Assignment i-1

Transport iPhenomena

Topic: iTheory iof iviscosity iof igases iat ilow idensity

Dr i. iB iR iAMBEDKAR
iNATIONAL iINSTITUE iOF iTECHNOLOGY i, iJALANDHAR

Submitted iTo: i i iSubmitted iBy:

Dr. iShashikant iYadav i I i iAnanjan i iMukhopadhyay

i17112010
VISCOSITY:

 viscosity iit iis ithe iproperty iof ifluid iwhich iof ifollows iby ivirtue iof iwhich ithe
imovement iof ione ilayer iof ifluid iover ianother iadjust iand ilayer iof ithe ifluid
ithe ishear iforce istress idecreases ion imoving iupwards iand idu/dy i idecreases ion
igoing iupward ias ithe iprofile itends ito istraight iline ithere iis ino istress iwhen
ithere iis ino igradient ivelocity iat isolid isurface iis izero ithis iis icalled ias ino islip
icondition ithe iresistance ito iflow ibecause iof iinternal ifriction iis icalled ias
idiscussed iresistance iand ithe iproperty iwhich iis iwhich ienables ithe ifluid ito iof
ia iresistance iis irelative imotion iis icalled idynamic iviscosity. iWhen iit iis idivided
iby ithe idensity ithen iwe iget iKinematic iviscosity i. i

NEWTON iLAW iOF iVISCOSITY:

 according ito iNewton ilaw iof iviscosity ithe ishearing istress iis iproportional ito
irate iof ishear istrain ithat iis ivelocity igradient iin ithe idirection inormal ito iflow.
It ibasically irelates iwith ithe iforce iapplied ion ithe ifluid ielement iand
ideformation ideveloped i.
T i= iμ idu/dy
Where iT iis istress, idu/dy iis ivelocity igradient. iAnd iμ iis ithe icoefficient iof
iviscosity

Variation iof iviscosity iwith itemperature:

 Viscous iforces iin ithe ifluid iare idue ito i:-

 Cohesive iforces: iThe iinter-molecular iforces ibetween ithe iadjacent ilayer iin ithe
imoving ifluid itries ito itrack iadjacent ilayers ito imove iwith ian iequal ispeed itest
iproduces ieffect iof iviscosity i
 iMolecular imomentum itransfer: iThe iindividual imolecules iof ia ifluid iare
ialways iin imotion iis ithere iis itransfer iof imomentum ifrom ione imolecule ito
iother idoes ithis ieffect iis icalled ias imolecular imomentum.
 In icase iof iliquids ithe icohesive iforces isince ithe iintermolecular iforces iare
istrong iresulting iin ithe idecrease iin iintermolecular idistance i.
The icohesive iforces iin ithe igas iphase iare ivery iweak iin inature ias icompared ito
imolecular imomentum itransfer i. iIt iis iso ibecause ithe iintermolecular idistance ibetween
ithe itwo imolecules iof i ithe igas iare iplaced ivery ifar iaway ifrom ione ianother.
iTherefore ithe itransfer iof ienergy ican itake iplace ionly ithrough icollisions iand ithis
iresults iin imolecular imomentum itransfer ias ithe ifluid iparticles iflow iover ieach iother
iresults iin igenerating ithe iviscous idrag ion ithe iadjacent ilayers i. iMolecular imomentum
iis ia idominant ifactor iin ithe igas iphase. iAs ithe itemperature iincreases ithe imolecular
imomentum iincreases itherefore ithe iviscosity iof ithe igases iincreases. iThe iviscosity iof
igases iis idirectly iproportional ito ithe isquare iroot iof ithe itemperature iof ithe imolecules
ipresent iin ithe isystem iwhich iis iagain idirectly iproportional ito ithe ivelocity iof ithe
imolecules ithis iis ifrom ikinetic itheory iof igases.

