Now when you ate putting back the redundant member CF in postion in Figure 4.11 (b), Soy Indedote yu cannot doit without straining it asthe joints C and F have already been moved im {owards each other by an amount Acp due to the external loading as calculated instep (i) ‘whereas the mémber CF was exactly fitting tothe orginal distance CF. Hence, its Similar to a case of “lack of fit” as discussed in Section 4.3 [Now by the principle of consistent deformations, we have, ‘Since imiually thete nad not been any tack of tit any menber. ‘On substituting ther values, we get, [fase [fe] +] nao a. (7 and eee, Fan sel by -2 [8] slid Lee, “The final forces inthe members are sum of forces due to extemal loads (F) and T time those due (9 redundant load (2), (ua) am, Ps Fear 12) Step-by-step Methodology In practice, we have to proceed as follows = (2) Choose the member(s) which you consider as redundant, (b) Convert the indeterminate structure to a determinate Primary Structure ty ‘removing the tedundant member(s) (©) Apply to oxtomal loads and calculate sho F forces i tho truce mombors [igure 4.11 (6)] ofthe primary structure (2) Apply the pair of uni toads in direction of the redundant member a its cend:joins (it should be assumed as tensile in the beginning). Calculate the k-forces inthe truss members [Figure 4.11 (c)) 2 (©) Tabolate the cesuts and calculate. and A by summing te sp propite coluas (0 Catt the fore 7 inthe indeterminate member by the Ea, 4.118. (© Caleta tie member frees bythe Ea 4.12) Example 48 Compu the Frcs in the members ofthe iss subjected othe external Had a Stow in Figure 4.12 (a). The area ofthe members in mun? ar ven in bracket. E iseonstant forall the members Solution ‘Step 1 The truss shown in Figu12 (is exterally determinate bots {nternaly statically indeterminate, The degre of indeterminacy, X88 m= (21-3) = 10~[2x6)- 3] = 1. Member CD is chosen a5 edundan aod emoved to form primary strate Step2 Tothe primary structure shown in Figure 4.12), the extemal loads ‘ae applied and the reactions and memes forces Fare determined. ‘YouTtust verity the results by actual caltaton) %elng Lends and fates {ind (r= re Satm a Member) Pigure 12 ‘Al values are tabulated and are given in Table 4.4 Tutte ~—= are j u WT | sore |ieroece | py ee | MESS £ | 3S) mm) | am | om aE 48 |p eraar vx | san | 3000 | aap | 0 ° 89 jens 75 | smo | 300 | -s0 | 0 ° ~st | a sr | 108 He _| cayman Bo | aon] sooo | 209 | as | 708 Poe BE | TE Gomgranne we | so | 2000 | arse | +8 «| ae iz _| compra ce | e000 | 3000 | +009 a | aaa we | como pF | sam] som | ars | 0 ° ~ | se oxgratvo) pe | som | 200 | sae Parr | we | deat w [00 | 90m | +2200 | 0 ° ~ | sae ios rs r @]s0] ao] - [a as) sins =| temo 100‘Step3 Next, we apply unit forces 7 1 at joints C and D of the primary sgucture, along the direction ofthe removed member CD. Reactions land menibers forces kate devermsined (Figure 4.12 (0). ‘Step4 The length (D, cross-sectional area (A), F and k forces for all the vena wheat ye oa ‘each member are calculated in col 6 and 7 and their summations are ‘calculated, (You must verity th calculations ) ‘Step, Now substituting the valves in Eq, (4.11b) withthe proper algebraic for Smneea = 12990 M85 94 2 ra tiving, T= 1738 AN Cento) Step 6 Next the final member forees are calculated by the formula P = F + kT and are tabulate in ol. 8 of Table 44 and shown in Figure 4.128) 38 the final member forces. Choice of a Member asthe Redundant Member ‘In Example 4, we bave chosen member CD as the fedundant member, AS a ‘matter of fat, in such cases, there is mo special preference fora particular member tobe chosen as the redundant member. And any other member chould have been ‘equally chosen as the redundant (for example, BE or BD). However, inthe cases of "ack 4 "ane "herusal stresses wil be tne comvemtent to Gee ie “non-fitting” or “heated/cooled” member as the redundant sac Fin the frees i the members of the tases shown i Figure 4.13 (a) and ¢h), reo eaF [XA de Thy ae iv { 4K Ream a 2: Memers hay the Same (PA and here Double ihe \Cronetion and Sue Materia Croeonal Rea tht of BC eure ats 4.6 EXTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES SUBJECTED TO EXTERNAL LOADS. 