Us10244609 PDF

US010244609B2
(12) United
Siessegger
States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 10 ,244,609 B2
(45) Date of Patent: Mar. 26 , 2019
( 54 ) POWER LINE COMMUNICATION FOR (58 ) Field of Classification Search
LIGHTING SYSTEMS CPC ........... . HO5B 33 /0803 ; H05B 33 /0818 ; H05B
33 /0815 ; H05B 33 /0854 ; H05B 37 /0263 ;
(71) Applicant: OSRAM SYLVANIA Inc., Wilmington , H05B 37 /0272 ; H05B 37 /0218 ; H05B
MA (US) 33 /083 ; HO5B 37 /0227 ; HO5B 33/0851;
H04B 3/ 548 ; H04B 2203 /5416 ; H04B
(72 ) Inventor: Bernhard Siessegger , 2203 /547
Unterschleissheim (DE) See application file for complete search history .
(73 ) Assignee: OSRAM SYLVANIA Inc., Wilmington ,
MA (US ) (56) References Cited
( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this U .S . PATENT DOCUMENTS
patent is extended or adjusted under 35 7 ,919 ,936 B2 4 / 2011 Liu et al.
U .S .C . 154 (b ) by 92 days. 7 ,928 ,670 B2 4 /2011 Chen et al.
8 ,044 ,609 B2 10 / 2011 Liu
(21) Appl. No.: 15 /214,273 (Continued )
( 22 ) Filed : Jul. 19 , 2016 Primary Examiner — Vibol Tan
(65 ) Prior Publication Data (74 ) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Yutian Ling
US 2016 /0330821 A1 Nov . 10 , 2016 (57) ABSTRACT
Related U .S . Application Data Techniques are provided for bi- directional communication
(62 ) Division of application No. 14 /062,496 , filed on Oct . between a power supply and one or more light engines
24 , 2013 , now Pat. No . 9 ,408 ,258 . (and / or other lighting system components) via the existing
power lines so that no additional communication wires are
(51) Int. Cl. needed . In particular, the power supply can transmit infor
H05B 37 /02 ( 2006 . 01) mation by modulating its output ( voltage or current) and the
H05B 33 /08 ( 2006 .01) light engine (or other lighting componentry, such as a
H05B 41/28 ( 2006 .01) sensor ) can communicate back by modulating how much
H04B 3 /54 ( 2006 . 01) power it draws from the power supply. Any suitable type of
(52) U . S . CI. modulation scheme can be used , and a master-slave arrange
CPC ......... H05B 37/ 0263 (2013 .01); H04B 3/548 ment can be used to control the bi-directional communica
tion if so desired , so as to avoid multiple devices commu
( 2013 .01 ); H05B 33/0803 ( 2013 .01 ); H05B nicating over the power line communication channel at the
33 / 083 (2013 . 01 ); H05B 33 /0815 ( 2013 .01) ; same time. Other embodiments allow a multiple simultane
H05B 33 / 0818 ( 2013 .01); H05B 37 /0218 ous communications over the power line communication
(2013. 01 ); H05B 3770227 (2013 .01) ; H05B channel.
37/ 0272 ( 2013.01); H04B 2203/ 547 ( 2013 .01) ;
H04B 2203/5416 (2013.01); H05B 33/0851
(2013 . 01) 5 Claims, 20 Drawing Sheets
Power (Voltage )
Supply
000 wo
Power
w Or . .. 30 **
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Light Engine How to con
LED String/ Modulation
Supply Alternate Com Module Sensing Element Element (M )
Configuration :
Driver
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LED String * & ad d ed add # ki
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Source
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Set-point
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Power
Source
coor wood
Supply
(Current) Return
US 10 ,Page
244,2609 B2
(56 ) References Cited

U .S . PATENT DOCUMENTS
8 ,410 ,716 B2
4 /2013 Yao et al.
8 ,525,438 B1
9 / 2013 Cheung et al.
8 ,624 ,512 B2
1/2014 Li
8 ,773 ,027 B2
7 / 2014 Pan
9 , 253, 852 B2 *
2 / 2016 Campbell .............. HOSB 37 /02
9 ,326 , 358 B2 *
4 /2016 Campbell .............. HO5B 37/02
9 , 374 ,855 B2 * 6 / 2016 Siessegger ......... HO5B 33 / 0803
9 ,408 ,258 B2 * 8 /2016 Siessegger ......... H05B 33/ 0803
9 ,713,227 B2 * 7 / 2017 Campbell . ............. HOSB 37 /02
2008/0231198 Al 9 /2008 Zarr
2011/0248835 Al 10 / 2011 Speegle et al.
2012 / 0032613 A12 / 2012 Liu et al.
2013 /0320862 A1 * 12 /2013 Campbell ....... H05B 37 /02
315 / 152
* cited by examiner
U . S . Patent Mar. 26 , 2019 Sheet 1 of 20 US 10 ,244 ,609 B2
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Supply
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Alternate Com Module
Configuration :
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String Element ( M )
720mA on IUU Voltage
Source
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Go g 1 Control Fig . le
Power Supply Return
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Control Fig . le
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U . S . Patent Mar. 26 , 2019 Sheet 3 of 20 US 10,244 ,609 B2
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atent Mar. 26 , 2019
Sheet4of20
Sheet 4 of 20 US 10 ,244 ,609 B2
Power ( Voltage )
Supply
LED String /
Alternate Com Module Sensing Element Modulation
Configuration : Element ( M )
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Supply
(Current) Return
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U . S . Patent Mar . 26 , 2019 Sheet 5 of 20 US 10 , 244,609 B2
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U . S . Patent Mar . 26 , 2019 Sheet 13 of 20 US 10, 244,609 B2
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US 10 , 244 ,609 B2
POWER LINE COMMUNICATION FOR FIG . le ' illustrates an alternate communication module
LIGHTING SYSTEMS configuration that can be used by the system of FIG . 1a ' and
employs an adjustable voltage source for the modulation
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED element, in accordance with an embodiment of the present
APPLICATIONS invention .
FIG . 1f schematically illustrates a lighting system con
This application is a divisional application of U .S . patent figured for bi-directional power line communication in
application Ser. No . 14 / 062 ,496 , filed Oct. 24 , 2013 and accordance with another embodiment of the present inven
entitled “ POWER LINE COMMUNICATION FOR tion .
LIGHTING SYSTEMS” , now U . SS .. Pat Pat.. No
No . 99.,408
408,.258
258., and
and 1010 FIG . 1g illustrates an example adjustable voltage source
is related to U . S . application Ser. No . 14/ 062. 425 filed Oct. that can be used for the modulation element of the commu
24 . 2013 and titled “ Power Line Communication for Light - nication module in the systems of FIGS. le and le ', in
ing Systems” , now U .S . Pat. No. 9, 374 , 855 , both of which accordance with an embodiment of the present invention .
FIGS. 2a and 2a ' each schematically illustrates a lighting
are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety .
15 system configured for bi-directional power line communi
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE cation in accordance with another embodiment of the pres
ent invention .
The present application relates to lighting systems, and FIG . 2b - c each illustrates a power line communication
more specifically to bi- directional communication between signal that can be provided by the system of FIG . 2a or 2a ',
power supplies, sometimes referred to as drivers , and light - 20 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention .
ing componentry without additional control wires. FIGS. 2d and 2? each schematically illustrates a lighting
system configured for bi- directional power line communi
BACKGROUND cation in accordance with another embodiment of the pres
ent invention .
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) and driving circuits can be 25 FIG . 2e illustrates an example adjustable current source
electrically connected to provide a given lighting system . A that can be used for the modulation element of the commu
typical driving circuit is configured with a switch -mode nication module in the system of FIG . 2d or 2d , in accor
power supply topology, and may include a filtering capacitor dance with an embodiment of the present invention .
in parallel to the LED string being powered . Depending on FIG . 2f schematically illustrates a lighting system con
the input power source , a bridge rectifier may also be 30 figured for bi-directional power line communication in
included in the topology. Optionally, a linear resistance accordance with another embodiment of the present inven
controller in series to the LED string may be added as well. tion .
A single LED but more often multiple LEDs arranged in FIG . 2g schematically illustrates a lighting system con
series and /or parallel or any combinations thereof are figured for bi-directional power line communication in
referred to as an LED array. A LED light engine may just be 35 accordance with another embodiment of the present inven
an LED array ,butmore often mechanical housing and optics tion .
as well as electrical connectors make up the light engine . In FIG . 2h schematically illustrates an example of a power
addition , a light engine often comprises some of the above conditioning element (PCE ) configured in accordance with
mentioned driving circuit , e . g . the linear resistance control- an embodiment .
ler. The remainder of the LED driving circuitry is then often 40 FIG . 3a schematically illustrates a lighting system con
referred to as the LED driver or LED power supply. Very figured for bi -directional power line communication in
often the LED driver is contained in a separate housing accordance with another embodiment of the present inven
spatially apart from the light engines and combinations of tion .
connectors and wiring making up the respective harnesses is FIG . 3b -c each illustrates a power line communication
used to create the required electrical connections. One driver 45 signal that can be provided by the system of FIG . 3a , in
may supply a multitude of light engines . Communications accordance with an embodiment of the present invention .
between a given driver and an LED light engine can be FIG . 4a schematically illustrates a lighting system con
carried out using dedicated communication links for each figured for bi-directional power line communication in
direction. accordance with another embodiment of the present inven
50 tion .
