1.

DESIGN LOADS

The foundation design process cannot begin until the design loads have been defined.
These are the loads imparted from the superstructure to the foundation.

Most foundations, especially those that support buildings or bridges, are designed primarily to support
downward normal loads. However, other types of loads also can be important, and in some cases can control the
design. For example, the design of foundations for electrical transmission towers is often controlled by upward
normal loads induced by overturning moments on the tower.

Design loads also are classified according to their source:

 Dead load. (D) are those caused by the weight of the structure, including permanently installed
equipment.
 Live load. (L) are those caused by the intended use and occupancy. These include loads from people,
furniture, inventory, maintenance activities, moveable partitions, moveable equipment, vehicles, and
other similar sources.
 Snow load. (S) and rain loads (R) are a special type of live load caused by the accumulation of snow or
rain. Sometimes rain loads caused by ponding (the static accumulation of water on the roof are
considered separately.
 Earthquake loads (E) are the result of accelerations from earthquakes.
 Wind loads (W) are imparted by wind onto the structure

There are two methods of expressing and working with design loads: The allowable stress design (ASD)
method, and the load and resistance Factor design (LRFD) method.

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

When using the allowable stress design (ASD) method (also known as the working stress design
method), the design loads reflect conservative estimates of the actual service loads.

The ASD design defines load as the greatest of the following four load combinations

When calculating the bearing pressure for foundations one may use ASD, and normally compute the
design load as the largest of Equations above, then size the foundation using an allowable bearing pressure.

2. BEARING PRESSURE
Example .1
A column carries the following vertical compressive loads: downward,
downward, and upward. Using the ASD load combinations, check the suitability of
footing if the ultimate bearing capacity is and factor of safety is .

Solution:-
 Example 2.

The mat foundation is to be 50 m wide, 70 m long and 1.8 m thick. The sum of the column and wall
loads is 805 MN. Compute the average bearing pressure,

Solution: -

Example 3.
 3. Conclusion
Although the foundation is satisfactory for one-way eccentricity, it does not meet the criterion for two-
way eccentricity because the resultant is outside the kern. This means the comer of the mat opposite the loaded
silo may lift up, causing excessive tilting.
Therefore, it is necessary to increase B. ~ Answer