1624
3, July 1996
Electromagnetic Field Radiation Model for Lightning Stro
to Tall Structures
H Motoyama W Janischewskyj, A M Hussem,
Member Fellow Senior Member
CKIEPI University of Toronto
Tokyo, Japan Toronto, Canada
ABSTRACT
_ __ - This paper describes observation and analysis of
electromagnetic field radiation from lightning strokes to tall
structures Electromagnetic field waveforms and current
waveforms of lightning strokes to the CN Tower have been
simultaneously measured since 1991 A new calculation model
of electromagnetic field radiation is proposed The proposed
model consists of the lightnmg current propagation and
distribution model and the electromagnetic field radiation
model Electromagnetic fields calculated by the proposed
model, based on the observed lightnmg current at the CN
Tower, agree well with the observed fields at 2km north of the
tower
KEYWORD
____ - Lightning, Electromagnetic field radiation,
Lightning to tall structures, EMC, Electromagnetic transient
1 INTRODUCTION
The study of lightning characteristics is very unportant for
rational insulation design of electric power systems and
telecommunication systems A number of measurements and
theoretical investigations have been carried out to obtain
lightning characteristics [ 1-91 The measurements and analysis
of electromagnetic field radiation from a lightnmg discharge are
important, since the electromagnetic fields depend on the
propagation and distribiition of the return stroke current along
the lightning path Therefore, it is necessary to study the
96 WM 075-2 PWRD A paper recommended and approved by the IEEE
Transmission and Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering
Society for presentation at the 1996 IEEE/PES Winter Meeting, January 21-
25, 1996, Baltimore, MD. Manuscript submitted July 26, 1995; made
available for printing December 5, 1995.
0885-8977/96/$05.00 0 1996 IEEE
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No.
R Rusan W A Chisholm J-S Chang
NonMember Senior Member Member
Ontario Hydro McMaster University
Technologies
Toronto, Canada Hamilton, Canada
relationshp between electromagnetic field radiation and return
stroke current, and to develop an accurate prediction model
Several mathematical models, such as Bruce - Golde model [5],
Transmission - Line model (TL model) [6] and Lm - Uman
model [ 7 ] , were proposed to analyze the return stroke
phenomena and the electromagnetic fields radiated from a
lightnmg stroke However, these models have two major
problems when applied to a tall structure lightning
(1) These models assume that the return stroke current initiates
from the ground surface, although for lightning to tall structures,
such as transmlssion lme towers, telecommunication towers,
etc , the return stroke current is initiated near the top of the
structure Therefore, electromagnetic fields calculated using the
above mentioned models are expected to be quite different
dependmg on the height of the structure In fact, the predicted
results of peak lightning current value using the conventional TL
model is significantly different from the observational results
from the CN Tower and the experimental results usmg rocket
triggered lightning [8,9]
(2) These models also assume that the return stroke current
distributes unxformly along the lightnmg path However, for a
tall structure, the return stroke current is distributed along the
lightnmg path and the tall structure itself with reflection from
ground These current distributions have an important influence
on the electromagnetic field radiation around tall structures
generated by lightning strokes
Therefore, the conventional TL model 1s not applicable to the
analysis of electromagnetic fields for lightning to tall structures,
since the electromagnetic fields depend on the propagation and
distribution ofthe lightning current inside the lightning discharge
pathand the tallstructure
In this paper, a new calculation model of electromagnetic field
radiation 1s proposed It consists o f the electromagnetic field
radiation model caused by a step current, and the lightning
current propagation and distribution model along the lightning
discharge path and the tal1 structure The reflection from the
ground and the top of the tall structure are considered The
calculated results are compared with a lightning observation
from the CN Tower

2.1
.
.
. Observation apparatus
Schematics of the CN Tower and the observation apparatuses
are shown in Fig. 1. The CN Tower in Toronto (S53m above
ground level, AGL) is the tallest free-standing structure in the
world, While the local lightning flash density in Toronto is
2. 5flashes/km21year, there are approximately 40 to
50flasheslyear to the CN Tower. These are mostly upward -
initiatedflashes [ 10,l I].
