BDwbU

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
(Civics and Good Governance)
1

iv‡óªi mv‡_ bvMwiK‡`i Ges Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ iv‡óªi m¤úK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi ga¨ w`‡q ÁvbPP©vi
mywbw`©ó GKwU aviv wnmv‡e †cŠibxwZ cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q| AvaywbKKv‡j cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK I msMVb iv‡óªi wbKU n‡Z
AwaKZi `vwqZ¡m¤úbœ †mev cÖZ¨vkv K‡i| G‡nb ev¯ÍeZvq, †cŠibxwZi Av‡jvPbvq mykvmb welqwU cÖvavb¨ cv‡”Q|
Av‡jvP¨ BDwb‡U †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi aviYv, cwiwa Ges G welqwUi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi m¤úK© wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n-
cvV-1.1t †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi aviYv cvV-1.7t †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ A_©bxwZi
cvV-1.2t †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa m¤úK©
cvV-1.3t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ cvV-1.8t †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ bxwZkv‡¯¿i
cvV-1.4t evsjv‡`‡k †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi ¸iæZ¡ m¤úK©
cvV-1.5t †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi m¤úK© cvV-1.9t †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ †jvK
cvV-1.6t †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ mgvRweÁv‡bi cÖkvm‡bi m¤úK©
m¤úK©

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 1 mßvn

cvV-1.1 †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi aviYv (Concept of Civics and Good Governance)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• †cŠibxwZi aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• mykvm‡bi aviYv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

bMiivóª, wek¦gvbeZv, ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, cyievmx|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)
†cŠibxwZi aviYv
†cŠibxwZ nj mvgvwRK I bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb| †cŠibxwZi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Civics (wmwfKm&)|
Civics kãwU j¨vwUb kã Civis Ges Civitas kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Civis Ges Civitas k‡ãi A_© h_vµ‡g
bvMwiK (Citizen) I bMiivóª (City State)| myZivs kãMZ ev DrcwËMZ A‡_© Civics ev †cŠibxwZ nj bMi
iv‡óª emevmiZ bvMwiK‡`i AvPvi-AvPiY, ixwZbxwZ I Kvh©vewj msµvšÍ weÁvb| Z‡e cÖvPxbKv‡j fviZe‡l© Ges
MÖx‡m Civics ev †cŠibxwZ ej‡Z bvMwiK‡`i AwaKvi I KZ©e¨‡K †evSv‡bv n‡Zv|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