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG . 4b illustrates power line communication signals that
can be provided by the system of FIG . 4a , in accordance
FIGS. 1a and la ' each schematically illustrates a lighting with an embodiment of the present invention .
system configured for bi-directional power line communi- FIG . 5a schematically illustrates a lighting system con
cation in accordance with an embodiment of the present 55 figured for bi- directional power line communication in
invention . accordance with another embodiment of the present inven
FIG . 16 -c each illustrates a power line communication tion.
signal that can be provided by the system of FIG . 1a or la ', FIG . 5b illustrates power line communication signals that
in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention can be provided by the system of FIG . 5a, in accordance
FIG . 1d illustrates example modulation elements that can 60 with an embodiment of the present invention .
be used by the system of FIG . la or la ', in accordance with FIGS. 6a - c each illustrates a block diagram of a lighting
an embodiment of the present invention . system configured for bi-directional power line communi
FIG . le illustrates an alternate communication module cation in accordance with an embodiment of the present
configuration that can be used by the system of FIG . la and invention .
employs an adjustable voltage source for the modulation 65 FIG . 7 schematically illustrates a lighting system config
element, in accordance with an embodiment of the present ured for bi -directional power line communication in accor
invention . dance with another embodiment of the present invention .
US 10 ,244 ,609 B2
FIG . 8 schematically illustrates a lighting system config - as occupancy sensor) via the existing power lines so that no
ured for bi- directional power line communication in accor - additional control wires are needed . In particular, the power
dance with another embodiment of the present invention. supply can transmit information by modulating its output
FIGS . 9a - f illustrate example modulation schemes that (voltage or current ) and the load can communicate back by
can be used by a lighting system configured for bi-direc - 5 modulating how much power is takes from the power
tional power line communication in accordance with an supply. To this end , note that even though the power supply
embodiment of the present invention . sets either voltage or current, the other variable (current or
FIGS. 10a- b each illustrates a block diagram of a lighting voltage , as the case may be) is determined by the load ( e. g .,
system configured for bi-directional power line communi light engine , lighting system sensor, or other lighting system
cation in accordance with another embodiment of the pres - 10 component, as will be appreciated in light of this disclosure ).
ent invention . The techniques allow for a simultaneous bi- directional com
FIG . 11a illustrates the voltage - current characteristic of a munication in both directions sometimes also referred to as
constant current source ( or constant current sink ). full -duplex mode of communication .
FIG . 11b illustrates the voltage- current characteristic of a For example , with a constant current LED driver, the
constant voltage source ( or constant voltage sink ). 15 drivermodulates its output current to send a message to the
light engine , and measures its own output voltage to receive
DETAILED DESCRIPTION a message from the light engine. In a corresponding fashion ,
the light engine modulates its forward voltage drop to send
Techniques are provided for bi-directional communica a message to the driver, and measures the modulated current
tion between a power supply and one ormore light engines 20 from the driver to receive a message from the driver. A
(and /or other lighting system components such as sensors ) constant current LED driver has voltage -current character
via the existing power lines so that no additional commu- istic at its output that is similar to that of FIG . 11a . It is
nication wires are needed . In particular, the power supply advantageous in case in that, with a constant current driver ,
can transmit information by modulating its output (voltage the light engine ( e. g ., a single LED or LED string ) has a
or current) and the light engine (or other load or lighting 25 voltage source characteristic ( sometimes also referred to as
componentry, such as a sensor ) can communicate back by voltage sink characteristic ) similar to the voltage -current
modulating how much power it draws from the power characteristic shown in FIG . 11b . A source or sink can be
supply. Any suitable type ofmodulation scheme can be used classified to have a current source characteristic if
to facilitate bi- directional communication , wherein current
is modulated for one direction of communication and volt - 30
age is modulated for the other direction of communication . dl INom
Example modulation schemes include the use of a switch dV V Nom V Nom
able element and /or an adjustable voltage or current source,
wherein the switchable element and/or adjustable voltagel (the
the voltage derivative of current at nominal voltage is less
current source is responsive to a modulation control signal. 35 or equal to the quotient of nominal current to nominal
A master - slave arrangement can be used to control the voltage ). A source or sink can be classified to have a voltage
bi- directional communication , in some cases . Other embodi
ments allow a multiple simultaneous communications over source characteristic if
the power line communication channel.
General Overview 40
dl INom
As previously explained , communications between a light dV VNom ? VNom
engine and the respective power supply or driver can be
carried out using dedicated communication links. There are
a multitude of reasons for having communication between a The nominal voltage V Nom and nominal current INom is the
light engine and the driver. For example , the communication 45 magnitude of the voltage and current at nominal operation .
link may be used in communicating various parameter As will be further appreciated in light of this disclosure , the
settings from the driver to the light engine, such as a driver still effectively operates as a constant current driver
brightness and color settings . The dedicated communication despite the fact that there a small modulation of the driver
channel is generally implemented with additional control output current used to transmit data from the driver to the
wires and is typically not bi -directional, wherein communi- 50 light engine (this modulation is generally imperceptible or
cations are provided in a one -way fashion from the driver to otherwise transparent to the user ). The light engine will
the light engine. In some cases, the light engine may utilize communicate back to the driver by modulating its voltage ,
various sensor outputs ( e .g ., occupied color sensor for and if there is no communication only the forward drop of
measuring the spectral makeup of the generated light), the LEDs is seen by the driver. In one such embodiment, the
which can be communicated from the light engine to the 55 driver is configured to modulate the set-point of its constant
driver. In such cases, the sensors are powered over a pair of current source to send messages to the light engine , and the
wires and communicate sensor data back to the driver light engine can modulate the voltage drop seen by the driver
through one or more additionalwires . While using dedicated by switching a series connected modulation element in and
communication channels is suitable way of implementing out so as to artificially increase and decrease the voltage seen
communication between a driver and light engine, the addi- 60 across the LEDs of a given string . In other embodiments , the
tional wires necessitate use of connectors that accommodate light engine can be configured to modulate the set -point of
the extra wires and tend to increase the cost/ complexity of a voltage source to send messages to the driver. In such
retrofit operations. example cases, the voltage source is generally referred to
Thus, and in accordance with an embodiment of the herein as a modulation element.
present invention , techniques are provided for bi-directional 65 With a constant voltage LED driver , the driver modulates
communication between a power supply and one or more its output voltage to send a message to the light engine , and
light engines ( and/or other lighting system components such measures delivered current to receive a message from the
US 10 ,244 ,609 B2
5
light engine. In a corresponding fashion , the light engine The techniques disclosed herein can be used to reduce
modulates current it is consuming to send a message to the efforts in wiring (e . g ., labor, wires, and connectors ), and may
driver, and measures voltage from the driver to receive a also reduce the risk of wrong wiring ( since additionalwiring
message from the driver. As will be appreciated , the driver is not needed). Likewise, note that the techniques can be
still effectively operates as a constant voltage driver despite 5 readily deployed without interfering with legacy compo
the fact that there a small modulation of the driver output nents that are not capable of receiving or sending commu
voltage used to transmit data from the driver to the light nications as described herein , and the driver will still deliver
engine (just as with a small modulation of output current, the rated voltage/ current with or without communications
this voltage modulation is generally imperceptible or other (the modulation of current and voltage values can be done
wise transparent to the user ). The light engine will commu - 10 within a given tolerance so as to remain in compliance ).
nicate back to the driver by modulating its current, and if Further note that the same wiring can be used for all systems
there is no communication only an unmodulated current is connectors, cables , etc ). Therefore , a supplier doesn 't have
seen by the driver. In one such embodiment, the driver is to stock wiring for both so - called smart and dumb systems,
configured to modulate the set-point of its constant voltage even though that supplier 's customers may be requesting
source to send messages to the light engine, and the light 15 both types of products . Further note that the techniques can
engine can modulate the current seen by the driver by be implemented in the context of modular system , whether
switching a parallel connected modulation element in and it be a relatively simple system ( e. g ., 1 driver and 1 light
out so as to artificially increase and decrease the current engine) or a complex system ( e . g., several drivers , light
through the LEDs of a given string. In other embodiments, engines , and sensors ). Moreover , the techniques can lever
the light engine can be configured to modulate the set -point 20 age existing processing capability , such as microcontrollers
of a parallel connected current source to send messages to that are deployed in existing drivers and light engines .
the driver. In such example cases , the parallel connected Circuit Architecture
current source is generally referred to herein as a modulation FIG . la schematically illustrates a lighting system con
element . figured for bi- directional power line communication in
As will be further appreciated in light of this disclosure , 25 accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . As
the techniques can be used for bi-directional communication can be seen in this example configuration , the system
between other elements of a given lighting system as well, generally includes a power supply or driver and a light
and is not limited to communications between drivers and engine. The driver includes a constant current source and a
light engines. For example , a driver can communicate with microcontroller A (UC A ), and the light engine includes an
sensors deployed within a given light engine or otherwise in 30 LED string (D11 - D1n ), a microcontroller B (UC B ), a switch
the area to be lit. Likewise , a driver can communicate with S , and a modulation element M . Other components typical
other drivers , a room controller , or an overall light manage - of a driver and light engine are not shown , but will also be
ment system (LMS ). Such communications allow for, for apparent.
instance , sharing the information provided by a sensor with i n operation , the system generally uses current and volt
the entire lighting system . In addition , such an embodiment 35 age provided by driver for bi- directional communication ,
allowsmore complex and enhanced lighting controls as well wherein the driver modulates current and measures its own
as the integration of lighting in an overall building automa- output voltage and the light engine modulates voltage and
tion system . measures current . To this end , each direction of communi
In some embodiments , a master- slave communication cation uses its own Kirchhoff ' s circuit law (one direction for
protocol is used to prevent multiple communications from 40 voltage, the other for current) . In more detail, the micro
occurring at any one time. However, other embodiments controller A of the driver is operatively coupled across the
may employ a communication protocol that accommodates power lines via two input ports of microcontroller A so that
simultaneous communications. To this end , the techniques it can sense ( V sondaye ) or otherwise measure the voltage drop
can be used in conjunction with any number of communi- Vmi(t) across the light engine. As can be further seen in FIG .
cation protocols depending on factors such as desired level 45 la , the microcontroller A includes an output port operatively
of simplicity ( or complexity, as the case may be) with coupled to the current source and is programmed or other
respect to decoding and interpreting messages . wise configured to adjust the set-point of the current source
Numerous variations will be apparent in light of this via the Modulated Set- point signal provided at that output
disclosure . For instance , in some embodiments , the tech - port.
niques can also be employed for systems that include light 50 On the light engine side of the system , the microcontroller
engines connected in parallel driven by constant current B is operatively coupled to the LED string via an input port
driver with low -dynamic response . Low - dynamic response ofmicrocontroller B so that it can sense (Isense ) or otherwise
means that the driver behaves more like a constant voltage measure the current Imi( t) flowing through the LED string of
source rather than a current source for short time intervals. the light engine. As can be further seen , the microcontroller
This is true for most constant current drivers, in particular 55 B includes an output port operatively coupled to the switch
the lower cost implementations as those drivers typically S and is programmed or otherwise configured to open and
have an output capacitor of substantial size in order to keep close that switch via the Modulation Control signal provided
the ripple current through the LEDs low . This output capaci- at that output port of microcontroller B , thereby switching
tor prevents fast dynamic changes. In addition , and in the modulation element M in and out of the circuit so as to
accordance with some embodiments , the driver may be 60 cause a corresponding change in the voltage drop across the
configured to vary the modulation scheme based on the light engine. Note that the switch S can be normally turned
given dimming mode . So, for example , the driver can be on so that the modulation element M is normally by -passed
configured to change the modulation scheme as the driver for efficiency reasons to reduce power dissipation ), in
switches from analog dimming to pulse width modulated accordance with an embodiment .