The Lightning current derivative (dIldt) is recorded through a
40MHz Rogowski coil, which is installed in the CN Tower at the
474m AGL. The coil is connected through a 146m long triaxial
cable to the recording equipment (Sony - Tektronix Digitizer
Type 710A) located at the 372m AGL. This system can measure
the rate of change of the lightning current with a rise time of
2011s.
The electromagnetic field radiation from lightning strokes to
the CN Tower is recorded by field sensors, placed on the roof of
Rosebrugh building at the University of Toronto (located 2.0km
north of the tower). The electromagnetic field radiation
measuring system records the vertical electric field (Ez), the
azimuthal magnetic field (He))and the radial magnetic field (Hr).
The E, electric field sensor is an active hollow hemispherically
shaped monopole, and the H4 and H, magnetic field sensors are
the small loop antenna type [ 1 I]. Each sensor is connected to the
recording equipment (Sony - Tektronix Digitizer Type 71OA).
The specifications ofmeasuring systems are shown in Table I .
Top ofthe CN Tower
r 553mAGL
RogowskiCod
Recording Instruments
372m AGL
Toronto
Fig 1 General features ofthe CN Tower and
the location of lightning measuring mstruments
1625
Table 1. Characteristics of measuring equipment.
Equipment Frequenci Sensitn it4
Current Rogowski 40MIG 0 72V/(Nns)
CO11
Magnebc 1,oop H@697K/-150MH/ 0 421V/(A/m)
field antenna I L 635HZ-134MLb
Flectnc I Hernisphencallq ~~HL-IOOMIIL 2 3XmV/(V/m)
2 2 Observation results
~~~ ~~
A total of 72 lightnmg flashes to the CN Tower was observed
during the 1991 lightnmg season Records of lightning current
waveforms and electromagnetic field waveforms coincided in 2 1
cases [ 111 Typical waveforms of lightning current derivative,
lightning current and electromagnetic fields for two events
observed on August 17, 1991, are shown in Figures 2 and 3
respectively
2 2 1 A case -~
of fast rise wavefront current
~~
Fig 2 presents the waveforms of current derivative, current,
two components ofthe electric fields and magnetic field for a fast
rise wavefront current The lightning current derivative contains
a noticeable background noise Two components of
background noise considerably affect the lightning current
waveform One component is an approximate lOOkHz
frequency noise that may be caused by a carrier
telecommunication on the power system The other is a DC
offset that may be caused by the A/D converter of the used
recording equipment These noise components have a serious
effect on the lightning current waveform, since the current is
obtained from integration ofthe current derivative
Fig 2 (b) shows the lightning current waveform after
removing these noise components The lightning current
waveform has two large peaks, the first peak is from the injection
current whereas the second peak is caused by ground reflection
If the surge impedance of the CN Tower is constant and the
propagation velocity is at the speed of light (c0=3 x 1O8ds),the
current measuring device located at 474m (= h) is recording the
mjection current until the arrival of reflection from ground after
3 16ps (= 2hIco) This lightning current waveform has a fast rise
time of 17011s before the first peak of 20 OkA and a maximum
current value of 22 SkA at the second peak
Figs 2 (c)-(e) show the measured waveforms of
electromagnetic field radiations The Hg waveform shown in Fig
2 (c) has two large peaks First peak is 2 4SNm and second peak
is 2 15" The rise time to the first peak is 420ns The Hr
waveform shown in Fig 2 (d) changes its polarity The first peak
value ofHr is about 16% ofthe first peak ofH$
1626

,2 100.0 G t5.0
80.0
y 2 100
2 60.0 \
5 50

..
