Time Allowed Examination Paper 2018 3 Hours] [Maximum Mari General Instructions: @ (i) (iit) @w) () (vi) (vi) (viii) (a) The question paper comprises of two Sections, A and B. You are to attempt both the sections. All questions are compulsory. All questions of Section A and Section B are to be attempted separately. There is an internal choice in three questions of three marks each, two questions of five marks each in Section A and in one question of two marks in Section B. Question numbers 1 and 2 in Section A are one-mark questions. They are to be answered in one word or in one sentence. Question numbers 3 to 5 in Section A are two-marks questions. These are to be answered in about 30 words each. Question numbers 6 to 15 in Section A are three-marks questions. These are to be answered in about 50 words each. Question numbers 16 to 21 in Section A are five-marks questions. These are to be answered in about 70 words each. Question numbers 22 to 27 in Section B are based on practical skills. Each question is a two-mark question. These are to be answered in brief. SECTION-A 1. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding pea plants bearing violet flowers with pea plants bearing white flowers. What will be the result in F, progeny? Ans, All plants in F, generation will bear violet flowers. 2. Write the energy conversion that takes place in a hydropower plant, Ans, The energy transformation taking place at hydropower plants is shown below: KE of ro KE. of Mechanical Electrical flowing water stored falling water |» energy of energy in a river water rotating turbine Science—10 a3. Ans. Ans. Ans. A compound ‘X’ on heating with excess cone. sulphuric acid at 443 K gives an unsaturated compound ‘Y’. ‘X’ also reacts with sodium metal to evolve a colourless gas ‘2’. Identify *X’, *Y’ and ‘2’, Write the equation of the chemical reaction of formation of ‘Y’ and also write the role of sulphuric acid in the reaction, “X’ is CH,CH,OH (Ethyl alcohol), Its TUPAC name is Ethanol *Y’ is CH,=CH,, Ethene ‘Z. is H, gas Cone. H,SO, acts as dehydrating agent. cone. H,$0, CH,CH,OH — > CH,=CH, + H,0 2CH,CH,OH + 2Na —> 2CH,CH,ONa + H, Sodium ethoxide (a) Name one gustatory receptor and one olfactory receptor present in human beings. (6) Write a and b in the given flow chart of neuron through which information travels as an electrical impulse. Dendrite | —> | a] —> | b] —> | End point of Neuron (a) Gustatory receptor—Tongue Olfactory receptor—Nose (6) @ Cell body/Cyton (ii) Axon So, electric impulse flow chart will be as follows: Dendrite } f Cell body/Cyton ‘Axon End point of neuron If the image formed by a spherical mirror for all positions of the object placed in front of it is always erect and diminished, what type of mirror is it? Draw a labelled ray diagram to support your answer. The required spherical mirror is convex mirror because the image formed by a convex mirror for all position of the object placed in front of it is always erect and diminished. (a) Object between pole and infinity | (b) At infinity Science—10 @6. Ans. Ans. Decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat or light or electricity for breaking down the reactants, Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of heat, light and electricity. heat (a) Decomposition by heat: CaCO, —> Cad + CO, sunlight (b) Decomposition by light: 2AgBr ———>2Ag + Bry electrolysis: (c) Decomposition by electricity: 2H,0 ————> 2H, + O, 2 mL of sodium hydroxide solution is added to a few pieces of granulated zinc metal taken in a test tube. When the contents are warmed, a gas evolves which is bubbled through a soap solution before testing. Write the equation of the chemical reaction involved and the test to detect the gas. Name the gas which will be evolved when the same metal reacts with dilute solution of a strong acid. OR ‘The pH of a salt used to make tasty and crispy pakoras is 14. Identify the salt and write a chemical equation for its formation. List its two uses. (a) Zine reacts with NaOH to form sodium zineate and hydrogen gas Zn + 2NaOH —> Na,ZnO0, + Hy Sodium zincate Hydrogen gas (b) When a burning splinter is brought near the gas, the splinter will gives out a ‘pop’ sound which shows the gas evolved is hydrogen. (c) Hydrogen gas will be evolved when Zn metal reacts with dilute solution of strong acid. Zn(s) + H,SO,(aq) —> ZnSO,(aq) + H,* Or (a) The salt is sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO,) or sodium bicarbonate, (6) Manufacture of baking soda is as follows: NaCl + H,O + CO, + NH, —> NH,Cl + NaHCO, (c) Uses: (i) It is used for making baking powder. (ii) It is used in soda and fire extinguishers. (iii) It is used as ingredient of antacid. (any two) 4, (a) Why are most carbon compounds poor conductors of electricity? Note: No salt can have pH = (6) Write the name and structure of a saturated compound in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring. Give the number of single bonds present in this compound. Science—10 8Ans, (a) Carbon compounds are covalent in nature and do not dissociate to form ions because of which they are poor conductor of electricity. (b) Cyclohexane is the saturated compound in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring. H H NT Cyclohexane Structural formula It has 18 single bonds. 