H

ILL I N 0 I S
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

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University of Illinois at
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 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS BULLETIN
IssuvD WEEKLY
Vol. XXVI Dfecember 4, 1928 "No. 14
[Entered as second-class matter, December 11, 1912, at-the post office at Urbana, Illinois, under
the Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of potage povided
for in section 1108, Act of October 3, 1917%authorized, July 81, 1918.L

HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA

CONDENSERS

PART, II

BY

ALONZO P. KRATZ
HORACE J. MACINTIRE
RICHARD E. GOULD

BULLtETIN No. 186

ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
PULISuBsap BYTs UzNIVsTM=reImealrO UuBAz .'

Pascz: TwNTi CrNe-

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 -H HE Engineering Experiment Station was established by act of
the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois on Deeem-
Sber 8, 1903. It is the purpose-of the Station to conduct
investigations and make studies of importacpe to the engineering,
manufacturing, railway, mining, and other industrial interests of the
SState.
,The management of the Engineering Experiment Station is vested
in an Executive Staff composed of the Director and his Assistant, the
Heads of the several Departments in the College of Engineering, and
the Professor of Industrial Chemistry. This Staff is responsible for
the establishment of general policies governing the work of the Station,
including the approval of material for publication. All members of
the teaching staff of the College are encouraged to engage in scientific
research, either directly or in co5peration with the Research Corps
composed of full-time research assistants, research graduate assistants,
and special investigators.
To render the results of its scientific investigations available to
the public, the Engineering Experiment Station publishes and dis-
tributes a series of bulletins. Occasionally it publishes circulars of
timely interest, presenting information of importance, compiled from
various sources which may not readily be accessible to .the clientele of
the Station.
The volume and number at the top of the front cover page are
merely arbitrary numbers and refer to the general publications of the
S-University. Either above the title or below the seal is given the num-
-ber of the Engineering Experiment Station bulletin or circular which
should be used in referring to these publications.
For copies of bulletins or circulars or for other information address
STHE ENGINEERING 'EXPERIMENT STATION,
1
UMnEBITYbor ITANOII,.

1
-.. *' '. "'^ "^^ , , ' ^ : - " " * * -. y' 'V B SS4Iw•t
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

BULLETIN No. 186 DECEMBER, 1928

HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA CONDENSERS

PART II

BY

ALONZO P. KRATZ
RESEARCH PROFESSOR, ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

HORACE J. MACINTIRE
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

RICHARD E. GOULD
RESEARCH ASSISTANT, ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA
 CONTENTS
PAGE

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1. Preliminary Statement . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Objects of Investigation . . . . . . . . 5
3. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . 5

II. TESTS ON VERTICAL SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER . . 5

4. Description of Apparatus . . . . . . . . 5
5. Method of Conducting Tests . . . . . . . 7
6. Results of Tests with Total Condensing Surface
Effective . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Results of Tests with Length of Tubes Reduced . 14
8. Results of Tests with Both Length and Number of
Tubes Reduced . . . . . . . . . . 16
9. Effect of Reducing the Amount of Condensing Sur-
face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

III. TESTS ON SUPERHEAT REMOVER . . . . . . . . 21

10. Description of Apparatus . . . . . . . . 21
11. Method of Conducting Tests . . . . . . . 22
12. Results of Tests . . . . . . . . ... . 22

IV. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
13. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
 LIST OF FIGURES
NO. PAGE

1. Diagram of Shell-and-Tube Condenser . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2. Initial Water Temperature for Different Tonnages and Water Rates in C
Series of Shell-and-Tube Condenser . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. Mean Temperature Difference Between Ammonia and Water for Different
Tonnages and Water Rates in C Series of Shell-and-Tube Condenser 8
4. Coefficient of Heat Transfer for C Series of Shell-and-Tube Condenser 9
5. Performance Chart for C Series of Shell-and-Tube Condenser . . .. 11
6. Initial Water Temperatures for Different Tonnages and Water Rates in D
Series of Shell-and-Tube Condenser . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Mean Temperature Difference Between Ammonia and Water for Different
Tonnages and Water Rates in D Series of Shell-and-Tube Condenser 12
8. Coefficient of Heat Transfer for D Series of Shell-and-Tube Condenser 12
9. Performance Chart for D Series of Shell-and-Tube Condenser . . . . 15
10. Initial Water Temperatures for Different Tonnages and Water Rates in E
Series of Shell-and-Tube Condenser . . . . . . . . . . . 13
11. Mean Temperature Difference Between Ammonia and Water for Different
Tonnages and Water Rates in E Series of Shell-and-Tube Condenser . 15
12. Coefficient of Heat Transfer for E Series of Shell-and-Tube Condenser . 16
13. Performance Chart for E Series of Shell-and-Tube Condenser . . . . 17
14. Condenser Water for Different Tonnages and Initial Water Temperatures
for C, D, and E Series of Shell-and-Tube Condenser . . . . . . 18
15. Comparison of the Performance of the Atmospheric Bleeder, Double Pipe,
and Shell-and-Tube Ammonia Condensers . . . . . . . . . 19
16. Superheat Remover . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 21
17. Coefficient of Heat Transfer for Superheat Remover . . . . . . . 24
18. Performance Chart for Superheat Remover . . . . . . . .. . 25