1 the redundancy in the pin-jointed truss is extemal, that is due to an extra (redundant) ‘wacton, the problem can be solved onthe same lines as above. The following stops give brief outline : Step Remove the redundant support constrain and make the structure eterminate. In other words, convert it intoa primary structure ‘Step 2. Apply the extemal loads to the primary structure and calculate the ‘member forces F due tit, Also calculate the deflection Ain the direction ofthe removed constraint Page Ped Tres 01ang end and Step3— Apply a unit load in he direction of the removed constraint Calculate iit the member forces k due to it, Also calculate the deflection 8, due to it ‘in he direction ofthe removed constrain, Step 4 Now, if he unknown edundant support oaction is R, then (RB) will be the deflection due to it, But since in the original structure, ther is 1 support movement ate redundant constraint, we must have bo + RB = 0 43) Step § From our previous knowledge, we know that the deflection A, due to external londs is given o> whece Fare the member forces ‘bianed in Step (2) and kare the Member focess caleulatedin Step (3). Simiazly, we know, On substan thes value in a, (3), we st wL + ax[Z] o Fa] Dae 7 Ra- ai) ssiving, sl AE Step Now. the tinal member toroes are the sum of the Forces (ave to external loads) and & times forces (due (0 unit value of redundant) as shown below : . Fake ais) ‘This i lustrated in the next example, Example 46 Pinu the torces tn te members of de pinotnted truss show in Pigute 4.14 (0) 7 subjected to horizontal load of 40 KN acting atthe joint A. The cross-sectional tea of the members BC, CD and AC is 3060 ma, of AB itis 400 sum? and of ‘AD itis 6000 mm. is same forall the members. Solution ‘Step 1 The truss is internally determinate, ie, Xj = {5~(2x4)~3] = 0. Bxtemally, because of the four reaction components Va. Hp, Ve and Vp» there is an indeterminacy X, = (7-3) = 4~3 = 1. Assume the vertical reaction (Ve) atthe roller support at C asthe redundant. To ‘make a primary structure, this roller Support at Cis removed as shown, in Figure 4.14 (0) ‘Step 2 Apply the extemal horizontal load to 40 KN to the primary truss. The forces are show in Figuse 4.14 (b) which can be verified. ‘Step 3 Next, apply the unt redundant force of R= 1 kN downwards atthe reaction potat C, Calculate the &-forces due to this unit loa as shown in Figure 4.14 ©) Step 4 Tabulate the |, A,B, Fand k value as shown in Table 4.5. Calculate the Fa 102Yorlaiso (6) may Strate ace to Ui Redan (4 Fin Member Pres Heine nd at toe System in tar) Table 4s ‘On substituting these values in Eg, (4.15), we get 642, 2207 & - ° Simplifteation of above equation gives R =~ 2.38 kN acting "upwards, as originally it was assumed acting downwards ‘Step § Finally, atthe end, calculate the final members forces by the form F'sAR = F~3.38k a8 tabulated inc0l.8 of Table 4.5. This is also showa in Figure 4.14 ().Relig nds ant Note: ‘If there i a known support movement, 2, the Ey. (4.13) canbe stay ‘modified as follows bot RO (43a) SAQ6 Fi the forcos ae mcenhers cf the top hort ate SO) nt ea. wht nce Hoe Rote tn cernss-fectional