BDwbU

mykvmb (Good Governance)

2

†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Ab¨Zg GKwU welqe¯‘ nj mykvmb| kvmb e¨e¯’vq ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, m¤ú‡`i myôz e›Ub,
AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvmn Av‡iv K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mgm¨v mgvav‡bi gva¨‡g mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv hvq| mg‡qi
Dc‡hvwMZvi w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L G welqwU cvV AZxe Riæwi| ZvB GB BDwb‡U mykvm‡bi aviYv, ˆewkó¨, ¸iæZ¡,
evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi mgm¨v I Zvi mgvavb Ges mykvmb cÖwZôvi Kvi wK ai‡bi f~wgKv Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n-
cvV-2.1 t mykvm‡bi aviYv cvV-2.4 t evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi mgm¨v
cvV-2.2 t mykvm‡bi ˆewkó¨ cvV-2.5 t mykvm‡bi mgm¨vi mgvavb
cvV-2.3 t mykvm‡bi ¸iæZ¡ cvV-2.6 t mykvmb cÖwZôvq bvMwiK I miKv‡ii f~wgKv

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 1 mßvn

cvV-2.1 mykvm‡bi aviYv (Concept of Good Governance)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• mykvmb m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|
• mykvmb Gi cÖavb Kvh©µg wK Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
• mykvmb Gi cÖavb cÖavb Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|

kvmb, m¤ú` weZiY, e¨e¯’vcbv|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

mykvm‡bi aviYv
†cŠibxwZ kv‡¯¿i hvÎvjMœ †_‡KB kvm‡bi (Governance) aviYvwU we¯Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q| ZvB eZ©gvb we‡k¦
ÔkvmbÕ kãwU eûj cÖPwjZ n‡jI, GUv †Kv‡bv bZzb aviYv bq| †gŠwjK A‡_©, kvmb ej‡Z eySv‡bv nq, mgvR I
A_©bxwZ‡K mK‡ji Kj¨v‡Yi ¯^v‡_© cwiPvjbv Kiv| ee †Rm‡ci (Bob Jessop) fvlvq kvmb n‡”Q GKwU MwZkxj
cÖwµqv| GB cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ Dcv‡q A_©bxwZ I mgv‡Ri AMÖMwZi cÖ‡Póvi mv‡_ mKj †kÖwYi gvbyl‡K Lvc
LvIqv‡bvi †Póv Kiv nq| mnR K_vq, kvmb-Gi A_© mgv‡Ri Rb¨ mgwóMZ jÿ¨ wba©viY Kiv Ges Kxfv‡e GB
j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQv‡bv hvq Zvi Dcvq wVK Kiv| eZ©gv‡b kvmb ïaygvÎ miKv‡ii GKvi KvR bq| miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk
bvMwiK‡`i †mev w`‡Z GwM‡q Avm‡Q evRvi e¨e¯’v I wewfbœ †¯^”Qv‡mex ms¯’v| †emiKvwi LvZ kvmb Kvh©µ‡g
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q| miKvwi nvmcvZvj¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk GLb RbMY‡K ¯^v¯’¨ †mev w`‡”Q †emiKvwi
nvmcvZvj¸‡jvI| hw`I GB ¯^v¯’¨ †mev Mixe gvby‡li bvMv‡ji evB‡i| KviY, †emiKvwi nvmcvZv‡j wPwKrmvi
LiP A‡bK †ewk| weKí wn‡m‡e wKQz-wKQz GbwRI ¯^í g~‡j¨ `wi`ª‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ †mev w`‡”Q|
1990-Gi `kK †_‡KB kvmb cÖZ¨qwU wek¦e¨vcx bZzb K‡i ¸iæZ¡ †c‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| we‡kl K‡i AvšÍRv© wZK `vZv
ms¯’v¸‡jv Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi c‡_ euvav wn‡m‡e mykvm‡bi (Good Governance) Afve‡K wPwýZ K‡i|
kvm‡bi ¸bMZ gvb †h me mgq GKiKg n‡e, Zv bq| †m Kvi‡Y cÖvPxb MÖx‡m AvR †_‡K 2600 eQi Av‡M
`vk©wbK †cø‡Uv Av`k© kvm‡Ki K_v e‡j‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Av`k© kvmK n‡eb GKRb `vk©wbK ivRv, hvi e¨w³MZ
m¤úwË I cwievi _vK‡e bv| KviY, G¸‡jv _vK‡j GKRb kvmK RbMY‡K †h ai‡bi Iqv`v K‡ib, †m Abyhvqx
KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| wZwb e¨w³MZ †jv‡f Avm³ n‡q co‡eb| †cø‡Uvi ci †_‡K AvaywbK hy‡Mi `vk©wbKMYI
DËg kvm‡bi wel‡q †f‡e‡Qb| Rb j‡Ki fvlvq, DËg ivóª n‡e †mB ivóª, †h ivóª RbM‡Yi Rxeb, ¯^vaxbZv I
m¤úwËi wbivcËv †`q| Kvj© gvK©m g‡b K‡ib kªgRxex gvby‡li miKviB DËg miKvi| e„nËi A‡_© bvMwiK‡`i
Kj¨v‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ fv‡jvfv‡e kvmb cwiPvjbvi bvgB mykvmb| RbMY‡K †`qv miKv‡ii cÖwZkÖæwZ I Zvi
ev¯Íevqb‡KB mykvm‡bi AvIZvq fvev hvq| Z‡e GKwU †`‡ki mykvmb cÖwZôvi cÖwµqvq †mB †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK
ms¯‹…wZ, A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi ¯Íi Ges mvgvwRK cwi‡ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
mykvm‡bi AšÍ:mvi n‡”Q myôz, ev¯Íevqb‡hvM¨ bxwZ Ges bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU †ckv`vix AvgjvZš¿ Ges
kvmbwefvM, hv Gi Kg©Kv‡Ði Rb¨ RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q Revew`wng~jK n‡e| mykvm‡bi Rb¨ AviI cÖ‡qvRb n‡”Q Rb¯^v_©
mswkøó wel‡q f~wgKv ivL‡Z AvMÖnx GKwU kw³kvjx mykxj mgvR| m‡e©vcwi, mykvmb ZLbB cÖwZwôZ n‡e, hw`
mgv‡Ri mKj m`m¨ AvB‡bi kvmb †g‡b P‡j|
wek¦e¨vsK (1994) Ôkvmb: wek¦e¨vs‡Ki AwfÁZvÕ kxl©K GK wi‡cv‡U© mykvmb‡K miKvwi Lv‡Zi e¨e¯’vcbv,
Revew`wnZv, Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AvBbx KvVv‡gv, ¯^”QZv I Z_¨ G PviwU Kvh©µg Øviv e¨vL¨v Kiv nq|
mykvmb ej‡Z Ggb GK Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b kvmb Gi ¯^”QZv I `vqe×Zv Av‡Q, b¨vqwePvi cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q
Ges m¤ú` I †mev weZi‡Yi d‡j `wi`ªZg I `wi`ª bvMwi‡Kiv gh©v`vc~Y© Rxeb-hvcb Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡i‡Q|
e¯‘Z eZ©gvb mg‡q mykvm‡bi welqwU wPšÍvRM‡Z †Kej fv‡jv jvMv ev bv jvMvi g‡a¨ mxgve× †bB| eis mykvm‡bi
welqwU Ggb GK Kvh©Kix cÖwµqvq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q †h, hLb m¤ú~Y© A‡_© mykvmb cÖwZwôZ nq ZLb mgMÖ ivR‰bwZK
e¨e¯’v †UKmB Dbœqb I cwieZ©‡bi w`‡K avweZ nq| kvmb ZLbB fv‡jv ev mykvmb nq hLb Zv wb:¯^ I
mvgvwRKfv‡e SuywKc~Y© Rb‡Mvôxi DcKvi ev g½j K‡i|

