II.

PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Problems of the Third World Countries

A. Diseases/Health
One of the many struggles of many people in Third World Country is in line with
health. Despite some progress during the past years, health status indicators for
developing countries are still shabby.
To begin with, what are Health Status Indicators? Health status indicators are a set
of surveillance data that has been analyzed in a way that permits assessment of the
health status of the population so that public health priorities and actions can be
appropriately identified. Examples of these are:
 Life Expectancy - Average number of years that a person can expect to live
in "full health" by taking into account years lived in less than full health due
to disease and/or injury.

 Mortality Rate - provide a crude but simple way to assess health conditions;
the source of information are death certificates where the underlying cause
of death is coded. The reliability of mortality data depends on the
completeness and accuracy of the vital registration system of the country.

The health status is reflected in the economic situation of a place. Many people in the
Third World Countries battle against malnutrition, diseases, and ill health.
 Malnutrition - a serious condition that happens when your diet does not
contain the right amount of nutrients. It means "poor nutrition" and can refer to:
o undernutrition – not getting enough nutrients
o overnutrition – getting more nutrients than needed

October last year, The State of the World’s Children: Children,

Food and Nutrition revealed that one in three Filipino children under five
years old are stunted, which means they are too short for their age, while
roughly 7 per cent of children are too thin for their height. Moreover, a
tenth of Filipino adolescents are now overweight. Increased vulnerability to
disease due to poor health-seeking behavior, incomplete immunization,
poor hygiene and care practices, and inadequate diet – both in quantity
and quality – causes undernutrition in early childhood.

The Philippine Government recognizes that malnutrition remains a

significant public health concern in the country. Stunting is now seen as
one of the major impediments to human development and is recognized
as a well-established marker of poor child development.

In response, the Government has developed strategies and targets

through the Philippine Plan of Action on Nutrition (PPAN) 2017-2022. The
country also passed RA 11148 or the Kalusugan at Nutrisyon ng Mag-
Nanay Act, or the First 1,000 Days Law, which aims to end stunting and all
forms of malnutrition through sound investments and comprehensive
strategies.

In line with this, UNICEF builds on their experience in policies and

laws to improve the government’s coordination, planning and budgeting
systems. UNICEF supports the government to implement integrated
approaches in the areas of social protection, child protection, health,
hygiene and sanitation, nutrition and early childhood care and
development.

The effects on human health

Besides undernutrition, malnutrition also includes micronutrient-
deficient diets and overweight and obesity. Chronic malnutrition can have
serious, often life-threatening, health consequences, especially for
children.

 Undernutrition can lead to physical and cognitive stunting, and

makes children more susceptible to infectious diseases.
 Micronutrient deficiencies can cause severe illnesses and physical
impairments, including anemia, mental retardation, blindness, and
spinal and brain birth defects.
 Overweight and obesity increase the risk of type 2 diabetes,
hypertension, stroke, heart disease, cancer, joint problems and gall
bladder problems.

The effects on social and economic development

 Malnutrition keeps people from reaching their full potential.
Malnourished children underperform in school, limiting their future job
opportunities. Malnourished adults are less able to work, contribute to
local economies, and provide care for their families. Malnourished mothers
are more likely to have underweight children, who will in turn have a
higher risk of physical and cognitive impairment. This perpetuates a cycle
of poverty and economic stagnation.

The cost of malnutrition is

high, but investing in solutions
can improve nutritional
outcomes long term. Recent
research showed that
investing US$1.2 billion
annually in micronutrient
supplements, food fortification
and biofortification of staple
crops for five years would generate annual benefits of US$15.3 billion, a benefit-to-
cost ratio of almost 13 to 1, and would result in better health, fewer deaths and
increased future earnings (SOFA 2013).
Healthy diets and good nutrition start with food and agriculture—improved food
systems can provide a wider variety of nutritious foods at more affordable prices.
Many of these food system changes must be directed by coordinated nutrition
policies from governments. However, consumers can also improve their personal
health by making smart dietary choices.

