MAGNETIC

PARTICLE
TESTING
PROCEDURE

KOST/NDT/MTP – 02
(ASME B31.3 – PROCESS PIPING)

KOSTEC NDT CONSULTANCY SDN BHD

Rev Date Prepared by Checked & Approved by

02 02.01.2018

Mohd Zaidi Abd Jalil Harihara Subramani

Operation Manager ASNT Level III (230800)
 KOST/NDT/MTP/02
MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING – Rev 02/02012018
(ASME B31.3 – PROCESS PIPING) Controlled No.:CD18

RECORD OF REVISIONS
REV. NO CONTENTS DATE

Rev 00 - 01.10.2014

Rev 01 - 19.07.2016

Rev 02 - 02.01.2018

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NO TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES

1. SCOPE 4
2. REFERENCE 4
3. NDT PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION 4
4. PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION 4
5. TECHNIQUE 4
6. EQUIPMENT 5
7. TESTING MEDIUM 5
8. ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS 6
9. TEMPERATURE RESTRICTION 6
10. ILLUMINATIONS REQUIREMENTS 6
11. EXAMINATION COVERAGE 7
12. DIRECTION OF MAGNETIZATION 7
13. CALIBRATION OF EQUIPMENT 7
14. SEQUENCE OF OPERATION 8
15. DEMAGNETIZATION 9
16. POST INSPECTION CLEANING 9
17. INTERPRETATION OF INDICATIONS 10
18. EVALUATION 10
19. ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 10
20. APPENDIX I 11
21. TABLE 341.3 12
22. TABLE 341.3.2 14

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 KOST/NDT/MTP/02
MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING – Rev 02/02012018
(ASME B31.3 – PROCESS PIPING) Controlled No.:CD18

1. SCOPE

1.1. This procedure applies to the Magnetic Particle Testing methods used to detect cracks and
other discontinuities on surface of ferromagnetic materials.
1.2. It includes the examination of materials and welded joints of Type 1 to 6 and Category A to D
in the following fabrication:
a) Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping in accordance to the requirements of
ANSI/ASME B31.3.

2. REFERENCES

2.1. ASME B31.3 ( 2013 Edition ) – Process Piping

2.2. KOST/QAP/01 - Personnel Qualification and Certification Procedure - It meets the SNT-TC-1A
(2006 Edition)

3. QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL

3.1 Level II or Level III Magnetic Particle Testing technician certified in accordance with Kostec
NDT Consultancy Sdn Bhd - Procedure for Qualification and Certification of Non-Destructive
Personnel, KOST/QAP/01 according to SNT-TC-1A 2006.
3.2 PCN and CSWIP Level II Approval Certificates or ASNT Level II Certificates

4. PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION

4.1. A change of a requirement in Table T-721 identified as an essential variable shall require re-
qualification of this procedure.
4.2. A change of a requirement in Table T-721 identified as a non-essential variable does not
require re-qualification of this procedure.
4.3. All changes of essential and non-essential variables shall require revision or addendum of this
procedure.

5. TECHNIQUE

5.1. Permanent Magnetic Yoke or Alternating Current Electromagnetic Yoke shall be used as a
magnetizing force with either:
a) TECHNIQUE - Continuous Wet Magnetic Particle Testing.
b) TECHNIQUE - Continuous Wet Magnetic Fluorescent Particle Testing.
c) TECHNIQUE - Continuous Non Fluorescent Dry Magnetic Particle Testing.

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6. EQUIPMENT

6.1. Main Unit - Either Permanent Magnetic Yoke or Electromagnetic Yoke shall be used.
Permanent Magnetic Yoke Unit shall be Magnaflux Permanent Magnetic Yoke or equivalent.
Electromagnetic Yoke Unit used shall be Electro-Spec Testing System Inc Model ES6-AC or
equivalent.
6.2. Field Strength Indicator - A field strength indicator shall be use to verify the adequacy or
direction and strength of the magnetic field induced into the part being tested. Either ASME
Flux Indicator or Burmah Castrol Flux Indicator shall be used.
6.3. Ultraviolet Light (Black Light) - Ultraviolet Light (Black Light) shall be Magnaflux ZB 220/240
volts and shall provide a concentrated beam with a typical peak 365 mm intensity of 9,000
μw/cm² at 15 inches distance.
6.4. White/Black Light Intensity Meter - White/Black Light Intensity shall be measured using
Intensity Meter. For color contrast magnetic particle testing, white light intensity at the testing
surface shall not be less than 100 fc (1000 Ix). For fluorescent magnetic particle testing, black
light intensity at the testing surface at 15 inches from the face of the lens filter shall not be
less than 1000 μw/cm².