area of 3000 mam ‘he draped mass ote ¥en Sectional area, Modulus of elasticity. Fis the sat te the mower at SAQ7 Find the support reactions and the tes the moms Figure 4.14 (a) (Example 46). if die sop D sinks bs 3 the given loading. Take E= 210 000 MPa 4.7 PIN-JOINTED TRUSSES WITH MORE THAN ONE REDUNDANCY Upult now, we had heen dealing with cases of statically indeterminate trusses, where the degree of redundancy was only one. However, quite commonly we meet with cases| ‘where the degrees of redundancy is more than one. Here, the total number of redundant members (X) and redundant reactions (X,) will be more than one, Le. 1 = ie XoL> {n.vch case, you must have as many extra equations as there are total number of ‘redundant (4) for solving the truss. Each one of these equations are obtained from the ‘conditions of compatibility as already stated, which may be explained as below (a) Firstof al, he redundant reactions and members (which are often at our choice) ‘ae ideifed, and numbered Xj, Xo, XS. ee. (@) After removing the redundant, the primary structure (statically determinate) is created (©) The extemal load is aplied to the primary stracture and the deflection, in ia the direction ofthe redundant X;, due to extemal loads only, is calculated.@ © 0 ® o 0 ‘Then, unit loads) 2X and the deflection 81 inthe dieetion of X; 8 calculated. The nctual deflection (uy) dv co the redundant X; willbe (X; 831) Next, unit oad(s), No 1 is applied to de tus in the tection ofthe redundant “Xzand the defietin 8, inthe dicction X; is calculated. The actual deflection ‘Sizi the direction Xj due tothe edundant Xp wll be (Xa x51) ‘This process is repeated forall the redundant so thatthe total deformation inthe direction of Xj due to all the external loads and redundant is now known. 1s aplied othe ssi he direction of redundant Xj Stay neice Thus, Ar = d+Au+dn+dn % Aig Xi XBy1) + (XX 12) + 9X59) 'By applying the principle of consistent deformations, the total of al these {deformations along the direction of X (including te deformation of the reduadant member o¢ movement of edundant suppor, i any) will be equal to 2210, Thats, Ay = Ato (41511) + O81) + WH XBu) +... = 0 (6a ‘This is called the compatibility equation Cor the redundant direction X;, Similarly, the total deformation 4 along the redundant X willbe ero. And A willbe calculated similarly as above, Thus, ‘a = Aro (Xi bat) + 2522) + Ox Bn) +... = 0 (4.168) ‘Tiss the compatibiry equation for the redundant direction X ‘Thos, if there aren number of redundans, we will have n pumber of ‘compatinty equation sumilar to these equations trom which the valves of tne redundants X, XX, ete. canbe found out So the problem reduces to that of solving a set of simultaneous equations ‘Toind out the values of Ayo, Ano». and 61 8y3,.+. and Bay, Biya. the method is same asin de previous cases. That is if (a) Fae the forces inthe ‘primary truss members due to external loads, (ky are te forces duo to unit load X; = 1, and (6) fe the forces due to Xp = , ete, Then, we have the following tetaions Pal Pat Dig Ae ae ar) i kak akst DE, b= DEE, by = Ee ee. (arr) bhi i! fb! ay = DEM = EH ay = EM aire) bl tb pete: You mayan tcc ge Sy corin general, 8) = 8 this is the famous Maxwell's Reciprocal Law which states that “the defléction at du toa unit toad ati equal to the deflection at J ‘veto a unit oad placed at," Hence, you need not io calculate al the coefficients] ‘The final value ofthe member forces (P will be the sum of the effects of the extemal loading and those of the redundants and will be given by Pa F+hX tik ris + (4.18) ‘The actual calculation procedure is explained in the next example, 105