Thesis proposal

The Graduate School, Khon Kaen University

Faculty : Agriculture

Department : Animal Science

Student Name : Mutyarsih Oryza
Student ID Number : 615030057-4
Program : Master of Science in Agriculture
Thesis Advisor : Asst. Prof: Dr. Sawitree Wongtangtintharn
Thesis Co-Advisor :
Thesis proposal title : The Effect of using citric acid from rice waste
product in broiler diet on performance and carcass
quality
1.0 Introduction

1.1 Back Ground and Research Rationale

Broilers are one source of animal protein from livestock commodities which are in great
demand by consumers. Maintenance of broilers does not require extensive space, fast growth,
and has good feed efficiency (Estancia et al. 2012). In the livestock industry, feed is the biggest
expenditure is around 70% of the total cost production. Feed containing formulations functional
components needed to improve livestock productivity, suppress mortality, and improve feed
conversion ratio. (Makkar et al. 2009). In resent years agricultural residues have been included in
poultry ration to reduce cost of feeding (Mehdikhany and Zar, 2012).

Nowaday, Organic acids have been used as alternatives to dietary antibiotics because
they compensate for gastric acidification and inhibition of pathogenic bacteria in the
gastrointestinal tract of animals (Eftekhari et al., 2015; Kilet al., 2011). There are two important
issues that poultry industry and academia should faced with : identifying alternatives to dietary
antibiotics and preventing food borne pathogenic bacterial infections. Using nutritional additives
to reduce or limit pathogen load in the digestive tract of poultry is one common strategy to
address these problems (Liao et al., 2018). cosby et al 2015, reported that Organic acids and their
salts has the anti microbial properties to control food borne pathogens in red meat and poultry
carcasses.

Citrid acid is a weak organic acid, most important of source of organic acid and second
large fermentation product in the world and has production more than 1.7 million tons per year
and comomonly used as a feed additive. The widely applications of citric acid, the market
demand for citric acid estimated that the world production of citric acid increasing at rate 5%
annually (Dhillon et al., 2013a). The global of citric acid production, that amount are generate
waste residue amounts 50-60% of substrate for production (Li et al., 2016). The industry of citric
acid produce waste products and cause pollution and problem of environments when not manage
properly.

Animal feed become increasing component of demand in animal production (Thornton,

2010). Thus, the components of waste or by-products of citric acid includes cellulose,
hemicellulose, sugars, starch and protein which should be utilized for animal feed. Utilization of
by-products was make low-price animal feed additives and reduce feed cost. The data have been
reported to chemical composition of by-product citric acid has moisture were content 7-9%,
crude protein 7-8%, ash 11-19%, ether extract content 0.8 -1.2%, crude fiber 11-23% and gross
energy 3.122 – 3.382 kcal/kg, respectively().

Previous studies reported Supplementation of using organic acids into broiler chickens
diets could protect young chicks from food-borne diseases (La Regione and Woodward, 2003)
and as well Citric acid has increases the digestibility of protein and fibre (Atapattu and
Nelligaswatta, 2005). Langhout et al (2000) also reported that using organic acid into broiler
diets could improved performance, reduce the risk disease and reduce hamful micro organism,
improve digestion and absorption of feed. Mehdikhany et al (2011) reported level of 5% citric
acid production by product is suitable for using in broiler chick diets. Citric Acid also could
modifying intestinal pH, improves the performance and increases the solubility of feed
ingredients and the digestion and absorption of nutrients (Nourmohammadi and Afzali, 2013).
There are differing reports on the effect of CA on the growth performance of broiler chickens.
Some researchers have reported positive effects of CA on broiler performance (Boling et al.,
2000; Centeno et al., 2007), whereas other authors have reported negative (Brenes et al., 2003;
Nourmohammadi et al., 2012) or no significant effects (Biggs and Parsons, 2008; Woyengo et
al., 2010). Dietary inclusion of 30 g kg–1 of CA increased ADFI and ADG. These results are in
agreement with those reported by Nourmohammadi et al. (2012). Citric acid (3%) has been
found to perk up the weight gain and specific growth rate while it has decreased the feed
conversion rate in Beluga (Khajepour and Hosseini, 2012), Rohu (Baruah et al., 2007b) and
Common carp (Khajepour et al., 2012). In the same concentration, CA improved feed
performance in Red sea bream (Sarker et al., 2005) and protein efficiency ratio in Beluga
(Khajepour and Hosseini, 2012) and Rohu (Baruah et al., 2007b). In other studies, 1% CA
improved weight and feed conversion ratio in Red sea bream (Hossain et al., 2007; Sarker et al.,
2007) while a similar increase in weight was also observed in Yellowtail (Sarker et al., 2012b).