7. TESTING MEDIUM

Testing medium used in this procedure shall be as follows:

7.1. Wet Particles Visible Black Magnetic Ink shall be Sherwin, Magnaflux 7HF or equivalent.
7.2. White Background Paint shall be Sherwin, Magnaflux WCP-2 or equivalent.
7.3. Other medium shall not be used unless approved by Authorized Inspector, and/or NDT Level
III personnel.
7.4. Other medium shall not be used unless approved by Authorized Inspector, and/or NDT Level
III personnel.
7.5. Inspection medium used shall not be adversely affect the integrity of the part examined.
7.6. Continuous Wet Particles Method shall provide adequate contrast with the surface being
examined.

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8. ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS

Surface preparation is critical to the integrity of the testing and shall be noted in report and
conforming to the following:

8.1. In general, surface or part is satisfactory as-welded, as rolled, as-cast or as forged

conditions.
8.2. All adjacent areas within at least 1 (one) inch of the surfaces shall be dry and free of
contaminate such as oil, dirt, grease, loose rust, loose sand, scale, lint, thick paint, welding flux
and weld spatter or the extraneous matter that could interfere with the testing.
8.3. Thin non-conductive coatings, such as paint in the order of 1 or 2 mils (0.02 to 0.05 mm) are
permitted.
8.4. If coatings are left on the part in the area being examined, it must be demonstrated that
indicators can be detected through the maximum coating thickness applied.
8.5. Weld surfaces, on removal of slag, shall be considered suitable. Grinding, machining, wire
brushing, chipping, scrapping, or other methods may be necessary where surface irregularities
could mask indications due discontinuities.
8.6. Cleaning may be accomplished using detergents, organic solvents and descaling methods.
8.7. All examination surfaces shall be dry prior to testing. Dry time after solvent cleaning shall be
1 (one) minutes as a minimum.
8.8. When using wet magnetic non fluorescent method, surface areas to be tested shall be spray
painted with a thin layer of white contrast background paint/lacquer and allow complete
drying before commencement of testing. Drying time shall be a minimum of 2 minutes.
8.9. In the area of the weld repair, the excavated area and a minimum of 1 (one) inch adjacent
material on each side of the repair area will be examined to ensure removal of defect to the
adequate level.

9. TEMPERATURE RESTRICTION

9.1. Continuous Wet Particle Testing - Wet Magnetic Particle Testing shall not be performed if the
surface temperature of the part/weld exceeds 185 degree F (57 degree C).
9.2. Continuous Dry Particle Testing - Dry Magnetic Particle Testing shall not be performed if the
surface temperature of the part/weld exceeds 600 degree F (315 degree C).

10. ILLUMINATIONS REQUIREMENTS

10.1. Continuous Wet/Dry Magnetic Particle Testing Lighting shall be such that adequate conditions
exist for interpretation/evaluation and shall normally be either from Natural (daylight) or
artificial (white) light lux to ensure no loss of sensitivity during testing.
10.2. Continuous Wet Fluorescent Particle Testing
The testing is performed using Ultraviolet light (Black Light) and shall be as follows:

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a) It shall be performed in the darkened area.

b) The black light intensity shall not be less than 1000 μw/cm², when measured with a
black light meter a minimum distance of 15 (fifteen) inches from the test surface to
the black light lens surface.
10.3. Personnel shall be in the darker area at least 5 minutes before testing to ensure that the eyes
have adjusted.

11. EXAMINATION COVERAGE

11.1. All testing shall be conducted with sufficient overlap to ensure 100% coverage at the required
sensitivity.

12. DIRECTION OF MAGNETIZATION

To ensure detection of discontinuities having axis in any direction, the following shall have to
be carried out:
a) A minimum of 2 (two) separate testing shall be performed at approximately right
angle
b) (90°) to each other’s, provided that the geometry of the material/parts permit.
c) The second testing will have the magnetic field at right angle to that employed for the
first testing.
d) Whenever possible further directions of magnetization shall be employed to further
establish indications of low intensity.