ms¯‹…Z fvlvq bMi‡K (City) ÔcyiÕ ev ÔcyixÕ Ges bM‡i emevmKvix‡`i‡K ÔcyievmxÕ ejv nq| hvi Rb¨ bvMwiK
Rxe‡bi Aci bvg Ô†cŠi RxebÕ GKs bvMwiK Rxe‡bi AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤úwK©Z we`¨vi bvg †cŠibxwZ|
cÖvPxb wMÖ‡m GK GKwU bMi wQj GK GKwU ivóª| iv󪸇jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQj G‡_Ý Ges ¯úvU©v| G bMi
iv󪸇jvi AvqZb I RbmsL¨v wQj AZ¨šÍ Kg| bMi iv‡óªi mKj RbMY‡K bvMwiK ejv n‡Zv bv| †Kej bMi
iv‡óªi hviv ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Zv A_©vr iv‡óªi kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvq hviv AskMÖnY Ki‡Zv Zv‡`i‡KB
ÔbvMwiKÕ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡Zv| D‡jøL¨ bvix, `vm I we‡`kxiv Gme bMi iv‡óªi bvMwiK wn‡m‡e we‡eP¨
n‡Zv bv| Gme bMi iv‡óª emevmKvix bvMwiK‡`i AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, AvPvi-AvPiY, ixwZbxwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡Zv †cŠibxwZ‡Z| myZivs kãMZ Ges g~jMZ A‡_© †cŠibxwZi aviYv wQj A‡bKUv mxwgZ I msKxY©|
eZ©gv‡b †cŠibxwZ‡K †Kej kãMZ A‡_© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq bv| †Kbbv, eZ©gvb AvaywbK iv󪸇jv wMÖ‡mi bMiivóª
(City State) Gi g‡Zv bq, eis G¸‡jv GLb RvwZ ivóª (Nation State) wn‡m‡eB cwiMwYZ| cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi
bMiiv󪸇jvi A‡cÿv eZ©gvb AvaywbK RvwZ iv󪸇jv AvqZ‡b eo Ges RbmsL¨vI †ewk| Gme RvwZ iv‡óªi
bvMwiK‡`i Rxeb Ges Kvh©vewj RwUj I eûgyLx| AvaywbK RvwZ iv‡óª bvMwiK‡`i f~wgKv I Kvh©vewj, AvPvi-AvPiY
Ges Zv‡`i wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© avivevwnK ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †h kv¯¿
Av`k© bvMwiK Rxe‡bi Ávb `vb K‡i Zv‡KB †cŠibxwZ e‡j|
B Gg †nvqvBU (E.M. White) g‡b K‡ib, Ò†cŠibxwZ nj Áv‡bi †mB kvLv hv GK Rb bvMwi‡Ki AZxZ, eZ©gvb
I fwel¨r Ges ¯’vbxq, RvZxq I gvbemËvi mv‡_ RwoZ mKj welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|Ó (æCivics is that
branch of human knowledge which deals with everything relating to a citizen− past, present and
future; local, national and human.”)
†d«WwiL †Rgm †Mvì (Frederick James Gould) e‡jb, Ò†cŠibxwZ n‡”Q cÖwZôvb, AvPiY I †PZbvi Aa¨qb
kv¯¿ hvi gva¨‡g GKRb cyiæl ev bvix †Kvb GKwU ivR‰bwZK m¤úª`v‡qi m`m¨ wnmv‡e KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i
Ges Gi my‡hvM-myweav¸‡jv MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡i|Ó (æCivics is the study of institutions, habits and spirit by
means of which a man or women may fulfill the duties and receive the benifit of membership in
a political community.”)
Webster’s International Dictionary †Z ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò†cŠibxwZ nj ivóªweÁv‡bi †mB kvLv, hv bvMwiK‡`i
AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iÓ| (æCivics is that department of Political Science dealing with
rights of citizenship and duties of citizen.”)
†cŠibxwZi Dc‡iv³ msÁv I aviYv †_‡K †hme A_© I cÖK…wZ ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q Zv wb‡¤œ Q‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nj−

†cŠibxwZ

bvMwiK bMiivóª

ivóª
AwaKvi KZ©e¨
wek¦ gvbeZv

bvMwi‡Ki AZxZ bvMwi‡Ki eZ©gvb bvMwi‡Ki fwel¨r

bvMwi‡Ki ¯’vbxq iƒc bvMwi‡Ki RvZxq iƒc bvMwi‡Ki AvšÍR©vwZK iƒc

BDwbU GK c„ôv 2
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

myZivs †cŠibxwZ nj †m kv¯¿ hv bvMwiK, bvMwi‡Ki Kvh©µg, AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, bvMwi‡Ki AZxZ, eZ©gvb I
fwel¨r m¤úwK©Z w`K Ges bvMwi‡Ki msMVbmg~n, ivóª I wek¦gvbeZv msµvšÍ mKj wel‡qi mgm¨v I mgvavb
m¤ú‡K© wek` Av‡jvPbv K‡i|