mykvmb wb‡Ri fvlvq msÁvwqZ Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
mykvmb nj ivóª, mgvR I m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨e¯’vcbv| mykvmb mK‡ji ¯^v_©B iÿv Kivi †Póv K‡i _v‡K| mykvm‡bi
wbw`©ó wKQz Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| mykvmb wPwýZKi‡Y miKvwi Lv‡Zi e¨e¯’vcbv, Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AvBbx KvVv‡gv,
Revew`wnZv, ¯^”QZv I Aeva Z_¨ cÖev‡ni Dci †Rvi †`qv nq| myZivs mykvmb ej‡Z Ggb GK Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq
†hLv‡b kvm‡bi ¯^”QZv I `vqe×Zv Av‡Q, b¨vqwePvi cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q Ges m¤ú` I †mev weZi‡Yi d‡j `wi`ªZg
I `wi`ª bvMwiK‡`i Rxebgvb Dbœq‡bi my‡hvM ˆZwi n‡q‡Q|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√) wPý w`b
1| mykvmb Øviv kvm‡bi-
(K) ¸YMZ w`K eySvq (L) cwigvb eySvq
(M) wecixZ w`K eySvq (N) Dc‡ii meB eySvq
2| †Kvb `kK †_‡K mykvmb aviYvwU ¸iæZ¡ †c‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q?
(K) 1960 (L) 1970
(M) 1980 (N) 1990
3| mykvm‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi Lv‡Zi e¨e¯’vcbvi K_v †Kvb cÖwZôvb e‡j‡Q?
K) AvBGgGd L) RvwZmsN
M) wek¦e¨vsK N) BBD

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-2.2 mykvm‡bi ˆewkó¨

(Characteristics of Good Governance)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• mykvmb Gi cÖavb cÖavb ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• mykvmb Gi ˆewk󨸇jv wKfv‡e iÿv Kiv hvq ZvI Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

