Conversation Analysis, Interactional Sociolinguistics Analysis, and Critical Discourse

Analysis ( slide 1)

1. Conversation Analysis
Definition

-Conversation Analysis (commonly abbreviated as CA) is an approach to the study of social

interaction, embracing both verbal and non-verbal conduct, in situations of everyday life.

-As its name implies, CA began with a focus on casual but its methods were subsequently adapted to
embrace more task- and institution-centered interactions, such as those occurring in doctors' offices,
courts, law enforcement, educational settings, and the mass media. (slide 2)

(penejlasan tidak di masukan di ppt tapi di baca A major area of study in the analysis of discourse is
conversational analysis. Conversational analysis looks at ordinary everyday spoken discourse and
aims to understand, from a fine- grained analysis of the conversation, how people manage their
interactions. It also looks at how social relations are developed through the use of spoken discourse)

The Development of CA

-CA was developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s principally by the sociologist Harvey Sacks and
his close associates Emanuel Schegloff & Gail Jefferson.

-Today CA is an established method used in sociology, anthropology, linguistics, speech-

communication and psychology. (slide 3)

(penejlasan tidak di masukan di ppt tapi di baca It is particularly influential in interactional

sociolinguistics, discourse analysis and discursive psychology.)

2. Interactional sociolinguistics

Definition

Interactional sociolinguistics (IS) is an approach to discourse analysis that has its origin in the search
for replicable methods of qualitative analysis that account for our ability to interpret what
participants intend to convey in everyday communicative practice. It is well known that
conversationalists always rely on knowledge that goes beyond grammar and lexicon to make
themselves heard. But how such knowledge affects understanding is still not sufficiently understood.
( slide 4)

The interactional sociolinguistic approach to discourse analysis is multidisciplinary: It concerns the

study of the relationships between language, culture and society and has its roots in Anthropology,
Sociology and Linguistics.” (Alba-Juez, 2009) (slide 5 )

(penejlasan tidak di masukan di ppt tapi di baca The main idea behind sociolinguistics of
interpersonal communication is that speakers are members of social and cultural groups, and as
such, the way they use language not only reflects their group identity but also provides indices of
who they are, what they want to communicate, and how skilful they are in doing so.)

A. Politeness (Goffman 1967) saves the hearers "face."

example:

You see a cup of pens on your teachers desk and youwant to use one. Would you say:
A) "Ooh, I want to use one of those!
Answer : the Bald-On-Record strategy; no effort to minimize threats to your teacher’s "face”

B) "So, is it O.K. if I use one of those pens?"

Answer : the Positive Politeness strategy; you recognize that your teacher has a desire to be
respected and it also confirms that the relationship is friendly and expresses group reciprocity.

C) "Im sorry to bother you but, I just wanted to ask you if I could use one of those pens?"
Answer: the Negative Politeness strategy; you recognize that you are in some way imposing
on her. Some other examples would be to say, "I dont want to bother you but..."

D) "Hmm, I sure could use a blue pen right now.

Answer : Off-Record/ Indirect strategy; trying not to directly impose by asking for a pen; you
would rather it be offered to you once the teacher realizes you need one (slide 6)

B. Contextualization Cues (Gumperz 1982)

-signaling mechanisms used by speakers to indicate how they mean what they say

-recognized by listeners through conversational inference and interpreted through their own
culturally- shaped background knowledge.

-prosodic (like intonation, stress, pitch register)

-paralinguistic (like tempo, pausing, hesitation) in nature (slide 7)

Examle:

TEACHER: James, what does this word say?

JAMES: I dont know. (with final rising intonation)

 teacher interprets "I dont know" reply : James does not want to try to answer the question
(Schiffrin, 1994a)
 context in Jamess African-American community: rising intonation conveys the desire for
encouragement.

teacher is unable to retrieve the contextualization presuppositions needed to accurately interpret

James’ use of rising intonation in his message from (Gumperz, 1982) (slide 8)

3. CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

definition
• Explores the connections between the use of language and the social and political contexts in
which it occurs.

• It explores issues such as gender, ethnicity, cultural difference, ideology and identity and how
these are both constructed and reflected in texts. (slide 9)

Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis

Some principles for CDA:

a) Social and political issues are constructed and reflected in discourse

b) Power relations are negotiated and performed through discourse

c) Discourse both reflects and reproduces social relations

d) Ideologies are produced and reflected in the use of discourse (slide 10)

Doing Critical Discourse Analysis

According to Rodgers (2004:2) “Critical discourse analysis includes not only a description in context,
but also offers an explanation of why and how discourse work.”

• The analysis may consider:

• The framing of the text

• The notion of foregrounding

• Topicalized of the sentences in the text

• The agent patient relations in discourse (slide 11)

Critical Discourse Analysis and Framing

A further way of doing a critical analysis is to examine the way in which the content of a text is
framed

Critical Discourse Analysis and Multimodality

• Many readings of the texts are constructed not just by the use of words by the combination of
words other modality, such as pictures, films, or video images and sounds

Critical Discourse Analysis and Identity

• The issue of how identity is constructed in the of discourse. (slide 12)

Critical Discourse Analysis & The World Wide Web

• Many works of critical discourse analysis use texts from world wide web

• There are some problems in using material from the world wide

• Source

• Authority

• Author

• More than just words

There are some advantages in using material from world wide web

• Easy to find

• A lot of relevant data

• Can be used in research rorpus based (slide 13)