x 40.0 V

20.0 0. 0
0.0 +J
tJ 73 -5 0
Y-20.0
~3 -40.0 ,-lo 0
-5.0 0 . 0 5 . 0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 -5 0 0 . 0 5 . 0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Time (,U s) Time (,U s)
(a) Lightnmg current derivative waveform
15.0 1 I
- 20.0
25.0
15.0
-
-
U
Y
10.0
5.0
I I I I

10.0
5.0 - 0.0
- 0.0 -5 0
-5. 0
-5.0 0 . 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 -5.0 0 . 0 5 . 0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Time ( p s ) Time (y s )
(b) Lightning current waveform (b) Lightning current waveform

2. 5 1.5 L I I I I I I
E 2.0 ,z 1.0
-
2 1.5
1.0 -
\
U
0. 5
Q

I
0.5
0.0
2 0.0
-0. 5 -0.5
-5.0 0 . 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 2 0 . 0 2 5 . 0
Time ( p s ) Time (,U s)
(c) Azimuthal magnetic field component (c) Azimuthal magnetic field component
0. 50 0.20
A

E 0.25 q
A

\
0.10
-=c
4
V 0.00 v

L 0.00
I -0.25
L
I

-0.50 -0.10
-5.0 0.0 5 . 0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 -5.0 0 . 0 5 . 0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Time ( p s ) Time ( U s )
(d) Radial magnetic field component (d) Radial magnetic field component
1 . 0 I-

..
I 1 I I I I
1.0
‘2 0 . 5 E‘ 2 0 . 5
\
> v?2 0.0
x 00
v

N -0.5
N-0 5
W
W

-1.0 -1.0
-5.0 0 . 0 5 . 0 10.0 15 0 20 0 25 0 -5.0 0.0 5 . 0 10.0 15.0 2 0 . 0 2 5 . 0
Time ( p s ) Time ( p s )
(e>Vertical electric field component (e) Vertical electric field component

Fig 2 Observation results Fig. 3 . Observation results.

(A case offast rise wavefront current) (A case of slow rise wavefront current)
 1627

Relationship between the lightning current waveform and the 3- -1 Assumptions

H+ waveform can be calculated by the conventional TL model
[6,8] as follows:
c = 2 n Dco-Hg(t+D/co)/ I(t) (1)
where c is the propagation velocity of the return stroke, D is the
horizontal distance from the CN Tower (= 2000m)
Comparison between the conventional TL model using the
second peak value in the lightning current waveform and the H+
waveform shows that the propagation velocity of return stroke is
1 2c11Physically, of course, the propagation velocity of return
__ for the-
model
To smplify the analysis, the following assumptions are made
(a) The return stroke current distribution along the lightning
discharge path and the tall structure is uniform
(b) The propagation velocity ofthe return stroke in the lightnmg
channel is constant The propagation velocity of the mjection
current within the tall structure is at the speed oflight
(c) The tall structure is free of loss and the ground is perfect
conductivity
(d) The surge impedance ofthe tall structure is constant
(e) The lightning discharge path is perpendicular to the ground
3_2_ Electromagnetic
_____ field radiation caused by
- a step current

stroke can never exceed the speed oflight This may indicate that
the relationship used in the conventional TL model does not give
a good estimation ofHg based on measured current
The E, waveform shown inFig 2 (e) does not include the peak
value due to the mstrument saturation
We assume a step current of magnitude Io(A) and an electric
charge per unit length qi(C/m) are travelling in the positive
duection at velocity ci(m/s) as shown Fig 4 (a) The general
solution of electromagnetic field radiation at point P is given by

2-2 2 A case of slow rise wavefront current

~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~

Waveforms related to a slow rise wavefront current are shown

in Fig 3 The observed lightning current derivative waveform is
shown in Fig 3 (a) Fig 3 (b) shows the lightning current
waveform after the removal of the background noise The
lightnmg current waveform has a slow rise tune of 1 18011s to the
f i s t peak and a maxmum value of 12kA at the second peak
Figs 3 (c)-(e) show the corresponding waveforms of the
electromagnetic fields TheHg waveform shown inFig 3 (c) also
has two peaks, but the waveform is different from the fast rise where SI= ci.t, ni=d r2+(s-z)2
wavefront current case While the first peak is higher than the
second peak in the fast wavefront case, the second peak
( I 1 S A ” ) is higher than the first peak (1 06Aim) in this slow
rise wavefront case The rise time to the first peak is 600ns It
R///,~;:r) -cq/,,~ ~(z;)

-
seems that the first peak of H4 depends on the steepness of IO?S 1 Io-qz
current wavefront The Hr waveform shown in Fig 3 (d) also
changes its polarity The first peak value of Hr is about 16% of
the first peak of H+ SI z -sz
Comparison between the conventional TL model using the
second peak value in the lightnmg current waveform and the H+
I o
(a) Positwe duection current
I o ’
(b) Negative du-ectioncurrent
shows that the propagation velocity of return stroke is 1 2c0