13. CALIBRATION OF EQUIPMENT

13.1. The magnetizing force of the yoke shall be calibrate at least once a year, or whenever a yoke
has been in used for a year or more, a check shall be done prior to the first use.
13.2. Each Permanent Magnetic Yoke shall have a lifting power of at least 40 lbs (18 kgs) the
maximum pole spacing that will be used.
13.3. Each Alternating-Current (AC) Electromagnetic Yoke shall have a lifting power of at least 10
Ibs (4.5 kgs) at the maximum pole spacing that will be used.
13.4. A field strength indicator shall be used to check the adequacy or direction and strength of the
magnetizing field and shall be used by positioning the indicator on the surface to be tested.
The field strength is indicated when a clearly defined line of magnetic particles from across
the copper face of the indicator and when the magnetic particle are applied simultaneously
with the magnetizing force. When a clearly defined line of particle is not formed in the desired
direction, the magnetizing technique shall be changed or adjusted.

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14. SEQUENCE OF OPERATION

14.1. TECHNIQUE 1 - Wet Continuous Particle Testing

1) Test surfaces shall be cleaned as per Section 8.0 of this procedure.
2) Test surfaces shall be sprayed with a thin film background lacquer/paint and allowed to
dry prior to examination.
3) The poles of the units shall be placed on the centre of the area to be examined. The
distance between the poles shall not exceed 8 (eight) inches and good contact shall exist
between poles and the surface to be examined.
4) Thoroughly, shake the aerosol for 10-15 seconds and apply (spray) indicator liberally
over the entire examination area within the magnetizing force is in flow at a distance
not less than 6 (six) inches from the test surface.
5) Interpret and evaluate any indications while magnetic field is still activated.
Magnetization shall be 3 (three) to 4 (four) seconds.
6) Deactivate magnetizing force before removal of magnetizing unit.
7) Repeat similar steps for second test on the same surface at 90 degree to the original
direction of magnetizing and at any other angles as applicable for detecting possible
discontinuities.
8) If indications occur and where doubts exist as to their relevance, the sequence should
be repeated and the indication re-evaluated.
14.2. TECHNIQUE 2 - Wet Continuous Fluorescent Particle Testing
1) Test surface shall be cleaned as per Section 8.0 of this procedure.
2) Testing shall be performed in the darkened area.
3) The personnel shall be in the darkened area for at least 5 (five) minutes prior to
performing the test to enable his eyes to adapt to dark viewing.
4) The black light shall be allowed to warm up for a minimum of 5{five) minutes prior to
use or measurement of the intensity of the ultraviolet light (Black Light) emitted.
5) The black light intensity shall be measured with a black light meter. The black light
intensity shall be measured at least once every 8 (eight) hours and whenever the work
station is changed.
6) The poles of the unit shall be placed on the centre of the area to be tested. The distance
between the poles shall not exceed eight (8) inches and good contact shall exist between
the poles and the surface to be examined.
7) Thoroughly, shake the aerosol for 10-15 seconds and apply (spray) fluorescent indicator
liberally over the entire test area within the magnetizing field while magnetizing force is
in flow a distance not less than 6 (six) inches from the test surface after which, with the
magnetizing force still in flow, the black light shall be beam towards the area at the
minimum distance of 15 (fifteen) inches from the tested surface.
8) Interpret and evaluate any indications while magnetic field is still activated.
9) Deactivate magnetizing force before removal of magnetizing unit.
10) Repeat similar steps for second test on the same surface at 90 degree to the original
direction of magnetization and at any other angles as applicable for detecting possible
discontinuities.

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11) If indications occur and when doubts exist as to their relevance, the sequence should be
repeated and the indication re-evaluated.
14.3. TECHNIQUE 3 - Dry Continuous Particle Testing
1) Test surfaces shall be cleaned as per Section 8.0 of this procedure.
2) The poles of the unit shall be placed on the centre of the area to be tested. The
distance between the poles shall not exceed 8 (eight) inches and the good contact
shall exist between the poles and the surface to be examined.
3) Apply dry powder onto the magnetized surface using powder blower such that the
powder reaches the surface as fluffy dust.
4) Interpret and evaluate the indications while magnetic field is still activated.
5) Deactivate magnetizing force before removal of magnetizing unit.
6) Repeat similar steps for second test on the same surface at 90 degrees to the original
direction magnetizing and at any other angles as applicable for detecting possible
discontinuities.
7) If indications occur and where doubts exist as to their relevance, the sequence should
be repeated and the indication re- evaluated.