Considering these aspects, CA will use in standard commercial diets for broiler chicks to
investigate its effects on their growth performance, and carcass quality.
1.2 Research hypothesis
The study aims to find out the effect of using Citric Acid from waste product in
broiler diets into performace and carcass quality.

The study shall assume with the null hypothesis that:

 Using citric acid from rice by product in broiler diets does not effected on growth
performance and carcass quality (H0).
 Using citric acid from rice by product in broiler diets could effected on growth
performance and carcass quality (H1).

1.3 Objectives
1. To determine the effect of feeding citric acid on growth performance and carcass
quality of broiler chickens.
2. To evaluate the effect of feeding citric acid on growth performance and carcass
quality of broiler chickens.

1.4 Anticipated outcomes of the study

Antibiotic growth promoters commonly known have been used to improve live weight and
feed efficiency and another fungtional feed for broiler performance, however consumers fears
that their additional may promote resistant strains of pathogens those antibiotic in feed.
Consumers may become infected with the resistant strain of bacteria by eating animal products
such as meat and egg. Thus, it’s timely to examine alternative sources of antibiotics growth
promoters in broiler diets such as citric acid especially from by product or waste product because
it could be decrease feed cost. Therefore, the results will have the following benefits: -

1. Confirmation the impact of using citric acid from rice by product on broiler chicken
feed
2. To suggest the use of using citric acid from rice by product on broiler chicken feed
and the effect on growth performance and carcass quality.
 2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Organic Acid in poultry diets

The key aim of poultry production for the food chain are Proper growth rate and feed
conversion efficiency and maintaining optimal animal health. Various of feed additives have
been suggested by animal nutritionists to achieve such goals. for decades, in broiler diets
Antibiotics has been used as growth promoter. However, it were prohibited to use in animal feed
in the European Union because of concern residues in animal products and potential appearance
of antibiotics resistant bacteria (Xu et al., 2018).

Organic acid

Organic Acid such as lactic, benzoic, citric, fumaric and sorbic acids for decades have
been used in commercial compound feeds (Production, 2016). Organic acid also used in feed
preservation to increase the preservation effect of fermented feed (Nuria et al., 2004). Organic
acids commonly found in fruit juices and fermented foods (Luck and Jager, 1997).

Figure 1 Molecular structure of organic acid

Dietary acids for poultry diets are classified as inorganic and organic acid, and organic
acids have been often used for poultry diets. Organic acid have the chemical structure of R-
COOH with acidic properties (figure 1).

Previous experiments have reported that dietary organic acids can increase phosphorus
utilization in corn-soybean meal diets fed to broiler chickens (Boling et al ., 2000; Esmaeilipour
et al ., 2011). Organic acids are used in feeds for their various beneficial effects on gut function
and microflora, feedpreservation from microbial invasion, inhibition of pathogenic bacteria,
enhancing mineral absorption, accelerating recovery from cage fatigue, and improvement of
nutrient digestibility (Abdel-Azeem et al., 2000; Dibner and Buttin, 2002; Jahanian and
Golshadi, 2015)