iμ i= ik i i√ iT i i i i i i i i i i i i iwhere ik: iconstant

TEMPERATURE iAND iPRESSURE iDEPENDENCE iOF iVISCOSITY:-

There iare ivarious idata ion iviscosity iis ia ipure icomponents iof igases iand iliquids iin
ivarious iscience iand iengineering ihand ibooks iin ithis idependency ipresent ithe
icorresponding iStates itheorem iand icorrelation iwhich ihelps ius ito iget ian isolution iand
ibehaviour iof ithe iviscosity iwith itemperature iand ipressure ifor ifluids ithe iprinciple iof
ithe icorresponding iStates iare iwidely iused ifor icorrelating iequation iof istate iand
ithermodynamics idata ialso ithe idiscussion iof ithis iprinciple ican ibe ifound iin itext
ibooks iand iin ithermodynamics ibooks ithe ireduced iviscosity iis iplotted iversus ithe
ireduced itemperature ifor ivarious ivalues iof ireduced ipressures iso ithat ithe iviscosity iof
ia igas iat ilow idensity ishould iincrease iwith iincrease iin itemperature iwhereas ithe
iviscosity iof iliquid ishould idecrease iwith ithe iincrease iin itemperature i. iAccording ito
icorresponding iStates iprinciple ion icomparing ithe isame ireduce itemperature iand
ipressure iwill ihave iapproximately ithe isame icompressibility ifactor iand iall idebit ifrom
ithe iideal igas iwe iwere iabout iin ia isame idegree iof imanner. iExtensive idata ion
iviscosities iof ipure igases iand iliquids iare iavailable iin ivarious iscience iand iengineering
ihandbooks.' iWhen iexperimental idata iare ilacking iand ithere iis inot itime ito iobtain
ithem, ithe iviscosity ican ibe iestimated iby iempirical imethods, imaking iuse iof iother
idata ion ithe igiven isubstance. iWe ipresent ihere ia icorresponding-states icorrelation,
iwhich ifacilitates isuch iestimates iand iillustrates igeneral itrends iof iviscosity iwith
itemperature iand ipressure ifor iordinary ifluids. iThe iprinciple iof icorresponding istates,
iwhich ihas ia isound iscientific ibasis: iis iwidely iused ifor icorrelating iequation-of-state
iand ithermodynamic idata. iDiscussions iof ithis iprinciple ican ibe ifound iin itextbooks ion
iphysical ichemistry iand ithermodynamics.

The ibelow iequations iare iused ifor ithe icalculation iof iviscosity iunder icritical ipressure
iand itemperature iconditions iand ithese iare iobtained ifrom ithe icorresponding iStates
itheorem iof ithermodynamics ialso ithese iare ivery iimportant ias i iit iis ibased ion ithe
icritical iparameters iof ithe ifluid iflowing iin ithe isystem

THEORY iOF iTHE iVISCOSITY iOF iGASES iAT iLOW iDENSITY:

 In ithe igas iphase ithe imolecular imomentum itransfer idominates, ithis irandom
imolecular imomentum iinterchange iis ithe icause iof igaseous iviscosity ias iit iis
iapplied iin ithe ibulk imotion iof ithe igas iflow.
 The iviscosity iof ia igas iat ilow idensity iincreases iwith irespect ito iincrease iin
itemperature, iwhereas ithe iviscosity iof ia iliquid idecreases iwith iincreasing
itemperature. iIn isuch ia igas iit iis iknown1 ithat, iat iequilibrium, ithe imolecular
ivelocities iare irandomly idirected iand ihave ian iaverage imagnitude igiven iby

iWhere iK iis ithe iboltzmann iconstant.

 In ithe igas iphase ithe imolecular imomentum itransfer idominates, ithis irandom
imolecular imomentum iinterchange iis ithe icause iof igaseous iviscosity ias iit iis
iapplied iin ithe ibulk imotion iof ithe igas iflow. ithe igas iviscosity iand ithe idensity
iof ithe igas iare ivery isignificantly irelated iwith ipressure iand itherefore iwe ihave
ito iassume isome ithings ithat iis icompressible ifluids iin iorder ito iget iproper
ifunctioning iof ithe ifluids. iThe iviscosity iof ia imonatomic igas ican ibe iprotected
ifrom ithe iequation ifor iChapman itheory i ithe iviscosity iis iassumed ito ibe
ifunction iof ithe ithermodynamic istate iof ithe ifluid iand ialso iit iis iindependent iof
ithe ivelocity ifield itherefore ifor ia ivelocity ifield iwe ican isay ithat iviscosity iis ia
 ifunction iof itwo iproperties ithat iare ipressure iand itemperature iwhere
itemperature iis ialso iknown ias iabsolute itemperature.
 Now ithere iis ithe imean ifree ipath iwhich iis ithe iaverage idistance itravelled iby ia
imolecule ibetween iany itwo isuccessive icollisions iand iit iis irepresented iby
ilambda i(λ)