(PWM ) dimming , and the light engine can be configured to 65 Thus, by modulating the set -point value provided to the
detect the given dimming mode and to use a corresponding current source of the driver , the microcontroller A can
decoding process for the given modulated signal. modulate the output current Imi (t) of the driver, so as to
US 10 ,244 ,609 B2
provide a communication signal to the light engine. One increases. In some example cases , for instance ,
example such communication signal is shown in FIG . 1c ,
and is generally designated on FIG . la . In addition , by
modulating the in - circuit presence of the modulation ele
ment M in the light engine, the microcontroller B can 5
modulate the output voltage Vy (t ) of the driver , so as to
catur ra nge of protein
dll
dV V Nom
> 1 . 5 INom
V Nom
provide a communication signal to the driver. One example
such communication signal is shown in FIG . 1b , and is is realized , while in still other embodiments,
generally designated on FIG . 1a .
The current source, microcontrollers A and B , LEDs
D11 -D1n , modulation element M , and switch S can be dl
implemented , for example , with discrete conventional com
ponents ( e .g . using bipolar junction transistor (s ) or field
dv\vnom 22.5.V NomNom
effect transistor( s) such as metal oxide semiconductor field can be targeted for further improved communication quality .
effect transistor( s)) or as an integrated circuit or chip set
organized and operatively coupled as shown. The degree of 15 If the modulation element M is implemented with a resistor.
integration / discreteness of the light engine componentry can the voltage drop will depend on the value of the effective
vary from one embodiment to the next and the claimed voltage divider formed by the LED string and the resistor, as
invention is not intended to be so limited . While microcon will be appreciated .
trollers are depicted , any suitable programmable or other In one specific example embodiment, the microcontroller
wise configurable processing environment capable of deter - 20 B , switch S and modulation element M can be implemented
mining voltage and /or current and providing control signals as a chip , such as with an application specific integrated
(such as the Modulated Set-point signal and the Modulation circuit (ASIC ) or other purpose-built semiconductor, so as to
Control signal) can be used . The switch S can be, for provide a communication module (generally designated
example a single pole single throw switch or a transistor Com Module in the figures ). The Com Module could also
( e. g .. FET where gate receives the Modulation Control 25 include other functionalities / componentry as well, like a
signal). temperature sensor ( e . g ., NTC element ), light sensor ( e . g .,
Themodulation element M can be implemented with any photo diode for detecting natural ambient light level),
element that can be switched into the serial LED string so as motion sensor, security sensor, and / or other lighting system
to cause a relatively small change in voltage drop across that sensors .
string, for purposes of modulating voltage drop across that 30 FIG . le illustrates an alternate communication module
LED string thereby allowing for messaging over the power configuration that can be used by the system of FIG . la , in
lines . FIG . 1d shows some example modulation elements accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . As
that can be used . The range of the voltage drop across the can be seen , this embodiment employs an adjustable voltage
modulation element can vary depending on the type of source for the modulation element M . There are numerous
element and implementation technology . For example, the 35 ways to implement an adjustable voltage sources suitable for
voltage drop across a diode (D ) is approximately 0 .7 V for this example application , including dissipative and non
a silicon diode, 0 .3 V for a germanium diode , and 0 .2 V for dissipative implementations like linear regulators and volt
a Schottky diode . If the modulation element M is imple - age sources based on switch -mode power supply technol
mented with an LED (which may be part of the LED string, ogy . Note that the Modulation Control signal can be either
or a separate LED ), the voltage drop may be in the range of 40 a digital or an analog signal. In the case of an analog signal,
1. 0 to 5 . 0 V , depending on the LED color. In case of an LED the microcontroller B can be equipped , for example , with a
as a modulation element, note that the light generated by the digital-to - analog converter (DAC ) and a pin featuring the
modulation element can be used in the application and hence output of the DAC could be directly connected to the voltage
the energy consumed by the modulation element provides a source, in accordance with an embodiment. In the case of a
supplementalbenefit . As willbe further appreciated , an even 45 digital signal, a digital output of the microcontroller B is
wider range of voltage drops can be realized by utilizing a PWM modulated and an external low - pass filter can be used
Zener diode (Z ) as the modulation element. As will be to convert this digital signal into an analog signal. This
further appreciated, a voltage drop can be realized by signal is then used as the set value to the voltage source .
utilizing a resistor (R ) as the modulation element. In a more FIG . 1f schematically illustrates a lighting system con
general sense , any device or circuitry having an active 50 figured for bi -directional power line communication in
junction associated with a voltage drop can be used as the accordance with another embodiment of the present inven
modulation element M , such as a transistor, so long as the tion . As can be seen in this example case , the driver may
associated voltage drop can be switched in and out to communicate with multiple light engines 1 through i, where
provide a modulated line voltage . In some such embodi i may be any integer number greater than 1 and assuming the
ments , the modulation element has a pronounced voltage 55 driver can source enough current to properly drive the iLED
strings . The driver and light engines can be configured as
source characteristic , such that the communication quality
(achievable signal to noise ratio and cross-talk between the previously described with reference to FIG . la , and that
communication from the driver to the light engine and from relevant discussion is equally applicable here.
the light engine to the driver in case of a bi-directional LED string 1 includes LEDs D11 through Din , and LED
communication scheme utilizing full - duplex operation ) 60 string i includes LEDs Dn1 through Dnj. Note that the each
improves as LED string may include a different amount of LEDs, or
different color LEDs , or otherwise be configured differently .
As such , further note that the voltage drop across each LED
di string 1 through i (Vmi(t) through V Milt), respectively ) may
dV V Nom 65 be different or the same, depending on the respective LED
string configurations. Each light engine also includes an
arrangement to modulate the line voltage as previously
US 10 , 244 ,609 B2
10
described . So , for instance, the microcontroller B , is opera signalhas three levels and hence two or more switches could
tively coupled to the LED string 1 to sense ( Isence ) or be used to make such a tri-level communication signal.
otherwise measure the current Imi( t ) flowing through the Alternatively , and as shown in FIGS. le, le', and lg , an
LED string 1 . In addition , the microcontroller B , is pro - adjustable voltage source can be used to provide such
grammed or otherwise configured to open and close switch 5 communication signals (like the signals shown in FIGS. 9b
S , via the Modulation Control signal, thereby switching the and 9d ). Just as previously explained , the microcontroller
modulation element M , in and out of the circuit so as to and adjustable voltage source (modulation element M ) can
cause a corresponding change in the voltage drop across the be implemented as an integrated circuit, and the previous
light engine. In a similar fashion , the microcontroller B , is discussions with respect to the Com Module and varying
operatively coupled to the LED string i to sense ( Isense ) the 10 degrees of integration discreteness with respect to the over
current Im (t) flowing through the LED string i, and is all light engine circuitry is equally applicable here .
configured to open and close switch S , via the corresponding In the various embodiments shown herein , it may be
Modulation Control signal, thereby switching the modula - desirable to communicate the initial LED current at power
tion element M , in and out of the circuit so as to cause a up ( before the light is ‘ on '). Likewise , it may be desirable to
corresponding change in the voltage drop across the light 15 communicate the initial sensor current at power -up (or the
engine . As previously explained , switches S , through S , can initial current of any other light system component). In such
be normally turned on , so as to not cause additional power cases , the driver can be configured to initially drive the light
dissipation across the corresponding modulation element M , engines (or other component) with low current that allows
through M ; when not communicating. for communication as described herein , but without over
FIG . la ' is identical in structure and function to the 20 driving the LEDs ( or other component). Once information
example embodiment shown in FIG . 1a , except that the light has been exchanged that will allow the driver to set an
engine has been replaced with a lighting system sensor. As appropriate current, the current Imi (t ) can be increased based
can be seen , the sensor includes a Com Module as previ - on that information .