This indicates that the relationship used in the conventional TL Fig 4 Coordmate systems
model does not give a good estimation
The E, waveform shown in Fig 3 (e) records the transient
component caused by the return stroke and the static component The scalar potential 4, the vector potential A,, the electric field
caused by the charge m the cloud The E, waveform has one peak E, and the magnetic field H+at point P caused by the step current
value of 1 26kV/m (peak to minimum value) are given by

3 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD RADIATION MODEL

~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~

Based on the observations described m Section 2, it is clear

that the TL model can not fully explam the relationship between
observed hghtning current and corresponding fields Thls paper
proposes a new calculation model of electromagnetic field
radiation from Iightnmg strokes to the tall structures
1628

H+'= - l / , m ~.?A, l i r reflection current from the top of the tall structure 111 Each
=(T/r)[(ci.t-z)/d(ci t-z)'+( 1-pi2)r2+ z/&??I (1 1 ) component is expressed as

where Q'= 30 Iti/pi, T = 11~/4n,

pi=ci/co I\ =+IC1 (19)
I~~=[-Kexp(-Tr.H)]/(l-Kexp(-2rr.H))]Io (20)
We also assumed that a step current of magnitude h(A) and IFT= [+Kexp (-2Tr.H))/( l-Kexp(-2Tr.H))] IO (21)
electric charge per unit length -q?(C/m)are travellmg to negative
direction at velocity -cz(ds) as shown Fig 4 (b) The
corresponding electric and magnetic fields at pomt P are given
by

The total electromagnetic field radiation at point P is given by

using the superposition law as follows

3 _3 Lightning-current propagation and distribution along the

~~

lightning path and the tall structure

-
(a) Lightning discharge path (b) A modelclrcuit
Fig 5 (a) shows a schematic diagram for the lightnmg path and and tall structure
the tall structure, which can be represented by a transmlssion Ime 0
model as shown m Fig 5 (b) The surge impedance of lightning
z
<
path ZOIis generally higher than the one for the tall structure Z 1 r +CO I1 S , 1 F T I B B I

Therefore, the configuration of Fig 5 (b) is modelled by the 4 Q&

constant impedance transmission line as shown inFig 5 (c)
r h
Lightning current distribution along the lightning path is giben
by the following equation using transmission line theory

(c) A smple transmlssionllne model

where Tr = p i c [ , cr is the propagation velocity of return stroke

Lightning current distribution along the tall structure is 3 4 Relationship between current
_ _ _ ._ distribution
_._ __ and
_._
generally given by the followmg equation electromagnetic field radiation
---

Each current component is considered to be accompanied

IT=[ {exp(-rr.(H-z))- Kexp (-Tr.(H+z)))
/ { 1- Kexp (-2Tr.H))I IS ( 1 7)
K =(Rf- ZOI)/ ( Rf+z~i) (18)
where Ti = j d c i , C I is the propagation velocity of qection
current(=c,i), R is the footlng resistance ofthe tall structure, and
K is the ground reflection coefficient
Using the transmission llne theory, this current distribution 11
can be decomposed mto three components, which are an
injection current Is, a reflection current from ground IBRand a
with an electromagnetic field radiation Therefore, the
electromagnetic field radiation at the measuring pomt P results
from thethree current components Fig 6 shows the distribution
of each lightning current component Assuming that the ground
plane is at zero potential, the electromagnetic field radiation
caused by each current component may be obtainedas follows
(1 ) The electromagnetic field radiation caused by Is
Ezi=Qi[ 1/./H2+D2-(l-P')/J(c~.t+H)'+(l-f3~)D~]
+3OIo[l/m] (22)
 1629

H+i=(Ti/D)[(ci.t+H)/d(ci .t+H)'+(l-f~')D'+l] (23) (3) The electromagnetic field radiation caused b y k

10 = Io(H, t - m / C o ) (24)

IF, =I:i(H, t-yH/co-H'+DLicn)

(2) The electromagnetic field radiation caused by IBH
Therefore, the total electromagnetic field radiation caused by a
step current at the pomt P is given by

Actual electromagnetic field radiation is calculated by the

"1' followmg equations based on the lightningcurrent waveform,

where 2 is the Laplace transform operator, 2'' is the mverse

Laplace transform operator, s=a+joand a is the changing
constant of integration path

The Laplace transform and the inverse Laplace transform are

calculated by the piece-wise linear Laplace transform [ 1 21 and
the fast Laplace transform [ 131
I R

(a&= Io

4 COMPARISON BETWEEN CALCULATIONS ~~ ~~~~

-A
"1' AND OBSERVATIONS

In order to test the effectiveness of the proposed model, the

calculation results obtained using the proposed model are
compared with the observation as described in Section 2 The
H ---.