9, Name the hormones secreted by the following endocrine glands and specify one function of each: (@) Thyroid (b) Pituitary _(c) Pancreas Ans, (a) Thyroxine — It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. (6) Growth hormone ~ It regulates growth and development of the body. (c) Insulin ~ It regulates the level of blood sugar. 10. Write one difference between asexual and sexual mode of reproduction, Which species is likely to have comparatively better chances of survival ~ the one reproducing asexually or the one reproducing sexually? Give reason to justify your answer. Ans. Differences between asexual and sexual mode of reproduction. Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction (a) A single parent is involved. (@) Two parents (a male and a female) are involved. (6) There is no formation or fusion of | (b) There is formation and fusion of gametes. gametes. (c) No genetic variation is created in the | (c) There is genetic variation in the progeny. progeny (any one) — The species reproducing sexually will have better chances of survival because genetic variation is created during sexual reproduction; in case of an adverse environmental change, atleast some variants will survive and continue the race. Science—10 @1. Ans. State the laws of refraction of light. Explain the term ‘absolute refractive index of a medium’ and write an expression to relate it with the speed of light in vacuum, OR What is meant by power of a lens? Write its SI unit. A student uses a lens of focal length 40 cm and another of -20 em. Write the nature and power of each lens, Laws of refraction of light: (a) The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence and the refracted ray, all lie in the same plane for the two given transparent media. (b) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence, i.e. sin i to the sine of angle of refraction, i.e. sin r is always constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. Mathematically, ae = constant = 75, The constant n,, is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium. Abs or air is considered to be its absolute refractive index. It is represented by 7. olute Refractive Index: The refractive index of medium 2 with respect to vacuum It is also equal to the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. Speed of light in air or vacuum (c) = “Speed of light in the medium (v) Or Power of a Lens: The ability of a lens to converge or diverge the ray of light after refraction, is called power (P) of the lens. It is defined as the reciprocal of the focal of 1 dioptre Given: f, = + 40 om 0.4 m, fy = -20 em 0.40 = +25 D Power of lens A, P, = ; = fs Power of lens B, Py = : = 1(-0.20) is -5D Hence, the nature of lens A is convex with power +2.5D and lens B is concave with power ~5D. 12. Show how would you join three resistors, each of resistance 9 Q so that the equivalent resistance of the combination is (a) 13.5 9, (b) 6 Q? 3 Science—10 6oR (a) Write Joule’s law of heating. (6) Two lamps, one rated 100 W; 220 Y, and the other 60 W; 220 V, are connected in parallel to electric mains supply. Find the current drawn by two bulbs from the line, if the supply voltage is 220 V. Ans. (a) When two 9 Q resistances are in parallel and the third is in combination to this, the equivalent resistance will be 13.5 Q as shown below: 20 20. 90 9 R,= 72=450 R,=R, + R= 45 +9 = 1350 (6) When two 9 © resistances are in series and the third is in parallel to them, then it will be 60. ea ge For series, R, = R, +R, =9 +9 = 180 po om 1 1 k co 3 For parallel, 3 m » ~1y,1_3_1 = 48*9 = 1876 Therefore, R,= 60 Or (a) Joule’s law of heating: It states that the amount of heat produced in a conductor is (i) directly proportional to the square of current flowing through it, ic. HP, (ii) directly proportional to the resistance of the conductor for a given current and time, ie. Ho&R (ii) directly proportional to the time for which current is flowing through it, ie. Hot Ho PR or Hx KPRt where K is proportionality constant and in SI system, it is equal to one. Science—10 6)(b) Both the bulbs are connected in parallel. The resistance of each bulb is | 20ive | 2202 8 jap Bo Ze fe Pa R, Current drawn by 100 W bulb = 720 = S.A = 0.45 A 00 : 220 Current drawn by 60 W bulb = 32 027A 7" Total current drawn from the line = 0.45 A + 0.27 A = 0.72.4 or For Ist bulb, =VI P=100W, V=220V, 1,=? 