ously described operatively coupled to a sense element of a FIG . 2a schematically illustrates a lighting system con
sensing circuit . The sensing circuit may be configured to 25 figured for bi- directional power line communication in
sense any number of parameters, such as a motion sensor, accordance with another embodiment of the present inven
security sensor, temperature sensor (e.g., NTC element), tion . This embodiment allows even for a simultaneous
light sensor ( e . g ., photo diode for detecting natural ambient bi- directional communication in both directions sometimes
light level) , and /or other sensors to sense things like human - also referred to as full -duplex mode of communication . As
occupancy or environmental issues ( e . g ., too hot or cold , 30 can be seen in this example configuration , the system
smoke, etc ). FIG . 1e ' illustrates an alternate communication generally includes a power supply or driver and one or more
module configuration that can be used by the system of FIG . light engines . The driver includes a constant voltage source
la' and employs an adjustable voltage source for the modu - and a microcontroller A (UCA ), and the light engine includes
lation element, in accordance with an embodiment of the an LED string (D11 -Din ), a constant current source , a
present invention . Other than the change of the LED string 35 microcontroller B (UC B ) , a switch S , and a modulation
to a sensing circuit, the previous relevant discussion equally element M . Other components typical of a driver and light
applies here . engine are not shown , but will also be apparent. Note that
As also previously explained , FIGS. le and 2e ' each there is no issue with current balancing between individual
shows an example case where an adjustable voltage source light engines arranged in a parallel fashion because each
is used for the switchable modulation element. To this end , 40 light engine will generally have current limiting imple
FIG . 1g illustrates an example adjustable voltage source that mented for operation on constant voltage anyhow , as will be
can be used for the modulation element of the communica - appreciated .
tion module in systems like the one in FIGS . le and le ', in In operation , and just as with the example systems shown
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . In in FIGS. la - g , the system generally uses current and voltage
this example case , it is assumed that the microcontroller of 45 provided by driver for bi- directional communication ,
the light engine provides a binary Modulation Control signal wherein the driver modulates the DC output voltage (to send
to the voltage source . In operation , the microcontroller is messages ) and measures total current delivered to receive
programmed or otherwise configured to generate a digital messages), and the light engine modulates its current (to
PWM output signal with a duty cycle corresponding to the send messages ) and measures voltage ( to receive messages).
desired voltage drop across the adjustable voltage source . A 50 In more detail and with further reference to FIG . 2a , the
low - pass filter configured with resistor R and capacitor C microcontroller A of the driver is operatively coupled to the
transforms this digital signal into an analog voltage Vc (with power line via an input port of microcontroller A so that it
negligible ripple ) that is used as the set voltage . As can be can sense (Isense ) or otherwise measure the current lyi(t )
further seen , the operational amplifier OP1 of this example flowing from the driver. As can be further seen in FIG . 2a,
embodiment is implementing a closed - loop control using 55 the microcontroller A includes an output port operatively
this set voltage to control the transistor Q in such a fashion coupled to the voltage source and is programmed or other
that the voltage drop across transistor Q is constant. wise configured to adjust the set-point of the voltage source
As will be appreciated in light of this disclosure, a via the Modulated Set-point signal provided at that output
switchable modulation element such as shown in FIGS. 1a, port.
la ', and if can be used to provide a binary communication 60 On the light engine side of the system , the microcontroller
signal, meaning a signal that transitions between two levels B is operatively coupled across the power lines via two input
(high and low ). However, other embodiments may provide ports of microcontroller B so that it can sense (VSense ) or
communication signals that include more than two levels otherwise measure the voltage drop Vui (t ) across the light
and / or ramps, such as shown in FIGS. 9b and 9d both of engine . As can be further seen , the microcontroller B
which exhibit changes of V /I over time that generally cannot 65 includes an output port operatively coupled to the switch S
be accomplished using a single switch arrangement. For and is programmed or otherwise configured to open and
instance , in the example case of FIG . 9d , the communication close that switch via the Modulation Control signal provided
US 10 , 244 ,609 B2
11
at that output port of microcontroller B , thereby switching flowing through the light engine , for purposes ofmodulating
the modulation element M in and out of the circuit so as to current flow through the light engine thereby allowing for
cause a corresponding change in the total current flow messaging over the power lines . As previously discussed ,
through the light engine (and to effectively modulate current FIG . 1d shows some example modulation elements M that
flow through the modulation element M ). Note that the 5 can be used . As will be appreciated , the amount of current
switch S can be normally turned off so that the modulation that flows through the modulation element M when switch
S is closed can vary depending on the resistance of the
element M is normally out-of-circuit for efficiency reasons particular
( to reduce power dissipation ), in accordance with an lation element element . In one example embodiment, the modu
embodiment. The constant current source keeps the LED M is implemented with a resistor having a
string current Imi (t) constant regardless of the line voltage 10 value
( e . g .,
that draws a current in the range of 5 mA to 50 mA
~ 20 mA ), although other elements having a suitable
Vmi(t) or LED string voltage . In some such embodiments, resistance or otherwise drawing a desired amount of current
the modulation element M has a pronounced current source can be used . For instance , in another embodiment, the
characteristic , such that the communication quality ( achiev modulation element M is realized by a constant current
able signal to noise ratio and cross - talk between the com 15 regulator, a current regulator diode or a current limiting
munication from the driver to the light engine and from the diode having a current range of, for example , 5 mA to 50 mA
light engine to the driver in case of a bi-directional com (e. g ., ~ 20 mA ). Just as previously explained , themicrocon
munication scheme utilizing full-duplex operation ) troller B , switch S and modulation element M can be
improves as implemented as an integrated circuit , and the previous
20 discussions with respect to the Com Module and varying
degrees of integration /discreteness with respect to the over
dll all light engine circuitry is equally applicable here .
dV V Nom FIG . 2d schematically illustrates a lighting system con
figured for bi -directional power line communication in
decreases. In some example cases, for instance , 25 accordance with another embodiment of the present inven
tion . As can be seen , this embodiment is similar to the
embodiment shown in FIG . 2a , except that it employs an
dl 2 INom adjustable current source (CS - B ) for themodulation element
dV VNom 3 V Nom M and there is no switch S . As previously explained , recall
30 that the Modulation Control signal can be either a digital or
an analog signal. So, in the case of an analog signal, the
is realized , while in still other embodiments, microcontroller B can be equipped , for example, with a
digital -to - analog converter (DAC ) and a pin featuring the
dl
output of the DAC could be directly connected to the current
2 INom
dv lyNom 5 V Nom 35 source CS - B , in accordance with an embodiment. In the case
of a digital signal, a digital output of the microcontroller B
is PWM modulated and an external low -pass filter can be
can be targeted for further improved communication quality . used to convert this digital signal into an analog signal. This
Thus, by modulating the set-point value provided to the signal can then be used as the set value to the current source
voltage source of the driver , the microcontroller A can 40 CS - B . FIG . 2e illustrates an example adjustable current
modulate the output voltage Vy (t) of the driver, so as to source that can be used for the modulation element of the
provide a communication signal to the light engine. One communication module , in accordance with an embodiment
example such communication signal is shown in FIG . 2b , of the present invention . In this example case , it is assumed
and is generally designated on FIG . 2a . In addition , by that the microcontroller B of the light engine provides an
modulating the in - circuit presence of the modulation ele - 45 analog Modulation Control signal (a voltage that defines the
ment M in the light engine, the microcontroller B can set point) to the current source CS - B . The operational
modulate the output current Imi (t ) of the driver , so as to amplifier OP1 is implementing a closed - loop control to
provide a communication signal to the driver. One example control the transistor Q in such a fashion that the current
such communication signal is shown in FIG . 2c , and is (Ics. r ) through the sense resistor R , equals the set value
generally designated on FIG . 2a . 50 given by the microcontroller B .
The voltage source, microcontrollers A and B , LEDs FIG . 2a' is identical in structure and function to the
D11 -Din , current source ,modulation element M , and switch example embodiment shown in FIG . 2a , except that the light
S can be implemented , for example , with discrete conven - engine has been replaced with a lighting system sensor. As
tional components or as an integrated circuit or chip set can be seen , the sensor includes a Com Module as previ
organized and operatively coupled as shown. The degree of 55 ously described operatively coupled to a sense element of a
integration / discreteness can vary from one embodiment to sensing circuit. Likewise , FIG . 2d' is identical in structure
the next. While microcontrollers are depicted , any suitable and function to the example embodiment shown in FIG . 2d ,
programmable or otherwise configurable processing envi - except that the light engine has been replaced with a sensor.
ronment capable of determining voltage and/or current and As can be seen , the sensor includes a Com Module as
providing control signals ( such as the Modulated Set-point 60 previously described operatively coupled to a sense element
signal and the Modulation Control signal) can be used . The of a sensing circuit . The previous discussion with respect to
switch S can be , for example a single pole single throw suitable sensing circuits is equally applicable here . As pre
switch or a transistor (e . g ., FET where gate receives the viously discussed , FIG . 2e illustrates an alternate commu
Modulation Control signal). nication module configuration that can be used by the
The modulation element M can be implemented with any 65 system of FIG . 2d , in accordance with another embodiment.
element that can be switched in parallel to the serial LED Other than the change of the LED string to a sensing circuit,
string so as to cause a relatively small change in total current the previous relevant discussion equally applies here .