AskMÖnY, AvB‡bi kvmb, ¯^”QZv, ms‡e`bkxjZv, Kvh©KvwiZv, `ÿZv, mykxj

mgvR|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

mykvm‡bi ˆewkó¨
mykvm‡bi †gŠwjK I cÖv_wgK PwiÎ n‡”Q- mykvm‡bi AvIZvq mKj KvR n‡e Ace¨envi I `ybx© wZgy³
Ges b¨vqcivqYwfwËK I AvB‡bi kvm‡bi cÖwZ kZ©nxbfv‡e AbyMZ| mykvm‡bi GB PwiÎ ev ˆewkó¨ we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j Zv K‡qKwU wel‡qi Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i| wb‡¤œ G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
(K) AskMÖnY: bvix-cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l kvm‡bi Kv‡R mK‡ji cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ AskMÖnY n‡”Q mykvm‡bi Ab¨Zg
wfwË| iv‡óªi AvqZb I RbmsL¨v AwaK nIqvi Kvi‡Y eZ©gvbKv‡j cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e mK‡j kvmb Kv‡h© AskMÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †m Kvi‡Y c‡ivÿ AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨g n‡”Q ˆea cÖwZôvbmg~n| AskMÖn‡bi A_© n‡”Q, ˆea I
Kvh©Kix †h †Kvb msMVb M‡o †Zvjvi ¯^vaxbZv Ges Gme msMV‡bi gva¨‡g gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki AevwiZ my‡hvM|
ïay ZvB bq, iv‡óªi mykxj mgvR‡KI wbi‡cÿ, Kj¨vYKi I mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ mymsMwVZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
(L) AvB‡bi kvmb: mykvm‡bi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q AvB‡bi kvmb| mykvm‡bi Rb¨ Ggb AvBbMZ
KvVv‡gvi Dcw¯’wZ cÖ‡qvRb hv AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wbi‡cÿ f~wgKv cvj‡b mÿg| wbi‡cÿfv‡e AvBb
cÖ‡qv‡Mi we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb gvbevwaKvi msiÿY, we‡kl K‡i Pig `wi`ª I `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx Ges msL¨vjNy
m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨| Avevi Gme wKQzi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvM Ges wbi‡cÿ I `ybx© wZgy³ AvBb
cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯’v|
(M) ¯^”QZv: mvaviYfv‡e ¯^”QZv ej‡Z wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y I Zv ev¯Íevq‡b AvBbm¤§Z c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv‡K †evSvq|
†Kej ZvB bq, ¯^”QZv Øviv GwUI eySv‡bv nq †h, AvBbm¤§Zfv‡e M„nxZ wm×všÍ I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g hviv
cÖfvweZ n‡e Zv‡`i Rb¨ mswkøó †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ cÖevn Aeva Kiv Ges Z_¨ Rvbvi AwaKvi Db¥y³ Kiv| GK_vi
A_© n‡”Q Z_¨ cÖevn †hb mKj ¯Í‡ii RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q mnR‡eva¨ nq Ges wewfbœ gva¨‡g mK‡ji Kv‡Q †cuŠQvq|
(N) ms‡e`bkxjZv: ms‡e`bkxjZv n‡”Q kvmbh‡š¿i Ggb `ÿZv, †hvM¨Zv I mvg_©¨ hvi gva¨‡g Rbmvavi‡Yi
we‡kl K‡i cÖvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôxi gh©v`vc~Y© Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ mKj ˆea cÖ‡qvRb I `vex-`vIqv h_vmg‡q c~iY
Kiv m¤¢e nq| A_©vr, miKvi RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•ÿv c~i‡Y h_vmg‡q mvov`v‡b cÖ¯Z ‘ _vKvUvB
ms‡e`bkxjZv|
(O) HKgZ¨: †h‡Kvb iv‡óªB bvbv gZ I ¯^v‡_©i Dcw¯’wZ we`¨gvb| GB me gZ I ¯^v‡_©i gv‡S mgš^q mvab K‡i
mvgvwRK HK¨ a‡i ivLv mykvm‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU ˆewkó¨| mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î Giƒc mgš^q mvab KvR
Ggbfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv nq hv‡Z mvgwMÖKfv‡e mgv‡Ri mKj Ask jvfevb nq| Gfv‡e gZ I ¯^v‡_©i mgš^q
mva‡bi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK HK¨ eRvq ivLvi †ÿ‡Î mswkøó Rb‡Mvôxi HwZnvwmK I mvs¯‹…wZK GKiƒcZv
mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

(T) Revew`wnZv: mykvm‡bi Rb¨ Revew`wnZv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKUv ˆewkó¨| G‡ÿ‡Î †KejgvÎ miKvwi cÖwZôvbmg~nB
bq eis e¨w³LvZ I mykxj mgv‡Ri msMVbmg~nI Zv‡`i Askx`vi‡`i wbKU Ges mvwe©Kfv‡e Rbmvavi‡Yi
wbKU Zv‡`i KvRK‡g©i Rb¨ `vqe× _vK‡e Ges Revew`wn Ki‡e| Giƒc `vqe×Zv Ges Revew`wnZv ¯^”QZv
I AvB‡bi kvmb Qvov m¤¢e bq|
Gme QvovI mykvm‡bi Rb¨ b¨vqcivqbZv, Kvh©KvwiZv I `ÿZvi kZ©c~iY GKvšÍ Avek¨K| Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ
ˆewkó¨mg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K eySv hvq †h, m¤ú~Yi© ƒ‡c mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv mnR KvR bq| Lye Kg ivóªB mykvm‡bi
m¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| ZeyI GK_v A¯^xKvi Kiv hv‡e bv †h, †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mykvm‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
ˆewk󨸇jv AR©b Kivi †Kvb weKí †bB|