100 = 220 x 1, 100 = 29 = 114 For 2nd bulb, P=VI P=60W, V=220V, =? 60 = 220 x I, ao b= 209 = Total current drawn from the line, 1=1+h 5g 46 on 1=022 13. (a) List the factors on which the resistance of a conductor in the shape of a wire depends. (6) Why are metals good conductors of electri of electricity? Give reason. whereas glass is a bad conductor (c) Why are alloys commonly used in electrical heating devices? Give reason. Ans, (a) The factors on which the resistance of a conductor in the shape of wire depends (i) Length of the conductor: Resistance is directly proportional to length of the conductor. (ii) Area of cross section of the wire: The resistance is inversely proportional to area of cross section of the wire. (iii) The resistance of the conductor depends on the nature of its material. (iv) Temperature of the conductor: Resistance is directly proportional to the temperature of the conductor. Science—10 a14, Ans. 15, Ans. (b) Metals are good conductor of electricity as they have free electrons to conduet whereas glass is a bad conductor of elec to pass through it due to non-availability of free electrons. ity as it does not allow electric current (c) The alloys are commonly used in electric heating device. This is because (i) Alloy are combination of two or more metals. (ii) Its resistivity is higher than that of its constituent metals. (iii) It neither gets oxidised nor burn easily at high temperature. (iv) It shows less rapid variations of resistivity due to change in temperature. Students in a school listened to the news read in the morning assembly that the mountain of garbage in Delhi, suddenly exploded and various yehicles got buried under it, Several people were also injured and there was traffic jam all around. In the brain storming session the teacher also discussed this issue and asked the students to find out a solution to the problem of garbage. Finally they arrived at two main points one is self management of the garbage we produce and the second is to generate less garbage at individual level. (a) Suggest two measures to manage the garbage we produce. (b) Asan (0) List ovo values the teacher inst ts. idual, what can we do to generate the least garbage? Give two pi led in his students in this episode. (2) (i) The biodegradable waste should be buried to make manure for plants. (ii) Certain wastes can be recycled to produce some useful items (6) (@) Glass bottles and containers can be reused to store materials. (ii) We should not use disposable wrappers to pack food and other eatable items (Cc) () Concern about our environment. (ii) Preventing loss of natural resources. What is a dam? Why do we seek to build large dams? While building large dams, which three main problems should particularly be addressed to maintain peace among local people? Mention them, A dam is a manmade large structure barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or diverts the flow of water as per our need. We seek to build large dam because the water reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human Science—10 @16. Ans. consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, harnessing the hydroelectric power and navigability. The three major problems in building the large dams are (a) Large areas of agricultural land and human habitation are to be sacrificed as they get submerged. It creates the problem of satisfactory rehabilitation of displaced people (b) Large eco-systems i.e. areas of ecological, culture and social importance for the local population are destroyed. (c) The vegetation which is submerged rots under anaerobic conditions and gives rise to large amounts of methane gas which leads to a green-house effect. So while constructing the large dam, the local interest and welfare along with above problem should be taken into consideration to maintain the peace among local people. (a) Write the steps involved in the extraction of pure metals in the middle of the activity series from their carbonate ores. (b) How is copper extracted from its sulphide ore? Explain the various steps supported by chemical equations. Draw labelled diagram for the electrolytic refining of copper. (a) Concentration of ore (ii) Calcination (i) Reduction (iv) Purification are steps involved in extraction of metal. (6) @ Ore of copper is concentrated by froth floatation process. (ii) Roasting: 2CuFeS, + O, —> Cu,S + FeS + S 2Cu,S + 30, —> 2Cu,0 + 280, 2FeS + 30, —> 2FeO + 250, FeO + SiO, —> FeSiO, (iti) Smelting: 2Cu,O + Cu,S —> 6Cu + SO, Science—10 @17. Ans. (a) (b) () (@) (iv) Electrolytic refining: Impure copper is taken as anode, pure copper is taken as cathode. Acidified CuSO, is taken as electrolyte. Impure copper changes into Cu* which gain electron at cathode forming pure Cu. (pure metal) Impurities are left behind as anode mud, 4,45 At anode Cu(impure) —> Cu?