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Alar - bn8 3 Distances PDF
Alar - bn8 3 Distances PDF
Alar - bn8 3 Distances PDF
Tool Kit
FSF ALAR Briefing Note
8.3 — Landing Distances
When discussing landing distance, two categories must be
considered: Required Runway Length — JAA/FAA
• Actual landing distance is the distance used in landing
Dry Runway
and braking to a complete stop (on a dry runway) after
crossing the runway threshold at 50 feet; and, Wet Runway
Required landing distances are used for dispatch purposes Required runway length (dry) = Actual landing distance (dry) x 1.67
Required runway length (wet) = Actual landing distance (dry) x 1.92
(i.e., for selecting the destination airport and alternate
airports). JAA = (European) Joint Aviation Authorities
FAA = (U.S.) Federal Aviation Administration
Source: Flight Safety Foundation Approach-and-landing Accident
Statistical Data Reduction (ALAR) Task Force
Required runway length (dry or wet) = Actual landing distance (dry) x 1.92 The following landing distance factors are typical:
For example, at 1,000 feet airport elevation, a landing distance Airspeed Over Runway Threshold
factor of 1.05 to 1.10 (depending on runway condition) must
be applied to the landing distance achieved at sea-level airport A 10 percent increase in final approach speed results in a 20
elevation. percent increase in landing distance. This assumes a normal
flare and touchdown (i.e., not allowing the aircraft to float
Runway Slope and bleed excess airspeed).
Runway slope (gradient) has a direct effect on landing distance. Height Over Threshold
For example, a 1 percent downhill slope increases landing Crossing the runway threshold at 100 feet (50 feet higher than
distance by 10 percent (factor of 1.1). However, this effect is recommended) results in an increase in landing distance of
Reference
(No Reverse Thrust)
Final Approach
Speed + 10 Knots
Long Flare
No Ground Spoilers
Wet Runway
Compacted Snow
Icy Runway
1. 0 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 2. 0 3. 0 3. 5
Source: Flight Safety Foundation Approach-and-landing Accident Reduction (ALAR) Task Force
Figure 3
about 1,000 feet (305 meters), regardless of runway condition For example, a 5 percent increase in final approach speed
and aircraft model (Figure 4, page 170). increases landing distance by:
• Ten percent, if a normal flare and touchdown are
Flare Technique
conducted (deceleration on the ground); or,
Extending the flare (i.e., allowing the aircraft to float and bleed • Thirty percent, if touchdown is delayed (deceleration
excess airspeed) increases the landing distance. during an extended flare).
50 Feet at Threshold The aircraft operating manual (AOM) and the quick reference
handbook (QRH) provide the applicable landing speed
corrections and landing distance corrections for many
malfunctions (including their effects).
Source: Flight Safety Foundation Approach-and-landing Accident
Reduction (ALAR) Task Force
Landing Distance Factors
Figure 4
Landing distance factors result from either:
Ground Spoilers Not Armed • A landing speed correction (e.g., because of a failure
affecting stall margin or maneuverability); or,
Several runway-overrun events have been caused by ground • Reduced lift-dumping capability or reduced braking
spoilers not being armed while the aircraft were being operated capability (e.g., because of a failure affecting ground
with thrust reversers inoperative. spoilers or brakes).
On most transport category aircraft, the ground spoilers extend Whether published in the AOM/QRH or computed by the pilot,
when reverse thrust is selected (regardless of whether the the combination of landing distance factors for multiple failures
ground spoilers are armed or not); this design feature must not usually complies with the following:
be relied upon. The ground spoilers must be armed per SOPs.
• If landing speed corrections are added, the corresponding
Failure to arm the spoilers results in a typical landing distance landing distance factors must be multiplied;
factor of 1.3 (1.4 if combined with inoperative thrust reversers). • If only the highest airspeed correction is considered, then
only the greatest landing distance factor must be
The automatic extension of ground spoilers should be considered; or,
monitored. Failure of the ground spoilers to deploy
automatically should be called; the crew then should manually • If two landing distance factors are considered, and one
activate the ground spoilers. (or both) are related to lift-dumping or braking, the
landing distance factors must be multiplied.
Delay in lowering the nose landing gear to the runway
maintains lift, resulting in less load on the main landing gear Figure 3 shows typical landing distance factors for various
and, hence, less braking capability. This also delays the runway conditions and operational factors.
nosewheel spin-up signal, which is required for optimum
operation of the anti-skid system on some aircraft.
Summary
MEL/DDG Conditions
When assessing the landing distance for a given landing, all
the following factors should be considered and should be
When operating with an MEL/DDG condition affecting
combined as specified in the applicable AOM/QRH:
landing speed or braking capability, the applicable landing
speed correction and landing distance factor must be included • MEL/DDG dispatch conditions, as applicable;
in landing-distance computation.
• In-flight failures, as applicable;
System Malfunctions • Weather conditions (e.g., wind and gusts, suspected wind
shear, icing conditions/ice accretion);
System malfunctions, such as hydraulic system low pressure,
• Runway condition;
may result in multiple adjustments to landing speed and landing
distance, such as: • Use of braking devices (e.g., thrust reversers,
autobrakes); and,
• Increased landing speed because of inoperative slats/
flaps (stall margin); • Airport elevation and runway slope.
Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) Editorial Staff. “Business Jet U.K. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Aeronautical
Overruns Wet Runway After Landing Past Touchdown Zone.” Information Circular (AIC) 11/98, Landing Performance of
Accident Prevention Volume 56 (December 1999). Large Transport Aeroplanes. January 27, 1998.
FSF Editorial Staff. “Unaware of Strong Crosswind, Fokker U.K. CAA. AIC 61/1999, Risks and Factors Associated with
Crew Loses Control of Aircraft on Landing.” Accident Operations on Runways Affected by Snow, Slush or Water.
Prevention Volume 56 (November 1999). June 3, 1999.
Notice
The Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) Approach-and-landing Accident • Flight management system;
Reduction (ALAR) Task Force has produced this briefing note to • Automatic ground spoilers;
help prevent ALAs, including those involving controlled flight into
terrain. The briefing note is based on the task force’s data-driven • Autobrakes;
conclusions and recommendations, as well as data from the U.S. • Thrust reversers;
Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) Joint Safety Analysis • Manufacturers’/operators’ standard operating procedures; and,
Team (JSAT) and the European Joint Aviation Authorities Safety
Strategy Initiative (JSSI). • Two-person flight crew.
The briefing note has been prepared primarily for operators and pilots This briefing note is one of 34 briefing notes that comprise a
of turbine-powered airplanes with underwing-mounted engines (but fundamental part of the FSF ALAR Tool Kit, which includes a variety
can be adapted for fuselage-mounted turbine engines, turboprop- of other safety products that have been developed to help prevent
powered aircraft and piston-powered aircraft) and with the following: ALAs.
• Glass flight deck (i.e., an electronic flight instrument system This information is not intended to supersede operators’ or
with a primary flight display and a navigation display); manufacturers’ policies, practices or requirements, and is not
• Integrated autopilot, flight director and autothrottle systems; intended to supersede government regulations.
In the interest of aviation safety, this publication may be reproduced, in whole or in part, in all media, but may not be offered for sale or used commercially
without the express written permission of Flight Safety Foundation’s director of publications. All uses must credit Flight Safety Foundation.