Indian Options for Managing Global Warming Through Ruralisation and

Rationalising Urbanisation

Strategies for Promoting

Urban Sustainability
Ar. J.K.GUPTA, former Director, COA-IET BHADDAL, INDIA
E-Mail-- Jit.kumar1944@gmail.com
 STATE OF WORLD’S CITIES
 UN Habitat Report, State of World’s Cities 2008/2009- Harmonius Cities,
defines cities as--
 Cities contain both order and chaos.
 In them reside beauty and ugliness--virtue and vice.
 They can bring out best or worst in human kind.
 They are physical manifestation of history and culture
 They are incubators of innovations, industry, technology,
entrepreneurship and creativity.
 Cities are materialization of humanity’s noblest ideas, ambitions and
aspirations,
 but when not planned or governed properly, can be repository of
society’s ills.
 Cities drive national economies by creating wealth, enhancing social
development and providing employment but
 they can also be breeding grounds for poverty, exclusion and
environmental degradation.
 GLOBAL WARMING – CLIMATE CHANGE
 Effects of urbanization and climate change converging in dangerous ways.
 Cities - large consumer of energy and resource
-- with large carbon footprints.
 -- major contributors to climate change:
 Cities cover < 2 % of earth’s surface ,
--consume 78 % of world’s energy and
-- produce > 60% of all greenhouse gases through ;
- large energy consumption
--generating energy by burning large amount of
fossil fuel
-- involving large transportation of men and materials
- using fossil fuel energy based mechanical modes for travel
-- creating un-sustainable built environment on large scale
 --promoting polluting industry.
 Need to make cities more sustainable
 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development –
 Goal 11—focuses on-- making human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient , sustainable- to minimize global warming and climate change
INDIAN
URBANISATION-
CHARACTERISTICS
ISSUES &
CHALLENGES
;
POPULATION SCENARIO- INDIA-2011
 Population of India reached
 250 million in 1919
 500 million in 1966 (47 yrs. Later)
 1000 million in 2000 ( 34 yrs. Later)
 1027 million in 2001 (1yr Later)
 1210 million in 2011 (10 yrs. Later)
 India 2nd largest urban system in after China
 India holding 2.4% Global land and housing 16.7%
Global population
 India housed 11% Global urban population
 Last century --- 5 fold growth in population
 Metropolitan Centers –
--5 (1951)- -53 (2011)- -68(2031)
 10 m plus cities-
-- nil (1951) - 3 (2011) -7 (2031) -9 (2051
 Urban India – --first time added more persons(91m)
than
-- Rural India(90m) in last decade
 By 2050- Projected Indian population- 1600 mil. --
with 800 m- 50% living in Urban India.
INDIAN URBANIZATION
INDIAN URBANISATION
 Urbanization -- determinant and consequence of economic
development.
 Positive co-relation exists between development and
urbanization .
 Urban growth & economic growth go hand in hand
 Cities called engines of economic growth .
 Economy hinges on productivity of urban settlements.
 Building Sustainable, Efficient and productive cities critical
to boost rural economy by improved urban consumption
 Urban centers need to be planned to
 Attract investment
 Provide Employment.
 Ensure quality of life.
 Make them Smart ,Sustainable, Productive, Livable,
Humane and Eco- friendly.
Lack of policies to manage Urban India will lead to
 Jeopardizing growth
 Risking employment generation
 Promoting environmental disasters-
 Global warming, climate change
 URBANIZATION-ISSUES
 Despite distinct advantages , Urban
centers:
 Poorly managed and governed.
 Failure to meet basic challenges of urban dynamism
 Haphazard /Unplanned pattern of development.
 Enormous growth of slums
 Poor quality of life
 Failure to meet basic needs of
1. Shelter
2. Services
3. Land ,Water/ Sanitation