mykvmb Gi ˆewk󨸇jv wPwýZ Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
†Kvb iv‡óª mykvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡j mn‡RB bvMwiKMY Zv Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡i| AskMÖnY, AvB‡bi kvmb, ¯^”QZv,
Revew`wnZv, ms‡e`bkxjZv, HKgZ¨, KZ©e¨ I b¨vqcivqYZv I `ÿZvi gZ ‰ewk󨸇jv ZLb Lye mn‡RB
Aby‡gq nq| mykvmb bv _vK‡j mgv‡R Dc‡iv³ ‰ewk󨸇jv cwijwÿZ nq bv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ √) wPý w`b
1| msL¨vjNy m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ AvB‡bi kvm‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| e³e¨wUÑ
(K) wg_¨v (L) mZ¨
(M) AvswkK mZ¨ (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bv
2| mykvm‡bi ˆewkó¨-
(i) AskMÖnY (ii) AvB‡bi kvmb (iii) ¯^”QZv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii
M) i ii I iii N) i I iii

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-2.3 mykvm‡bi ¸iæZ¡

(Importance of Good Governance)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mykvmb Gi ¸iæZ¡ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
• ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡b mykvmb Gi ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Drcv`b, e›Ub, wewb‡qvM, ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb, mvgvwRK Dbœqb, evRvi e¨e¯’v|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

mykvm‡bi MiæZ¡
GKwU iv‡óª mykvmb cÖwZôvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wb‡P mykvmb cÖwZôvi ¸iæZ¡ ch©vqµ‡g Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
mykvmb Qvov w¯’wZkxj Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| GKwU iv‡óª mykvmb bv _vK‡j, †m iv‡óªi A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb w¯’wZkxj nq
bv| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mKj Dcv`vb †hgb, Drcv`b, eÈb, wewb‡qvM GgbwK †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡ÎI bvbviKg euvavi
m„wó nq| A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wM‡q evRvi e¨e¯’vI bvbv cÖwZK~jZvi m¤§yLxb nq| †hgb aiv hvK
evsjv‡`‡k hLb ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZvi m¤§yLxb nq ZLb Gi Drcv`b euvavMÖ¯Í nq| ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wP
niZv‡ji Kvi‡Y hvbevnb PjvPj bv Ki‡j c‡Y¨i h_vh_ evRviRvZKiY m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j †fv³viv evRvi †_‡K
Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ wKb‡Z cv‡i bv| A_ev wKb‡jI †ewk A_© e¨‡q eva¨ nq| mykvmb cÖwZwôZ _vK‡j ivóªxq
m¤ú‡`i b¨vh¨ e›Ub m¤¢eci nq|

mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mykvmb

mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î mykvmb Acwinvh©| ïay A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb n‡jB mykvm‡bi f~wgKv †kl n‡q hvq bv|
Dbœq‡bi djvdj mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †kÖYx †ckvi gvbyl b¨vh¨Zvi mv‡_ †fvM Ki‡Z cvivB mykvm‡bi jÿY| GKwU
mgv‡R wewfbœ ag©-eY©© †kÖwY †ckvi gvbyl _v‡K| †hgb, evsjv‡`‡k i‡q‡Q gymwjg, wn›`y, †eŠ×, wLª÷vb a‡g©i gvbyl|
GQvovI †`kwU‡Z Av‡Q bvbv RvwZmËvi gvbyl| GLb G mKj gvby‡li Kv‡Q m¤ú‡`i b¨vh¨ eÈb bv n‡j mvgvwRK
Am‡šÍvl evo‡e| ïay m¤ú‡`i myôz eÈb n‡jB mykvmb n‡e bv| hw` msL¨vjNy gvby‡liv ¯^vaxbfv‡e wbf©‡q Zvi
m¤úwËi AwaKvi †fvM bv Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡jI mykvmb cÖwZôv n‡e bv| bvix-cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ ˆelg¨ `~i Kivi Rb¨I
mykvmb cÖwZôv Riæwi| AbMÖmi bvix mgv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mykvmb cÖwZôv Z_v AvBb ms¯‹vi Riæwi|

mykvmb I ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb

ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb I mykvm‡bi m¤úK© Nwbô| GKwU †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„›` hw` mykvmb cÖwZôvi cÖwZ AvšÍwiK
bv nb, Zvn‡j †m †`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôv m¤¢eci nq bv| mykvm‡bi mvdj¨ ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i AvšÍwiKZv I
ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôv‡bi wbqg-bxwZ †g‡b Pjvi Ici A‡bKvs‡kB wbf©i K‡i| ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb Z_v ivR‰bwZK
`j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ MVbg~jK mn‡hvwMZv Ges RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Kg©mw~ P cÖYq‡b Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ my¯’
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv mykvmb cÖwZôvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, MYZvwš¿K miKvi e¨e¯’vq
miKvi I we‡ivax `‡ji g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv †`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvq mnvqK|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Avcbvi `„wó‡Z mykvmb †Kb cÖ‡qvRb?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q mykvmb| mykvmb I Dbœqb ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK| mykvmb
RvwZ-ag©-eY©-‡MvÎ wbwe©‡k‡l bvMwiK‡`i mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi iÿvq wbðqZv †`q| d‡j
GKwU †`‡ki Dbœqb m~P‡K EaŸ©Mvgx cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ √) wPý w`b
1| Nyl mykvmb cÖwZôvi c‡_-
(K) mnvqK (L) euvav
(M) DfqB (N) †KvbwUB bv
2| ÔKÕ ivóªwU RbM‡Yi AwaKvi cÖwZôvq e×cwiKi| †Kvb Ab¨vq-AwePvi n‡j wePv‡ii Rb¨ Øv‡i-Øv‡i Nyi‡Z nq
bv| cywjk bvMwi‡Ki †h †Kvb Awf‡hvM MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| d‡j RbMYI miKv‡ii cÖwZ A‡bK K…ZÁ| ivóªwU‡Z
wK we`¨gvb?
(K) wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv (L) AvB‡bi kvmb
(M) mykvmb (N) mwnòzZv