1 BB
proposed model for the analysis of the electromagnetic fields
m around the CN Tower needs the accurate injection current
waveform However, the measured current waveform on the CN
P(O,D)
\f
A >
R
Tower consists of the injection current and reflections
Therefore, in order to determinate the accurate injection current,
I I the measured current waveform Icr is decomposed into the

-H I - I
I
injection current Io and the reflection current T r m using the
following equation,
I
I IO = [ { 1 - Kexp (-2l-1.H)]/
' -- J {exp (-l-r.(H-h)) -Kexp(-l-i-(H+h))}].Ic~ ( 3 5 )
I I where H IS the height of the CN Tower(=5S3 m), and h is the
(b) Isii (c) IF1 height ofthe Rogowski coil's position (=474 m)

Fig 6 Relationship between current distribution The surge impedance (ZOT),the footing resistance (RI), the
and observation pomt P ground reflection coefficient (K), and the velocity of return
stroke(c~)areassumedtobeZt~~ =3OOQ, Rt=SOQ, K = - 0 714,
and CL = 0 3c0 respectively
1630

(1) A case offast rise wavefront current
Fig 7 shows the comparison between the calculated results
using the proposed model and the observations for the case of
fast rise wavefront current The H$ waveform predicted m Fig 7
(b) agrees well with the observed waveform for the second peak
value and the wavefront, while they dBer slightly in the
wavetail The difference m the wavetail may be caused by the
assumed lumped footing resistance of the CN Tower, since the
transient footuig reslstance is a nonlinear resistance which
depends on the lightning current value The difference m the first
peak value may be caused by the assumption of a uniform current
distribution, since the first peak value depends on the steepness
of the lighting current waveform as explained before The
present model also shows the Ho waveform not only depends on
the mjection current IO but also on the mjection current
derivative dIn/dt This nature is very important to analyze the
return stroke phenomena
(2) A case of slow rise wavefront current
Fig 8 shows the comparison between the calculated results
usmg the proposed model and the observation for the case of
slow rise wavefront current The HQwaveform in Fig 8 (b)
mdicates that predicted and observed waveforms agree well
concerning the second peak value and the wavefront, while they
d 8 e r slightly in the wavetail The differences m the wavetailand
the first peak value are due to the same reasons mamtained in the
case ofthe fast rise wavefront current
The Ez waveform in Fig 8 (e) mdicates that the predicted and
the observed waveforms agree well for the prmctpal waveform,
but the peak value of the observed waveform is twice as high as
that of the calculated waveform The observed EZ waveform
consists of the transient Ez and the static Ez components The
transient E7 component depends on the return stroke current and
the static Ez component depends on the electric charge
configuration The electrostatic component was not considered
m calculation

25.0 15. 0
A
20.0 10 0
~ 15.0
50
v

-s 5 . 0
10.0

0. 0
--
U
c
0 0
-5.0 -5 0
-50 0 0 5 0 100 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 -5.0 0 . 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Time (,U s ) Time (,U s )
(a) Current waveform - (a) Current waveform
25 1 5

<
n
20
1 5
- 1.0
\
E

9 1 0 5 0 5
8
8 0 5 r 0 0
= 0 0
-0 5 -0 5
-5.0 0 0 5.0 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 -5 0 0 . 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Time (,U s ) Time (ILs )
(b) Azimuthal magnetic field component
1 0 1.0
-05
E
1 \
E
0.5
5 00
v v
5 0.0
Y-0 5 L21-0.5
-1 0 -1 0
-50 0 0 5 0 100 150 200 250 -50 0 0 5 0 100 150 200 250
Time ( p s ) Time (,U s )
(c) Vertical electric field component (c) Vertical electric field component

0 Observation, 0 Calculation
Fig 7 A comparison between observatlons Fig 8 A comparison between observatlons
and predicted waveforms and predicted waveforms
(A case of fast rise wavefront current) (A case of slow rise wavefront current)

5. CONCLUSIONS
___.___-
From the lightning observations and the theoretical
investigations at the tall structures, the followmg conclusions
are obtained
(1) Simultaneous measurement of the lightnmg current and the
electromagnetic radiation fields allows development and
verification of lightning radiation models
(2) Use of the proposed calculation model, which consists of the
electromagnetic field radlation model and the lightning current
distribution model, has shown that the model can almost predict
the observed lightning electromagnetic field radiation results.