mykvm‡bi aviYv
mykvmb cÖZ¨qwU †cŠibxwZi mv¤úªwZK ms‡hvRb| mykvm‡bi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã nj ‘Good Governance’|
mykvmb‡K ¯úófv‡e eyS‡Z n‡j kvmb m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| Governance nj GKwU eûgvwÎK aviYv
hv wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY, †ÿÎ Ges †cÖÿvcU †_‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| Government Gi gZB Governance kãwU
G‡m‡Q ‘kubernao’ bvgK j¨vwUb kã †_‡K, hvi A_© cwiPvjbv Kiv| mvaviYZ Governance ev kvmb Ggb
GKwU c×wZ‡K †evSvq, †hLv‡b GKwU cwiKwíZ cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv ms¯’v, mgvR ev ivóª cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î
wm×všÍ MÖnY I bxwZ wba©viY Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ GKwU RbwcÖq aviYv nj mykvmb| mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ© n‡”Q mykvmb|
1989 mv‡j wek¦e¨vs‡Ki GK cÖwZ‡e`b me©c_Ö g mykvmb cÖZ¨qwU e¨envi Kiv nq| 2000 mv‡j wek¦e¨vsK mykvm‡bi
PviwU ¯Í¤¢ †NvlYv K‡i| G PviwU ¯Í¤¢ nj− (i) `vwqZ¡kxjZv (ii) ¯^”QZv (iii) AvBbx KvVv‡gv I (iv) AskMÖnY|
g¨vK KiYx (Mac Corney) G cÖm‡½ e‡jb, Òmykvmb ej‡Z iv‡óªi mv‡_ mykxj mgv‡Ri, miKv‡ii mv‡_ RbM‡Yi
Ges kvm‡Ki mv‡_ kvwm‡Zi m¤úK©‡K eySvqÓ|
gviwUb wg‡bvM (Martin Minogue) mykvmb m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, Òe¨vcK A‡_© mykvmb n‡”Q KZ¸‡jv D‡`¨v‡Mi mgwó
Ges GKwU ms¯‹vi †KŠkj hv miKvi‡K AwaKZi MYZvwš¿K, ¯^”Q I Revew`wnZvg~jK Ki‡Z mykxj mgv‡Ri wewfbœ
cÖwZôvb‡K Kvh©Ki K‡i †Zv‡j|Ó
j¨v‡Ûj wgj (Landell Mill) g‡b K‡ib, mykvmb GKwU RvwZi ivR‡bwZK e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© w`K wb‡`©k K‡i Ges
Rb cÖkvmb Ges AvBbx KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ GwU wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv Rvbvq|
we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z, mykvmb miKvi cwiPvjbv A‡cÿv GKwU we¯Í…Z aviYv hv GKwU wbw`©ó f~L‡Û mvgvwRK wbqg-
k„•Ljv iÿvq Ges wbe©vnx ÿgZv e¨env‡ii cÖ‡kœ ivóªxq KZ…c
© ‡ÿi f~wgKvi mv‡_ we‡klfv‡e m¤úwK©Z|Ó
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, miKv‡ii ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv, `vwqZ¡kxjZv Ges RbM‡Yi
AskMÖn‡Yi wfwˇZ RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvB n‡”Q mykvmb| mykvmb †mB kvmbe¨e¯’v †hLv‡b RbM‡Yi
Z_v iv‡óªi mvwe©K Kj¨vY mvwaZ nq|

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb msÁvwqZ Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
†cŠibxwZ nj bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb| ivóª I bvMwiKZvi mv‡_ mswkøó welqvewj GLv‡b wee„Z nq| miKv‡ii
¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, `vwqZ¡kxjZv Ges RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi wfwˇZ, RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvB n‡”Q
mykvmb| MYZvwš¿K I gvbweK g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk Ges miKvi I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ mym¤úK© cÖwZôv KivB †cŠibxwZ I
mykvm‡bi cÖavb jÿ¨|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 3
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√) wPý w`b
1| †cŠibxwZi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Kx?
(K) Civics (L) Civis
(M) Civies (N) Civitas
2| Civics kãwU D™¢e n‡q‡Q †Kvb fvlvi kã †_‡K?
(K) Bs‡iwR (L) Aviwe
(M) j¨vwUb (N) Rvg©vb
3| Civitas †Kvb fvlvi kã?
(K) j¨vwUb (L) wMÖK
(M) divwm (N) ¯ú¨vwbk
4| cÖvPxbKv‡j G‡_Ý I ¯úvU©vq †Kvb ai‡Yi ivóª cÖPwjZ wQj?
(K) wek¦ ivóª (L) RvZxq ivóª
(M) bMi ivóª (N) hy³ivóª
5| mykvmb KqwU ¯Í‡¤¢i Dci cÖwZwôZ?
(K) 4 (L) 6
(M) 8 (N) 10

BDwbU GK c„ôv 4
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.2 †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa (Scope of Civics and Good Governance)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mybvMwiKZv, wbe©vPKgÛjx, wbe©vPb Kwgkb, mvg¨, ¯^vaxbZv, B-Mf‡b©Ý,