* + 2e metal) At cathode Cu?* + 2e7 —> Cu(pure) cu hipense= cuso, mud Electrolytic refining ‘The modern periodic table has been evolved through the early attempts of Dobereiner, Newland and Mendeleev. List one advantage and one limitation of all the three attempts. Name the scientist who first of all showed that atomic number of an element a more fundamental property than its atomic mass. State Modern periodic law. Doberenier Perio ible: Advantage: To predict the atomic mass of middle element in each triad. Elements ‘Atomic mass Li 6.9 Na 23.0 K 39.0 Limitation: He could identify only three triads, could not classify all the elements discovered of that time, Elements like N, P, As does not follow Dobereiner’s ‘triads’ law, Newlands Periodic Table: Advantage: Every cights element had properties similar to that of first when elements were arranged in increasing order of atomic mass. He correlated properties of elements with atomic mass. Limitation: It was applicable up to calcium. For example, iron was grouped with oxygen and sulphur whereas it has properties similar to cobalt and nickel. Mendeleey’s Periodic Table: Advantage: Elements with similar properties could be grouped, He predicted the properties of new elements which helped in their discovery. Disadvantage: No fixed position of hydrogen. Position of isotopes could not be justified. Increasing order of atomic mass could not be maintained. Science—10 (10)18. Ans. (b) Henry Moseley (c) Modern Periodic law: Properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic number. (a) Mention any two components of blood. (6) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body. (c) Write the function of valves presen between atria and ventricles. (d) Write one structural difference between the composi OR ion of artery and veins, (a) Define excretion. (b) Name the basic filtration unit present in the kidney. (c) Draw exeretory system in human beings and label the following organs of the excretory system which perform following functions: (i) form urine. ) is a long tube which collects urine from kidney. passed out. (a) Blood is composed of plasma and three types of cells-Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. (b) ~ Oxygenated blood from the lungs is brought to the left atrium by pulmonary veins. — When the atrium contracts, blood is transferred to left ventricle. — When the ventricle contracts, blood is pushed into the aorta and through arteries to all parts of the body. (c) The valves prevent the backflow of blood from ventricles into atria. (@) Arteries Veins (i) They have thi () They are thin walled, (ii) They have no internal valves. | (ii) They have valves internally. (any one) Or (a) Excretion is the biological process of removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the body. (b) Nephrons. Science—10 ay©) Kidney }— ureter {— Urinary bladder N Exeretory system in human beings 19. (a) Write the function of following parts in human female reprodu: (i) Ovary (ii) Oviduet_ (ii) Uterus (6) Describe in brief the structure and function of placenta. Ans. (a) (i) Ovary — It produces the female gametes or germ cells, called ova. — It secretes the female sex hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone. (ii) Oviduet ~ It transports the ova from the ovary to uterusivomb, ~ Fertilisation occurs in the oviduct. (iii) Uterus — Implantation of the embryo occurs in the development of foetus occurs here. e system: g of uterus and the complete — the contractions of the muscles of uterus help in child birth, (b) Structure of placenta: ~ Placenta is a disc-like structure embedded in the uterine wall — It contains villi on the embryo’s side and on the mother’s side there are blood spaces, which surround the vili; this arrangement provides a large surface area for exchange of materials. Functions of placenta: ~ It transfers glucose and oxygen from the mother’s blood to the foetus. — It also removes the wastes (CO, and nitrogenous wastes) generated by the foetus to the mother’s blood. 