 Diseases and Ill Health

Every year around ten million people in poorer countries die of illnesses
that can be very cheaply prevented or managed, including malaria, HIV,
tuberculosis and diarrhea. Tens of millions more suffer from persistent
undernutrition or parasitic diseases that cause them to be less mentally and
physically capable than they otherwise would be.
These diseases cause unnecessary suffering and death both to victims and
their families. They also lead to a range of other negative effects:

 Lower educational attainment.

 Lethargy and reduced ability to think and work.
 Worse health later in life.
  Higher birth rates to compensate for infant mortality.

What’s most needed to contribute to this problem?

Deliver basic health services to all people who have or are at risk of
contracting easily prevented contagious diseases. For example:

 Get all children to receive the basic schedule of vaccinations (currently

around 85% do).
 Get everyone exposed to malaria sleeping under bednets. Currently a
bit over half of people in the relevant parts of Africa have access to
bednets.
 Get all TB cases treated – currently at least a third are not diagnosed.
 Ensure everyone has access to clean drinking water – currently at least
a billion people do not.

Philippines Health Care

According to Investopedia, the country’s government has allocated $3.2
billion to the health sector. That is an increase of 12% from the budget for 2019.
According to Healthcare Asia, approximately $1.3 billion (PHP67.4 billion) went to
the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, $1.1 billion (PHP59.6 billion) went to
hospital services, and the remaining $670 million (PHP34.2 billion) went to public
health services.
The funds will allow the country’s Department of Health (DOH) to build
and upgrade medical infrastructure nationwide. The department will also address
the scarcity of employed health personnel across public health facilities,
particularly in hard to reach areas.
The demand for healthcare in Southeast Asia as a whole is rapidly
increasing thanks to population growth rates.
Another challenge facing many countries in Southeast Asia is the chronic
shortage of medical personnel.

According to the Asian Review, every year, the Philippines loses

approximately 13,000 healthcare workers who go abroad to work. In 2020, the
Philippines prohibited doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals from
leaving to work overseas because the nation was grappling with the coronavirus.
 Also, the Philippines has a universal health coverage system called
PhilHealth (the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation), a government
organization attached to the Department of Health. The agency’s mandate is “to
provide health insurance coverage and ensure affordable, acceptable, available,
and accessible healthcare services for all citizens of the Philippines.” The system
is designed to be a way for the healthy to help pay for the care of the sick, and for
those who can afford medical care to subsidize those who can’t. Premiums vary
based on age and income.
Developmental and reproductive health indicators in developing countries are still
deplorable, and adverse health consequences have been linked to poor socio
-economic growth and development. Healthcare problems in developing countries are
multifaceted and result from a combination of factors, socio -cultural, economic, political
as well as poor planning and/or poor implementation of health policies and programs.
Also, there is the problem of availability, accessibility, affordability, sustainability of
services and weak referral systems.

B. Poverty
Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial
resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. Poverty means that the
income level from employment is so low that basic human needs can't be met.

Classified into two:

 Poverty
Anyone who lives below the international poverty line and survives on less than $1.90
per day.
 Extreme Poverty
People living on $1.25 or less a day are severely deprived of basic human needs and
often do not have access to service aids.

Causes
1. Inadequate access to clean water and nutritious food
2. Little or no access to livelihoods or jobs
3. Conflict
4. High volume of Inequality
5. Poor or low level of education
6. Climate change
7. Lack of infrastructure
8. Limited capacity of the government
 9. Political factors - some countries are at war or the government may be corrupt
10. Increased population rates

Impacts of Poverty

Inability to Afford Housing

With poverty plaguing the country and employment opportunities being scarce, many
Filipinos are unable to afford housing, which puts them in danger of turning to the
streets for accommodation. In 2012, extreme poverty within the Philippines affected
19.2 percent of the population or around 18.4 million people.

This poverty line survived on $1.25 a day, making it extremely difficult to rise out of
poverty and find affordable housing for Filipinos and their families.

Malnutrition

Hunger is one of the extreme effects of poverty in the Philippines. With little money to
buy food, Filipinos are having to survive on very limited food; even when food supplies
are stable, they are most accessible in other areas where people have enough income
to purchase the food.