• Population , Poverty , Pollution and traffic have emerged

as the greatest threat and challenge to Indian Cities.
• Indian Urbanization is rightly called :
 Urbanization of Population
 Urbanization of Poverty
 Urbanization of Pollution
OPTIONS FOR
MAKING CITIES
SUSTAINABLE;
REGIONAL
PLANNING
,
Regional Planning
Globally--Most efficient cities adopted Regional perspective for :
---Integrating urban and rural settlements
-- minimising migration
--Making urban development more rational and sustainable
--promoting co-operation and collaboration;
- minimizing local competition and conflicts,
- infrastructure optimization between neighboring cities/rural
settlements,
-- preventing disasters,
-- promoting / protecting regional ecology / bio-diversity,
-- providing recreational activities
-- overcoming confusion over role / responsibilities of various
agencies.
-- achieving integration and decentralized planning--
• Regional Planning optimizes regional resources
by--
-- promoting synergies between rural and urban areas
-- connecting through a well defined settlement hierarchy
-- using developmental potential of each settlement
-- making them more sustainable
--with least consumption of resources and energy.
REINVENTING
&
RATIONALISING
URBAN PLANNING
 URBAN PLANNING- HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE
Urban Planning concepts:
 Planned cities
 Inclusive Cities
 Sustainable Cities
 Green Cities
 Intelligent Cities
 Smart Cities
 Generating solutions ;
 Garden City
 Linear City
 Industrial City
 Vertical Cities
 Compact Cities
 Radiant Cities

 Role of Urban planning critical in making cities more sustainable

and eco-friendly
 Urban Planning needs to be leveraged-- to make cities , more effective,
efficient, productive ,cleaner, greener & Sustainable,
–Goal 11—focuses on-- making human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient , sustainable- to minimize global
warming and climate change
REDEFINING PLANNING
 For making cities Sustainable
 Pattern of City growth to be rationalized
 Changing options for city Planning
 Changing options for Land use Planning
 Rationalizing approach to preparing
Master Plans/Development Plan
 Critically reviewing Planning tools to
make them more effective & efficient.
 Bringing flexibility in planning
 Promoting Decentralization
 Promoting self- contained communities.
 Promoting Ruralisation
COMPACT CITY
COMPACT CITY
MAKING CITIES COMPACT
VERTICAL CITY- PARIS
COMPACT CITY
SUSTAINABLE CITIES OF WORLD –MUSDAR –ABU
DHABI-UAE
 A city of 50,000population
 City of no cars - to eliminate CO2.
 working/ living area- not farther than 200 mts
from transportation nodes
Electric powered light rail on elevated track --
inter-city transport between Musdar and Abu
Dhabi.
•for Intra-city travel - personal rapid transit pods
(PRT) running on magnetic tracks using electric
power.
•Recycling of total solid waste generated
•Recycling of waste water to minimise water
consumption
•Streets oriented to use of cool air from sea
•Solar energy used to meet the energy needs
•Aim is to create:
Zero Carbon
Zero Waste
Zero Car city
TIANJIN ECO-CITY- CHINA
City developed as joint effort between China and Singapore Governments.
-Located 40 kms from Tianjin city centre and 150 KMS from Beijing city
-Total land area of 30 sq. km with population of 350,000 residents.
, Site made of saltpans, barren land and polluted water-bodies,
included a 2.6 sq km large wastewater pond.
Planned on a network of self-contained / self-sufficient eco-cells, eco-
neighbourhoods and eco-district
City Planned on 26 qualitative + quantitative parameters
..

TIANJIN- MASTER PLAN

1. Land-use Planning -planned to be compact, with a good mix of land uses and
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) principles.
2. Transport Planning -Green transport .--to increase trips via public
transport and non-motorised modes of transport --- via bicycles and walking,
within Eco-city.
3. Green and Blue Network Planning---City planned with extensive green
(vegetation) and blue (water) networks to provide quality living /working
environment. The green network comprises a green lung at core and eco-corridors
emanating from the lung to the other parts of city.
4. Water bodies linked for water circulation to enhance ecology ,provide attractive
environment , recreational activities.
5. A wastewater pond rehabilitated /transformed into a clean/beautiful lake.
6. Master Plan can be summed as- 1 axis-3 centres-4 districts
GLOBAL WARMING
&
SUSTAINABLE
MOBILITY
 TRANSPORTATION SCENARIO IN INDIA
Traffic & Travel-worst gifts of Urbanization
•Large mismatch between vehicle population
and road capacity
•Cities produce 70% global green house gas
emissions,
•--largely by transportation and
•-- buildings