Revew`wnZv, AvB‡bi kvmb, gvbe m¤ú`|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa e¨vcK| †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj−
1| bvMwiKZv welqK t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb g~jZ bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb| bvMwi‡Ki DËg I gh©v`vc~Y© Rxeb
cÖwZôv Kiv †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cÖavb jÿ¨| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨, m‡PZbZv,
mybvMwiKZv, bvMwiKZv AR©b I we‡jvc, bvMwiKZvi A_© I cÖK…wZ, mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewj cÖf…wZ m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
2| †gŠwjK cÖwZôvb m¤úwK©Z t gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m cwievi nj Avw` I AK…wÎg cÖwZôvb| Kv‡ji weeZ©b
avivq cwiev‡ii m¤úªmviY n‡q‡Q Ges M‡o D‡V‡Q ivóª I Ab¨vb¨ eûwea mvgvwRK Ges ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cwievi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mgvR, ivóª, iv‡óªi DrcwË I weKvk, iv‡óªi Kvh©vewj cÖf…wZ
†gŠwjK cÖwZôvb †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi AšÍf~©³|
3| ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv t †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvbmg~n Ir‡cÖvZfv‡e
RwoZ| ivóª, iv‡óªi aviYv, iv‡óªi DrcwË, iv‡óªi Kvh©vewj, ivóª m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gZev`, iv‡óªi Dcv`vb,
msweavb, msweav‡bi †kÖwYwefvM, msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨, miKvi, miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM, miKv‡ii wewfbœ A½,
RbgZ, Rbg‡Zi evnb, wbe©vPKgÛjx, ivR‰bwZK `j, wbe©vPb Kwgkb cÖf…wZ †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi
Av‡jvPbvi AšÍf©~³|
4| mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK weg~Z© welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK A½‡bi
wewfbœ weg~Z© welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| AvBb, AvB‡bi Drm I cÖK…wZ, AvBb I ˆbwZKZv, ¯^vaxbZv,
¯^vaxbZvi cÖK…wZ, ¯^vaxbZvi iÿvKeP, mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv, mv‡g¨i cÖKvi‡f` cÖf…wZ m¤ú‡K© †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
5| ivR‰bwZK NUbvewj t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb ivR‰bwZK wewfbœ NUbvewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| †hgb−
evsjv‡`‡k †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cjvkxi hy×, wmcvnx we‡`ªvn, 1940 mv‡ji jv‡nvi cÖ¯vÍ e, 1952 mv‡ji fvlv
Av‡›`vjb, 1954 mv‡ji hy³d«›U wbe©vPb, 1966 mv‡ji Qq `dv, 1969 mv‡ji MY-Afz¨Ìvb, 1970 mv‡ji
wbe©vPb, 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy×, mvgwiK Af~¨Ìvb BZ¨vw` ivR‰bwZK ch©vq m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
6| mykvmb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb iv‡óªi mykvm‡bi eûgvwÎK aviYv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
mykvm‡bi Dcv`vb, mykvm‡bi mgm¨v, mykvm‡bi mgm¨vi mgvavb, mykvm‡bi mgm¨v mgvav‡b miKvi I
RbM‡Yi f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
7| bvMwi‡Ki AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨r wb‡q Av‡jvPbv t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©‡e¨i
eZ©gvb ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges Gi gva¨‡g fwel¨r bvMwiK Rxe‡bi Av`k© I ¯^iƒ‡ci Bw½Z cÖ`vb
K‡i|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 5
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

8| bvMwi‡Ki ¯’vbxq, RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki mvgvwRK I
ivR‰bwZK Kvh©vewji mv‡_ m¤ú„³ ¯’vbxq ms¯’vi (†hgb, BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil`, †cŠimfv, †Rjv
cwil`, wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb BZ¨vw`) MVb, ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| bvMwi‡Ki RvZxq welq
(†hgb, ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg, gyw³hy×, wewfbœ RvZxq †bZvi Ae`vb, †`k iÿvq bvMwi‡Ki f~wgKv,
RvZxq ivR‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbvmg~n) m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i| AvšÍRv© wZK wewfbœ ms¯’v I msMVb Ges wewfbœ
NUbvewj m¤ú‡K©I †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
9| bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ welqvw` t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb AvaywbK bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wewfbœ
welqvewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| wewfbœ mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavbI cvIqv hvq Gi gva¨‡g|
†hgb− BfwUwRs, `ybx©wZ, B‡jKUªwbK Mf‡b©Ý (B-Mf‡b©Ý), `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡bi gZ welq¸wji Av‡jvPbv
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q|
10| mykvmb I B-Mf‡b©Ý t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb eZ©gvb mg‡q mykvmb I B-Mf‡b©Ý wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| miKvi
wKfv‡e ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, AvB‡bi kvmb, wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv, wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb, `ybx©wZ wbqš¿Y, `ÿ
gvbe m¤ú` M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡q †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa I welqe¯‘ e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z| bvMwi‡Ki Rxeb I Kvh©vewj
hZ`~i ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwaI ZZ`~i ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z|