And with such an unequal distribution of income, there is a low demand for food
supplies in less developed areas that are home to low-income residents. The quality of
food is also decreasing — rice used to be the main source of food for Filipinos, but now
it has largely been replaced with instant noodles, which is cheaper but less nutritious.
As a result, malnutrition has become a lot more common.

Child Labor

With poverty taking a toll on Filipinos, parents often can’t make enough money to
support their families; children then have to be taken out of school to work in harsh
conditions. Statistics show that around 3.6 million children, from ages 5-17, are child
laborers in the Philippines. This is 15.9 percent of the entire population.

Crime and Thievery

With conditions so troublesome, people often resort to crime and thievery to survive.
Research found that one of the overwhelming reasons to steal is due to difficulties
caused by poverty. Without proper employment, people turn to stealing, especially since
family sizes are rather large, and there are a lot of people to provide for.
There are too many people and not enough resources. And with such conditions,
people become desperate and practice drastic measures to provide for themselves and
their families.

Poverty rate in the Philippines 2020

The World Bank had estimated the Philippines' poverty incidence at 23.1
percent in 2017 and 21.9 percent in 2018. In its latest report, the World Bank saw the
poverty rate in the Philippines further declining to 19.8 percent in 2020 and 18.7
percent in 2021.

How Poverty is measured?

This is measured by comparing a person's or family's income to a
set poverty threshold or minimum amount of income needed to cover basic needs.
People whose income falls under their threshold are considered poor.

Effective Ways to Reduce Poverty

1. Develop and implement rapid and sustained economic growth policies and
programs, in areas such as health, education, nutrition and sanitation, allowing the
poor to participate and contribute to the growth. Studies show that a 10 percent
increase in a country’s average income reduces poverty by as much as 20-30
percent.
2. Improve management of water and other natural resources. Most of the rural
poor depend on agriculture or other natural resources for their livelihood.
Consequently, it is necessary that they have more equitable access to those
resources so they are better able to manage their resources.
3. Invest in and implement agricultural programs. China has helped 800 million
people out of poverty since 1978. As a part of its strategy to eradicate poverty by
2020, the Agricultural Bank of China will lend more than $400 billion to help develop
rural areas, fund education, infrastructure, and crop production.
4. Encourage countries to engage in trade as a path out of poverty. Trade is
the key to growth and prosperity. Some of the world’s poorest countries
including Indonesia, Botswana and Brazil have traded their way out of poverty.
5. Create and improve access to jobs and income and develop entrepreneurial
talent.
6. Providing all people with access to basic social services including education,
health care, adequate food, sanitation, shelter and clean water.
 7. Progressively developing social protection systems to support those who
cannot support themselves.
8. Empower people living in poverty by involving them in the development and
implementation of plans and programs to reduce and eradicate poverty. Their
involvement ensures that programs reflect those things that are important to them.
9. Remove barriers to equal access to resources and services.
10. Provide access to technology and innovation including internet access
and affordable energy. In Bangladesh, only 40 percent of the rural poor have
access to grid electricity. Those that do have access endure frequent power
outages. The Second Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development
Project plans to increase access to electricity in rural areas via renewable energy
sources.

C. Education
Education gives us a knowledge of the world around us and changes it into
something better. It develops in us a perspective of looking at life. It helps us build
opinions and have points of view on things around us. However, in most developing
countries, few children graduate from secondary school and many don’t even finish
primary school. This greatly affects their lives as well as to the community. The following
are the most reasons of this:

 A lack of funding for education

Cuts to education spending affect all aspects of students’ academic experience,
from the condition of the school building to the courses offered and the teachers in the
classroom. Midcareer teachers often struggle to afford a home and pay for their basic
necessities, especially if they live in high-cost areas. Many take on second jobs to
support themselves and their families, some may also choose doing other business
more compared to be a teacher with low salaries. Because of this, some of the third
world countries are suffering from acute teacher shortages. In many cases, this has led
states to revert to substitute and emergency credentials in order to ensure that students
have someone—no matter how unqualified—in front of their classrooms.