15. DEMAGNETIZATION

15.1. Demagnetization is necessary where remaining magnetic field could interfere with
subsequent processing or with service requirements.
15.2. Alternating-Current (AC) yokes shall be used for localized demagnetization by placing the
poles on the surface moving them around the area, and slowly withdrawing the AC yokes
while it is still energized. Care should be exercised to ensure that the part is entirely removed
from the influenced of the AC yokes before the demagnetizing force is discontinued.

16. POST INSPECTION CLEANING

16.1. Post cleaning is necessary where magnetic particle materials could interfere with subsequent
processing or with service requirements. Post cleaning techniques shall be as follows:
a) The drying of wet particle and subsequent removal by brushing of use of compressed
air.
b) Removal of wet particle by flushing with solvent.
c) Any other techniques which may be used if they do not interfere with subsequent
requirements.

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17. INTERPRETATION OF INDICATIONS

17.1. Illumination shall conform to the requirements detailed in Section 10.0 of this procedure.
17.2. All valid indications formed by magnetic particle testing are the result of magnetic flux leakage
fields. Indications may be "Relevant" or "Non-Relevant".
17.3. Relevant caused by particles being held by non-magnetic force are false, examples include
particles lying in the depression at the side of the weld, or particles wedged to the scale on
the surface.
17.4. Relevant Indications produced by flux leakage fields which are the results of discontinuities
that major may not be acceptable and shall be evaluated with regards to the acceptance
standard.
17.5. Non Relevant Indications can occur singly or in pattern as a result of flux leakage fields created
by conditions such as changes in section, inherent properties, etc., or may be associated with
a discontinuity which is not considered detrimental to the part.

18. EVALUATION

18.1. Linear Indications are those in which the length is more than 3 (three) times the width. Only
indications with a dimension greater than 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) shall be consider as relevant.
18.2. Rounded Indication/s which are circular, elliptical or in any other shapes, with or without tail
the length equal to or less than three times the width.
18.3. Localized surface imperfections, which may occur from machining marks, surface conditions,
or incomplete bond between base metal and cladding, may produce similar indications which
are non-relevant to the detection of unacceptable discontinuities.

19. ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

19.1. The following acceptance standards shall apply unless other Standards, Codes and Project
Specifications are specified by clients.

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APPENDIX I - REPORT OF MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING

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Table 341.3. Acceptance Criteria for Welds and Examination Methods for Evaluating Weld Imperfections

Criteria (A to M) for Types of Welds and for Service Conditions [Note (1)] Examination
Normal and Category M Fluid
Service Severe Cyclic Conditions Category D Fluid Service
Type of Weld Type of Weld Type of Weld

Branch Connection [Note

Girth and Miter Groove
Girth, Miter Groove &

Girth, Miter Groove &

Branch Connection

Branch Connection

Magnetic Particle

Liquid Penetrant
Groove [Note

Groove [Note

Groove [Note
Fillet [Note (4)]

Fillet [Note (4)]

Fillet [Note (4)]

Radiography
[Note (2)]

[Note (2)]
Longitudinal

Longitudinal

Longitudinal

Visual
(3)]

(3)]

(3)]

(2)]
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Crack ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

BE AE A AD AD A C A N/A A Lack of fusion Incomplete ✓ ✓ .. ...

N/A N/A C A B .
N/A penetration Internal porosity ✓ ✓ ...
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Internal slag inclusion, tungsten ..
GH GA FA FA ... ✓ ...
inclusion, or elongated indication .

Undercutting ..
A A AJ AJ
N/A N/A A N/A I N/A N/A H N/A H .
Surface porosity or exposed slag ... ✓ ...
N/A K N/A K
H A inclusion [Note (5)]
K K ✓ ✓ ...
AJ A A A
L L Surface finish Concave root ..
A N/A A N/A N/A K
L L surface ✓ ... . ...
N/A
N/A N/A (suck up)
✓ ... .. ...
K N/A M
L Weld reinforcement or internal .
/

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GENERAL NOTES:

a) Weld imperfections are evaluated by one or more of the types of examination methods given, as specified in paras. 341.4.1, 341.4.2, 341.4.3, and M341.4, or by
the engineering design.
b) “N/A” indicates the Code does not establish acceptance criteria or does not require evaluation of this kind of imperfection for this type of weld.
c) Check (✓) indicates examination method generally used for evaluating this kind of weld imperfection.
d) Ellipsis (. . .) indicates examination method not generally used for evaluating this kind of weld imperfection.