LIST OF TABLES
1. Principal Results of Tests on Shell-and-Tube Condenser-Series D . . . 10
2. Principal Results of Tests on Shell-and-Tube Condenser-Series E . . . 14
3. Principal Results of Tests on Double-Pipe Superheat Remover . . . . 23
 HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA CONDENSERS
PART II
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Preliminary Statement.-The tests reported in this bulletin
constitute a continuation of the investigation of the heat transfer in
ammonia condensers, the first results of which were embodied in En-
gineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 171. Bulletin No. 171 dealt
with the performance of three different types of ammonia condensers,
namely, the atmospheric-bleeder, the double-pipe, and the vertical
shell-and-tube; this bulletin comprises a study of the effect of certain
changes in the condensing surface of the vertical shell-and-tube con-
denser, and an extension of the investigation to include a study of the
heat transfer in the double-pipe superheat remover used in connection
with the previous tests on the shell-and-tube condenser.
2. Objects of Investigation.-The two principal objects of this in-
vestigation may be stated briefly as follows:
(1) To determine the effect of reducing the condensing surface
of the shell-and-tube condenser, first by decreasing the length of the
condenser tubes, and second by reducing the number of effective tubes.
(2) To determine the coefficient of heat transfer for the double-
pipe type of superheat remover.
3. Acknowledgments.-These tests have been part of the work
of the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois,
of which DEAN M. S. KETCHUM is the director, and of the Department
of Mechanical Engineering, of which PROF. A. C. WILLARD is the head.

II. TESTS ON VERTICAL SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER

4. Description of Apparatus.-The condenser used for these tests

was a 10-ton vertical shell-and-tube condenser consisting of a shell
20 inches in diameter containing thirty 2-inch tubes 16 feet long. The
ammonia was supplied by means of a 7%1-inch by 10-inch twin ver-
tical, single-acting, open-frame compressor driven by a Corliss en-
gine at a constant speed. The condenser and plant, together with the
testing apparatus, have been described in Engineering Experiment
Station Bulletin No. 171.
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

FIG. 1. DIAGRAM OF SHELL-AND-TUBE

CONDENSER

In the first series of tests the full effective condensing surface of

251 sq. ft. was utilized. For the second series the level of the liquid
ammonia in the lower part of the shell was maintained at a height of
6.21 ft. by means of a drain pipe as shown in Fig. 1, thus blocking off
the lower portion of the tubes and rendering the surface ineffective
for condensing. The effective length of tubes was, therefore, 9.79 ft.,
and the effective condensing surface was 154 sq. ft. For the third
series the liquid level was retained at a height of 6.21 ft. from the
bottom of the shell, and, in addition, the twelve tubes indicated in the
diagram in Fig. 1 were blocked by driving a solid plug in the top of
each tube. This prevented the circulation of water in the tubes in-
volved, and still further reduced the effective surface to 92.3 sq. ft.
Some rearrangement of the thermocouples for measuring the
temperatures of the water was necessary when the effective surface
was reduced, but no essential changes in the apparatus were made.
 HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA CONDENSERS

Coned er/ Wvelter //2 /1. ,vep 2//2.

FIG. 2. INITIAL WATER TEMPERATURE FOR DIFFERENT TONNAGES AND WATER RATES
IN C SERIES OF SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER

5. Method of Conducting Tests.-The method of conducting tests

and controlling conditions has been fully described in Engineering
Experiment Station Bulletin No. 171.
6. Results of Tests with Total Condensing Surface Effective.-
This series of tests has been designated as Series C and was discussed
at length in Bulletin No. 171. The superheat was removed in a sep-
arate superheat remover and the ammonia gas was practically satur-
ated when it entered the condenser. No liquid was allowed to accu-
mulate on the lower tube sheet, and the total outside surface of the
tubes was exposed to ammonia vapor, and was therefore effective
condensing surface. This total surface had an area of 251 sq. ft.
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

I
^ 6
-7-7

iL,/efactin Prtessure _
II-
_ i

I 6/. pe
i41p-1 - . Gcge
_ _/__
_ _ ,__ II _ i
__

_
> / .-
_

I-
t
\ £
,51
------------------- - - ^,,^
_ ,l_ Oil
_ _ __ .__
- "
. , <e"_ - -
I /Z !
--
^

^ - - - - - - A">
°* ^ J
^
f'^ l_ _ - __ _ ^ z- ^ ^

^
r
< "0 2 4 6 8 /0 /2 /4 /6 /8 20 20
Coov7det7ser 7217w^7e
FIG. 3. MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AMMONIA AND WATER FOR
DIFFERENT TONNAGES AND WATER RATES IN C SERIES
OF SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER

Since no correction for splash or spray thrown from the tube

surfaces was necessary, the condenser water per minute was obtained
directly from the total water weighed.
The condenser tonnage was computed from the formula
N(i" - i')
T - 200 (1)
200
in which T = condenser tonnage
N = ammonia condensed, lb. per min.
i" = heat content of dry saturated ammonia vapor at the
temperature of liquefaction in the condenser,
B.t.u. per lb.
i'= heat content of the liquid at the temperature of the
liquid leaving the condenser, B.t.u. per lb.
No sub-cooling of the liquid was observed, and the temperature
of the liquid leaving the condenser was practically always the same
as the saturation temperature for the ammonia.
Figure 2 was plotted directly from the results of individual tests,
and shows the relations between the water rate, the initial temper-
ature of the water, and the rate of condensation or condenser tonnage.
The mean temperature difference between the ammonia and the
water, 0m, was obtained by the method discussed in Bulletin No. 171.
 HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA CONDENSERS

380

%_300 / /

C-- --------- -- -- --
on d e-s-- v- /
6 '/ / "

IoSHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER
Sheat c40
ontent of dry saturated ammonia vapor a60

Fia.4. COEFFICIENT
FIG.4. H"AT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT OF HEAT TRANSFER FOR CC SERES
SERIES OF
OF
SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER

(i" - i')_,
60 Nbetween r-sv• (i'2)
showing the':relations
The curves"(N/ atm, the condenser tonnage,
and the water rate are given in Fig. 3. These curves have not been
extended below the range of the observed data, because their shape
in this region is more or less indeterminate, although it is probable
that the curvature is such that they all pass through the origin.
the coefficient
The curves for Cotemperature B.t.u. shown
of heat transfer
of liquefaction, per lb. in Fig. 4
have been derived from those in Fig. 3 by making use of the formula

60 N (i"- i')

in which K = average coefficient of heat transfer, or the B.t.u. trans-

mitted per sq. ft. per hr. perper deg.
deg. difference in
temperature,
N = ammonia condensed, lb. per min.
i" heat content of dry saturated ammonia vapor at the
temperature of liquefaction, B.t.u. per lb.
i' = heat content of the liquid at the temperature of the
liquid leaving the condenser, B.t.u. per lb.
A = effective condensing surface, sq. ft.
0,m = mean temperature difference between the ammonia
and the cooling water, deg. F.
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

TABLE No. 1
PRINCIPAL RESULTS OF TESTS ON SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER
Series D
Condenser
Iodne
Average Final
Ammonia Liquid Condenser Condenser Initial
Test Ammonia Condenser Satura- Ammonia Wetted Water Water Water
No. lb. per Tonnage tion Tem- Tempera- Area lb. per gal. per Tempera-
min. perature ture sq. ft. min. per ture
deg. F. deg. F. sq. ft. deg. F.

2 3 4 5 7 8 9

4.17 10.43 82.1 91 0.071 57.7

4.17 10.43 82.6 123 0.096 62.9
4.26 10.65 82.2 153 0.111 66.8
4.21 10.53 81.6 187 0.146 69.0
4.15 10.38 81.8 198 0.154 70.1
4.18 10.45 82.1 229 0.185 71.3
4.21 10.53 82.2 250 0.195 72.1
4.26 10.65 82.0 288 0.225 73.0
4.15 10.38 82.2 322 0.251 73.8
4.15 10.38 81.9 346 0.270 74.5
4.12 10.30 81.7 391 0.304 75.6
5.12 12.80 81.3 135 0.105 60.7
5.09 12.73 81.3 160 0.125 64.0
5.18 12.95 81.7 177 0.138 65.5
5.07 12.63 81.5 197 0.153 67.2
5.09 12.73 82.1 228 0.178 69.5
5.01 12.53 80.8 256 0.200 69.3
4.94 12.35 81.0 274 0.214 70.4
5.00 12.50 80.8 308 0.241 71.3
4.96 12.40 80.8 325 0.254 71.7
4.90 12.25 80.7 360 0.282 72.7
5.90 14.75 81.4 151 0.118 60.9
5.97 14.93 81.4 176 0.137 63.3
5.86 14.65 81.1 196 0.153 65.1
6.06 15.15 81.3 222 0.173 67.2
6.25 15.63 81.5 254 0.199 68.1
6.09 15.23 81.1 252 0.188 68.2
6.00 15.00 81.1 305 0.238 70.4
5.98 14.95 81.2 322 0.252 71.1
6.05 15.13 81.1 354 0.276 71.4
6.99 17.73 81.3 148 0.116 56.3
7.12 17.80 81.5 182 0.142 60.3
6.90 17.25 81.0 199 0.156 61.8
6.75 16.88 80.9 229 0.179 65.4
6.88 17.20 81.2 247 0.193 66.7
6.70 16.75 81.1 272 0.212 68.0
6.80 17.00 81.4 303 0.236 69.5
6.61 16.53 81.0 335 0.262 70.6
6.78 16.95 81.8 361 0.282 71.8
8.14 20.35 81.7 205 0.160 60.1
8.28 20.70 82.0 232 0.181 62.5
8.39 20.98 82.3 251 0.197 63.8
7.92 19.80 81.8 278 0.217 65.9
7.95 19.88 82.1 301 0.235 66.6
8.20 20.50 82.2 328 0.256 67.6
8.25 20.63 82.6 351 0.274 68.5

It may be noted that at a constant water rate the value of K de-

creases as the condenser tonnages increase, thus indicating decreasing
values of K with increasing values of 0 .. Therefore, in this condenser
the thickness of the layer of liquid ammonia adhering to the surfaces
of the tubes must increase at such a rate that its resistance to the
flow of heat more than offsets the tendency for K to increase as 0.
/00 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

She/I a~~' 7Ž~'be

Ammo."A, Co,'dei~ser
______ ______ ______ - L/q'4'v/~ac//o4 P,-essur,-
/45 lb. per S~7~,~ G~7e.
_____ _____ _____ - CSerIe.s - AreeT 25/ $9. /~
____ ____ ____ I I
a035 a04 ~O46 006 0055 006 0065 ~07 0075 008 0086
Cona'e-ser 77nSa~e per sq ft
Fia. 5. PEBFORMANCB CHABT FOR C SWMEs OF SHELL-AND-TUBB CONDENSER
 HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA CONDENSERS

Z /q/uefi'c/tion? Pressute_ -
76
L -7

74
KK

6 J o j
I' V 76-'
v
N
V
K
kK
fr/
C.

Bls _dl0.
A
Ks/ e/ o 6-
0,
^
a/ e
4/6
N

72 Z Nk

l I
N

1^~
i, 58
K # J
4___^^t^ý o ,7
I) I4 -I- !