 on ithe iaverage imolecules ican ireach ia iplane iwill ihave ito iexperience itheir ilast
icollision ithe idistance i“a i“ ifrom ithe iplane iwhere ia iis iroughly iabout i iis
ivery ilarge ias icompared ito ithe iintermolecular iforces. i i i i i

iDERIVATION iTO iANALYZE iTHE iQUANTITATIVE iMETHOD:

To idetermine ithe iviscosity iof ia igas iin ithe iterms iof ithe imolecular iparameter imodel
id iand im iwe ihave ito iconsider ithe ibehaviour iof igas iwhen iit ishould iflow iparallel ito
ithe istate iexplain iwith ia ivelocity igradient idvx∕dy iof iwe iassume ithat ithe iabove imean
ifree ipath iand ithe iaverage idistance ifrom ia irough isurface iis ivalid iin ithe
inonequilibrium isituation iprovided ithat iall ithe imolecular ivelocities iare icalculating
irelative ito ithe iaverage ivelocity ion ithe iregion iwhich ithe igiven imolecule ihad iits ilast
iposition ithe imomentum iin ithe imomentum iflux iin ithe idirection iin iany iplane ishould
ibe igiven ias ifrom ithis iequation:-
 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iii

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Molecular itransport imomentum iin ithe ix idirection ifrom ithe iplane iat i(y i− ia) ito ithe
iplane iat iy iis ishown iby ithe ifigure:-

From ithe iabove idiagram iwe ican isee iand ianalyse ithe iflux iin ithe idirection ias igiven
ion icomparing iit iwith ithe iNewton's ilaws iof iviscosity iwe ican iwrite ithat inew
iequation ithere i iπd isquare iis icross-sectional iof icollision ithe itemperature iproduction
idependency iis ivery iless isatisfactory ias imu iincreases imore irapidly ithan isquare iroot
iof itemperature ifor ia ibetter idescription iwe ican isay ithat ithe itemperature idependency
iof imu iis ito ireplace ithe idigits ifear imodel iby ione ithat iportrays ithe iattractive ialong
iwith ithe ireply irepulsive iforces iare ivery imuch iaccurate iin inature iit ialso inecessarily
idefects ifor iabundance ithe imean ifree ipath itheories iand iuse ithe iBoltzmann iequation
ito iget ithe imolecular ivelocity idistribution iin ithe inonequilibrium isystems imuch imore
iaccurately.

The ikinetic itheory iof imonatomic igases iat ivery ilow idensity iwas ideveloped iby
iChapman iin iEngland. ikachori ikids iexpression ifor ithe itransport iproperties iin ithe
iterms iof iintermolecular ipotential ienergy iwhere ir iis ithe idistance ibetween ia ipair iof
imolecules iundergoing ia icollision ithe iintermolecular iforce iis igiven iby ithe ibelow
iequation iwhich iincludes itwo iforces ithat iare iattractive iin inature iand irepulsive iin
inature iand iit idepends iupon ithe idistance ibetween itwo imolecules iundergoing icollision
iand ialso i iσ i iis ia icharacteristic idiameter iof ithe imolecule ialso iknown ias icollision
idiameter iand iε iis icharacteristic ienergy iwhich iis ialso iknown ias imaximum ienergy iof
iattraction ibetween ithe ipair iof imolecule. iThe iequation ideveloped iis igiven iby

ii

The igraph ibetween ithe ipotential ienergy iis igiven ibelow:-

The iviscosity iof ithe ipure imonatomic igas iof ihaving imolecular iweight iM:-

Q1 iCompute ithe iviscosity iof iC02 iat i200,300, iand i800K iand i1 iatm

Ans:- ithe iLennard-Jones iparameters ifor iC02 ito ibe iE/K i= i190 iK iand ia i= i3.996 iA.
iThe imolecular iweight iof iC02 iis i44.01.