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 29

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-2.4 evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi mgm¨v (Problems of Good Governance in

Bangladesh)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• mykvmb Z_v evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi cÖavb mgm¨v¸‡jv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
• mykvm‡bi mgm¨v Rvbvi cvkvcvwk mgm¨v¸‡jv †Kb ˆZwi nq Zv m¤ú‡K©I aviYv cv‡eb|

`yb©xwZ, AvgjvZš¿, ¯^RbcÖxwZ, AKvh©KvwiZv|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi mgm¨v

UªvÝcv‡iwÝ B›Uvib¨vkbv‡ji wePv‡i 2001 †_‡K 2005 mvj ch©šÍ evsjv‡`k c„w_ex‡Z GK b¤^i
`ybx©wZMÖ¯Í †`k wQ‡jv| cieZx© mg‡q cwiw¯’wZi wKQzUv DbœwZ n‡jI evsjv‡`‡k GLbI e¨vcKnv‡i `yb©xwZ we`¨gvb|
A‡b‡Ki g‡Z `ybx©wZB evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvi c‡_ cÖavb AšÍivq| `ybx©wZ QvovI AvgjvZ‡š¿i cÖ‡Kvc I
AvB‡bi kvmb PP©vq bvbvwea `ye©jZv mykvm‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv ˆZwi Ki‡Q| wb‡¤œ evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖavb
mgm¨v¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
(K) `ybx©wZ: evsjv‡`‡k `ybx©wZ GK me©MÖvmx iƒc aviY K‡i‡Q| `ybx©wZi e¨vwa AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯’v †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
wePvi e¨e¯’v I cÖkvmb‡KI AvµvšÍ K‡i‡Q| GQvov ivR‰bwZK A½‡bi GKwU As‡ki g‡a¨I `ybx©wZi ms¯‹…wZ
Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib A‡bK M‡elK I we‡kølK| `ybx©wZ me©Î Qwo‡q covi Kvi‡Y gvbevwaKvi msiÿY,
b¨vqcivqYZv cÖwZôv, Amv‡g¨i gvÎv Kgv‡bvi P¨v‡jĸ‡jv cÖKU n‡q D‡V‡Q| GgZve¯’vq mykvmb Z_v MYZš¿
KZw`‡b AwR©Z n‡e Zv eo GK cÖkœ n‡q D‡V‡Q|
(L) AvgjvZš¿: evsjv‡`‡ki AvgjvZš¿ GL‡bv A‡bKUvB Dcwb‡ewkK Avg‡ji auv‡P KvR K‡i| Dcwb‡ewkK
ms¯‹…wZi Kvi‡Y AvgjvZ‡š¿i g‡a¨ ÔRbM‡Yi †meKÕ A‡cÿv ÔRbM‡Yi cÖfyÕ ms¯‹…wZ †ewk †`Lv hvq|
RbcÖwZwbwa‡`i A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ Avevi Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv A_ev A`ÿZvRwbZ Kvi‡Y Avgjv‡`i Dc‡i cy‡ivcywi
wbf©ikxj n‡q covi g‡bvfve †`Lv hvq| Gi d‡j RbM‡Yi mv‡_ RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwai `~iZ¡ ˆZwi nq, hv evsjv‡`‡k
mykvmb cÖwZôvq GKwU eo AšÍivq wnmv‡e weivR Ki‡Q|
(M) AvB‡bi kvm‡b `ye©jZv: AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mK‡j mgvb Ges AvBb Zvi wbR¯^ MwZ‡Z P‡j| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k
A‡bK mgq AvB‡bi kvm‡bi GB `yB kZ© iwÿZ nq bv| evsjv‡`‡k AvBb Av‡Q, msweavb †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvimg~n
¯úófv‡e wjwLZ i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Gme AvBb I gvbevwaKvimg~‡ni mydj mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e nq
wb| A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB AvB‡bi mydj †fvM Kivi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK cÖfve-cÖwZcwËi cÖ‡qvRb nq| AvBb I
cÖwZôv‡bi Zzjbvq A‡bK mgq GLv‡b e¨w³ cÖavb n‡q D‡V| A‡bK ÿgZvevb e¨w³ wb‡Ri cQ›`gvwdK †jvKR‡bi
Rb¨ AvB‡bi myweav ev DcKvi weZiY K‡ib| AvB‡bi kvm‡bi G‡nb `yej © Zv gvby‡li g‡a¨ b¨vq-Ab¨vq m¤ú‡K©
åvšÍ aviYv Rb¥ †`q| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡K evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvi Ab¨Zg cÖwZeÜK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq|
Dc‡iv³ KviY¸‡jv QvovI cÖvqk AKvh©Ki msm`, ivR‰bwZK mwnsmZvi gZ welq¸‡jvI mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î eo
AšÍivq|