US 10 ,244 ,609 B2
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FIG . 2f schematically illustrates a lighting system con provided herein . With further reference to FIG . 2g , the
figured for bi- directional power line communication in communication gateway includes a microcontroller C con
accordance with another embodiment of the present inven figured to provide a Modulation Control signal to current
tion . As can be seen , the system is effectively a variation on source CS-B2 (for modulating current Imz (t) to send mes
the example embodiments shown in FIGS. 2d and 2d ". The 5 sages to other devices /modules on the system . Microcon
light engine is configured like the light engine in FIG . 2d troller C can also sense the amount of voltage drop Vy (t)
(note the designation for the current sources is now CS -A1 across the communication gateway, for receiving messages
and CS -B1), and is connected in parallel with a sensor. from the driver or other DC line voltage modulating devices
Vy?(t ) is across both the light engine and the sensor, with the of the system . In addition , the communication gateway
lighting engine drawing a current of Imit) and the sensor 10 includes a wireless communication circuit (ComC ) , which
drawing a current of Ivo (t). The sensor includes current can be used to wirelessly communication with other devices /
source CS - A2 serially - connected to a sensing elementRDR, modules of the system via a wireless communication link .
and a microcontroller C configured to sense voltage VDP The light manipulator device includes a microcontroller D
across ( and/or current through ) the sensing element RLDR , configured to provide a Modulation Control signal to current
and to provide the Modulation Control signal to current 15 source CS -B3 ( for modulating current Im (t ) to send mes
source CS - B2 , which is connected in parallel to the sensing sages to other devices /modules on the system . Microcon
element RLDR. So , current through the sensing element RLDR troller D can also sense the amount of voltage drop Vmi(t)
can be monitored and modulated to provide a communica - across the light manipulator device , for receiving messages
tion signal on the power lines . The sensing element RDR in from the driver or other DC line voltage modulating devices
this example case is an ambient light sensor so - called 20 of the system . In addition , the light manipulator device
daylight sensor. As an alternative to the light sensor or light includes a motor module (including motor controller MCt1
dependent resistor (LDR ), a push button switch Spr could be and motor ), which can be used to control a venetian blind
used for user input. Alternatively , the push -button SPR could other electronic shade , for example .
be connected in parallel with the sensing element RLDR SO as Further note that in the communication gateway, a bi
to allow use of one current source (only CS - A2 would be 25 directional communication ( indicated by double arrow ) is
included ). In such example cases , the sensor microcontroller present between the resident microcontroller C and the
C would still be able to distinguish sensing elementRDR wireless communication circuit ComC . Likewise , a bi- di
input from push -button SPB input, because the lowest resis rectional communication is present between the resident
tance of the sensing elementRDR is relatively higher than microcontroller D and the motor controllerMCt1. As will be
that of the push -button SPR : An additional resistor Rps in 30 appreciated , such a bidirectional communication path may
parallel to the push -button Spb (i.e., push -button in parallel be realized by a bus between the microcontrollers and the
with resistor Rp instead of sensing elementRDR )may also respective elements. So , with respect to the communication
be advantageous, because the sensor module will consume gateway, for example , information from a lighting control
the same amount of current regardless of the button being system or building management controller can be transferred
pushed or not. Other embodiments that will be apparent in 35 from the communication circuit ComC to the microcon
light of this disclosure include, for instance , an occupancy troller C . With respect to the light manipulator circuit , for
detector or a touch -panel as sensing/input and output devices example , the motor control element (MCtl) can give the
( those would not be feed though a current source ) . In microcontroller D information about the motor position by
addition , a motor for blinds control could also be part of the an encoder on the motor shaft or over current shutdown
system (e . g ., see FIG . 60 ). As further shown in FIG . 2f, the 40 because of the motor being jammed , etc .
system can provide communication signals that include Each of the light manipulator circuit and the communi
more than two levels and /or ramps, such as shown in FIGS. cation gateway will most likely draw a non -constant current.
9b and 9d . Thus , in order to prevent inducing noise on the power line
FIG . 2g schematically illustrates a lighting system con (and hence potentially jamming the communication from
figured for bi- directional power line communication in 45 any device /module , a power conditioning element (PCE ) is
accordance with another embodiment of the present inven - placed between the respective element and the DC power
tion . As can be seen , the system includes a driver operatively line, as further shown in FIG . 2g . The PCE may also supply
coupled to a light engine in a similar fashion as discussed the microcontroller with power, as is the case for PCE1 of
with reference to FIGS. 2d , 2d , and 2f. In addition , a light the communication gateway. A PCE can generally be
manipulator device as well as a communication gateway are 50 designed to power a non - constant load from the power line .
connected in a parallel fashion to the light engine and across At the same time, it can be designed to isolate the non
the DC power lines . Vy?(t) is across each of the light engine , constant load from the power line in order to prevent
the light manipulator device , and the communication gate - jamming of communications). Thus, and in accordance with
way , with the lighting engine drawing a current of Imi (t), the one embodiment, each of PCE1 and PCE2 is configured with
communication gateway drawing a current of Ino (t ), and the 55 energy storage elements arranged in a filter configuration ,
light manipulator device drawing a current of Ims (t). and is further configured with an active circuit regulating its
The communication gateway is generally configured to output (terminals A & C ; further note that terminal B
provide wireless communication capability so as to allow for provides a ground or neutral/ return , as the case may be). As
control of other lighting devices and/ or to communicate with further shown in FIG . 2g , the system can provide commu
an overall lighting or building automation control system . 60 nication signals that include more than two levels and / or
As will be appreciated , this communication gateway serves ramps, such as shown in FIGS. 9b and 9d .
as a gateway between the power line communication accord FIG . 2h schematically illustrates an example of a PCE that
ing to an embodiment of the present invention and other could be used to implement PCE1 and PCE2 in case of a
methods of communication , e . g . a wireless communication . system having a constant voltage power supply , such that the
In other embodiments , the communication gateway may 65 PCE is connected in parallel to the output of the driver/
serve as a gateway between a wired communications like power supply (terminals A and B ), and provides a constant
DALI or DMX and power line communication as variously voltage at its output to the load (terminals C and B ) thereby
US 10,244,609 B2
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shielding any modulation on the DC power line from the energy stored in capacitor C can temporarily provide power
load , in accordance with an embodiment. Further note that to microcontroller B . Instead of a capacitor other energy
the PCE can be designed to consume constant current from storage elements can be used such as rechargeable batteries
the power supply and has a filter, which in this example case or super- capacitors . Diode D2 prevents reverse current from
includes inductor L1 and capacitor C1. Capacitor C1 is a 5 flowing to the driver. As can be further seen , the microcon
bulk capacitor that can store significant amount of energy . In troller B includes an output port operatively coupled to the
particular, if the voltage on the DC power line is PWM switch S , and is programmed or otherwise configured to
modulated the energy storage in C1 might be quite large open and close that switch via theModulation Control signal
( capacitor with several hundred microfarads depending on provided at that output port of microcontroller B , thereby
the load current). The LDO is a low voltage drop regulator 10 switching themodulation element M in and out of the circuit
(alternatively , a switch -mode power supply may be used ) so as to cause a corresponding change in the total current
that provides constant voltage at its output C . Diode D3 is flow through the light engine, as previously explained . Note
optional and provides overvoltage protection for the LDO in that switch S , can be normally turned on and switch S , can
case of hot plugging of the module . Diode D1 prevents be normally turned off for efficiency reasons (to reduce
current from flowing back into the power line and allows 15 power dissipation ), in accordance with an embodiment.
energy storage in C1 over long periods of time, and diode D2 In one example embodiment, assume the driver has a
provides a path for L1 (in case the bus gets actively pulled desired nominal voltage of 24V, and the LEDs on the light
low by the driver for PWM modulation ) or prevents or engine have a desired nominal current of 350 mA . In one
otherwise inhibits high voltage or even arcs when unplug - such example embodiment, further assume the voltage of the
ging the module in operation (so - called hot un - plugging ) . 20 constant voltage source inside the driver is designed to be
FIG . 3a schematically illustrates a lighting system con - 24.4V. This will ensure that the actual driver output voltage
figured for full-duplex power line communication in accor- Vmi (t) varies (due to the communication ) right around the
dance with another embodiment of the present invention . As desired nominal voltage of 24V and thereby minimizes the
can be seen , this example lighting system allows for the impact on the operation of any light engine designed for the
most advanced bi- directional power line communication 25 nominal voltage of 24V . One example such communication
which is full-duplex (meaning simultaneous bi- directional) signal is shown in FIG . 3b , and is generally designated on
power line communication , even though the system can also FIG . 3a . In a similar fashion , the constant current source of
be used in half-duplex mode . In half-duplex mode at any the light engine is designed to sink the nominal amount of
point in time the flow of information is only from one current ( ~ 350 mA ) . Further note in this example embodi
transmitting device to one or more receiving devices . As will 30 ment that the current drawn by voltage divider R1, R2 and
be appreciated , the principle of operation of this example microcontroller B combined was designed to be about 1 mA ,
embodiment is similar to that of the embodiment shown in and modulation element M was implemented with a resistor
FIGS. 2a , 2a ', 2d , 2d", and 2f such that the driver modulates selected to draw about 20 mA if switch S , is closed .
the DC output voltage ( to send messages) andmeasures total Therefore , the current Imi(t) varies approximately between
current delivered to receive messages ) , and the light engine 35 351 and 371 mA . One example such communication signal
or sensor or other lighting system component modulates its is shown in FIG . 3c , and is generally designated on FIG . 3a .
current ( to send messages , and measures voltage ( to receive Numerous variations will be apparent in light of this
messages ). To this end, the previous relevant description is disclosure . For instance , another embodiment may use a
equally applicable here . However, as can be further seen in resistor instead of diode D1 , should the added expense of a
this example configuration , the modulation circuitry is 40 diode be undesirable . Note , however, that in such an
implemented in a different manner. embodiment, the voltage Vui(t) supplied by the driver may
In more detail, microcontroller A of the driver is still show a stronger dependency on load current Imi(t). Hence,
configured to sense ( Isones ) the current Imi (t ) flowing from the signal to noise ratio of the communication may also vary
the driver, but rather than modulating or otherwise control with the load current Imi (t). This may not cause an issue, but
ling the set -point of the voltage source , microcontroller Ais 45 is worth consideration . In another alternative , a transistor
programmed or otherwise configured to switch a modulation can be used in place of diode D1 and switch S , . In one such
element in this case, diode D1) in and out of the circuit by case, an additional control loop can be implemented that
providing the Modulated Set -point signal to switch S , . So, controls the voltage drop across transistor . For instance , the
when S , is closed, the modulation element D1 is by - passed control scheme may measure the voltage drop across the
and no voltage drop across that element is provided , and 50 transistor and adjust the drive signal ( e . g ., gate voltage or
when S , is open , the modulation element D1 is in - circuit and base current ) in such a way that the voltage drop equals the
provides a voltage drop ( e . g ., 0 .2 to 1 .4V, depending on the set voltage drop . The set voltage drop is either 0 or a
type of diode). predefined value ( e . g ., 0 .5V ) depending on the state of the
On the light engine ( or lighting system sensor or other binary signal that is currently being transmitted by the
lighting system component, as the case may be for pur- 55 driver. Another variation on the embodiment shown in FIG .
