS Certificate of Compliance (PN CPKTN1701x) Dec 11, 2017 78.55 KB
Iridium Extreme 9575N GSA - RoHS Certificate of Compliance (IRN02507X) Oct 12, 2020 173.73 KB
Iridium Extreme 9575N GSA – REACH Declaration 209 (IRN021507X) Oct 12, 2020 167.12 KB
Iridium Parts List with ECCN HTS & Origin Jul 27, 2020 138.58 KB
[12]
Iridium competitor: GPS
http://www.decodesystems.com/gps.html copy
GPS birds use helix antennas
[13]
** SETI Imara : test comparing Iridium vs GPS received signal strengths

July 2002
from https://www.seti.org/about
https://www.seti.org/sites/default/files/ATA-memo-series/memo53.pdf copy
It was carried out on a single location, with CCDF, with one specific test set, but it shows that, at least for such test, GPS signal is at least 40dB above
Iridium received signal, but this was on July 2002, 1st ge. Ir birds, yes the ones glaring at all of us on Earth wondering if it was an shiny AA 646 flying too
low, or earlier on catalogued as 'possible scintillation' (of what? Saturn-like rings around Earth??).
[14]
TelAstra SatPhones performance comparison : IsatPhone Pro, Iridium 9555 and Thuraya XT
November 2010
by TelAstra, Inc. www.telastra.com
http://www.inmarsat.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/TelAstra_SatPhone_Comparison_Study.pdf copy
points at
Raytheon report (2010) by Gary Ferentchak, Raytheon Polar Service Company, Polar Technology Conference, March 25 & 26, 2010
In a nutshell, according to this comparison despite marketing campaigns GPS handsets seems to have less dropped phone calls, are easier to use ..
[15]
Example Satellite Images Capture

L-Band WX Satellites Cyberspectrum #20
October 5th, 2016 Joe Steinmetz @usa_satcom rfnoise@gmail.com IRC: Trango (#hearsat)
https://usa-satcom.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/cyberspectrum_wx_sats_r4.pdf copy
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
[16] Galileo link
GSTAT satellites in NASA database
EGNOS Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service is a satellite-based augmentation system
[17]
Example RoF Link Design
Wake, David and Nkansah, Anthony and Gomes, Nathan J. (2010) Radio Over Fibre Link Design for Next Generation Wireless Systems. Journal of Lightwave
Technology, 28 (16). pp. 2456-2464. ISSN 0733-8724.
[18]
Radio Over Fibre
H.Raweshidy, S.Komaki. Brunel University
https://www.brunel.ac.uk/electronic-and-electrical-engineering/research-and-phd-programmes/Research-areas/Radio-Over-Fibre
[19]
Review on RoF communication