•Travel becoming more expensive for poor

•-- elimination of pedestrians / bicycles

•Travel becoming risky with

•-- accidents increasing from 1.6 lakhs to 3.9
lakhs during 1981-2001

•majority of causalities among cyclists,

pedestrians and pavement dwellers

•Vehicular congestion and traffic jams

becoming order of day
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION
-Redefining Urban Planning.
-Redefining shape and size of cities
-Making cities compact
-Promoting sustainable communities
-Reordering prioritization of modes of travel
•-Making public transport more equitable,
reliable, affordable, safe, comfortable,
sustainable, energy/operationally efficient, cost-
effective, eco/ users friendly
•Equitable allocation of road space.
•Road Pricing
• Promoting intelligent/smart transportation
•Creating public awareness
•Involving communities/ stakeholders
•Deregistration of Old Vehicles
•Establishing effective regulatory/ enforcement
mechanisms
 SMART TRANSPORTATION
Sustainable/low carbon cities planned on
the principles of :
-i Planning for people and not for vehicles

-ii. Promoting accessibility rather than

mobility.
-- minimizing use of personalized vehicles;

- --- promoting non--mechanized / non-fuel

based options for travel;
- -- Making vehicles zero-emission;

- -- using mixed land use planning to

rationalize the travel pattern etc.
---using information technologies to reduce
travel by using homes as offices, schools,
libraries etc.
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION- CYCLING
Promoting use of Bicycle as
preferred mode of travel for majority
of intra- city travel being :
 Most inexpensive
 Most flexible
 Environmental friendly
 Zero pollution
 Zero Energy Vehicle
 Occupying minimum road space
 Requiring minimum Parking
Space
 Promoting National Economy
 Promoting Human Health
 Reducing depletion of Non-
renewable resources
 Best option for travelling over
short distance.
PROMOTING PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Public transport key to rationalizing urban
transportation and making cities sustainable
/low energy settlements -- DELHI, CHICAGO ,
COPENHAGEN ( within 400 metres)
 Redefining approach to public transportation:
 Promoting development along transport
network
 improved passenger information system
 use of intelligent transport systems for
monitoring and control;
 affordable ticket pricing; e-ticketing; using
single ticket for all modes of travel making any
number of changes;
 introducing comfortable buses ,
 involving Communities, creating dedicated
bus lanes
AHMEDABAD –BUS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM
.
EQUITABLE
ALLOCATION
OF
ROAD SPACE
.

ROAD
PRICING
•GREEN
BUILDINGS
BUILDINGS- ROLE AND IMPORTANCE
 Buildings constitute manmade environment
 Buildings are living organism
 Buildings used by all human beings for all human activities
 - Buildings vital for human growth
 Buildings provide optimum/worst living conditions
 Buildings make people healthy/sick
 Buildings critical-- because 80% of human life spent in buildings
 Buildings – major consumers of energy (50%)
 Buildings - major consumers of resources
 Buildings--- generators of waste
 Buildings -- have large carbon footprints
 Buildings -- responsible for global warming
 Buildings -- major determinant of global sustainability
 Buildings -- integral part of human journey
 Buildings-- shall continue to be define human growth and development

DESIGNING GREEN BUILDINGS
Built environment has significant impact on environment and consumption of
resources, accounting for:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world's CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of residents having sick building syndrome.

•Buildings largely responsible for climate change and global

warming
• 40-45 % of global warming is the outcome of built environment.

•Majority of existing buildings

•--have low concern with energy conservation.

•Considering enormous quantity of existing built space / space to be

added
•-- the energy/ environment implications can be critical.
•
Buildings need to be designed with utmost care and
•consideration for energy/ resources/waste/sustainability.
CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre,
Hyderabad