Ior Ico~5'a'ar'~5er-
r I IOF I07.0I /~. -
I 56
40 80 /20 /661 ZO Z 61 U J30 36' q1WU

FIG. 6. INITIAL WATER TEMPERATURES FOR DIFFERENT TONNAGES AND WATER

RATES IN D SERIES OF SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER

becomes greater. This same phenomenon may be observed when

steam is condensed in a surface condenser.*
The performance chart shown in Fig. 5 was obtained by com-
bining the curves shown in Figs. 2, 3, and 4 with Equation (2). As an
example of the use of this chart, it may be noted that when 0.15 gal.
of cooling water having an initial temperature of 68 deg. F. were used
per sq. ft. of surface per min. a condenser tonnage of 0.077 per sq. ft.
was developed. The mean temperature difference between the am-
monia and the water was 3.8 deg. F., and the heat transmitted per
sq. ft. of surface per deg. F. per hr. was 245 B.t.u.
*George A. Orrok. "Transmission of Heat in Surface Condensation" Trans. A.S.M.E.
Vol. 32, p. 1139, 1910.
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

Co,"Tlea,".se/'- T7olpye
FIG. 7. MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AMMONIA AND WATER FOR
DIFFERENT TONNAGES AND WATER RATES IN D SERIES
OF SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER

380 - ----

^:
^*y L/'uefa'c//? ressure - -- - - -

(%0 3/4- /i, e/. sy. ," @ge . o. .

1^
1^
300 -- - - - - - 5 ^ ^ ^ :

*sl-^
lc--
cs
^^ e671 _--- __------------------ -------------- -- -- -- r----
--
*^ '<

I^^
^^i
*^ 0 80 O /Ao e 2w0
4 z20 3e 360 W4a
CondeInser Water- / /?bper /'?//7.
FIG. 8. COEFFICIENT OF HEAT TRANSFER FOR D SERIES
OF SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER
 HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA CONDENSERS

Co/7oce/^7£ef /'We/?//- ;,"1 /C-/- .1;'11

FIG. 10.
INITIAL WATER TEMPERATURES FOR DIFFERENT TONNAGES
AND WATER RATES IN E SERIES OF SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER

Since no means were available for weighing condensate from

different parts of the surface of this condenser, no direct comparison
of the effectiveness of different sections of the condenser can be made
for this series of tests. It was observed, however, that the maximum
condensation, as indicated by the rate of increase in the temperature
of the cooling water, occurred within 6 ft. of the top of the shell, and
that the difference in temperature between the ammonia and the
water became only about 1.5 deg. F. at a distance of approximately
9.5 ft. from the upper tube sheet. This distance varied somewhat with
the water rate and rate of condensation, but the condition seemed to
present evidence that the lower part of the condenser was relatively
ineffective, and suggested the possibility that the surface could be re-
duced without materially altering the performance of the condenser.
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

TABLE No. 2
PRINCIPAL RESULTS OF TESTS ON SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER
Series E

Average Final
Ammonia Liquid Condenser Condenser Initial
Test Ammonia Condenser Satura- Ammonia Wetted Water Water Water
No. lb. per Tonnage tion Tem- Tempera- Area lb. per gal. per Tempera-
min. perature ture sq. ft. min. min. per ture
deg. F. deg. F. sq. ft. deg. F.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7.80 19.50 81.4 92.3 0.281 61.1

7.67 19.18 81.5 ,, 0.330 63.2
8.02 20.05 82.1 0.357 64.2
7.72 19.80 81.2 , 0.404 65.5
7.90 19.75 81.3 0.440 66.5
7.91 19.78 80.9 ,, 0.490 67.2
7.24 18.10 82.0 , 0.256 60.8
7.23 18.08 81.9 0.286 62.3
6.99 17.48 81.7 0.336 65.1
7.35 18.38 81.8 0.365 65.4
7.21 18.03 82.2 , 0.406 67.1
7.17 17.93 81.9 0.421 67.4
7.06 17.45 81.8 0.464 68.9
3.96 9.90 81.2 0.118 58.0
4.05 10.13 80.6 ., 0.161 63.6
3.96 9.90 80.4 ", 0.192 66.5
3.86 9.45 80.2 ", 0.241 69.3
3.92 9.80 80.1 ", 0.268 69.5
3.84 9.60 80.9 0.318 70.9
3.92 9.80 81.3 , 0.306 70.5
3.89 9.73 81.2 , 0.363 72.2
3.95 9.88 81.2 0.400 72.4
3.86 9.65 81.5 ,, 0.415 73.1
3.91 9.78 81.7 ,, 0.434 74.3
4.80 12.00 81.2 "1 0.148 57.6
5.06 12.65 81.1 " 0.202 62.8
4.94 12.35 81.2 0.220 64.4
4.93 12.33 80.8 0.256 66.7
4.75 11.88 80.7 ,, 0.294 67.7
4.84 12.10 81.2 0.329 70.0
4.72 11.80 80.8 0.368 70.7
4.72 11.80 81.2 0.396 72.2
4.69 11.73 80.8 0.435 72.4
4.72 11.80 81.5 0.464 73.2
5.93 14.83 80.9 0.179 57.9
5.82 14.55 80.2 0.228 61.6
5.85 14.63 80.1 0.254 63.8
5.83 14.58 80.2 0.300 66.2
5.78 14.45 79.6 0.331 66.6
5.93 14.83 80.0 0.363 67.9
5.93 14.83 80. 1 0.392 69.0
5.96 14.90 80.9 0.426 70.1
5.98 14.95 80.5 0.454 70.5

Two additional series of tests, Series D and Series E, were accordingly

run in order to determine the effect of reducing the effective surface.
7. Results of Tests with Length of Tubes Reduced.-The prin-
cipal results from Series D are given in Table 1. From this table it
may be noted that the total wetted surface was 154 sq. ft., and that
the temperature of the liquid leaving the condenser was practically
the same as the temperature of the saturated ammonia vapor. That
is, no subcooling took place.
 Co/EadeR
ser To raoo'e perDi s. ft
Fia. 9. JPWFORMANCg CHART FOR D SERIEs or SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER
 HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA CONDENSERS

/0 Liuefacict,Žy, ,essu'0e 0
- /6 .fi e s X Gcz.e~--
71
?l.