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 30

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi mgm¨v¸‡jv wK wK?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK bvbvb m~P‡K mv¤úªwZK mg‡q evsjv‡`k jÿYxq DbœwZ K‡i P‡j‡Q| wKš‘ `ybx©wZ, Awbqwš¿Z
AvgjvZš¿, AvB‡bi kvm‡b `ye©jZvi gZ mgm¨v¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki GwM‡q Pjvi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl AšÍivq n‡q `uvwo‡q
Av‡Q| GB mgm¨vi mgvavb bv n‡j ÔmykvmbÕ AR©b †Kvbfv‡eB m¤¢e bq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.4
√) wPý w`b
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√
1| mykvm‡bi c‡_ AšÍivq kvmb ÿgZvi
(K) †K›`ªxKiY (L) we‡K›`ªxKiY
(M) MYZš¿vqb (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bv
2| evsjv‡`‡ki AvgjvZš¿ †Kvb auv‡Pi?
(K) MYZvwš¿K (L) mgvRZvwš¿K
(M) Dcwb‡ewkK (N) Dc‡ii ‡KvbwUB bv

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 31

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-2.5 mykvm‡bi mgm¨vi mgvavb

(Solutions to Problems of Good Governance)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• mykvm‡bi mgm¨v wKfv‡e mgvavb Kiv hvq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
• mykvm‡bi mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Y Kvi f~wgKv †Kgb Zv m¤ú‡K©I aviYv cv‡eb|

cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK, `ybx©wZgy³, ev¯ÍegyLx, Revew`wnZv|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

mykvm‡bi mgm¨vi mgvavb
GKwU †`‡k mykvm‡bi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ bvbvwea D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P D‡`¨vM¸‡jv D‡jøL
Kiv nj|
1| mykvmb Kx, †Kb `iKvi Ges Kxfv‡e Zv cÖwZôv Kiv hvq G wel‡q wkÿv e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g fwel¨Z cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q
Zz‡j aiv `iKvi| G j‡ÿ¨ ¯‹zj-K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cvV¨cy¯‡Í K mykvmb welqwU we¯Í…Zfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡i
Dc¯’vcb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G‡Z †`‡ki fwel¨Z kvmKMY mykvmb m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©‡b mÿg n‡e|
2| MYZvwš¿K miKvi e¨e¯’v †h‡nZz cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK, ZvB RbM‡Yi B”Qv, Kj¨vY I AMÖMwZi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z AvBb
cÖYqb I Zvi h_vh_ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Av‡iK bvg mykvmb| mykvm‡bi GB kZ© c~i‡Y ivR‰bwZK †bZ…ZB¡ me©vwaK
f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|
3| miKv‡ii mKj Kv‡RiB Revew`wnZv wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e| miKv‡ii KvRKg© KZUv hyw³hy³ †m wel‡q RbM‡Yi
gZvgZ MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM _vK‡Z n‡e|
4| Kvh©Ki ‡ckv`vix g‡bvfvem¤úbœ AvgjvZš¿ Qvov mykvmb wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e bq| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ
AvgjvZ‡š¿i Rb¨ m‡e©v”P †bZ…Z‡¡ K my¯úó bxwZ wb‡`©kbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
5| mwµq bvMwiK Ges kvmbKvix KZ©„c‡ÿi g‡a¨ cÖwZwbqZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g mykvm‡bi my‡hvM AevwiZ nq|
G‡ÿ‡Î bvbvb Dcv‡q bvMwiK‡`i kvmb cÖwµqvq Askx`vi K‡i †bqv AZ¨šÍ dj`vqx wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
6| Z‡_¨i fvÐv‡i bvMwiK‡`i cÖ‡ek bv _vK‡j mykvmb wbwðZ Kiv hv‡e bv| Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb ev¯Íevqb G‡ÿ‡Î
¸iæZ¡c~Y|©
7| †K›`ªxq miKvi me KvR GKv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, †mRb¨ we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| evsjv‡`‡ki
msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q`-11 †Z ¯úó ejv Av‡Q cÖkvm‡bi mKj ¯Í‡i wbe©vwPZ RbcÖwZwbwa‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e| Gj‡ÿ¨ Dc‡Rjv, †Rjv cwil` I BDwbqb cwil`‡K kw³kvjx Ki‡j Zv n‡e mykvmb cÖwZôvq
mnvqK|
8| miKv‡ii mvwe©K Kg©Kv‡Û ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ nj wKbv Zv g~j¨vqb Kivi Rb¨
mvsweavwbK e¨e¯’v _vKv `iKvi| G‡ÿ‡Î b¨vqcvj cÖwZôv Kvh©Kix f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|

mykvmb wbwðZKi‡Y KiYxq wK wK?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 32