 Shortage of classrooms or school buildings

A child cannot learn properly without a proper environment and with a proper
equipment. Students should be able to learn in a safe and comfortable environment.
Children in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa are often squeezed into overcrowded
classrooms, classrooms that are falling apart, or are learning outside. They also lack
textbooks, school supplies, and other tools they need to excel. Poor school conditions,
for instance, can have negative effects on student learning. It’s not just a lack of
classrooms that’s the problem, but also all the basic facilities you would expect a school
to have — like running water and toilets. When girls don’t have access to safe toilets,
they are often harassed or attacked when looking for a private place to go. Girls also
miss or drop out of school when they begin menstruating if they don’t have the
sanitation facilities or sanitary products to manage their periods with pride and dignity.
Despite the desire to go to school, there are also areas that do not have a nearby
school. Some cannot go to school because of the distance and they do not have
enough money for getting an apartment. These places are usually in the countryside
wherein houses are like miles away from each other.

 A lack of learning materials

Outdated and worn-out textbooks are often shared by six or more students in many
parts of the world. Workbooks, exercise sheets, readers, and other core materials to
help students learn their lessons are in short supply. Teachers also need materials to
help prepare their lessons, share with their students, and guide their lessons. During
this days of Covid-19 Pandemic, the lack of learning materials of both students and
teachers is in a severe condition. Many families are not prepared financially and
technologically for online learning. Some can’t afford the computers or even smart
phones needed, or to subscribe to Wi-Fi providers and master the use of the technology
involved within a short two months. These have resulted numerous of students decided
to stop schooling.

 Overworked and underpaid teaching staff

The fact that teachers are paid subsistence wages is only half of their sad story.
Their daily bout with dilapidated classrooms, overcrowded classes, and lack of teaching
materials, among others, make the teachers hardly rewarded work even more difficult.
Most of the teachers don't even get to go home and relax after an 8-hour day; the
average teacher works 12-hour days with grading, after-school activities, meetings with
parents, and lots of other very grueling tasks. Some teachers are also have been forced
to pay for printing and reproduction of learning materials using their own money. While
teachers are greatly exhausted from too much work, most of them just received salaries
that are not enough, it will be even deducted because of taxes which made them
perpetual captives of debt slavery.

 Exclusion of children with disabilities

Despite the fact that education is a universal human right, being denied access to
school is common for the world’s 93 to 150 million children with disabilities. In some of
the world’s poorest countries, up to 95% of children with disabilities are out of school.
Students with disabilities have lower attendance rates and are more likely to be out of
school or leave school before completing primary education. Combination of
discrimination, lack of training in inclusive teaching methods among teachers, and a
lack of accessible schools leave this group uniquely vulnerable to being denied their
right to education.

 The expense of education

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights makes clear that every child has the right to
a free basic education, so that poverty and lack of money should not be a barrier to
schooling. In many developing countries, over the last several, decades, governments
have announced the abolition of school fees and as a result, they have seen impressive
increases in the number of children going to school. But for many of the poorest
families, school remains too expensive and children are forced to stay at home doing
chores or work themselves. They are still suffering because they are still forced to pay
“compulsory items” like uniforms, books, pens, extra lessons, exam fees, or funds to
support the school buildings.

 Living in a country in conflict or at risk of conflict

There are many casualties of any war, and education systems are often destroyed.
Children exposed to violence are more at risk of under-achieving and dropping out of
school. Nearly 250 million children are living in countries affected by conflicts. More than
75 million children and young people aged 3 to 18 are currently in urgent need of
educational support in crisis-affected countries. Conflict prevents governments from
functioning, teachers and students often flee their homes, and continuity of learning is
greatly disrupted. Without support, conflict-affected children lose out on the chance to
reach their full potential and rebuild their communities.

Preventive Measures for the problems in education

 Reduce the cost of education, still, invest acceptable salaries for the teachers.
 Establish more schools and work on their basic facilities, especially in rural
areas.
 Improve educational resources for both teachers and students.
 Provide Better Training for the Teachers.
 Target the funds of the school more in the necessities.