Centre of “Excellence” for Energy, Environment, Green Buildings, Renewable

energy, Water & Climate change activities in India

INDIA’S FIRST PLATINUM RATED GREEN BUILDING

•SMART
TECHNOLOGIES
SMART TECHNOLOGIES
Use of technologies critical for
--planning, development/ management / operations to
create sustainable cities
-- Reducing energy consumption of cities
--Reducing carbon footprints of cities/Buildings
--Promoting operational efficiency/ economy in service
delivery
--Ensuring good governance,
--Improving decision making- bringing transparency
--Involving communities in planning and decision
making.
--Bridging gap between people’s aspiration
/administrative decision making.
--Rationalizing traffic and transportation
--Reducing congestion,
--Reducing pollution and green house gas emissions.
--Minimizing Travel--Promoting energy efficiency
SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES
--Monitoring service delivery / plugging leakage
---- Generating data regarding city growth/ development/
operations for planning and rational decision making.
-- Integrating departments within organization.
--creating interactive portals --to provide information/
promote connectivity -- for redressing grievances.
-- Dimming/ switching street lights to save 30% on
energy cost
-- using cameras at cross-sections --to optimise traffic
lights, cut travel times reducing air pollution and cost
-- sharing data suggesting best bus route for journey
--using One Map, an online portal, enabling government,
business, organisations and residents to access geo-
spatial data;
-- using digital applications to register concern about
streets requiring cleaning and potholes needing repair ;
-- engaging citizens as active partners in planning/
development process
RURALISATI-
ON
Ruralisation
India second largest global rural system after China
with
-- 6,40,867 villages, holding 69.9% of 1.21 billion
population --2011 Census
-- providing basic essentials for human survival ;
-- making fair contribution to national economy,
-- sustaining large chunk of employment;
--holding large reservoir of manpower and
--providing raw material for industries.
Villages to dominate Indian scenario-- in terms of
population, food and promoting industry using
agricultural produce as basic input.
Rural areas fast losing to urban counterpart due to
--improved agricultural technology,
-- ever changing industrial technology and
--desire to improve the economic status,.
Majority of urban problems have genesis in neglect of
rural areas
Rural-Urban migration constitute-- more than 21% of
the urban population growth in India (Census2011).
Growth of slums in Urban India has roots in migration
from rural India
 Ruralisation
Cities can never be sustainable / slum free,
-- unless village development put on a fast track.
Mahatma Gandhi, father of nation, stated role of villages in
context of national development,
‘India lives in villages. If villages perish, India
will perish too’.
Rural settlements hold key to sustainability/ reduced
carbon/ ecological footprints because of:
-- their small size;
--lesser population;
--compact development;
-- lower transportation needs;
-- lower energy and resource consumption.
-- living with nature,
-- using natural resources
Need for development of villages by
-- creating synergies between urban and rural settlements
-- connecting villages with adjoining urban settlements
-- developing large villages as growth centres with urban
amenities adopting a cluster approach
--urban villages planned and developed as integral part of
/cities, where located.
 Ruralisation
Considering large number, India must prioritize rural
development for :
-- reducing migration ,
-- rationalizing urbanization and
-- reducing global warming.
Villages planned as self-sufficient , sustainable and
independent economic entities to be provided with:
-- potable water supply,
--sanitation,
-- shelter for all and
-- healthcare and education infrastructure
-- Promoting industries for value addition to agricultural
-- connecting villages with formal marketing system
- promoting Skill development for employment
--improving quality of manpower.
-- paving internal roads with drainage.
-- Houses to have good air, light and ventilation.
--Separating Animals from human living , creating milk co-
operatives for generating resources and employment.
-Managing through a co-operative system . ------generate
electricity through renewable sources
Approach would make ruralisation an effective tool in
mitigating global warming
CONCLUSION
 Conclusion
•Threat of global sustainability looming large
--urbanization major contributor/ promoters of global
warming.
- Urbanization made more sustainable by:
-- integrated planning/development of urban and rural
settlements
--using state of art technologies involving communities.
-- rationalizing urbanization by adopting:
-- state of art urban planning ,
--promoting ruralisation
-- creating synergies between rural and urban
settlements
-- adopting Regional approach.
-- creating cities with minimum carbon footprints
-- putting appropriate policy , legal and institutional
framework
-- supported by adequate and dedicated manpower,
resources, capacity building programs.
Making India a role model for creating sustainable
human settlements with minimum carbon footprints.
 LIVING WORKING

CIRCULATION COBS

• The Radiant City

•An organism capable of housing the
works of man of machine-age society.
• placed under the masterful
government of natural conditions:
•Sun
•Space
•Greenery
•And its mission is the service of
mankind:
•To live
•To work
•To cultivate body and spirit
•To travel about
(in this order and obeying this
hierarchy)
Thanks for
your
valuable
time and
attention