poses of this discussion light engine is used ) of the system , 3a is to use an adjustable current source as the modulation
the microcontroller B is operatively coupled with a resistive element as shown in FIGS . 2d , 2d ", and 2e (rather than the
divider including resistors R1 and R2 that provide V Sense to using a switchable (S2) modulation element as shown in
an input port ofmicrocontroller B , thereby allowing the line FIG . 3a ).
voltage Vi(t ) across the light engine to be determined . 60 FIG . 4a schematically illustrates a lighting system con
Also , additional circuitry including resistor R1, diode D2, figured for bi-directional power line communication in
Zener D3, and capacitor C are operatively coupled so as to accordance with another embodiment of the present inven
derive the microcontroller B power supply (VoD) from the tion . This embodiment is similar to the one shown in FIG .
line voltage Vy ( t ) . As will be appreciated , the voltage 3a , except that the modulation element M is implemented
reference provided by D3 provides a stable VoD to micro - 65 with a switchable (S2) constant current source (CS2 ). In the
controller B . The capacitor C provides a degree of energy embodiment of FIG . 3a , the current flowing through the
storage, such that if the line voltage is switched off , the switch S , depends on the line voltage which varies while
US 10 ,244,609 B2
17 18
information is communicated from the driver to the light acceptable level until switch S , is closed again thereby
engine (or sensor or other lighting system component, as the allowing capacitor C to charge up to Vp again . A variation
case may be for purposes of this discussion light engine is on the embodiment shown in FIG . 5a is to use an adjustable
used ). In case the light engine talks during times when the current source as themodulation element as shown in FIGS .
driver talks there will be a cross -talk . In such cases, the 5 2d , 2d", and 2e , rather than the using a switchable (S )
driver will sense relatively
elatively small changes in current Imi (t) modulation element as shown in FIG . 5a.
whenever the microcontroller A of the driver activates or Again , while specific reference is made to a light engine
deactivates switch S , . Depending on the amplitude of the communicating with a driver in FIGS. 3a -c, 4a -b , and 5a -b ,
Vy (t) modulation , this cross- talk may be very small and other similar embodiments may include other communicat
tolerable . The constant current source CS2 in the embodi- 10 ing lighting system components, such as a sensor commu
ment shown in FIG . 4a can be used eliminate this cross- talk . nicating to a driver, controller, or light management system .
A full -duplex communication with no cross - talk is therefore Numerous bidirectional communications will be apparent in
possible as further illustrated in FIG . 4b , wherein the driver light of this disclosure .
voltage Vmi(t) is modulated by the driver between about
390V and 400V, and the driver output current Imi (t) is 115 Master - Slave Communication Protocol
EL . 6a illustrates a block diagram of a lighting system
FIG
modulated by the light engine between about 205 mA and configured for bi -directional power line communication in
205 . 5 mA. Numerous other workable modulation schemes accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . As
and communication signal parameters will be apparent in can be seen , the system includes a driver operatively coupled
light of this disclosure . to three parallel light engines and a lighting system sensor,
As will be further appreciated in light of this disclosure , 20O and the power
the constant current sources CS1 and CS2 located in the light light engines 1 lines operatively coupled between the driver,
through 3 , and sensor provide both power
engine are current sources that sink current, meaning these and a communication path as variously described herein .
current sources do not provide energy into the circuit unlike This example embodiment could be , for instance, in a
driver-based current sources used in some embodiments luminaire or an installation of an entire room or area .
( constant current drivers such as the example embodiments 25 The driver may be a constant current or constant voltage
shown in FIGS. la - g ). A variation on the embodiment driver, and the light engines 1 through 3 may be imple
shown in FIG . 4a is to use an adjustable current source as the mented with any of the configurations shown in or otherwise
modulation element as shown in FIGS. 2d , 2d ' and 2e (rather discussed herein . Numerous variations will be apparent in
than the using a switchable (S2 ) modulation element as light of this disclosure . The sensor can be any sensor device
shown in FIG . 4a ). or circuit, like a temperature sensor ( e . g ., NTC element ),
FIG . 5a schematically illustrates a lighting system con light sensor ( e. g ., photo diode for detecting ambient and/ or
figured for bi-directional power line communication in
accordance with another embodiment of the present inven natural light level), motion sensor, security sensor, and /or
other sensors, as previously explained . As will be further
tion. This embodiment is similar to the one shown in FIG . appreciated, the sensor may be configured with its own Com
3a , except that the driver can only be switched between an 35
in -circuit state where its output voltage Vmi (t) is provided to Module ( such as shown in FIG . 1a') or may rely on the Com
Module of one of the light engines 1 through 3 .
the light engine and an out- of- circuit state where no voltage In general, any lighting system component with suitable
is provided to the light engine . In particular, rather than processing capability can be a master device , in accordance
switching in diode D1 (or a resistor or other modulation with
element),microcontroller A is configured to close switch S , 40 ddriversome embodiments . In one example such case , a given
to provide output voltage Vmi(t) to the light engine, and to indicate whichactofasthethevarious
may master device and may therefore
available slave components to
open switch S , to remove the output voltage Vyi(t) from the which it is coupled is currently allowed to talk . To this send ,
light engine . Note that is some driver designs , the switch S , the communication signals generated by the master/ driver
is provided to control the LED brightness by controlling the can be generated according to any number of suitable
pulse width , so no new switch is needed in such driver 45 communication protocols. Formulti-device systems like the
designs. one shown in FIGS. 6a - c, the communication protocol may
In this embodiment, the light engine can only talk when include, for example , a data frame having an ID code, a
the switch S , is closed . In one example scenario of the payload portion , and an end bit. So , in one example scenario ,
communication , the light engine synchronizes to the pulse assume the driver issues a message to light engine 3 by
with frequency of the driver and changes the current con - 50 modulating the power line voltage or current to indicate the
sumed only as when there is no line voltage . Thus, switch S , following message: 01101010 , wherein the first three bits
is only activated or deactivated when there is no line voltage from the left (011) represent the ID code for light engine 3 ,
applied due to switch S , being open . An advantage of this the next 4 bits (0101) represent the payload of the message ,
modulation scheme is that it is very robust and allows and the last bit (0 ) represents the stop bit . With reference to
communication even at very low duty cycles ( very dim 55 FIG . 16 . for example, a logical '0 ' would be the 35V level
light), as compared to say, for example, an amplitude
modulation scheme where the current amplitudemay change and of
a logical ‘ l’ would be the 38V level. The 4 -bit payload
the message may include any number of commands
during a pulse of the driver. instructions such as the following shown in Table 1 .
FIG . 5b illustrates power line communication signals that
can be provided by the system of FIG . 5a , in accordance 60 TABLE 1
with an embodiment of the present invention . As can be
seen , the driver modulates its output voltage Vyi( t) between Example Driver/Master Commands
24V and OV , and the light engine modulates the driver output
current Imi(t) between 1051 mA and 1056 mA . Note that the 4 - Bit Payload Command /Instruction
microcontroller B is powered (VoD ) even when the switch 65 0001 Target device can talk until released
S , is open , because during that period of time ( e . g ., 50 uSec 0010 Report any Error codes
to 20 mSec ), capacitor C is discharging to keep Vpp at an
US 10 , 244 ,609 B2
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TABLE 1 -continued Note that a given driver can communicate with any
number of sensors , other drivers, a room controller, or an
Example Driver/Master Commands overall lightmanagement system (LMS), or even a motor or
4 -Bit Payload Command /Instruction actuator as variously shown in FIGS. 6b and 6c . The actuator
in the embodiment of FIG . 6c can be used , for instance , to
0011 Report Sensor Data raise and lower blinds (e .g., for privacy purposes after
0100 Set color to White closing time, or to inhibit transfer of heat during the hot
0101 Set color to Blue
0110 Set color to mix of blue -white portion of the daytime so as to reduce need for air condi
0111 Set color to mix ofmint- amber tioning) in a given installation in accordance with an estab
1000
1001
Set brightness to 25 %
Set brightness to 50 %
10 lished LMS or building management plan . The communi
1010 Set brightness to 75 % cation path to the LMS can be, for example, a wired
1011 Set brightness to 100 % communication like DALI, DMX , or a power line commu
1100 Set brightness to 0 % nication , and / or a wireless communication . Wireless com
1101 Sound alarm munication links may also be used between any other
1110 Activate Camera devices of the system , to supplement the power line com
1111 Target device is released (no talking) munications as variously described herein , in some embodi
ments . If drivers are paralleled (such as drivers 1 and 2 in
Once one of the slave devices is given permission to talk , FIG . 6b ), only one driver needs to be connected to the LMS
that device may communicate back to the driver (or with and the other driver can be a slave to that LMS- coupled
some other device , as the case may be ). So , continuing with 20 driver, in order to provide various advantageous discussed
the example protocol of Table 1 , assume the light engine 3
is responding to a query from the driver by modulating the herein ( e . g ., Driver 2 can communicate with Driver 1 ) . On
the other hand , drivers that are merely coupled to the same
power line voltage or current to indicate the following LMS can remain independent masters, such as shown in
message : 00011100 , wherein the first three bits from the left
(000 ) represent the ID code for the driver , the next 4 bits 25 FIGAs. 6c.