D. Population
 The rapid increase in population is now occurring in developing countries. In the
Philippines, according to Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital, 13,000 babies are born
every year.
Abortion is illegal in the Philippines yet 500,000 women result to abortion each
year. About 100,000 teenagers result to complications and some lead to death. These
may have reduced the number of increasing population but on the other hand these are
also roots for another crisis.
The relationship between population growth and economic development has been a
recurrent theme in economic analysis since at least 1798 when Thomas Malthus
famously argued that population growth would depress living standards in the long run.
Given the complex nature of the population problem, efforts must be made to implement
the following preventive measures:

 Sex education
 Access to birth control and contraceptives
 More intensive information and education campaigns
 Family planning promotion
 Improvements in education, health, and social conditions for high fertility
populations
 Rapid progress in technology

i. Demand for Education

 More Teachers Needed

The higher the population of school age people in a society, the more teachers are
needed to teach these students.

 School Overcrowding

All buildings are built with a specific number of occupants in mind. In schools that
experience an increase of population, this number can be exceeded. This can cause
serious school overcrowding which can cause negative feelings among the students.

 Funding Issues

Schools need funds from the community to exist. Those communities that have
experienced a population growth without an economic growth may find resistance in the
funding of the school. This can lead to a lack of funding and insufficient funds to provide
enrichment activities to the students.

 Continued Education
Negative attitudes about schooling can carry on through a student's life, resulting in a
lower chance for that student to attend college or other extended education. This lowers
the earning potential of the student, resulting in a possible poverty situation. Correcting
the issues of population growth in the educational system is necessary to encourage
continued learning

ii. Child Labor

Child Labor is defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their
potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It
refers to work that:

 is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children;

and/or
 interferes with their schooling by: depriving them of the opportunity to attend
school; obliging them to leave school prematurely; or requiring them to attempt to
combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work.
The worst forms of child labor involves children being enslaved, separated from
their families, exposed to serious hazards and illnesses and/or left to fend for
themselves on the streets of large cities – often at a very early age.
Whilst child labor takes many different forms, a priority is to eliminate without delay
the worst forms of child labor as defined by Article 3 of International Labour
Organization (ILO) Convention No. 182:

 all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and trafficking
of children, debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory labor, including
forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict;
 the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of or for
pornographic performances;
 the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for the
production and trafficking od drugs as defined in the relevant international
treaties;
 work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely
to harm the health, safety or morals of children.
 Hazardous child labor or hazardous work is the work which, by its nature or
the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or morals
of children.
Guidance for governments on some hazardous work activities which should be
prohibited is given by Article 3 of ILO Recommendation No. 190:

 work which exposes children to physical, psychological or sexual abuse;

 work underground, under water, at dangerous heights or in confined spaces;
 work with dangerous machinery, equipment and tools, or which involves the
manual handling or transport of heavy loads;
 work in an unhealthy environment which may, for example, expose children to
hazardous substances, agents or processes, or to temperatures, noise levels, or
vibrations damaging to their health;
 work under particularly difficult conditions such as work for long hours or during
the night or work where the child is unreasonably confined to the premises of the
employer.
The Current State of Child Labor
It is estimated that globally there are 218 million child laborers aged 5 to 17 with
152 million of these children working under hazardous conditions.

 73 million of these children are below 10 years old.

 The highest number of child laborers is in sub-Saharan Africa.
 The number of children in armed conflicts have risen to 300,000 over the past
decade.
 Most children work on farms that produce consumer products such as cocoa,
coffee, cotton, rubber and other crops.
 20 million child workers are employed in factories that make garments, carpets,
toys, matches and hand-rolled cigarettes.

