07/11/2020

Drawing

This drawing is done at ROOM TEMP becauze it is one of the end process. The product from
drawing bench is final product.
Some portion of the rod should already be out before process. This is used for gripping and
discarded after the process
This grip is made using swaging (a form of forging)

Although in drawing we apply tensile force, the main work is done by the compressive force.

Types

Bar(rod/tube) → Draw bench

Wires(dia < 5 mm) → Block drawing with coiler and decoiler. space requirement very low

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because wire can be coiled

←this is front part

This rod is coming from extrusion and the back part is used for gripping because we can get
rid of the errors

Pre stages before drawing:

1) Pickling → removal of oxides
2) Swaging → to prepare grip

Practical values for drawing:

Drawing Die Details

Bearing provides frictional drag

Back relief releases elastic stress strain present. back relief extends slightly
Actual angle is where actual deformation occurs
This die Carved out of industial diamond(coating of diamond and inside steel) or ______

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carbide

Wire Drawing

Deformation occurs in multiple dies together

Control the speed of feeding from one die to another as length is increasing (speed also
increases) just like in rolling mills

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• Sufficiently lubrication should be there because it will be for multiple dies.

• Generally lubricants used in wire drawing is more viscous
• Amount of reduction given in multiple dies = 30-35%/pass because the condition is cold so
much force cannot be given.

Separate controls/motors for every die block because feeding die, etc are different so that
speed can be controled using separate motors otherwise ooverfeeding/underfeeding can give
rise to friction and strain issues

Ferrous materials speed = 10 m/s

Non-Ferrous materials speed = 30-40 m/s

• Due to deformation + friction (even after lubrication) , heat generation is high (80-100 C
temp reached of material)
• Interpass cooling is important in wire drawing processes (even in other processes) i.e
cooling between different passes

Defect:

• Is mostly from previous step. e.g. previous extrusion is used in previous step extrusion
pipe is removed
• Extrusion pipe is removed
• Before drawing is started a step of NDT is done to ensure we are not sending any defect
• Clean lubricant must be clean otherwise particles may damage the material

Drawing Products found in differrent strength levels:

Tempers - Dead soft to full hard
Specific temper case → Patenting (used in steels with C > 0.25 wt%)
Patenting = heat above upper critical tempertures → cool at a controlled rate or hold in Pb-
bath (~315'C) → fine pearlite (pearlite gives good toughness to materials for applications
below equicohesive temp)-> used in musical instruments or strings as wire
Equicohesive temp:at this temp grain boundary = grain interior in strength and above which
grain grain boundaries become weaker

Analysis of wire drawing

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Uniform deformation energy method

Assumptions:
• No friction
• No transverse stress
• No redundant deformation

dh = 2*dx*tan(alpha) , dh = change in diameter, dx = thickness of rod

Forces in x-direction:

Putting this value in above equation

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Johnson Rouk gave the following generalised statement claimed for any cross section

in another form redundant work factor was used

Upper-bound analysis (including redundant work)

<some formula missing>

Redundant work for drawing circular wire

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with these calculation we can predict stress required for drawing processes

09/11/ k end k notes bnane hain

Work during drawing

Min position work done given by alpha

Back tension in drawnig:

Wire drawnig: tandem drawing max tension in one drawing → wire is wound in a capstone 1 or 2

tuns

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Lubrication
1) Dry → materials like soap powder
2) Wet → like iin oil → unifirm coating → better cooling/better surface finish

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