(3) From the present modeland observations, it was shown that
the azimuthal magnetic field depends on the injection current Io
and the injection current derivative dIddt It was also mentioned
that the vertical electric fields depend on the return stroke
current derivative and configuration ofthe electric charge
It should be stressed that the proposed model is only based on
the macroscopic transient phenomena in the lightning discharge
path and in the tall structure. The detailed analysis of
electromagnetic field radiation based on the physical process
requires further study.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors wish to express their thanks to Prof L Li,
Mrs I Rusan, Dr Z-I Kawasaki and Dr P Joe for useful
discussions and comments This work was supported in part by
the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of
Canada and Ontario Ministry of Universities and Colleges under
the URlF Program
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1992
[2] T Ushio, W Daohang,Z-I Kawasaki, K Mastuuraand
K Yamamoto, "SynchronlzedMultipoint Measurements of
Lightnmg Electric Field Changes", IEE ofJapan, Trans B,
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~ ~
[3] J S Chang, T G Beuthe, L Seto, A Duft,N Hayashi,
W A Chisholm and W Janischewskyj, "An Investigation
of the possible relationship between Thundercloud Electric
Fields and the Lightning Parameters for Tall Structures",
J Geophys Res, vol 94, pp 13197-13205,1989
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[4] Z-I Kawasaki, M Nakano andT Takeuti, "Group
Velocity of Subsequent Return Strokes in Triggered
Lightning", IEE ofJapan, Trans E, vol 107, pp 47-53,
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[ 5 ] C E R Bruce and R N Golde, "The Lightning Discharge
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[6] M A Uman and D K McLain,"LightningReturn
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Measurements", J Geophy Res ,vol 75, pp 5 143 - 5 147,
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[7] Y T Liq M A Uman and R B Standler,"Lightning
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[8] J C Willett,V P Idone, R E Orville, C Leteinturier,
A Eybert-Berard, L Barret and E P Krtder,"An
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Return Strokes", J Geophys Res ,vol 93, pp 3867-3878,
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Electric Field Derivatives m Triggered Lightning Return
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[10]T R McComb, E A Cherney, H Linckand
W Janischewskyj, "Prelminary measurements of lightning
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Bdeki Motoyama (M '93) was born in Hokkaido, Japan, on
October 8,1961 He received the B S and the M Eng degree m
electrical engmeermg from Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan,
in 1985 and 1987, respectively In same year, hejolned Central
Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan
Since 1987, he has worked on the study of lightnmg surge
analysis, surge measurement, modelling and lightning protection
on transmission system He is a member of IEE of Japan
B s y l Janischewskyj (F '77) was born in Prague,
Czechoslovakia on January 21, 1925 He studied Electrical
Engmeering at the Ukramian Technical-Husbandry Institute in
Regensburg, Germany, the Technical University of Hanover,
Germany and the University of Toronto, graduating with a
B A Sc in 1952 and an M A Sc ln 1954 He spent five years at
the Aluminum Laboratories, Ltd , Kingston, Ontario Smce
1632

1959, Professor Janischewskyj has been with the University of Willam

~ -~ A. Chisholm (M '78, SM '91) was born in New York in
~~~~~

Toronto as a Lecturer, Professor, Assistant Chauman and 1955. He obtained a B. A. Sc. with honours in Engineering
Associate Dean Since 1990, he is Professor Emeritus From Science at the University of Toronto in 1977, an M. Eng. in I979
1960 to 1965, he worked at Ontario Hydro, mcluding the and a Ph. D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of
Coldwater Project, and has been on sabbatical leaves at the Waterloo in 1983. Dr. Chisholm has been with Ontario Hydro
University of Liverpool, the High Voltage Institute of the Research Division, now Ontario Hydro Technologies, since
Technical University of Munich, the Federal University of Rio de 1977. He researches electrical and thermal effects of unusual
Janeiro, the High Voltage Laboratory of Electricite de France weather conditions, such as lightning, high-temperature
and Trench Electric ampacity and freezing rain, on overhead transmission lines. Dr.