Table 1 Physico-chemical properties of some organic acids

Acid Molecular MM (g/mol) Density Phys. Form pKa Solubility

formula (g/ml) in water
Formic 46.03 1.22 Liquid 3.75 ∞

Acetic 60.05 1.049 Liquid 4.76 ∞

Propionic 74.08 0.993 Liquid 4.88 ∞

butyric 88.12 0.958 Liquid 4.82 ∞

Lactic 90.08 1.206 Liquid 3.83 V

Sorbic 112.14 1.204 Liquid 4.76 S
Fumaric 116.07 1.635 Liquid 3.02 S
4.38
Malic 134.09 Liquid 3.4 ∞

5.1
Tartaric 150.09 1.76 Liquid 2.93 V
4.23
Citric 192.14 1.665 Solid 3.13 V
4.76
6.4
1MM: molecular mass; ∞: soluble in all proportions; v: very soluble; s: sparingly soluble.

(Koch, 2005)

2.2.1 Antimicrobial activity of organic acids

Dibner and Buttin, 2002 reported Dietary organic acids have gained great attention
because of their antimicrobial activity against pathogenic commonly used in the poultry industry
because their chemical and physical properties are applicable to poultry. There is Potential action
of organic acid (Afsharmanesh and Pourreza, 2005; Mroz, 2005).;

1. Inhibition of pathogenic bacterial growth

2. Decreased PH in diets and subsequent reduction of the PH in the GIT (gastrointestinal
tract)
3. Improved nutrient utilization in diets by increasing nutrient retention
2.2.2 Effect of Organic Acid on The Nutrient Digestibility
Organic acid could reduced pH in the upper part of the GIT (gastrointestinal tract ) may
increase nutrient digestibility, and therefore, nutrient utilization in diets. In the stomach, a
reduction in gastric pH activates pepsinogen and other zymogens by adjusting gastric acidity
closer to that required for optimal activity (Jongbloed et al ., 2000); this increased enzyme
activity can improve the digestion of proteins and possibly other nutrients. In some experiment
reported that Dietary organic acids can improve dry matter and protein utilization in some
experiments, but the extent of improvement in nutrient utilization is smaller than has been
anticipated.

2.3 Citric Acid

Citric acid fermentation was first observed as a fungal product by Wehmer in 1893 by a
culture of Penicillium glaucum on sugar medium. Citric Acid (CA, C6H8O7 ; Figure 1) has been
used as a natural preservative and has been widely used as an organic acid supplement for pigs
and chickens. Citric acid is a natural preservative and weak organic acid which used to add an
acidic or sour taste to soft drinks and food. Citric acid cycle have an essential component which
release energy for physiological function ( Wright, 1976). Citric acid is most important of source
of organic acid and second large fermentation product in the world and has production more than
1.7 milion tons per year (Dhillon et al., 2013b).

Figure 2 Molecular structure of citric acid (K.M.S Islam 2012)

Citric acid is a standart ingredient in cosmetic formulations for PH adjustment and in

antioxidant system as a metallic-ion chelator (20) About 64 % of U.S. citric acid usage in 2004
was for foods and beverages, 22 % for detergents and cleaning products and 10 % for
pharmaceutical and nutritional products. About 2 % went into cosmetics and toiletries.

2.3.1 Citric Acid as Growth Promotor

cit

Table 1 Safety margin of citric acid (CA) in broiler diet in a 35 days trial

CA (g/100g feed)
Parameter 0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5
s
LWG (g) 1377b+ 24 1384b+62 1373b+10 1404b+10 1374b+20 1296a+4
FI 3923b+97. 3400a+40. 3363a+88. 3360a+81. 3370a+42. 3436a+86.
3 7 6 4 0 0
FCE 351a+14.9 407b+18.0 409b+24.4 418b+13.2 408b+11.1 378a+10.1
8 0
(Islam et al., 2012)
 From the table above Islam et al 2012 reported 0.5% acetic acid in water showed
could improved growth 1.452 kg.

2.3.2

3.0 Research Methodology

3.1.0 Materials and methodology

3.1.1 Animals and experimental design

3.1.2 Housing and feeding of cocks

3.1.3 Data collection

4.0 Statistical Analysis

5.0 Ethical consideration

6.0 Location of the Research

7.0 Research budget

8.0 Research Plan

References
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