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvi-ms‡ÿc
mykvmb cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡KiB Kvgbv| Gi gva¨‡gi bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I gh©v`v cÖwZwôZ nq| Z‡e mykvmb cÖwZôvi
welqwU A‡bK¸‡jv k‡Z©i Dci wbf©ikxj| miKv‡ii KvR-K‡g© Revew`wnZv, AvB‡bi kvmb, m¤ú‡`i myôz e›Ub,
wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZKiYmn Z‡_¨i Av`vb-cÖ`vb Aeva K‡i mykvmb cÖwZôv‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ √) wPý w`b
1| mykvm‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡”Q, miKv‡ii Kg©Kv‡Ûi-
(i) Revew`wnZv (ii) `vqnxbZv (iii) ¯^PQZv e„w×
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii
M) i I iii N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bv
2| mykvmb cÖwZôvq mev©waK f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i?
(K) Avgjv‡Mvôx (L) e¨emvqx
(M) ivR‰bwZK †bZ…Z¡ (N) `vZv ms¯’v

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 33

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-2.6 mykvmb cÖwZôvq bvMwiK I miKv‡ii f~wgKv (Role of Citizen and

Government in Establishing Good Governance)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• mykvmb cÖwZôvq bvMwiK‡`i KiYxq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
• mykvmb cÖwZôvq miKv‡ii f~wgKv m¤ú‡K©I AeMZ n‡Z cvi‡eb|

miKvi, bvMwiK, Revew`wnZv, bvMwiK ¯^vaxbZv, †fvUvwaKvi, msweav‡bi

g~jbxwZ|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

mykvmb cÖwZôvq bvMwiK I miKv‡ii f~wgKv

mykvmb GKwU RwUj I avivevwnK cÖwµqv| mykvmb cÖwZôvq iv‡óªi mKj bvMwiK I cÖwZôv‡bi f~wgKv
i‡q‡Q| bvMwiK‡`i mwµq f~wgKv Qvov mykvmb cÖwZôv Am¤¢e| kvmb e¨e¯’v cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wM‡q miKvi wewfbœ
mgq bvbv ai‡bi Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| G †ÿ‡Î bvMwiK‡`i m‡PZb AwfgZ miKv‡ii Kvh©µg‡K AviI mwµq
I A_©en K‡i †Zv‡j| mykvmb cÖwZôvq bvMwiK I miKv‡ii KiYxq GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
1| mykvmb cÖwZôvq bvMwi‡Ki cÖavb KiYxq n‡”Q e¨w³MZ A_ev msMwVZfv‡e miKvi‡K RbKj¨v‡Y mybxwZ MÖn‡Y
eva¨ Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î Zviv Av‡jvwKZ gZvgZ w`‡q miKvi‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i ev miKv‡ii Ab¨vq ev fyj
bxwZi mgv‡jvPbv ev cÖwZev‡`i gva¨‡g miKvi‡K Revew`wn Ki‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2| †ÿÎwe‡k‡l bvMwiKMY wb‡R‡`i mgm¨v mgvav‡b wb‡RivB D‡`¨vM wb‡Z cv‡i| miKvi Askx`vwi‡Z¡i bxwZi
gva¨‡g GB Kg©Kv‡Ð Ask wb‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi D‡`¨v‡Mi d‡j bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ DÏxcbv I AskMÖn‡Yi
g‡bvfve evo‡e| bvMwiK D‡`¨vM¸‡jv‡Z miKvi wbw`©ó `~iZ¡ †_‡K mnvqZv w`‡j, bvMwiKiv ¯^-kvm‡bi wkÿv
jvf Ki‡e| Gme D‡`¨vM mykvmb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡e|
3| miKv‡ii KiYxq n‡”Q mykvmb cÖwZôvq bvMwiK‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM‡K we¯Í…Z Kiv| bvMwiK‡`i
evK&¯^vaxbZv, msMV‡bi ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g GB my‡hvM‡K ewa©Z Ki‡Z cv‡i| iv‡óªi f~wgKv mykvmb
cÖwZôvq ZLbB mnvqK nq hLb ivóª ¯^”QZvi bxwZi wfwˇZ bvMwiK‡`i cÖwZ Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b m‡Pó nq|
4| cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q m‡PZbfv‡e †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv, Ki cÖ`vb Kiv, ivóªxq m¤ú‡`i AcPq bv
Kiv, Nyl wb‡R bv LvIqv Ges †KD Nyl wb‡j ev w`‡j Zvi cÖwZev` KivI bvMwiK `vwqZ¡|
5| bvbvgZ, bvbv wPšÍv Ges mKj ag© I RvwZmËvi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj nIqv cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡| bvix‡`i cÖwZ
m¤§vb cÖ`k©bI bvMwiK `vwqZ¡| mš¿vmev`x Kg©KvЇK N„Yv I cÖwZ‡iva Kiv bvMwiK `vwq‡Z¡iB Ask| iv‡óªi
msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv gvb¨ Kiv bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡|
6| miKv‡ii DwPZ ivóªxq mKj cÖwZôvb we‡kl K‡i AvgjvZš¿, wePviwefvM, AvBbwefv‡Mi Kvh©µg‡K MwZkxj,
¯^”Q, wbi‡cÿ I Revew`wng~jK Kiv Ges mvaviY RbM‡bi Rb¨ AwaK my‡hvM-myweav m„wói wel‡q AviI
g‡bv‡hvMx nIqv| cÖ‡qvR‡b mykvmb cÖwZôvi mnvqK Ggb bZzb I Kvh©Kix AvBb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 34

