ABSTRACT

Refrigeration and AIR CONDITIONING is very essential for humans and

industrial utilities so it has wast applications and demand in existence In commerce and
manufacturing, there are many uses for refrigeration. Refrigeration is used to liquefy
gases like oxygen, nitrogen, propane and methane for example. In compressed air
purification, it is used to condense water vapor from compressed air to reduce its
moisture content.

In oil refineries, chemical plants, and petrochemical plants, refrigeration is

used to maintain certain processes at their required low temperatures (for example, in the
alkylation of butanes and butane to produce a high octane gasoline component). Metal
workers use refrigeration to temper steel and cutlery. In transporting temperature-
sensitive foodstuffs and other materials by trucks, trains, airplanes and sea-going vessels,
refrigeration is a necessity.
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Refrigeration and air conditioning equipment usually reduces the humidity of

the air processed by the system. The relatively cold (below the dewpoint) evaporator coil
condenses water vapor from the processed air, (much like an ice-cold drink will condense
water on the outside of a glass), sending the water to a drain and removing water vapor
from the cooled space and lowering the relative humidity.
 Introduction

Here in the refrigeration system heat is to be extracted from the body which has to be
cooled. The rejection of heat from low level to high level can only performed by the law
of thermo dynamics

Refrigeration air conditioning equipment usually reduces the humidity of the air
processed by the system. The relatively cold (below the dew point) evaporator coil
condenses water vapor from the processed air, (much like an ice-cold drink will condense
water on the outside of a glass), sending the water to a drain and removing water vapor
from the cooled space and lowering the relative humidity. Since humans perspire to
provide natural cooling by the evaporation of perspiration from the skin, drier air (up to a
point) improves the comfort provided. The comfort air conditioner is designed to create a
40% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.

Types of refrigeration:

Vapor compression refrigeration (vcr)

Vapor absorption refrigeration (var)

Vapor compression refrigeration (vcr):

The working fluid in this is Freon 12, it readily evaporates and
condenses. it boils at a temperature of -20ᵒc,1.54kg/cm2 .when the volatile vapor
evaporates ,it absorbs the latent heat for the purpose from its surroundings. Vapor
compression refrigeration system works on the principle of abstracting latent heat of
vapor required by the refrigerant from the surrounding which are required to be cooled.
The vapor-compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators as well
as in many large commercial and industrial refrigeration systems. Figure 1 provides a
schematic diagram of the components of a typical vapor-compression refrigeration
system.
 Vapor compression refrigeration

The thermodynamics of the cycle can be analyzed on a diagram[10][11] as shown in Figure

2. In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant such as Freon enters the compressor as a vapor.
From point 1 to point 2, the vapor is compressed at constant entropy and exits the
compressor superheated. From point 2 to point 3 and on to point 4, the superheated vapor
travels through the condenser which first cools and removes the superheat and then
condenses the vapor into a liquid by removing additional heat at constant pressure and
temperature. Between points 4 and 5, the liquid refrigerant goes through the expansion
valve (also called a throttle valve) where its pressure abruptly decreases, causing flash
evaporation and auto-refrigeration of, typically, less than half of the liquid.
There are four main components in a refrigeration system:
 Compressor
 Condensing Coil
 Evaporator
 Metering Device

The refrigeration cycle commences from the evaporator. The refrigerant in

evaporator absorbs heat from cold body and converts low pressure liquid to low pressure
vapor as soon as the vapor formed the compressor sucks this vapor from evaporator and
increases its pressure.

The Compressor:

• The compressor is the heart of the system. The compressor does just what it’s
name is. It compresses the low pressure refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and
compresses it into a high pressure vapor.

• The inlet to the compressor is called the “Suction Line”. It brings the low
pressure vapor into the compressor.
• After the compressor compresses the refrigerant into a high pressure Vapor, it
removes it to the outlet called the “Discharge Line”.