Current Laws on Child Labor

1. In 1990, the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of a Child
which was ratified by 193 countries.

 The Convention explains who children are, all their rights, and the
responsibilities of governments. All the rights are connected, they are all
equally important and they cannot be taken away from children.
2. In 1999, the ILO led the Worst Forms Convention, signed by 151 countries,
which prohibits the worst forms of child labor such as: 
  Debt Bondage
 Child Trafficking
 All forms of Slavery or Slavery-like practices
 Forced Recruitment of Children in Armed Conflict
 Prostitution
 Production of Pornography
 Drug Production and Trafficking
 Any Hazardous Work

The Impact of Child Labor on Economic Growth

1. Impact on child development - Education
The more prevalent child labor in a country, the less educated its future
workers will be.
2. Impact on child development – Health
High levels of child employment may have lingering effects throughout the
working child’s lifetime through both diminished education and lasting physical
and mental health challenges.
3. Poverty persistence – Child labor breeds child labor
Child laborers are more likely to be parents of child laborers themselves.
The impact of having a parent who was a child laborer increases the probability
that the child works.
4. Poverty persistence – Child labor depresses unskilled wages
Child labor is unskilled labor. Hence, everything else equal, a country with
an abundance of child labor has an abundance of unskilled labor. Unskilled jobs
tend to have lower wages, and supply and demand pressures imply that more
abundant unskilled labor depresses wages further.
5. Poverty persistence – Child labor discourages the adoption of skill intensive
technologies
Child labor deters technological investment if it reduces human capital
levels through decreased education. Even without decreasing education directly,
more abundant unskilled labor induces the adoption of production methods that
are unfavorable to skill accumulation.
iii. Fertility
Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring. As a measure, fertility rate is
the number of offspring born per mating pair, individual or population. Fertility rates in
developing countries remain high due to lack of access to contraceptives and generally
lower levels of female education. Early marriages foster high fertility rates, which
includes teenage pregnancy as a factor. Approximately 12 million girls aged 15–19
years and at least 777,000 girls under 15 years give birth each year in developing
regions and at least 10 million unintended pregnancies occur each year among
adolescent girls aged 15–19 years. From the number of babies born per year in the
Philippines, more than 2,000 of them are from teenagers. Teenage pregnancy causes
the government and state to cost a lot to productivity in terms that teenagers who are
not able to finish high school or college can no longer contribute to formal economy.
Causes of Teenage Pregnancy:

 Lack of knowledge about sex

 Lack of supervision
 Doesn't avail contraceptives
 Early engagement in pornography
 Sex coercion/Victims of Rape

Fertility rates will remain high unless the educational, health, and social environment
in which these families live are improved.

iv. Gender Gap

The gender gap – is the difference between women and men as reflected in social,
political, intellectual, cultural, or economic attainments or attitude
There are four in general zones of imbalance among people in 130 economies around
the world, over 93% of the total populace:

 Economic interest and opportunity – results on wages, cooperation levels and

admittance to high-talented work
 Educational achievement – results on admittance to fundamental and more
significant education level
 Political empowerment – results on portrayal in decision-making dynamic
structures
 Health and Survival – results on life expectancy and sex proportion. For this
situation equality isn't accepted, there are thought to be less female births than
male (944 female for each 1,000 guys), and men are expected to bite the dust
 more prematurely. Given that women live in any event six percent longer than
men, equality is expected. In any case, on the off chance that it is under six
percent it considers a gender gap.

Decreasing the gender gap, development methodologies:

 changing the way of life of work to underline work–life balance

 deterring the isolation of sexes into explicit occupations
 strongly upholding anti-discrimination laws
 requiring more straightforwardness in compensation data
 passing practically identical worth laws that guarantee women are paid
equivalent to men in similarly important positions, or with comparable instruction
or aptitude levels
 addressing the appropriation of unpaid consideration work in the family unit by
making it simpler and more moderate for couples to invest more time at home,
for example, through the arrangement of paid family leave.

Subsidiary Topics:

 Raising the lowest pay permitted by law

 Guaranteeing paid days off
 Guaranteeing paid family leave
 Ensuring laborers can get the hours they need, and improving employer's
booking rehearses
 Increasing retirement security
 Regularizing undocumented specialists