^
^
*!^
^^
qj90 ^0
r
0-??^*

1-,
^'
K

it ;
I:
^

1
t; / -/

-0 2 6 8 /0 /2 /A /a 0 220
Co7i3i'/'ser 7bw7g7e
FIG. 11. MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AMMONIA AND WATER
FOR DIFFERENT TONNAGES AND WATER RATES IN E SERIES
OF SHELL-AND-TJBE CONDENSER

The relations between the initial temperature of the water, the

water rate, and the rate of condensation of ammonia are shown in
Fig. 6, and between the mean temperature difference 0,, the water
rate, and the rate of condensation in Fig. 7. The latter curves are
straight lines over the range covered by the observed data.
The relations between the coefficient of heat transfer K, the
water rate, and the rate of condensation, or condenser tonnage, are
shown in Fig. 8. These curves also indicate that at a constant water
rate the value of K decreases with an increase in the rate of con-
densation.
The complete performance chart for Series D is given in Fig. 9.
From this chart it may be observed that when 0.15 gal. of cooling
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

460 -- /
•*y& ^ ./. ,,/ I<g:$ ' /
40-- 1- - -. iy .

-^ - *ot

3oo260- / _-
K

3o
80 /-- /6 0 0 23

0 40 80 /20 1620 002 Z40 209 3M0 360 4OO

Cond,"?se- 14a'i'le-1 / pet- ,2'1?/'_?.
/,,'1
FIG. 12. COEFFICIENT OF HEAT TRANSFER FOR E SERIES
OF SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER

water, having an initial temperature of 68 deg. F. were used per sq. ft.
per min., a condenser tonnage of 0.0804 per sq. ft. was developed.
The mean temperature difference between the ammonia and the water
was 4.38 deg. F., and the heat transmitted per sq. ft. of surface per
deg. F. per hr. was 220 B.t.u.
8. Results of Tests with Both Length and Number of Tubes
Reduced.-This series of tests has been designated as Series E, and
the principal results are shown in Table 2. The total wetted surface
was 92.3 sq. ft. The table also indicates that no subcooling of the
liquid occurred, inasmuch as the temperature of the liquid leaving
the condenser was practically the same as the temperature of the
saturated ammonia vapor.
The relations between the initial temperature of the water, the
water rate, and the rate of condensation are shown in Fig. 10. This is
a family of curves presenting the same characteristics as those shown
for Series C and D in Figs. 2 and 6. The relations between the mean
temperature difference 0m, the water rate, and the rate of conden-
sation are shown in Fig. 11. These curves also indicate straight line
relations over the range covered by the observed data.
The curves in Fig. 12 show the relations between the coefficient
of heat transfer K, the water rate, and the rate of condensation or
 rr
-T---drT
___ I __ _I-_ _ I I I. I
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S/--' ---- - F ,'-~ I-~- + F I -p + ---- v F 4 1
_-4I---r Jit~ _____ 4

ft / --- .2 f + F t-,~---±~--F 4

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io" I -,'------ F

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7 t
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1---- ---- ----
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-A--I- -~---- F * 4- -~i
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- . -- - -" . -~--± F t~ I I 1~t~-t~i

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-ass 22t~KZI ___ -~ ___

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___~~__ _^/'q/e/ia'ao/'/, Ple-eriff____ ___

- -I"T-I I I I
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--- I I I I I I I
,,,~rz-b----4-------I I-I-I- -1--I- I
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I I
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I
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a/4 0/.f O //7 a/l ^ ' ^

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CoARn'e7serBoObHag-e ver s.I. A'

FIa. 13. PERFORMANCE OHART FOB E SERIES OF SHELb-AND-TUBE CONDENSER
 HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA CONDENSERS

condenser tonnage. At a constant water rate the value of K de-

creases with increasing rates of condensation. The complete per-
formance chart for Series E is given in Fig. 13. It was impossible to
obtain points on this chart within the range covered by charts in
Figs. 5 and 9, and hence no direct comparison can be made. As an
example, however, it may be noted that when 0.22 gal. of cooling
water having an initial temperature of 68 deg. F. were used per sq. ft.
of surface per min. a condenser tonnage of 0.1064 per sq. ft. was de-
veloped. The mean difference between the ammonia and the water
was 4.84 deg. F. and the heat transmitted per sq. ft. of surface per
deg. F. per hr. was 264 B.t.u.
9. Effect of Reducing the Amount of Condensing Surface.-In
Section 3 attention was directed to the fact that in Series C, where
the total available condensing surface was in use, active condensation
ceased in a plane approximately 9.5 ft. below the upper tube sheet of
the condenser, as indicated by the fact 'that the temperature of the
cooling water became practically the same as that of the saturated
ammonia vapor when the water reached this plane, and no appre-
ciable rise in the temperature of the water occurred in the lower por-
tion of the condenser. With the available pump capacity and the
available initial water temperatures, it was impossible to circulate
enough water to lower this plane.
When the condensing surface was reduced, as it was for Series
D, by allowing the liquid to rise to a height of 6.21 ft. in the lower
part of the condenser, the temperature of the water became within
1.5 deg. F. of the temperature of the saturated ammonia vapor some-
where within six inches of the surface of the liquid, thus indicating
that the active surface extended to within six inches of the surface
of the liquid.
When the condensing surface was further reduced for Series E,
however, the temperature of the water at the level corresponding to
the surface of the liquid ammonia averaged approximately 2.5 deg. F.
below that of the saturated ammonia vapor, proving that the second
reduction had been made at the expense of active condensing surface.
The ratio of the number of tubes to the length of tubes in use
was 1.88 for Series C, 3.06 for Series D, and 1.84 for Series E. That is,
the geometrical proportions, or arrangement of surfaces, were the
same for the condenser as used for Series C and E, while the pro-
portions used for Series D were different from those used for Series
C and E.
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

Con'e''e' Wats/7- 1'2 Ice-/.