Professor Janischewskyl's mam research mterests are electric Chisholm is Chairman of the IEEE Working Croup on
power transmission, corona, electromagnetic interference, Estimating the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines.
lightning and power system stability he is involved with many
International Technical Committees, mcluding IEC TC42, Jen-Shh
~ _ Chang
___ (M ~ '89) received the B Eng and M Eng
CIGRE SC 33 and 36, EPRI, IEEE, COMPIMERA, Canadian degrees from the Musasht Institute of Technology, Tokyo.
Electrical Association and Canadian Standards Association Japan and the Ph D degree from York University, North York,
Professor Janischewsky is the Chairman of CSC/IEC/TC42, a Canada Durmg 1973 - 1974, he was a researcher at the Centre
member and former Chalrman of the IEEE Subcommittee on de Rechearches en Physique de I'Environment, CNRS, France
Corona and Field Effects, member of the IEEE Working Group From 1975 to 1978, he was a Project Scientist / Assistant
on Estmatmg the Lightnmg Performance of Transmission Lmes Professor with the Department of Physics at York From 1979
and a Registered Professional Engmeer m the Provmce of and 1981, he was Assistant and Associate Professor respectivly,
Ontario at Department of Engmeermg Physics, McMaster University
From 1985 to 1993, he was a visitmg professor with the Musashi
AI1 M Hussein (M '80, SM ' 90) received the B Sc degree from
- Institute of Technology, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo
Alexandria University, Egypt, in 1967, the M Sc degree from University, Joseph Fourier University, and the University of
Am-Shams University, Calro, Egypt m 1972, and the Ph D Sevtlla Smce 1986, he was been a Professor at McMaster
degree from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada m University
1979, all in electrical engineermg From 1967 to 1974, he was a
Teachmg Assistant at Am-shams University From 1979 to
1980, he was a Research Associate at the National Research
Council of Canada, Ottawa From 1980 to 1982 he was an
Assistant Professor at Kyad University, Saudi Arabia From
1982 to 1986, he was a Research Associate at the Electrical
Engmeering Department, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada From 1986 to 1988, he was with the Electromagnetics
Technology Division, Bell-Northern Research, Ottawa,
Canada Smce 1989 he has been a Professor at Ryerson
University, Toronto, Canada, and an adjunct professor at
University of Toronto Dr Hussetn has authored and co-
authored about SO publications in the areas of microwave
ferrites, electromagnetic field computation and, more recently,
measurement and analysis of fast transients (Mtcrogap
Discharge, Electromagnetic Pulse, Electrostatic Discharge, and
Lightning Discharge)

Radu Rusan was born in Henedoara, Romania in 1955. He

~

obtained a Diploma in Electrical Engineering from Bucharest

Polytechnic University in 1980. He joined in 1981 the Central
Research Institute for Power Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
and in 1984 the Power Engineering Faculty of Bucharest
Polytechnic University. Since 1993 he has been with the
University of Toronto as research associate. His areas of
research are compact overhead transmission lines,
electromagnetic fields' measurement and computation,
electrostatics hazards, lightning phenomena.