E. Agriculture
The Philippines is still primarily an agricultural country despite the plan to make it
an industrialized economy by 2000. Most citizens still live in rural areas and support
themselves through agriculture. The country's agriculture sector is made up of 4 sub-
sectors: farming, fisheries, livestock, and forestry (the latter 2 sectors are very small),
which together employ 39.8 percent of the labor force and contribute 20 percent of
GDP.
 The country's main agricultural crops are rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane,
bananas, pineapple, coffee, mangoes, tobacco, and abaca (a banana-like plant).
Secondary crops include peanut, cassava, camote (a type of rootcrop), garlic, onion,
cabbage, eggplant, calamansi (a variety of lemon), rubber, and cotton.
The year 1998 was a bad year for agriculture because of adverse weather
conditions. Sector output shrank by 8.3 percent, but it posted growth the following year.
Yet, hog farming and commercial fishing posted declines in their gross revenues in
1999. The sector is burdened with low productivity for most of its crops.
The Philippines exports its agricultural products around the world, including the
United States, Japan, Europe, and ASEAN countries. Major export products are
coconut oil and other coconut products, fruits and vegetables, bananas, and prawns.
Other exports include the Cavendish banana, Cayenne pineapple, tuna, seaweed, and
carrageenan. 
The value of coconut-product exports amounted to US$989 million in 1995 but
declined to US$569 million by 2000.
Imported agricultural products include unmilled wheat and meslin, oilcake and
other soybean residues, malt and malt flour, urea, flour, meals and pellets of fish,
soybeans and whey.
One of the most pressing concerns of the agricultural sector is the rampant
conversion of agricultural land into golf courses, residential subdivisions, and industrial
parks or resorts. 
In 1993 the nation was losing irrigated rice lands at a rate of 2,300 hectares per
year. Small land-holders find it more profitable to sell their land to developers in
exchange for cash, especially since they lack capital for seeds, fertilizers, pesticides,
and wages for hiring workers to plant and harvest the crops. 
Another concern is farmers' continued reliance on chemical-based fertilizers or
pesticides that have destroyed soil productivity over time. In recent years however,
farmers have been slowly turning to organic fertilizer, or at least to a combination of
chemical and organic inputs.
Environmental damage is another major concern. Coral-reef destruction,
pollution of coastal and marine resources, mangrove forest destruction, and siltation
(the clogging of bodies of water with silt deposits) are significant problems.
The agriculture sector has not received adequate resources for the funding of
critical programs or projects, such as the construction of efficient irrigation systems.
According to the World Bank, the share of irrigated crop land in the Philippines
averaged only about 19.5 percent in the mid-1990s, compared with 37.5 percent for
China, 24.8 percent for Thailand, and 30.8 percent for Vietnam. In the late 1990s, the
government attempted to modernize the agriculture sector with the Medium Term
Agricultural Development Plan and the Agricultural Fisheries Modernization Act.
The fisheries sector is divided into 3 sub-sectors: commercial, municipal, and
aquaculture.
In 1995, the Philippines contributed 2.2 million tons, or 2 percent of total world
catch, ranking it twelfth among the top 80 fish-producing countries. In the same year,
the country also earned the distinction of being the fourth biggest producer of seaweed
and ninth biggest producer of world aquaculture products.
In 1999 the fisheries sector contributed P80.4 billion at current prices, or 16
percent of gross value added in agriculture. Total production in 1999 reached 2.7 million
tons. Aquaculture contributed the most, with 949,000 tons, followed closely by
commercial fishing with 948,000 tons, and municipal fisheries with 910,000 tons.
Domestic demand for fish is substantial, with average yearly fish consumption at 36kg
per person compared to a 12kg figure for consumption of meat and other food products.

F. Industrialization
Industrialization is the development of industries in a country or region on a wide
scale.
Industrialization Preference
1. Light Industries

 industries producing consumption goods (weaving, shoemaking, etc)

 food industries (sugar, oil, soap, canning)
 light engineering (households, radio-television sets, watches, etc)

Light Industries has a necessity of intensive labour and doesn't need intensive
training in manpower or high qualified levels of managers or administrators. Spreading
light industries in rural areas does not need intensive infrastructure and it is a good start
of industrialization associated with soft changing the social structure from an agricultural
society to an industrial one.
2. Heavy Indutries

 mining industry
 production of processing metals (production of iron, processing of steel,
rolling of steel to sheets, etc)
 petroleum industries (refining, exploration, petrochemicals)
  power generation
 heavy engineering (locomotive, automotive, turbine, construction machines)