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Table 341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria for Welds and Examination Methods for Evaluating Weld Imperfections (Cont’d)
Criterion Value Notes for Table 341.3.2

Symbol Measure Acceptable Value Limits [Note (6)]

A Extent of imperfection Zero (no evident imperfection)

B Depth of incomplete penetration
Cumulative length of incomplete penetration
C Depth of lack of fusion and incomplete penetration
Cumulative length of lack of fusion and incomplete
penetration [Note (7)]
≤ 1 mm (1⁄32 in.) and ≤ 0.2T w
≤ 38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
≤ 0.2T w
≤ 38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length

D Size and distribution of internal porosity See BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 4
E Size and distribution of internal porosity For T w ≤ 6 mm ( 1⁄4 in.), limit is same as D
For T w > 6 mm (1⁄4 in.), limit is 1.5 x D
F Slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or elongated indication
Individual length ≤ T w /3
Individual width ≤ 2.5 mm (3⁄32 in.) and ≤ T w /3
Cumulative length ≤ T w in any 12T w weld length
G Slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or elongated indication
Individual length ≤ 2T w
Individual width ≤ 3 mm ( 1⁄8 in.) and ≤ T w /2
Cumulative length ≤ 4T w in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
H Depth of undercut ≤ 1 mm (1⁄32 in.) and ≤ T w /4
I Depth of undercut ≤ 1.5 mm (1⁄16 in.) and ≤ [T w /4 or 1 mm (1⁄32 in.)]
J Surface roughness ≤ 500 min. Ra in accordance with ASME B46.1
K Depth of root surface concavity Total joint thickness, incl. weld reinf., ≥ T w
L Height of reinforcement or internal protrusion [Note (8)] in For T w , mm (in.) Height, mm (in.)
any plane through the weld shall be within limits of
the applicable height value in the tabulation at right, ≤ 6 ( ⁄4 )
1
≤ 1.5 (1⁄16 )
except as provided in Note (9). Weld metal shall merge > 6 ( 1⁄4 ), ≤ 13 (1⁄2 ) ≤ 3 (1⁄8 )
> 13 (1/2 ), ≤ 25 (1) ≤ 4 ( 5/32)
smoothly into the component surfaces.
> 25 (1) ≤ 5 (3⁄16 )
M Height of reinforcement or internal protrusion [Note (8)] Limit is twice the value applicable for L above
as described in L. Note (9) does not apply.

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NOTES:
1) Criteria given are for required examination. More stringent criteria may be specified in the engineering design. See also paras. 341.5 and 341.5.3.
2) Branch connection weld includes pressure containing welds in branches and fabricated laps.
3) Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral (helical) seam. Criteria are not intended to apply to welds made in accordance with a standard listed in Table A-1 or Table
326.1. Alternative Leak Test requires examination of these welds; see para. 345.9.
4) Fillet weld includes socket and seal welds, and attachment welds for slip-on flanges, branch reinforcement, and supports.
5) These imperfections are evaluated only for welds ≤ 5 mm (3⁄16 in.) in nominal thickness.
6) Where two limiting values are separated by “and,” the lesser of the values determines acceptance. Where two sets of values are separated by “or,” the larger value is acceptable. T
w is the nominal wall thickness of the thinner of two components joined by a butt weld.
7) Tightly butted unfused root faces are unacceptable.
8) For groove welds, height is the lesser of the measurements made from the surfaces of the adjacent components; both reinforcement and internal protrusion are permitted in a
weld. For fillet welds, height is measured from the theoretical throat, Fig. 328.5.2A; internal protrusion does not apply.
9) For welds in aluminum alloy only, internal protrusion shall not exceed the following values:
a) 1.5 mm (1⁄16 in.) for thickness ≤ 2 mm (5⁄64 in.)
b) 2.5 mm (3⁄32 in.) for thickness > 2 mm and ≤ 6 mm (1⁄4 in.)
c) For external reinforcement and for greater thicknesses, see the tabulation for symbol L.

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