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Gi Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z| bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó ivóª I miKv‡ii Kvh©vewj hZ`~i we¯Í…Z
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwaI ZZ`~i we¯Í…Z| bvMwiK Rxeb, bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, msweavb, HwZnvwmK
NUbv, ivR‰bwZK NUbvewj, cÖwZôvb I msMVb, miKv‡ii ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb, AvB‡bi kvmb,
wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZvi gZ welq¸‡jv wb‡q Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa‡K Av‡iv †ewk we¯Í…Z
K‡i‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√) wPý w`b
1| Ò†cŠibxwZ nj Áv‡bi †mB kvLv hv bvMwi‡Ki AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨r wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|Ó− Dw³wU †K
K‡i‡Qb?
(K) B Gg †nvqvBU (L) Gd AvB MøvDW
(M) g¨v· I‡qevi (N) Av‡b©÷ evK©vi
2| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wb‡Pi †Kvb welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i?
(K) A_©e¨e¯’v (L) e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v
(M) B‡jKUªwbK Mf©‡bÝ (N) ag©xq Abykvmb

BDwbU GK c„ôv 6
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.3 †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡

(Importance of Studying of Civics and Good Governance)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

MYZvwš¿K ivóª, eyw×gËv, we‡eK, ¯^‡`k †cÖg, RvZxq †PZbv, AvB‡bi kvmb,
¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, MY gva¨g, wek¦kvwšÍ|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡

AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª bvMwi‡Ki mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Yi wbwg‡Ë †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi weKí †bB|
†Kbbv †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwiKZvi mv‡_ RwoZ mKj welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| mykvmb cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Zz‡j aiv nj−
1| ivóª I miKvi m¤^‡Ü Rvbv t ivóª I miKvi e¨ZxZ bvMwiK Rxeb Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| Avi bvMwiK wn‡m‡e ivóª
I miKvi m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| ivóª, iv‡óªi Dcv`vb, miKvi, miKv‡ii †kÖwY wefvM, iv‡óªi
DrcwË msµvšÍ gZev`, msweavb BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi †Kvb weKí †bB|
2| mybvMwiK nIqvi wkÿv t iv‡óªi GKRb mvaviY bvMwiK †_‡K wKfv‡e mybvMwiK nIqv hvq †m m¤^‡Ü Ávbjvf
Kiv hvq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb †_‡K| GKRb mybvMwiK eyw×gËv, we‡eK I AvZ¥msh‡gi AwaKvix nIqvq
iv‡óªi cÖwZ Zvi AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _v‡K| mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk m¤ú‡K©
Ávbjvf Kivi Rb¨I †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©|
3| ¯^‡`k †cÖg RvMÖZ Kivi Rb¨ t †`‡ki cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki g‡a¨ ¯^‡`k †cÖg RvMÖZ Kivi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I
mykvmb m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| GKwU †`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœqb wbf©i K‡i cÖK…Z †`k †cÖwgK RbM‡Yi Dci|
G cÖm‡½ Aa¨vcK cj Ruv‡b (Paul Janet) e‡jb, Ò¯^‡`k †cÖg RvMÖZ Kivi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZi Ávb LyeB
Riæwi|Ó
4| my¯’ I my›`i mgvR Rxeb MV‡bi wkÿv t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki my¯’ I my›`i mgvR Rxeb MV‡b wkÿv
w`‡q _v‡K| gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Rxeb‡K †K›`ª K‡i †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb M‡o D‡V‡Q| cvi¯úwiK
mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g wKfv‡e my¯’ I my›`i mgvR Rxeb MVb K‡i gvby‡li me©vwaK Kj¨vY Kiv hvq Zv
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq|
5| e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î t bvMwi‡Ki e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©|
ivóª KZ…©K ¯^xK…Z I cÖ`Ë AwaKvimg~n cvV I PP©vi gva¨‡g bvMwiK Zvi e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk K‡i _v‡K| ivóª
†_‡K bvMwiK †hgb wewfbœ AwaKvi MÖnY K‡i †Zgwb iv‡óªi cÖwZ bvMwi‡Ki wKQz KZ©e¨ ev `vqe×Zv i‡q‡Q hv
GKRb bvMwiK †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
6| `„wófw½i cwieZ©b t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV gvbe g‡bi msKxY©Zv `~i K‡i gnr Rxeb MV‡bi Aby‡cÖiYv
†`q| wek¦ åvZ…Z‡¡ eva I gvbeZv‡eva m„wó‡Z †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †`k I we‡k¦i
Kj¨vYv‡_© G kv¯¿ bvMwi‡Ki gvbwmK `„wófw½i DbœwZ NUvq|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 7
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