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mykvmb cÖwZôvq miKv‡ii KiYxq wK?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
mykvmb cÖwZôvq miKv‡ii BwZevPK `„wófw½ AZ¨šÍ Riæwi| cÖkvmb‡K Rb‡mevq wb‡qvwRZ Kiv, Kv‡Ri
Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kiv, AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ Kivi wel‡q miKv‡ii ewjô c`‡ÿc mykvmb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖkvm‡b h_vh_ cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡iI AwaKZi mykvmb wbwðZ Kiv hvq| mykvmb cÖwZôvq bvMwiK‡`i
¸iæZ¡cY~ © f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| Rbm‡PZbZv e„w×i gva¨‡gI mykvmb cÖwZôv Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv hvq| bvMwiK KZ©e¨ †hgb-
wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY, †hvM¨ cÖv_x© wbe©vPb, Z_¨ AwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡b AvB‡bi `vi¯’ nIqv, miKvi‡K Revew`wn Kiv,
†¯^”Qv‡meK wn‡m‡e miKvi‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv, AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v cÖ`k©b I wbqwgZ Ki cÖ`vb K‡i miKvwi †mev
e„wׇZ f~wgKv †i‡L mykvmb wbwðZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ √) wPý w`b
1| mybxwZ MÖn‡Y miKvi‡K eva¨ Kivi `vwqZ¡ Kvi?
(K) we‡`kx‡`i (L) bvMwi‡Ki
(M) Avgjv‡`i (N) mvgwiKevwnbxi
2| mykvmb cÖwZôvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ kvmb e¨e¯’vq bvMwiK‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvMÑ
(K) eÜ K‡i †`Iqv (L) cÖmvwiZ Kiv
(M) Kwg‡q †`Iqv (N) L I M
3| bx‡P D‡jøwLZ bvMwiK‡`i †Kvb AvPiY mykvmb cÖwZôvq mnvqZv K‡i bv?
(K) wbqwgZ Ki †`Iqv
(L) †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv
(M) Rb¥wbeÜb Kiv
(N) mš¿vmev`x Kg©Kv‡Ð wjß nIqv
4| †KvbwU eR©bxq?
K) RvZxq cwiPqcÎ msiÿY L) Rb¥wbeÜb
M) bvix‡`i cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b N) Nyl MÖnY

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 35

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj
1| †mvnvMcyi MÖv‡gi `wi`ª K…lK Zv‡ni wgqv| Zuvi wZb †Q‡j-†g‡qmn cuvP R‡bi msmvi| mvgvb¨ Pv‡li Rwgi
Ici Zuvi RxweKv Pvjv‡Z nq| GKB MÖv‡gi †RvZ`vi gwR` †gvjøv `yej © †c‡q Zuv‡K wfUvgvwU †_‡K D‡”Q`
K‡i| Zv‡ni wgqv †Q‡j-†g‡q wb‡q _vbvq hvb| wKš‘, cywjk Zuv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z AcviM nq| Ae‡k‡l wZwb
†Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki Awd‡m hvb bvwjk Ki‡Z| wKš‘, †mLv‡b wZwb †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z e¨_© nb|
wbiæcvq n‡q †Q‡j-†g‡q wb‡q AvZ¥xq-¯^R‡bi evox-evox w`b KvUvw”Q‡jb Zv‡ni wgqv| GKUv mg‡q G‡m
Zv‡ni wgqv MYgva¨g Kg©x I mykxj mgv‡Ri Øvi¯’ n‡jb Ges Ab¨v‡qi wePvi †c‡jb|
K) mykvmb Gi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã wK?
L) mykvmb Gi cÖavb Dcv`vb¸‡jv wK wK?
M) mykvmb Gi Afve _vK‡j wK Ae¯’v nq? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K eY©bv Kiæb?
N) wKfv‡e mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv hvq? DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cš’v KZUzKz Kvh©Ki?

2| †Kvb GKwU Dc‡Rjvi mvaviY gvbyl ¯’vbxq cjøxwe`y¨r Awd‡mi Ici ÿz×| †Kbbv, mviv w`‡b Zviv gvÎ wZb
N›Uv we`y¨r †mev cvq| A_P we`y¨r Awd‡mi †jvKRb Zv‡`i‡K we`y¨r †`Iqvi K_v e‡j nvRvi-nvRvi UvKv Nyl
†bq| wKš‘, Zv‡ZI Zviv we`y¨r cvq bv| GK ch©v‡q GB Dc‡Rjvi A‡bK gvbyl GKwÎZ n‡q cjøx we`y¨r Awdm
AvµgY K‡i| cywjk G‡m G‡`i‡K jvwV‡cUv K‡i| ¯’vbxq msm` m`m¨ welqwU‡K AvBb-k„•Ljvi mgm¨v e‡j
Gwo‡q hvb|
K) mykvmb Gi cÖavb cvuPwU ˆewkó¨ wjLyb|
L) mykvmb cÖwZôvq GKRb mybvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨ wK?
M) cwiw¯’wZ †Kb Ggb nj?
N) G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K gyw³ cvevi Rb¨ wK Kiv DwPZ e‡j g‡b K‡ib?

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.1 t 1| K 2| N 3| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.2 t 1| K 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.3 t 1| L 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.4 t 1| K 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.5 t 1| M 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.6 t 1| L 2| L 3| N 4| N

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 36