Anabolic Pathway (Biosynthetic Pathway)
Anabolism - Pathway of anabolism is different from
- Synthesis of larger molecule from
smaller molecule
- Excess smaller molecule in metabolism
will be used to synthesize larger
molecule to be used for storage
- Happens in starvation, conversion of
larger molecules to smaller molecule
Different larger molecules in the catabolic
pathway for energy
1. Carbohydrates
- Break down to monosaccharide to
undergo glycolysis
- to produce pyruvate to become Acetyl
Co-enzyme A for the citric acid cycle
- NADH and FADH2 will go to the oxidative
phosphorylation in the ETC to produce
chemical energy in the ATP.
2. Lipids
- Source if there is scarce carbohydrate
supply
- Glycerol will undergo glycolysis
- Fatty acids coming from sphingolipids
will undergo beta oxidation
- Final product will be Acetyl CoA for the
citric acid cycle
3. Proteins
- Broken down to amino acid
- Before entering pyruvate in Acetyl CoA,
oxidative deamination will occur to
remove nitrogen in amino acid.
- After that ammonia will be produced
which will undergo the urea cycle.
Anabolism
- Only one mole of Acetyl CoA will
undergo citric acid cycle
- Cannot be a simultaneous process
- Acetyl will need one mole of
oxaloacetate to undergo citric acid cycle
- Excess of Acetyl co enzyme A and
undergo anabolism
- May be produced as lipids or
carbohydrates
- Sometimes proteins but lipids and
carbohydrates are more favorable
Introduction
catabolism
1. Anabolism has Flexibility
- Normal biosynthetic pathway is blocked,
the organism can often use reverse of
the degradation pathway for synthesis.
- If the catabolism are usually block via
enzymes, excess molecules will undergo
synthesis
2. Overcoming Le Chatelier’s principle
- Reactant with higher concentration
leads to forward reaction
- Product with higher concentration leads
to reverse reaction
- Enzyme phosphorylase can perform
forward and reverse reaction, it can
overcome the Le Chatelier’s principle
- Large excess of phosphate would drive
the reaction to the right, driving the
hydrolysis of glycogen
- To provide an alternative pathway for
the synthesis of glycogen, even in the
presence of excess phosphate
- Use UDP-glucose to further synthesize a
larger molecule of glycogen
Carbohydrate Biosynthesis
- Conversion of carbon dioxide to glucose
in plants
- Synthesis of glucose in animals and
humans
- Conversion of glucose to other forms of
carbohydrates
- Photosynthesis takes place in plants
- Carbon dioxide and water in the
presence of sunlight (energy) happens
inside the chlorophyll and produces
glucose and oxygen.
Gluconeogenesis
- Synthesis of Glucose from a non-
carbohydrate source (lipids or
aminoacids)
- Creation of new glucose (neogenesis)
- These sources are most commonly
pyruvate, citric acid cycle intermediates,
and glucogenic amino acids.
 - Gluconeogenesis is not the exact uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-
reversal of glycolysis glucose) + Pi
Steps omitted in glycolysis:
- pyruvate to glucose does not occur by
reversing the steps of glucose to
pyruvate.
- There are three irreversible steps in
glycolysis:
a. Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP to Glycogenesis
form pyruvate and ATP - Synthesis of glycogen from glucose.
b. Fructose 6 phosphate to
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate.
c. Glucose to glucose 6 phosphate.
- These three steps are reversed in
gluconeogenesis, but by different
reactions and using different enzymes. - The biosynthesis of other di-, oligo-,
and polysaccharides also uses this
common activation step to form an
appropriate UDP derivative.
- Utilize UTP to form UDP
- Every time this occurs, the chain of
hydrogen becomes longer

Cori Cycle

Happens in the mitochondria you can form

pyruvate where pyruvate can come from citric
acid, lactate and glucogenic amino acid
- Oxaloacetate will become a phophoenol
pyruvate by a 5-step reaction.
- The five steps will form Fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate, Fructose 6-phosphate,
Glucose 6-phosphate and Glucose.
- Involves enzyme that catalyze
gluconeogenesis only.