7| RvZxq †PZbvi D‡b¥l t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi gva¨‡g bvMwi‡Ki g‡b RvZxq †PZbvi D‡b¥l nq| m‡PZb
bvMwiK iv‡óªi Ag~j¨ m¤ú`| RvZxq †PZbvq DØy× n‡q m‡PZb bvMwi‡Kiv †`k †mevq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i| Gi
d‡j iv‡óªi mvgwMÖK mg„w× cwijwÿZ nq|
8| mykvmb m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf t mykvmb cÖZ¨qwU mv¤úªwZK mg‡q †cŠibxwZi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ n‡q‡Q| hvi d‡j
†cŠibxwZ Av‡iv †ewk mg„× n‡q‡Q| †Kvb ivóª mykvm‡bi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ n‡j AwZ kxNª BwáZ j†ÿ¨
Av‡ivnb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, AvB‡bi kvmb,
wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv, MYgva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZv, wbi‡cÿ wbe©vP‡bi gZ welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Ávbjvf Kiv
mnRZi nq|
9| MYZ‡š¿i weKvk m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf t eZ©gvb mg‡qi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq kvmbe¨e¯’v nj MYZš¿| MYZ‡š¿i ¯^iƒc,
fwel¨r, Kvh©KvwiZv Ges weKvk m¤ú‡K© Ávbjvf Kivi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi weKí †bB|
10| wek¦kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ t ivóª †hgb bvMwi‡Ki Kj¨vY mvab K‡i _v‡K †Zgwb bvMwiK iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨
cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| GKRb mybvMwiK iv‡óªi AMÖMwZi Rb¨ bvbvwea cwiKíbv K‡i| †m cwiKíbvi Dci wfwË
K‡i ivóª I we‡k¦i kvwšÍ I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV AZ¨vek¨K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| my¯’ I my›`i Rxeb MV‡b Z_v Kj¨vYKi
ivóª cÖwZôvi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| ZvB cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki wb‡Ri ¯^v‡_©
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
bvMwiK Rxeb I ivóªxq kvmb e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© my¯úó I myk„•Lj Ávb jvf Ki‡Z †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi weKí
†bB| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mwVK w`K-wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i weavq mf¨ mgv‡Ri cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡m¨i G
kv¯¿ cvV Acwinvh©| Gi gva¨‡g bvMwi‡Ki wPšÍvavivq BwZevPK cwieZ©b G‡m ivóª m¤úwK©Z mwVK aviYv RvMÖZ
nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ √) wPý w`b
1| mybvMwiK nIqvi wkÿv †`q †Kvb kv¯¿?
(K) A_©bxwZ (L) mgvRweÁvb
(M) †jvK cÖkvmb (N) †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
2| Ò¯^‡`k †cÖg RvMÖZ Kivi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZi Ávb LyeB Riæwi|Ó− †K e‡j‡Qb?
(K) †d«WwiK †Rgm †Mvì (L) cj Ruv‡b
(M) B Gg †nvqvBU (N) ievU© cyUbvg
3| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV Ki‡j GKRb bvMwiK DØy× nq−
(K) ivóª m¤úwK©©Z †ev‡a (L) mvwnZ¨ PP©vq
(M) AvZ¥¯^v‡_© (N) †KvbwUB bq

BDwbU GK c„ôv 8
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.4 evsjv‡`‡k †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Studying

Civics and Good Governance in Bangladesh)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• evsjv‡`‡k †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