./ae/ pIn - 5q //-
FIG. 14. CONDENSER WATER FOR DIFFERENT TONNAGES AND INITIAL WATER
TEMPERATURES FOR C, D, AND E SERIES OF SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER

The curves shown in Fig. 14 have been derived from the per-
formance charts in Figs. 5, 9, and 13. The brackets extending along
the curves for an initial water temperature of 68 deg. F. indicate the
portions of the curves covered by the ranges of the three series of
tests, respectively. From these curves it may be noted that the con-
denser tonnage per square foot of surface that can be obtained with
a given volume of water circulated per square foot for any given
initial temperature of the water can be represented over the whole
range of tests covered by the three series by a family of smooth
curves. This indicates that within the range of these tests the con-
denser tonnage per square foot is independent of the size of condenser
or the arrangement of surface, and is a function only of the initial
temperature of the water and the amount that can be passed over
each square foot of surface in a unit of time.
In Fig. 15 the total condenser tonnage and the condenser tonnage
per square foot of surface for the three series of tests on the shell-
and-tube condenser have been plotted against the water rate in gal-
lons per minute per square foot for an initial water temperature of
 HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA CONDENSERS

I I I I I
~"Set7~ .98s,~ ft

NNI
K
-I-,,' -J'-
4~al 10
.I 'I
7 -.:
5a,~~'s,' ~3 ~ ft F
A1S -1_
.-- /v/ e^i f
#
7" A-
K8.6'0/
0.6 74/mas5, 70/^/C' ZX/^K'ri^e'/

09L .7
(
1ý Ve~ e 2
%?/2 f I p i -
-ve/z'car

I?/Ve%75 - 8/eeder
k
(
--. P IAJ--
?/77-i' /V6a're /'7ri6'7ie. 69 . I
/-'resset~e

(§ 0. 0/5 09.5 035

Co70'ewser Walle&- //; g'a/ 1epr 1/771. 7r el- s fX
FIG. 15. COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BLEEDER,
DOUBLE PIPE, AND SHELL-AND-TUBE AMMONIA CONDENSERS

68 deg. F. The corresponding curves for the atmospheric-bleeder and

the double-pipe condensers, taken from Bulletin No. 171, have been
added for the purpose of comparison. These curves are representative
of similar curves for other initial temperatures, and it may be ob-
served that the surface of the double-pipe condenser was slightly more
effective than that of the other two, but that even the radically dif-
ferent arrangement of surfaces as represented by the different types
of condensers has no very decided effect on the performance when re-
duced to unit bases. Furthermore, for condensers having the same
amounts of condensing surface, approximately the same total tonnage
may be expected to be developed for any given initial temperature of
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

water available, when it is possible to circulate the same amount of

water per unit of surface.
A comparison of Figs. 3, 7, and 11 indicates that at a given water
rate, as the condensing surface was decreased, a greater mean tem-
perature difference between the water and the ammonia was required
to maintain a given condenser tonnage. In order to obtain the greater
mean temperature difference under these conditions it was necessary
to employ water having a lower initial temperature. The latter may
be observed by comparing Figs. 2, 6, and 10.
In the vertical shell-and-tube condenser most of the condensation
occurs near the top of the tubes, and the liquid ammonia flows down
over the remaining surface in a layer that progressively increases in
thickness. There is no indication that the level of the liquid in the
bottom of the shell rises above the level of the drain pipe, but that
the resistance of the liquid layer materially affects the rate of heat
-transfer may be proven by comparison of the curves in Figs. 4, 8,
and 12. At a given water rate the value of K decreases as the ton-
nage is increased. This indicates that, irrespective of the arrange-
ment or proportions of the condensing surface, as the rate of con-
densation increases, the thickness of the layer of liquid ammonia
adhering to the surface of the tubes increases at such a rate that its
resistance more than offsets the tendency of K to increase with in-
creasing values of 0m. In this respect the heat transmission from a
condensing medium to water differs from the transmission from one
homogeneous medium to another, in which case K is always observed
to increase with increasing values of Om.
In Figs. 4 and 12 straight line relations are indicated while in
Fig. 8 the lines have distinct curvature. This condition is probably
caused by the fact that for Series C and E the geometrical proportions
of the condenser were practically the same, while for series D these
proportions were different from those in Series C and E. Apparently
the arrangement of surfaces has some influence on the relations exist-
ing between the coefficient of heat transfer, the water rate, and the
rate of condensation.
Further comparison of Figs. 4, 8, and 12 shows that when the
tubes were reduced in length a comparatively great decrease in K
occurred for a given water rate and condenser tonnage. At the same
water rate and condenser tonnage a corresponding decrease in K was
not obtained when the surface was further decreased by reducing the
number of tubes. This condition may be accounted for by the fact
that a large amount of surface was inactive in the tests of Series C,
 HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA CONDENSERS

FIG. 16. SUPERHEAT REMOVER

and the first reduction in surface merely eliminated the inactive part,
while the second reduction was made at the expense of active surface.