20. (a) A student is unable to see clearly the words written on the black board placed at a distance of approximately 3 m from him, Name the defect of vision the boy is suffering from. State the possible causes of this defect and explain the method of correcting it. (b) Why do stars twinkle? Explain, Science—10 (12)oR (a) Write the function of each of the following parts of human eye: (i) Cornea (ii) Iris (iii) Crystalline lens (iv) Ciliary muscles () Why does the sun appear reddish early in the morning? Will this phenomenon. be observed by an astronaut on the Moon? Give reason to justify your answer. Ans. (a) The boy is suffering from myopia or Short-sightedness or Nearsightedness. Short-sightedness is caused due to (i) excessive curvature of the eye lens or (ii) elongation of eyeball. The defect is corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power placed in front of eye as shown below. It diverge the rays and forms a virtual image of distant object at far point of the myopic eye. These diverged rays enter into the eye and form the image on the retina. Thus, the concave lens shifts the image back onto the retina instead of in front of it and the defect is corrected. Retina Parallel rays from distant object (at infinity) 11 Image formed on retina Virtual image formed at F Concave lens to correct the defect (b) Twinkling of stars: The hot layers (low densities) of air at a high altitude, behave aan optically rarer medium for the light rays, whereas the cold dense layers (high densities) of air near the earth’s surface, behave as an optically denser medium for the light rays. So, when the light rays (starlight) pass through the various layers of atmosphere, they will get deviated and bent toward the normal. As a result, the apparent position of star is slightly different from its actual position. The fluctuation in the positions of the stars occurs continuously due to the changing amount of light entering the eye. The stars sometimes appear brighter and at some other times, they appear fainter. This causes twinkling of stars. Or (a) () Cornea: It is a thin membrane, covering the surface of eyeball, through which light enters. It acts as a primary lens, which provides the refraction for light rays entering the eye. (ii) Iris: It regulates and controls the amount of light entering into the eye by controlling the size of the pupil. Science—10 (13)(ii) Crystalline Lens: It is converging in nature. Its function is to provide the finer adjustment of focal length required to focus the rays coming from the object at different distances. It forms a real, inverted and sharp image ‘on the retina. (iv) Ciliary Musel ~ It modifies the curvature and thereby focal length of the eye lens by contracting or relaxing itself according to the distance of the object. — It holds the eye lens in position. (b) At the time of sunrise, sun is near the horizon, sun rays have to travel through a larger atmospheric distance. The fine particles present in the atmosphere, having size smaller than the wavelength of visible light, scattered away the blue component and other smaller wavelengths present in the sunlight. Therefore, the least scattered light that reaches our eyes is of longer wavelengths and is of red colour. Hence the sun appears reddish early in the morning. This phenomenon would not be observed on the moon due to absence of atmosphere on its surface due to which sunlight will not scatter. Therefore, the sun does not appear red early in the morning. 21. (a) State Fleming's left hand rule. (b) Write the principle of working of an electric motor. (c) Expl (@) Armature the function of the following parts of an electric motor. !) Brushes }) Split ring Ans, (a) Fleming's Left-Hand Rule: Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of the left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger pointed towards the direction of magnetic field and middle finger in the direction of current, then the thumb will indicate the direction of motion or force experienced by the conductor, It is to be applied only when the current and magnetic field, both are perpendicular to each other. (b) Principle of an electrie motor: It works on the principle of magnetic effect of current. When a current carrying conductor is placed perpendicular to the magnetic field, it experiences a force. The direction of this force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule. (c) () Armature: It consists of a large number of turns of insulated current carrying copper wires wound over a soft iron core and rotated about an axis perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field supplied by the two poles of permanent magnet. Science—10 (14)22. Ans, (ii) Brushes: Two conducting stationary carbon or flexible metallic