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Notes On Philo: Philos and Sophia - Love of Wisdom
Notes On Philo: Philos and Sophia - Love of Wisdom
Notes On Philo: Philos and Sophia - Love of Wisdom
Common Meanings
- Base on etymological meaning, not purely intellectual activity also a kind of emotion and attitude
Characteristics of Philosophizing
Dynamic – does not stop at certain results; search for truth is a continuous process
Critical – examines and analyzes the assumptions of our frameworks or perspective of things
Creative – leads to the formulation of new and better frameworks or perspectives
Branches of Philosophy
Thematic Types of Philosophy – (theme) Kinds of philosophy that are distinguished from one
another according to the topic of the issues being addressed
Logic – distinguish correct and incorrect forms of reasoning
Epistemology – determining kinds, sources, and conditions of knowledge
Metaphysics – establish whether reality consist of physical objects or non-physical only
or both
Ethics – identifying standard for making and clarifying meaning of moral judgments
Aesthetics – determining the criteria for judgments about beauty
Social and Political Philosophy – legitimizing the existence of state
A statement (proposition) refers to a linguistic expression whose function is to advance a certain claim.
Beliefs are the mental expressions of our claims
Kinds of Truth
Rational Truth Empirical Truth
The truth of a belief or a statement is The truth of a belief or a statement is
established by means of reason (inference established by means of sense experience
or analysis of concept) (experience thru 5 organs)
Contingent Truth Necessary Truth
The truth of a belief or a statement is not The truth of a belief or a statement is true
true in all possible situations in all possible situations
Objective Truth Subjective Truth
The truth of a belief or a statement is not a The truth of a belief or a statement is a dependent
dependent on individuality on the attitudes, or interest of a person
Universal Truth Relative Truth
The truth of a belief or a statement is The truth of a belied or a statement is
acknowledged by everyone acknowledged only by some people
Theories of Truth, explaining what makes a statement or belief true
Correspondence – examining whether it represents a fact observable around us
Coherence – examining whether it coheres to the rules of a relevant system
Pragmatism – examining the consequences of holding or accepting the belief
Methods of Truth
Observation – used to check is a belief about an observable fact in the world, correctly represents the
fact in the world
Internal -> observation of our own thoughts and feelings
External -> observation of things outside our mind or using five senses
Reasoning – process of establishing the truth of a statement by means of reason, critical thinking, or
inference
Intuition – directly grasping the truth even without observation or reasoning
Mystical Experience – knowing something which cannot be known by usual method; observation and
reasoning
Appeal to Authority – form of testimony of a reliable eyewitness, info provided by an appropriate
expert
Truth Condition
- Knowledge is a kind of relationship with the truth – to have access with a fact
Belief Condition
- General idea of this is you only believe what you believe
Justification Condition
- A belief to be plausibly true, it must be formed properly
Forms of non-knowledge
Opinion
- An unjustified belief that may turn out to be true
- A claim based on insufficient evidence
Guess
- Unjustified belief that can be true or untrue
- A claim without any evidence at all
NOTES ON PHILO
Module 2: Human Person/Freedom/Accountability
Metaphysical
Existential Approach
SOUL/
BODY SPIRIT
MIND
Plato
The body and the soul are 2 separate components, not united
o Believes in ideal world and physical world
o Soul (original/perfect of yourself) first existed in the ideal world
Disembodied Spirit View by Descartes
Vegetative Soul
Nourishment – the ability to make their own food or nourish themselves; Photosynthesis
Growth – developing physically; from seed to plant to tree
Reproduction – Reproduce through asexual and sexual reproduction; grafting, pollination
Sentient Soul
Rational Soul
Give definitions to yourself, dream you want and what people you want to think about
yourself
Being-alongside other entities
The involvement has the character of considerateness; you feel the happiness
A human person feels empathy towards another human person
Example:
Politicians feel empathy to citizens who are in need
TRANSCENDENCE
Freedom Determinism
The ability of a human person to make The view that all events are caused by
choices and do actions to carry out these previous events or conditions along
choices with the laws of nature
Conditions of Accountability
Rights are entitlements or interests one is allowed or permitted to pursue, things a person may
or may not do.
Classified as
Negative rights
o Impose a duty of non-interference on others
o not to interfere in the exercise of rights
o di pakikielaman ng ibang tao; Article 4 and 23
Positive rights
o non-interference and provision
o provide necessary conditions and resources for the exercise of rights
o wag pakialam and magprovide; Article 22
Membership in a group is what gives an individual a certain kind of rights and duties
Classified as
Contractual rights are rights a person acquires when enter a contract or an agreement with
another party
Formal contracts are written in the rights and duties of the parties involved are
clearly specified in some document
Informal contracts are unwritten agreements in that the rights and duties of the
parties involved are merely implied or assumed
Legal rights are rights that a person possesses by virtue of his/her citizenship – acquired by
birth or by choice
Human rights are rights all human persons possess simply by virtue of being human
Differ from contractual and legal which are created by humans and institutions
Universal in that all human person have the same human rights in the same degree
Differ from contractual and legal which in both content and degree of possession
from one context to another
Inalienable in that human rights cannot be taken away from human persons,
contractual and legal can be taken away
Promoting Human Welfare
Ethics moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity
Non-hedonistic
Good consequences are not just pleasure but also in terms of acquisition of knowledge
and power
o Establishment of good relationship and satisfaction of interests
Utilitarianism
The action is good if it maximize the aggregate good or welfare of all affected persons
The action is good if it promotes the greatest number of people
Distributive Justice
Justice in distributing benefits and burdens
Retributive justice
Justice in imposing punishments and penalties and penalties on those who have been
found guilty of wrongdoing
Compensatory Justice
Justice in compensating or paying people for what they have lost as a result of being
recipient of wrongful acts
Egalitarianism
A just distribution is one in which every member of the group receives an equal share in
the distribution
o Political and economic
Capitalist justice
A just distribution is one in which every member of a group receives his/her share in the
distribution in proportion to his/her contribution to success of the goals of the group
Socialist justice
A just distribution is one in which every member of the group receives his/her share in
the distribution in proportion to his/her needs
Justice as fairness
A just distribution is one in which the principle that governs the distribution is chosen in
a fair manner
o Original, position; veil of ignorance
Libertarianism
A just distribution is one in which no moral rights are violated by in acquiring
ownership of the good to be distributed and transferring the ownership of the goods
Utilitarianism
A just distribution is one that increases the aggregate happiness or welfare of all affected
persons