III. TESTS ON SUPERHEAT REMOVER

10. Description of Apparatus.-The superheat remover used for

this investigation was of the double-pipe type, and consisted of a
single 1%-inch extra heavy pipe practically 17 ft. long, enclosed by a
2%-inch standard pipe of the same length, as shown in Fig. 16. The
outside surface was covered with %-inch of magnesia lagging. The
superheated ammonia gas passed through the inside pipe, and water
was circulated' in the annular space between pipes in the opposite
direction to the flow of the ammonia. An orifice having a diameter of
0.6 inch was installed at the entrance, and a similar orifice at the exit
of the superheat remover, as indicated in Fig. 16. The thermocouples
for measuring the temperature of the superheated ammonia gas were
placed with the junctions at the centers of the two orifices. These
thermocouples were enclosed in small copper tubes. Figure 16 shows
the method of installing the tubes so that about 5 inches extended
along the axis of the pipe and gave sufficient immersion for the
thermocouple leads to eliminate the effect of conduction of heat from
the junctions. The orifices tended to break the stream lines and gave
a high velocity to the gas, thus insuring that the reading of the
thermocouples were indicative of the average temperature of the gas.
The thermocouples for observing the temperature of the water at en-
trance and exit were placed in glass tubes and surrounded by oil.
These tubes were then placed in tees as shown in Fig. 16 so that the
tubes extended about 5 inches along the axis of the pipes into the
stream of water.
The plant and weighing system were the same as those used for
the tests on condensers, and have been fully described in Engineering
Experiment Station Bulletin No. 171.
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

11. Method of Conducting Tests.-The superheated ammonia gas

after leaving the superheat remover passed into a condenser, and the
condensate was weighed in drums placed on platform scales. The
cooling water was weighed in tanks placed on platform scales.
For all tests the pressure of the ammonia gas was maintained
constant at approximately 147 lb. per sq. in. gage. The initial tem-
perature of the gas was maintained at approximately 165 deg. F. and
the final temperature at about 125 deg. F. The weight of ammonia
was varied from 4.25 lb. per min. to 6.5 lb. per min.
The initial temperature of the cooling water was controlled so
that it was always higher than the saturation temperature for am-
monia vapor corresponding to the -observed pressure, in order to in-
sure that no condensation occurred in the superheat remover. The
weight and initial temperature of the water were then adjusted so
that, with the various combinations of weight and initial temperature,
the temperature of the ammonia gas leaving the superheat remover
was approximately 125 deg. F.
12. Results of Tests.-The results of the tests on the superheat
remover are given in Table 3.
The mean temperature difference between the ammonia gas and
the water is given in column 9. This difference varied from 34.7 to
52.2 deg. F. and was calculated directly from the formula:
01 -02
m log, (3)

in which 0m =- mean temperature difference between the ammonia

and the water, deg. F.
0, = difference between the final temperature of the am-
monia and the initial temperature of the water,
deg. F.
02 = difference between the initial temperature of the am-
monia and the final temperature of the water,
deg. F.
The heat transferred per minute from the ammonia to the water
is given in column 10. This heat could be computed either from the
weight and drop in temperature of the ammonia, or from the weight
and rise in temperature of the water. It was found that the heat
given up by the ammonia never differed by more than 5 per cent from
the heat absorbed by the water. Hence the average of these two was
 HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA CONDENSERS

00000000 -l 0000000000000 1 0!0- 0 cOi 0

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00000000 00 00 0CO 000CO 0000>00000iC0000 G-00

ýo q
00 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000c00 000000m00o0000t00N0000000o0000o

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000000OOW>C~OSiO 'O00 ROOS00

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00
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E,044

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l-p *.,• k-

Tr- 00000O©00®k-
0000000000000k- O 000000000

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<0000000000k- 000000k-Ok-O 0000k-k-COO000

oto
l0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Ocoo
0 0 oo
.• 0000000000k- 't*< 0 00000-0 0000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000

co 03 0H
»0

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00k-CO 000000000- 000000000MO~cD000000000

0000000000000000000000000000000000

00C^O't^D40i00C0COCra~tOO 0C0iO^
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00000000000000000k 0000 000000000

0kcck-0 00c40c
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

I'

A ve-racqe Wgir Ve/c/g'/y /6' //. ,ep/ sec1

FIG. 17. COEFFICIENT OF HEAT TRANSFER FOR SUPERHEAT REMOVER

considered as being representative of the true heat transfer, and has

been tabulated in column 10. The fact that the difference between
the heat given up by the ammonia and that absorbed by the water
never exceeded 5 per cent, and that this difference was sometimes
positive and at other times negative, was accepted as an indication
that no liquid was carried into the superheat remover, and that no
condensation occurred. The possibility of condensation occurring was
minimized by maintaining the initial temperature of the water well
above the saturation temperature of the ammonia. In this way the
temperature of all surfaces with which the superheated ammonia gas
could come into contact was above the dew point corresponding to
the pressure within the superheater.
The velocity of the water given in column 13 was computed di-
rectly from the weight of water flowing per second and the cross-sec-
tional area of the annular space between the pipes. The velocity of
the superheated ammonia gas given in column 12 was computed in
the same manner, and was based on the arithmetical mean between
the specific volumes of the gas at entrance to and exit from the
superheat remover.
The values of K, given in column 11, were computed from the
formula
60 T
K=
A.M
 HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA CONDENSERS

A,?zz'ca/Žz Jas gate 47/h ,cer A'7/C

Azcczi /per- sec.