Sigh et al
link copy
[20]
SitePlanner by SeaRoc
Not sure whether Rappaport's recommended SitePlanner is this one https://www.searoc.com/solutions/siteplanner
Online Induction Software : A fast and efficient online site induction process which allows personnel and contractors to be pre-enrolled and knowledge
tested, with their certificates approved in advance of site arrival.
Personnel and Contractor Manager : You can securely record all legally required personal data including contact information, medical conditions and
mandatory certificates with a fully auditable GDPR compliant system.
Contractor and Personnel Time on Site Tracking and Reporting : Time on Site reporting provides capabilities to review and report over
contractors/personnel time and attendance on site, saving time checking and administering contractor invoicing. The system helps to improve accuracy and
helps to evidence false or erroneous claims.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
RAMS , Risk Assessments/Method Statements : A remote, fast and efficient user-driven process for the submission, review and approval of RAMS
that enables work to be approved before contractors arrive on site.
Permit to Work Software : A fast and efficient user-driven process for the submission, review, approval and issue of Permits and Work Authorisations.
The Permit to Work software enables subcontractors to arrive on site ready to work safely and efficiently with a full audit trail to evidence compliance with
standards.
Permit to Work Dashboard : The SitePlanner Dashboard is an information management tool that visually tracks, analyses and displays key performance
indicators (KPI), metrics and key data points to monitor the health or key actions for your site or project.
[21]
A Site-Specific Indoor Wireless Propagation Model Chen Jin University of Tennessee - Knoxville
Chen Jin, University of Tennessee - Knoxville
https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3659&context=utk_gradthes
copy
Further Reading
Satellite Communication Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Component (Equipment, Services), By Application (Broadcasting, Data
Communication), By End-use Industry, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2020 - 2027
https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/satellite-communication-market/toc
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
Attachments
[att01]
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
[att02] Recommended additional link budget margins in urban coverage scenarios - Rappaport
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
[att03] Indoor tables for ray tracing
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
[att04] Satellite services offered online, example N2YO:
from mobile phone number to device phy location, links too long, Word ctrl+k does not embed link copy and paste in browser instead:
http://clk.media.net/trf?adet=CM1&q=Mobile+Location+Tracker&&c=AAy8d30dDDpOjKB_ub5UQQ&b=azvswTpRGwHGZGdQrhmJMw&edv=8j9l700_TUE4EnadePdkAwFVRD-
96DGQ&kbbq=%26sde%3D1%26adepth%3D1%26ddepth%3D1&o=QDI8AxUlYZjk7FsPvstuG4wbOkzCkNC4Akfj0wqDYDfcClqXIRzr4fQ-7QbpLuKrUg_na-iYx1VQdXFuSYRu4xHQVSGYGYE_3Gn-
lovk9UoCykWrtcGEmTY689uIwC7x1pZoroWZ2PnOarc5k8B5JHpoQfl6M042L2g1OlHMY-88TUqiNmYU6HrldrPJo1wm0hd-Lvw51VdNH1SgF2ZKCGCNMQOL5jZJ-
TUQt6Qkb0psMSULUe3kVjZeloLTzmELF_PVmYXRDXafjn3BgvvkdmcpsHfPiSHwr8mwxMzwFKJu4oep3Qq_OO0hqslcLi4SzaCB2mEDrGmKAEvyB7xdfrDXTUM_L7rDqLE7wU4OsU1-qj7FjPH-
mWJ29CYpSqNtrbthqa5d8ylUOphfaNSUmo9ikIPiCJ9gcrRJcTL6l7a_bWbnz3wB0HJw56Eqm8MXTOF-fx1p8h26DA4nlblxnlscqx9gvVqbGvUdwNE-RkBC59Fw1ikVqiv3g83xXlGsCfsMz-
NtxJFE4lYREyJrFLvh4wrGL6JwvcaAxj5ngcJz3BqBX0TJU0JDompRophXkJ3z_y1MDVFJV3koLgwMDJgL77cvr5WNx4usBESGPretz8-RY10a-XeB89CjRga4QPr8a1E3N1rK7UX-_Ll-PQp1wtWgHlM21xf1nJkbP-
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mobile locations tracker:
http://clk.media.net/trf?adet=CM1&q=Mobile+Location+Tracker&&c=AAy8d30dDDpOjKB_ub5UQQ&b=DtbS6p20nmvYJ7Aq1qtx9Q&edv=8j9l700_TUE4EnadePdkAwFVRD-
96DGQ&kbbq=%26sde%3D1%26adepth%3D1%26ddepth%3D1&o=yWPRlemxvZmJihgu01U70etfYvG41hjzXkDF8htN7SLThAjtJKfvy7hXXMDpk-Kk5HHfZ9wTrCtZ9lJVRYW-
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780gDVvq82h8vP9A4mC2n9z_&bd=0%231080%231920%231%23n&adct=15923
another online mobile phone tracker:
http://clk.media.net/trf?adet=CM1&q=Mobile+Location+Tracker&&c=AAy8d30dDDpOjKB_ub5UQQ&b=2k9jkPrKJsLT9zI33CdERQ&edv=8j9l700_TUE4EnadePdkAwFVRD-
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
GPS tracker:
http://clk.media.net/trf?adet=CM1&q=Mobile+Location+Tracker&&c=AAy8d30dDDpOjKB_ub5UQQ&b=ejFpKmqUIKhrI0EDiWWJBw&edv=8j9l700_TUE4EnadePdkAwFVRD-
96DGQ&kbbq=%26sde%3D1%26adepth%3D1%26ddepth%3D1&o=zLaTTcPwFVKbvnO6Lm7w8J6g5U6DcCRdqUrL0j_5tAsgBUuCAwRxgW2CHVM1bD3DBqExd_OF7xlgxp8sxpdVpXTLyhkMtURcY9X_k9iVtvlfEMX
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[att05]
Ofcom Frequency allocation table entries for Iridium bands
1.6GHz
19GHz
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
23GHz
29GHz
[att06]
Despite efforts to retrieve orbiting debris (example Surrey Uni led project RemoveDebris) the common practice to dispose of faulty satellites seems to be
'pushing' them away to 'graveyard' orbit that I wouldn't call it and orbit because beyond GEO orbit, no fuel left, such devices eventually get lost in deep
space. What would be the probability that a future missing to for instance Mars collides with one of these pushed away satellites?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
Where is the whole collection of exercises?
This exercise is part of the collection of exercises Microwave Engineering POZAR 4th ed solved with MATLAB available in this website:
https://jgb2012.wixsite.com/microwave-eng-matlab
How can one get the main literature reference?
For instance from:

https://www.amazon.co.uk/Microwave-Engineering-David-M-Pozar/dp/0470631554
What about the solutions manual?
It's freely available https://www.scribd.com/doc/176505749/Microwave-engineering-pozar-4th-Ed-solutions-manual
For educational purposes only: https://www.copyrightuser.org/understand/exceptions/education/
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _

Solution To Microwave Engineering Pozar Chapter 14 Exercise 1 With MATLAB

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Solution To Microwave Engineering Pozar Chapter 14 Exercise 1 With MATLAB

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POZAR chapter 14: RF MICROWAVE SYSTEMS. Exercise 01 __ 27/11/2020 20:26:41.

1.- Satellite Communication

Iridium 98 simplified satellite block

Iridium satellite orbit key parameters [1] :

Graph depicting GEO MEO LEO altitudes

Iridium frequencies: Subscriber Link key parameters:

Iridium 98 Link Budget in attachment [att01].

Ofcom Frequency allocation table entries for Iridium

2.- Example handheld Iridium device

3.- performance comparison : IsatPhone Pro, Iridium 9555 and Thuraya XT

Other Satellite services offered over internet, links in attachment [att04].

According to what is shown in

5.- Path Loss in both Downlink and Uplink Budgets

L11=20*log10(4*pi*R1/lambda11) % [dB] path loss L11 =

km2mi=1/1.609344 % conversion factor km to statue mile

% universal gravitational constant for Earth

r_GEO=35786e3 % [m] equatorial 'lamp pole'

7.- Zenith - Horizon additional loss not considered

On the left hand side

9.- Missing overall link margin in [1]

10.- Over-Crowded frequency band

Iridium signals work ok on same spectrum, simultaneously, than GEOSTAR and

It seems as some department in the US government did the homework for

Working Parties show that

were not provided,

although reference was made to a

11.- No flares expected from NEXT birds

Among other factors that contributed to

Same effect as glaring clean goggles glass,

The flaring antenna panels were the ones

On right hand side, 8 NEXT stacked on 2

So, 14.01 1st question is

a) Estimates of into buildings and vehicles fading link margins in L-band

a.2.- Statistical methods

Build a probabilistic model and take samples.

Right hand side a key field measurement, up to 10km in busy urban

The slope may go milder because of constructive multipath, but most of

I have read that in China a mobile communications operator is supplying 5G for

This solution is of particular interest in apartment buildings, sky scrappers and

Path Loss exponents for different environments

Also from [4] pg139 table 4.2 environment n

a.3.- Abridged list of popular statistical models for buildings

There are many wireless coverage models. A few from [4]

L50_1_dB path loss in urban area

a.3.2.- Okumura-Hata is Hata with a list of corrections

fc model valid within [1.5 2] GHz

hte within [30 200] metre

c1=0 [dB] for suburban and medium sized cities

a.3.4.- Walfisch and Bertoni intro

a.3.5.- Wideband PCS microcell hint

Valid within [20 1900] MHz

Read [4] references for more detail on these models.

a.4.- Buildings Coverage : Ray Tracing

SISP : Site Specific Propagation Models

GIS : Graphical Information Systems databases

Log-Distance Path Loss Model: PL_dB=PL_d0+10*n*log10(d/d0)+X_sigma

a.6.- Vehicles Coverage

Data on satellite fading at L-band in various environments can be found in

Regarding vehicles coverage, the solutions manual supplies a telegraphic figure

For vehicles, the fading levels can be 20 dB or more.

a.7.- Radio Over Fibre RoF

Example RoF equipment supplier: BBN.

b) Would Iridium 98 system have operated reliably in these environments?

L11=20log10(4pi*R1/lambda11) % [dB] path loss L11 =

Log-Distance Path Loss Model: PL_dB=PL_d0+10nlog10(d/d0)+X_sigma