will be further appreciated , the size of the data frame
( 1110 ) represent the payload of the message, and the last bit * can be increased
(0 ) represents the stop bit . With reference to FIG . 1c , for codes ( e .g ., 3 -bit toID accommodate a greater number of ID
code accommodates up to 7 different
example , a logical ‘O ’ would be the 700 mA level and a
logical ‘ l ’ would be the 720 mA level. The 4 -bit payload of devices ; 4 -bit ID code accommodates up to 15 devices, etc ),
a more complex instruction / response set , error codes , and
the Slave message may include any number of responses
such as the following shown in Table 2 . aber of responses 30 other typical communication protocol features . Also , note
that the master -slave arrangement can be implemented in a
number of ways. While the examples illustrated in Tables 1
TABLE 2 and 2 only allow a master device to give and take away
Example Slave Device Response communication permission, another embodiment may allow
the master device to give communication permission but the
4 - Bit Payload Response slave device keeps that permission until the slave devices
0001 Error code 1 releases control back to the master device , so as to allow for
0010 Error code 2 a more asynchronous request/response exchange . Moreover,
0011 Error code 3 any number of encoding/ decoding techniques can be used in
0100 Color set to White 40 conjunction with a given communication protocol to delin
0101 Color set to Blue eate multiple simultaneous communications (messages )
0110 Color set to mix of blue-white
0111 Color set to mix of mint- amber from the power line communication medium , as is known in
1000 Brightness set to 25 % the field of communications. In a more general sense , the
1001 Brightness set to 50 % power line communication techniques disclosed herein can
1010 Brightness set to 75 % 45 be used in conjunction with any suitable conventional and /or
1011 Brightness set to 100 %
1100 Brightness set to 0 % proprietary communication protocol and encoding /decoding
1101 Alarm triggered techniques , as will be appreciated in light of this disclosure .
1110 Camera activated FIG . 7 schematically illustrates a lighting system config
1111 Target device has nothing to say ured for bi-directional power line communication in accor
50 dance with another embodiment of the present invention . As
There are several advantages of having this additional can be seen , this example embodiment includes a single
communication capability. For example, it allows for shar- driver operatively coupled to a plurality of light engines
ing the information provided by a sensor with the entire and / or sensors connected in parallel (or other lighting sys
lighting system . So , for example, sensor information is not tem components ). The driver of this example is configured
limited to the driver to which it is connected . In addition , 55 as a constant current driver with low -dynamic response ,
more complex and enhanced lighting controls may be pro - wherein the driver modulates its DC output voltage by
visioned . For instance , a given light engine can set its own setting different set-values for the output current, e.g . con
drive current. In addition , CCT dimming and color tuning verter' s duty cycle , and measures ( total) current delivered ,
can be readily implemented . Also , individually addressable as previously explained . Also ,note that in this example case ,
light engines can be deployed on the same driver channel , 60 the microcontroller A of the driver is operatively coupled
wherein communications with respect to on -off switching, with an LMS that is capable of providing monitor and
dimming, color control, etc , can be executed on the power control functions. In general, any type of communication
line communication medium . Likewise, that same commu can be passed between the LMS and microcontroller A . In
nication medium can be used to power and communicate addition , each light engine modulates its respective current
with sensors. The techniques provided herein also allow for 65 (Imi(t), Imz (t), IM3(t), . . . ) and measures voltage Vm (t) as
the integration of lighting in an overall building automation previously explained . Note that the driver is generally too
system . slow to counter act the current modulations provided by the
US 10 , 244 ,609 B2
22
light engines. To this end , low -dynamic response generally automatically use a corresponding way of decoding the
means that the driver behaves more like a constant voltage modulated signals received via the power lines .
source rather than a current source for short time intervals . For example , when analog dimming is being used , suit
This is true for most constant current drivers, and particu - able modulation schemes include amplitude modulation ,
larly so for lower cost implementations such as drivers that 5 frequency modulation , phase modulation , pulse shape
have an output capacitor of substantial size in order to keep modulation (PSM ), slope variation of current/voltage , pat
the ripple current through the LEDs low . One such example tern swapping , frequency shift keying ( FSK ), and all com
output capacitor is generally designated as capacitor C of the binations , such as FSK and pattern swapping (or so -called
driver in the example embodiment of FIG . 7 . The capacitor bit- flipping, wherein the data stream determines odd cycles
C generally prevents fast dynamic changes in line voltage . 10 and the even cycle pattern is the inversion of the previous
A variation on the example embodiment shown in FIG . 7 is odd cycle ). When PWM modulation is being used, a suitable
to use an adjustable current source as the modulation ele - modulation scheme includes pulse event modulation ,
ment as shown in FIGS. 2d , 2d , and 2e , rather than the using wherein the time event (within period ) at which a pulse with
a switchable ( S ) modulation element as shown in FIG . 7 . constant width occurs changes depending on data .
FIG . 8 schematically illustrates a lighting system config - 15 Note , however, that regardless of which modulation
ured for bi-directional power line communication in accor - scheme is being used , the average power provided to the
dance with another embodiment of the present invention . As LEDs, sensor, actuator, wireless router, or other lighting
can be seen , this example configuration is similar to that of system component is constant regardless of whether or not
FIG . 7 , except that the driver includes a complex / non -linear there is currently communication going on. Further note that
output impedance . The output impedance of the driver can 20 there is no need for the various communicating lighting
be determined or tailored by the passive components ( induc - system components to communicate the active modulation
tor L and capacitor C ) and /or control loop dynamics. The scheme in advance of its deployment as is the case in typical
principle of operation is as previously explained herein , communication systems. This is because, in the context of a
wherein a given one of the drivers /light engines/sensors lighting system , a given lighting device (e .g ., power supply ,
modulates its output voltage/ current (or impedance , as the 25 light engine, sensor, actuator, wireless /wired communication
case may be ). This voltage /current modulation can be module , etc ) can be configured to independently and quickly
detected by other devices connected to the power line , and determine the currently active dimming mode by using , for
allows direct and bi- directional communication between all example , a local microcontroller configured to measure
devices . Note that a multi-master arrangement is possible , parameters indicative of a dimming mode (e . g ., pulse
such as the example case where light engine 1 communi- 30 widths, voltage levels , etc ). Thus, once a change in dimming
cates with light engine 2 (LE2 ), or where sensor 1 (SE1) mode is detected , the microcontroller can be further pro
communicates with light engine 1 , or where driver 2 (DRI2 ) grammed or otherwise configured to change the modulation
communicates with light engine 2 (LE2 ) , or where driver 1 scheme accordingly . In some such cases , for instance , the
communicates with driver 2 (DRI2 ) , etc . As will be appre - microcontroller may include a look -up table or other
ciated , a variation on the example embodiment shown in 35 memory structure that indexes a plurality of available modu
FIG . 8 is to use an adjustable current source as the modu - lation schemes by dimming mode type . So , the detected
lation element as variously shown in FIGS. 2d , 2d", and 2e, dimming mode can be used to quickly identify the new
rather than the using a switchable ( S ) modulation element as modulation scheme. Communications from that point on can
shown in FIG . 8 . be transmitted and received according to that new modula
Multi-Modulation Scheme for Multiple Dimming Modes 40 tion scheme, until there is another change in dimming mode.
The disclosed power line communication techniques can FIGS. 9a - f illustrate example modulation schemes that
further be used in the context of multiple dimming modes can be used , depending on the dimming mode . In particular,
such as analog and pulse width modulation (PWM ) dim - FIG . 9a shows frequency modulation, FIG . 9b shows slope
ming , and without adversely impacting driver efficiency or variation , FIG . 9c shows FSK modulation , FIG . 9d shows
light engine efficacy . For instance , in case of analog dim - 45 amplitude modulation , and FIG . 9e shows pattern swapping ,
ming the amplitude of the time - continuous LED current ( a all of which can be used when analog dimming is being
DC current with potentially some ripple e . g . 10 % peak - to - used , in accordance with an embodiment. FIG . 9f shows
peak ripple in current ) is varied in order to change in this pulse event modulation which can be used with PWM
particular case the brightness of the LEDs. In case of PWM dimming . In one such case , note that the pulse event coding
dimming the LED current is flowing intermittently depend - 50 scheme used with PWM dimming ensures that the average
ing on the duty cycle . In such cases , the PWM frequency is pulse width over a time period shorter than the max time
chosen to be high enough so that the eye of the observer will period defined by 1 /[flicker perception frequency ] (e .g ., 1/80
average over or otherwise not perceive the pulsating lumi- Hz= 12 .5 ms) is kept constant. The average pulse width
nous flux , and hence the duty cycle determines the perceived determines the brightness of the LEDs and is given by the
brightness . The dimming scheme may similarly influence a 55 dimming level requested by the user or LMS. As will
motor current instead of the LED current or other lighting appreciated , making the time period shorter than the max
system component current, as will be appreciated in light of time will ensure that there is no visible flicker visible to the
this disclosure . In more detail, the driver can be programmed occupants or users of the illuminated space .
or otherwise configured to vary the modulation scheme High - Voltage Interface
based on the active dimming mode. So , for instance, the 60 FIGS. 10a -b each illustrates a block diagram of a lighting
modulation scheme can be changed from frequency modu - system configured for bi-directional power line communi
lation to phase shift keying as the driver switches over from cation in accordance with another embodiment of the pres
analog dimming ( the amplitude of the LED current is varied ent invention . As can be seen , the example system shown in
in order to change the brightness ) to PWM dimming . In such FIG . 10a includes an LED power supply / driver and a light
cases, the light engine (or other lighting system component 65 engine , much like the embodiments shown in FIGS . la
operatively coupled to the power lines ) can be further through 8 , but further includes an AC mains and dimmer
configured to detect the change in dimming mode and to operatively coupled to the inputof the LED driver. The line
US 10 ,244 ,609 B2
23 24
voltage on the input side of the driver is high voltage AC , series with the other element. In some cases, the device is
while the line voltage on the output side of the driver is low one of a lighting system power supply , a lighting module
voltage DC . FIG . 10b shows a similar embodiment, with the configured with a light source , or a lighting system sensor.