Heavy industries is associated with dependency. Efficient industrial plans would

attain high and rapid rates of economic growth. This is due to the effect of increased
high value production which leads to increase of income, savings and reinvestment.
And can be achieved by advanced technology of high capital heavy industries.
Export-Oriented Industrialization Strategy (EOI) - also called Export Substitution
Industrialization (ESI), is a trade and economic policy that aims to speed up the
industrialization process of a country by exporting goods for which the nation has a
comparative advantage. The third World countries mainly pursuing an Export-Oriented
Industrialization Strategy (EOI). The finished and semi-finished products are exported to
the Western markets. The developing countries within this category are primarily the so-
called Newly Industrialized Country (NIC).
Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) - is a trade and economic policy based on
the premise that a country should attempt to substitute products, which it ports (mostly
finished goods) with locally produced substitutes. (Marshall, 1998). It attempts to reduce
the foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products. They
were the ones who demand a capital and consumption goods of a luxury as well as the
mass consumption nature. This industrialization strategy is mainly represented in Latin
America.
Turn-key factory imports tend to put emphasis on heavy industries. The countries in
possession of natural resources of a strategic nature, notably oil, providing large
revenues to be used for a hasty process of Industrialization fused on project-import.
Which immediately can be incorporated into a production process providing capital and
consumption goods.
Great majority of the Third World and particularly many African countries, not
constituting particularly attractive markets for the foreign private capital, rely on a
sporadic and gradual policy of import substitution. This strategy is under scarce
resources, it is often initiated by the state or institution that can secure an investable
surplus that is usually extracted from the agricultural sector.

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

 Identifying the weaknesses and finding measures to improve.

 Having an adequate and advance technology.
 Adopting and practicing process of production in their local conditions which
foreign developed country have.
  Developing new processes. They must have an innovative and creative minds to
design a new and effective production process.
 Plans in developing countries should consider the scarcities compared to
manpower.

References:
https://80000hours.org/problem-profiles/health-in-poor-countries/
https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/unicef-many-children-and
adolescents-philippines-are-not-growing-healthily
https://www.unicef.org/philippines/child-survival#:~:text=Every%20day%2C
%2095%20children%20in,permanent%2C%20irreversible%20and%20even%20fatal.
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/111015/can-you-trust-
philippines-healthcare-system.asp#:~:text=The%20Philippines%20has%20a
%20universal,to%20the%20Department%20of%20Health.&text=The%20vast
%20majority%20of%20expats,purchase%20private%20health%20insurance
%20policies.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12335913/
https://www.theigc.org/blog/is-population-growth-good-or-bad-for-economic-
development/
The Philippines' Baby Factory | 101 East
https://youtu.be/8ipzwxXjAcA
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy
https://www.imbalife.com/7-key-issues-and-problems-of-philippine-education
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education-k-
12/reports/2018/09/20/457750/fixing-chronic-disinvestment-k-12-schools/#:~:text=Lack
%20of%20funding%20means%20low,majority%20of%20public%20school
%20spending.
https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/10-barriers-to-education-around-the-world-2/
https://www.outputeducation.com/education-developing-countries-problems-solutions/
https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Philippines-
AGRICULTURE.html
http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat57/sub383/item2130.html
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/03068290010335226/full/html?
skipTracking=true
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty#:~:text=Based%20on%20information
%20about%20basic,poverty%20lines%20have%20been%20introduced.
http://www.ekarifoundation.org/en/poverty-vs-extreme-poverty/
https://borgenproject.org/10-ways-to-reduce-poverty-in-the-world/

GROUP II – 5C
KIARA ALYANNA AROSO
MICCAH JADE CASTILLO
JEYA SHENNELLE ALLYSSANDREA CORTEZ
ROSELLE JANE FIEL
MA. ISABEL PANALIGAN
IVAN FRANK PRAVA
MARY CRESILDA SALIGUMBA
DOMINEL VIANCE TOLETE
PATRICIA WINSLETH YACAN