Other Carbohydrates - Lactate from glycolysis in muscle is

- Glucose is converted to other hexoses
and to disaccharide, oligosaccharide,
and polysaccharide
- The common step in all of these
syntheses is activation of glucose by
uridine triphosphate (UTP) to form
transported to the liver, where
gluconeogensis converts it back to
glucose
- Glucose will be transported from liver to
muscle via blood (RBC)
 - Glycolysis to form pyruvate, which will
form co enzyme A and undergo Citric
acid cycle.
- Excess pyruvate since it is anaerobic will
form lactate.
- Lactate In muscle tissue promote cramps
- To prevent cramps, lactate must travel
back to liver
- High NAD to NADH outside liver while in
the liver lower NAD to NADH ratio
Glucose
- Catabolism is Glycolysis
- Anabolism is Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen
- Catabolism is Glycogenolysis
- Anabolism is Glycogenesis
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
- While degradation of fatty acids takes
place in mitochondria under beta-
oxidation, the majority of fatty acid
synthesis takes place in the cytosol.
These two pathways have in common that they
both involve acetyl CoA.
- Acetyl CoA is the end product of each
spiral of b-oxidation.
- Fatty acids are synthesized two carbon
atoms at a time
- The source of these two carbons is the
acetyl group of acetyl CoA.
- Break down fatty acid uses two carbons
- The key to fatty acid synthesis is the first
step reaction via the multienzyme
complex called acyl carrier protein, ACP-
SH.
- SH or thiol group binds to fatty acids
- ACP has a side chain that carries the
- growing fatty acid
- ACP rotates counterclockwise, and its
side chain sweeps over the multienzyme
system (empty spheres)
Step 1: Acyl carrier protein (HS-ACP) picks up an
acetyl group from acetyl-CoA
- Acety CoA will react with acyl carrier
protein to produce an acetyl ACP
complex and the byproduct is CoAsh that
will be used in other reaction
- After binding with ACP complex it will
react with synthase having a thiol group
resulting to a transfer.
- Acetyl synthase complex will now be
condensed with malonyl ACP
Step 2: The condensation step:
- the Carbon 2 fragment on the synthase
is now condensed with a Carbon 3
fragment in a reaction that gives off
carbon dioxide .
- Condensation reaction with Malonyl
ACP
- Cleaving to form a carbon dioxide as by
product producing a four atom complex
Step 3: The resulting 4-carbon fragment then
undergoes three consecutive reactions:
reduction, dehydration, and reduction to give a
fully saturated C4 fragment. These three
reactions are shown on the next two screens. As
you study them, note that they are the reverse
of three steps in the b-oxidation of fatty acids.
- Ketone undergo reduction forming
secondary alcohol
- Secondary alcohol undergo dehydration
causing the double bond formation
- Reduction reaction where the double
bond becomes a single bond
Step 4: First reduction
Step 5: Dehydration
- Double bond formation
Step 6: Second reduction
- NADPH to produce NADP to form a
single bond
- Butyryl ACP complex will come back and
start again in step number 2
- Will extend until you get a longer fatty
acid chain
- Higher fatty acids, for example C18
(stearic acid), are obtained by addition of
one or more additional C2 fragments by
a different enzyme system.
- Unsaturated fatty acids are synthesized
from saturated fatty acids by enzyme-
catalyzed oxidation at the appropriate
point on the hydrocarbon chain.
- The structure of NADP+ is the same as
NAD+ except that there is an additional
phosphate group on carbon 3’ of one of
the ribose units.
Membrane Lipids
The two building blocks for the synthesis of
membrane lipids are:
a. Activated fatty acids in the form of their
acyl CoA derivatives.
b. Glycerol 1-phosphate, which is obtained
by reduction of dihydroxyacetone
phosphate (from glycolysis):
- Step 5 of glycolysis where break down of
fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
- Glycerol 1-phosphate backbone of the
membrane lipid
c. Glycerol 1-phosphate combines with
two acyl CoA molecules, which may be
the same or different
- Esterification in carbon 1 and 2
- Phosphatidate will become
sphingolipids
d. To complete the synthesis of a
phospholipid, an activated serine,
choline, or ethanolamine is added to the
phosphatidate by formation of a
phosphoric ester.
e. Sphingolipids and glycolipids are
assembled in similar fashion from the
appropriate building blocks.
Cholesterol
All carbon atoms of cholesterol and of all
steroids synthesized from it are derived from the
two-carbon acetyl group of acetyl CoA.
- Synthesis starts with reaction of three
molecules of acetyl CoA to form the six-
carbon compound 3-hydroxy-3-
methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA).
- The enzyme HMG-CoA reductase then
catalyzes the reduction of the thioester
group to a primary alcohol.
 - Amine functional group transfers to c
double bond o

- In a series of steps requiring ATP,

mevalonate undergoes phosporylation
and decarboxylation to give the C5
compound, isopentenyl pyrophosphate.
- This compound is a key building block for
all steroids, cholesterol and bile acids.

- Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (C5 ) is the

building block for the synthesis of
geranyl pyrophosphate (C10) and
farnesyl pyrophosphate (C15).
- Some will come from pyruvate,
phosphoenol pyruvate, oxaloacetate,
malate and aspartate.
- Geranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphate are
the starting material for bile acids and
steroids.

Amino Acids
Most nonessential amino acids are synthesized
from intermediates of either glycolysis or the
citric acid cycle.
- Glutamate, for example, is synthesized
by amination and reduction of alpha
ketoglutarate, a citric acid cycle
intermediate:

Glutamate in turn serves as an intermediate in

the synthesis of several amino acids by the
transfer of its amino group by transamination.