addition of a lamp on the input side of the driver and two In some cases , the device is the other element . In some cases,
more light engines and a sensor on the output side of the 5 the lighting system is capable of operating in one or more
driver. dimming modes, and the processor modulates the one of
As can be further seen , power line communication can current flow through the modulation element or voltage drop
occur on both the high voltage AC side and the low voltage across the other element in accordance with a modulation
DC side of the LED driver.However , the communication on scheme that is selected based on the dimming mode . In some
the AC side is implemented differently and entails a modu - 10 cases , the lighting system is capable of operating in one or
lation of the AC power signal. In contrast, the communica - more dimmingmodes , and the current flow through the other
tion on the DC side is implemented as described herein , by element or the voltage drop across the other element sensed
variously modulating the DC voltage / current within a rela - by the processor is modulated in accordance with a modu
tively small window that is imperceptible or otherwise lation scheme that is selected based on the dimming mode.
negligible to lighting system performance . An example of 15 In some cases , the processor is powered by a voltage supply
each of the communication signal is graphically depicted derived from the DC power lines , the device further com
above the corresponding section of the system . No commu - prising an energy storage element that provides power to the
nication occurs between the AC mains and the dimmer in processor during time intervals when no power is provided
this example embodiment. on the DC power lines . In some cases , the modulation
Numerous variations and configurations will be apparent 20 element comprises a voltage source serially connected with
in light of this disclosure . For instance , one example the other element and responsive to a modulation control
embodiment of the present invention provides a lighting signal provided by the processor. In some cases , the modu
system . The system includes a lighting system device . The lation element comprises a current source connected in
device includes a modulation element configured to opera parallel to the other element and responsive to a modulation
tively couple to DC power lines providing DC power to a 25 control signal provided by the processor. In some cases , the
lighting system . The device further includes a processor device comprises one of a wireless communication circuit ,
configured to use the modulation element to modulate one of a wired communication circuit, an actuator , or a motor
current flow through the modulation element or voltage drop controller. Other variations will be apparent . For instance ,
across an other element of the lighting system thereby another embodiment provides a lighting system comprising
providing an outgoing power line communication signal for 30 the device as variously defined in this paragraph and further
transmission over the DC power lines, and wherein the comprising the other element, wherein the device is one of
processor is further configured to sense one of the amount of a lighting system power supply , a lighting module config
current flow through the other element or the amount of ured with a light source , or a lighting system sensor, and
voltage drop across the other element so as to allow for wherein the other element is one of a lighting system power
receipt and interpretation of an incoming power line com - 35 supply, a lighting module configured with a light source , or
munication signal on the DC power lines . In some cases , the a lighting system sensor . Another embodiment provides a
processor is configured to use the modulation element to lighting system comprising as variously defined in this
modulate current flow through the modulation element to paragraph and further comprising the other element, wherein
provide the outgoing power line communication signal, and one of the device or the other element is a lighting system
the processor is configured to measure the amount of voltage 40 power supply , and the other of the device or the other
drop across the other element so as to allow for receipt and element is a first lighting module configured with a light
interpretation of the incoming power line communication source . In one such case , the system includes at least one of
signal. In some cases , the processor is configured to use the a second lighting module configured with a light source
modulation element to modulate voltage drop across the and/or a lighting system sensor, wherein the at least one of
other element to provide the outgoing power line commu - 45 a second lightingmodule and /or a lighting system sensor are
nication signal, and the processor is configured to measure electrically connected to the DC power lines and in parallel
the amount of current flow through the other element so as with the first lighting module and the lighting system power
to allow for receipt and interpretation of the incoming power supply .
line communication signal. In some cases, the device Another example embodiment of the present invention
includes a switch configured to control the in - circuit pres - 50 provides a communication method for a lighting system . The
ence of the modulation element in response to a modulation method includes using, via a processor , a modulation ele
control signal provided by the processor , so as to modulate ment to modulate one of current flow through the modula
one of current flow through the modulation element or tion element or voltage drop across an other element of the
voltage drop across the other element, thereby providing the lighting system , thereby providing an outgoing power line
outgoing power line communication signal. In some such 55 communication signal for transmission over DC power lines
cases , the modulation element is configured to either: elec - of the system . The method further includes sensing, via the
trically connect in series with the other element and the processor, one of the amount of current flow through the
switch is electrically connected in parallel to the modulation other element or the amount of voltage drop across the other
element, such that the voltage drop across the other element element so as to allow for receipt and interpretation of an
is modulated in response to the modulation control signal; or 60 incoming power line communication signal on the DC
electrically connect in parallel with the other element and power lines. In some cases , the processor is configured to
the switch is electrically connected in series to the modu - use the modulation element to modulate current flow
lation element, such that the current flow through the modu - through the modulation element to provide the outgoing
lation element is modulated in response to the modulation power line communication signal, and the processor is
control signal. In some cases , the modulation element com - 65 configured to measure the amount of voltage drop across the
prises a current source . In some cases, the device includes a other element so as to allow for receipt and interpretation of
current source that is configured to electrically connect in the incoming power line communication signal. In some
US 10 ,244 ,609 B2
25 26
cases , the processor is configured to use the modulation In short, the disclosed techniques can be implemented in
element to modulate voltage drop across the other element hardware , software , firmware , or any combination thereof.
to provide the outgoing power line communication signal, The foregoing description of the embodiments of the
and the processor is configured to measure the amount of invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration
current flow through the other element so as to allow for 5 and description . It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit
receipt and interpretation of the incoming power line com
re the invention to the precise form disclosed . Many modifi
munication signal. Another embodiment provides a device cations and variations are possible in light of this disclosure
configured to carry out the method as variously defined in It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not
this paragraph , wherein the device is one of a lighting 118 by this detailed description , but rather by the claims
system power supply, a lighting module configured with a 110 appended hereto .
light source , or a lighting system sensor, a wireless com
munication module , or a motor controller.
Another example embodiment of the present invention What is claimed is:
provides a non - transient computer program product encoded 1 . A lighting system , comprising:
with instructions that when executed by one or more pro - 15 a first LED string;
cessors cause a power line communication process to be a first processor configured to provide a first modulation
carried out in a lightsystem , the process comprising: use, via control signal , and to sense one of the amount of
a processor , a modulation element to modulate one of current flow through the first LED string or the amount
current flow through themodulation element or voltage drop of voltage drop across the first LED string so as to
across an other element of the lighting system , so as to 20 allow for receipt and interpretation of an incoming
thereby provide an outgoing power line communication power line communication signal;
signal for transmission over DC power lines of the system ; a first modulation element operatively coupled to the first
and sense , via the processor, one of the amount of current LED string and configured to cause modulation of one
flow through the other element or the amount of voltage drop of current flow through the first modulation element or
across the other element so as to allow for receipt and 25 voltage drop across the first LED string in response to
interpretation of an incoming power line communication the first modulation control signal, thereby providing
signal on the DC power lines . In some cases , the use an outgoing power line communication signal , wherein
includes using the modulation element to modulate current the first modulation element comprises at least one of:
flow through the modulation element to provide the outgo a voltage source that is serially connected with the first
ing power line communication signal, and the sense includes 30 LED string and is responsive to the first modulation
measuring the amount of voltage drop across the other control signal provided by the first processor ; and / or a
element so as to allow for receipt and interpretation of the current source connected in parallel to the first LED
incoming power line communication signal. In some cases , string and responsive to the first modulation control
the use includes using the modulation element to modulate signal provided by the first processor ; and
voltage drop across the other element to provide the outgo - 35 a first power supply connector configured to receive
ing power line communication signal , and the sense includes power for the first LED string via a power line on which
measuring the amount of current flow through the other the incoming and outgoing power line communication
element so as to allow for receipt and interpretation of the signals are transmitted .
incoming power line communication signal. 2 . The system of claim 1 , further comprising a first switch
Another example embodiment of the present invention 40 configured to control the in - circuit presence of the first
provides a non -transient computer program product encoded modulation element in response to the first modulation
with instructions that when executed by one or more pro - control signal, so as to modulate voltage drop across the first
cessors cause a power line communication process to be LED string , thereby providing the outgoing power line
carried out in a light system , the process comprising : modu communication signal, wherein the first modulation element
lating, by a processor, one of DC current or a DC voltage 45 comprises the voltage source and the first switch is electri
output by a power supply of a light source , thereby provid - cally connected in parallel to the first modulation element.
ing an outgoing power line communication signal; and 3 . The system of claim 1, further comprising a first switch
sensing , by the processor, one of the amount of DC voltage configured to control the in -circuit presence of the first
drop across the light source or a total amount of DC current modulation element in response to the first modulation
flow drawn from the power supply , so as to allow for receipt 50 control signal, so as to modulate current flow through the
and interpretation of an incoming power line communication first modulation element, thereby providing the outgoing
signal. The modulating and sensing can be carried out power line communication signal, wherein the first modu
simultaneously . lation element comprises the current source and the first
A computer program product as provided herein can be , switch is electrically connected in series to the first modu
for example , one or more computer - readable mediums such 55 lation element.
as, for instance , a hard drive , compact disk , server, memory 4 . The system of claim 3 , further comprising a second
stick , or any suitable non - transitory computer /computing current source that is electrically connected in series with the
device memory that includes or can otherwise be encoded first LED string.
with executable instructions, or a plurality or combination of 5 . The system of claim 1 , further comprising a first power
such memories ( e . g ., memory provided in a microcontroller 60 supply and a second processor, the processor configured to
or other processing environment). Other embodiments can modulate one of current or voltage output by the first power
be implemented , for instance , with gate - level logic or an supply using a second modulation control signal, thereby
application -specific integrated circuit (ASIC ) or chip set or providing the incoming power line communication signal,
other such purpose built logic , or a microcontroller having wherein the second processor is further configured to sense
input/output capability (e . g ., inputs for receiving user inputs 65 one of the amount of voltage drop across the first LED string
and outputs for directing other components ) and a number of or a total amount of current flow comprising current flow
embedded routines for carrying out the device functionality. through the first LED string and the first modulation ele
US 10 ,244 ,609 B2
27 28
ment, so as to allow for receipt and interpretation of the
outgoing power line communication signal.

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(56 ) References Cited

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