brushes constantly touches the revolving split rings or commutator, These brushes act as a contact between commutator and terminal battery. (ii) Split ring: The split ring acts a commutator in an electric motor. With the help of split ring, the direction of current through the coil is reversed after every half of its rotation and make the direction of currents in both the arms of rota rotate in the same direction. SECTION-B ing coil remains same, Therefore, the coil continues to A student added few pieces of aluminium metal to two test tubes A and B containing aqueous solutions of iron sulphate and copper sulphate. In the second part of her experiment, she added iron metal to another test tubes C and D containing aqueous solutions of aluminium sulphate and copper sulphate. In which test tube or test tubes will she observe colour change? On the basis of this ent, state which one is the most reactive metal and why? Salt So. | Metat | solution in Observation Inference which added A | Al | FeSO, _ [No change observed Metal cannot displace itself from its salt solution, B | Al | CuSO, [Pale green colour of the solution disappears and it| AI displaces iron becomes colourless. Deposits on Al metal are seen. | from the salt solu- 2Al(s) + 3FeSO,(aq) —> AL SO,), + 3Fe(5) | tion. Therefore, white pale green colourless blackish | Al is more reac- ‘ray _| tive than Fe. C | Fe | (ALSO, [No change in colour of the solution, but a new| AI displaces Zn coating is seen on Al from the salt 2AIG) + 3ZnSO,(aq) —+ Al{SO,), + 3Zn(s) solution, therefore colourless colourless deposits | Alis more reactive onal. | than Zn. D | Fe | CuSO, [Blue colour of the solution disappears and it| Al displaces Cu becomes colourless. Reddish brown deposits are| from the salt seen on Al. solution, therefore 2Al(s) + 3CuSO, (ag) —> 3Cu(s) + AL(SO,),(aq) | Al is more reactive white blue reddish colourless | than Cu. brown Since, Al is able to displace Fe, Cu and Zn from their salt solutions, therefore, Al is most reactive. Science—10 (18)23. What is observed when a solution of sodium sulphate is added to a solution of barium chloride taken in a test tube? Write equation for the chemical reaction involved and name the type of reaction in this case. Ans, White precipitate of barium sulphate will be formed. Na,$O,(aq) + BaCl,(aq) —> BaSO,(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) White ppt It is a double displacement reaction. 24, List the steps of preparation of temporary mount of a leaf peel to observe stomata. Ans, (a) Pull out a thin peel from the lower surface of the leaf. (b) Stain the peel with safranin, (c) Remove the excess stain by washing in water. (d) Put a drop of glycerine on a clean slide. (e) Place the stained peel on the glycerine without it getting folded. (f) Place the coverslip carefully over the peel, without any air bubble getting in. 25, Name the process by which an amoeba reproduces. Draw the various stages of reproduction in a proper sequence. OR A student is viewing under a microscope a permanent slide showing various stages of asexual reproduction by budding in yeast. Draw diagrams of what he observes. (in proper sequence) Ans. Amoeba reproduces by binary fi Nucleus of daughter Amoeba Parent Amoeba rhe yaughter ER (eS CSEP- OO Nucleus Division of nucleus OR O-B-PAS (a) (o) © (d) (e) Science—10 (18)26. An object of height 4.0 cm is placed at a ‘O’ of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm. Draw a ray diagram to find the pi jance of 30 cm from the optical centre and size of the image formed. Mark optical centre ‘O’ and principal focus ‘F” on the diagram, Also find the approximate ratio of size of the image to the size of the object. Ans, Given: w = -30 em; v = 2% f = +20 eM; Miguage = 4 em image Using lens formula, we get ae f a nd 20 = =. oe v > ve 60 60 cm So the image will be formed at a distance of 60 cm from the lens as shown in the figure given below: 60 em Bom The negative sign indicates that the real and inverted image will be formed. The ratio of size of image to the size of object = 8:4 = 2:1 Science—10 a727. The values of current (1) flowing through a given resistor of resistance (R), for the corresponding values of potential difference (V) across the resistor are as given below: vvoitsy | os | 1.0 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 3.0 | 40 | 5.0 I (amperes) | 0.1 | 0.2 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 08 | 1.0 Plot a graph between current (I) and potential difference (V) and determine the resistance (R) of the resistor. Ans. V— (in volts) 0] 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 08 10 1 —> (in amperes) Science—10 (18)