Gas,/e/"city /, ft4-
FIG. 18. PERFORMANCE CHART FOR SUPERHEAT REMOVER

in which K = mean coefficient of heat transfer, or the B.t.u. trans-

ferred per sq. ft. per hr. per deg. difference in
temperature.
H = heat transferred from the ammonia to the water (col.
10) B.t.u. per min.
A = internal area of the inside pipe = 6.65 sq. ft.
0m = logarithmic mean temperature difference between the
ammonia and the water (col. 9), deg. F.

The relation between the coefficient of heat transfer, the velocity

of the water, and the velocity of the ammonia gas are shown in Fig.
17 which has been plotted from the observed data. Apparently for a
given velocity of ammonia, K is a linear function of the velocity of
the water. It may be noted, however, that all of the water velocities
are low, and are probably all within the range of viscous flow. With
the apparatus under consideration it was not possible to obtain values
within the range of turbulent flow, and hence no predictions can be
made regarding the relations existing under these conditions.
Figure 18 is a performance chart for the superheat remover, and
has been derived from Fig. 17 and Equation (4). It was found possible
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

to represent all relations by means of straight lines on this chart, and

it may also be noted that for a given velocity of the water K is a
linear function of the velocity of the ammonia.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
13. Conclusions.-As a result of this investigation the following
conclusions may be drawn:
(1) The thickness of the layer of liquid ammonia adhering
to the tubes of the vertical shell-and-tube condenser materially
affects the rate of heat transfer per unit of surface.
(2) At a constant water rate the coefficient of heat transfer
decreases with increasing values of the mean temperature dif-
ference between the ammonia and the water in the vertical shell-
and-tube condenser.
(3) Irrespective of the proportions of the vertical shell-and-
tube condenser no appreciable subcooling of the liquid occurs.
(4) The condenser tonnage developed per square foot of
surface in the shell-and-tube condenser is independent of the size
or proportions of the condenser as used in this investigation and
is a function only of the initial temperature of the water and the
amount circulated per square foot of surface per unit of time.
(5) The condenser tonnage developed per square foot of sur-
face in the different types of condensers as used in this investi-
gation is approximately the same regardless of proportions or
arrangement of surface if a given amount of water at a given
initial temperature is circulated per square foot of surface in a
given time.
(6) One square foot of surface is approximately eight times
as effective in transferring heat from saturated ammonia vapor
to water as it is in transferring heat from superheated ammonia
gas to water.
(7) For conditions of viscous flow on the water side the co-
efficient of heat transfer in a superheat remover is a linear func-
tion of the water velocity.
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cents.
*Bulletin No. 183. Tests of the Fatigue Strength of Steam Turbine Blade
Shapes, by Herbert F. Moore, Stuart W. Lyon, and Norville J. Alleman. 1928.
Twenty-five cents.
*Bulletin No. 184. The Measurement of Air Quantities and Energy Losses
in Mine Entries, Part III, by Alfred C. Callen and Clyde M. Smith. 1928.
Thirty-five cents.
*Bulletin No. 185. A Study of the Failure of Concrete Under Combined
Compressive Stresses, by Frank E. Richart, Anton Brandtzaeg, and Rex L.
Brown, 1928. Fifty-five cents.
*Bulletin No. 186. Heat Transfer in Ammonia Condensers by Alonzo P.
Kratz, Horace J. Macintire, and Richard E. Gould. 1928. Twenty cents.

*A limited number of copies of the bulletins starred are available for free distribution.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
THE STATE UNIVERSITY
Urbana
SDAVm KINLEY, Ph.D., LL.D., President

THE UNIVERSITY INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENTS:

The Graduate School ,
The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Curricula: General with majors, in
the Humanities and the Sciences;-Chemistry and Chemical Engineering;
Pre-legal, Pre-medical and Pre-dental; Pre-journalism, Home Economics,
Economic Entomology; and Applied Optics)
The College of Commerce and Business Adminisiration (Curricula: Generfi
Business, Banking and Finance, Insurance, Accountancy, Railway Adminis-
tration, Railway Transportation, Industrial Administration, Foreign Com-
merce, Commercial Teachers, Trade and Civic Secretarial Service, Public
Utilities, Commerce and Law)
The College of Engineering (Curricula: Architecture, Ceramics; Architectural,
Ceramnic, Civil, Electrical, Gas, General, Mechanical, Mining, and Railway
Engineering; Engineering Physics)
The College of Agriculture (Curricula: General Agriculture; Floriculture; Home
Economics; Landscape Architecture; $mith-Hughes-in conjunction with the
College of Education)
The College of Education (Curricula: Two year, prescribing junior standing for
admission-General Education, Smith-Hughes Agriculture, Smith-Hughes
Home Economics, Public School Music; Four year, admitting from the high
school-Industrial Education, Athletic Coaching, Physical Education. The
University High School is the practice school of the College of Education)
The School of Music (four-year curriculum)
The College of Law (three-year curriculum based on two years of college work.
For requirements after January 1, 1929, address the- Registrar)
The Library School (two-year curriculum for college graduates)
The School of Journalism (two-year curriculum based onxtwo-years of college
work)
The College of Medicine (in Chicago)
The College of-Dentistry (in Chicago)
The School of Pharmacy (in Chicago) -
,The Summer Session (eight weeks)
Experiment Stations and Scientific Bureaus: U. S. Agricultural Experiment
Station; Engineering Experiment Station; State Natural Histpry Survey; State
Water Survey; State Geological -uryey.; Bureau of Educational Research,
The Library,collections contain (Ju*e 1, 1927) 733,580 volumes-and 162,783
pamphlets. -
For catalogs and information•adres
THE REGISTRAR -
Vrban, JUinois
 ¼'

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