MYZš¿, ¯^vaxbZv, MY-Afz¨Ìvb, bvMwiK †PZbv, RvZxqZvev`, ag©wbi‡cÿZv,

mgvRZš¿|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

evsjv‡`‡k †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi ¸iæZ¡

evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj ivóª| evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxeb cwiw¯’wZi BwZevPK
cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wb‡¤œ evsjv‡`‡k †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi
¸iæZ¡ Zz‡j aiv nj−
1| †`k‡K fv‡jvevmvi wkÿv t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb †`k‡K fv‡jvevmvi wkÿv †`q| wÎk jÿ knx‡`i i‡³i
wewbg‡q AwR©Z n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv| G KóvwR©Z ¯^vaxbZv‡K iÿv Kiv mKj bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨| †`k,
¯^vaxbZv, gyw³hyׇK fv‡jvevm‡Z †kLvq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb|
2| RvZxq BwZnvm Rvbv t evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i GK †MŠi‡ev¾¡j BwZnvm i‡q‡Q| G BwZnvm cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖRb¥
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rvbv `iKvi| RvZxq msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm, †hgb- fvlv Av‡›`vjb, MY Afz¨Ìvb, gyw³hyׇK fz‡j †M‡j
†`k KL‡bv DbœwZi wkL‡i †cŠuQv‡Z cvi‡e bv|
3| bvMwiK †PZbv e„w× t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwiK †PZbv e„w× K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v AZ¨šÍ †ewk wKš‘ Gi
AvqZb †QvU| G iv‡óªi Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î eû mgm¨v we`¨gvb| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV
bvMwi‡Ki †PZbv e„w× K‡i G me eûgyLx mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c_ ˆZwi K‡i †`q|
4| bvMwiK ¸Yvewji weKvk t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV bvMwi‡Ki gvbwmK ¸Yvewji weKvk mvab K‡i| mybvMwiK
nIqvi wkÿv, iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi, ivóªxq m¤ú` iÿv, wbe©vP‡b †hvM¨ cÖv_x©‡K †fvU †`Iqv, mgqgZ Ki
cwi‡kva Kiv BZ¨vw` wel‡q bvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewji weKvk mvab K‡i †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV|
5| mykvmb cÖwZôv t evsjv‡`‡ki gZ GKwU Dbœqbkxj iv‡óª mykvmb cÖwZôv AZ¨šÍ Riæwi| mykvmb e¨ZxZ G iv‡óªi
MYZš¿ I Dbœqb †UKmB nIqv m¤¢e bq| wKfv‡e evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôv I ¯’vqx Kiv hvq Zv †cŠibxwZ I
mykvmb cvV K‡i Rvbv hvq|
6| bvMwiK `„wófw½i cwieZ©b t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi d‡j bvMwiK `„wófw½i cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| g‡bi
msKxY©Zv I Kzms¯‹vi `~ixf~Z nq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi d‡j| `„wófw½ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j iv‡óªi cÖwZ
bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨‡eva RvMÖZ nq| Gi cÖfv‡e bvMwiK Rxe‡b c~YZ © v Av‡m|
7| MYZ‡š¿i weKvk t evsjv‡`‡ki MYZš¿ †UKmB, gReyZ, `xN©¯’vqx Ges wek¦ `iev‡i cÖksmbxq Kivi Rb¨
G‡`‡ki gvby‡li †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi weKí †bB| cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki MYZvwš¿K †PZbv e„w×i Rb¨
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV Avek¨K| †Kbbv MYZ‡š¿i weKvk e¨ZxZ evsjv‡`‡ki mwZ¨Kv‡ii Dbœqb m¤¢e bq|
8| msweavb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv t msweavb iv‡óªi `c©Y ¯^iƒc| 1972 evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡j msweavb Kvh©Ki nq| ivóª
cwiPvjbvi mKj wewa-weavb evsjv‡`k msweav‡b wjwce× i‡q‡Q| msweav‡bi gva¨‡g gvbyl Rvb‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i

BDwbU GK c„ôv 9
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K©| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi gva¨‡g msweavb Ges msweav‡b ivóªxq g~jbxwZ
m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Kiv hvq|
9| gyw³hy× I e½eÜz m¤ú‡K© Rvbv t evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× I e½eÜz GKB my‡Zvq Muv_v| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi
¯’cwZ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Ges gyw³hy× m¤ú‡K© Rvbv evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ Avek¨K|
e½eÜz Ges gyw³hyׇK A¯^xKvi K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi gva¨‡g
e½eÜz I gyw³hy× m¤ú‡K© Rvbv G †`‡ki cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡k †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| DËg bvMwiK Rxeb I myLx mg„×
†`k Movi j‡ÿ¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi weKí †bB|

wK wK Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k ‡cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨qb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
evsjv‡`k GKwU ¯^‡ívbœZ ivóª| GB iv‡óª bvbvwea Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK A‡bK mgm¨v we`¨gvb| Gme mgm¨v
mgvavb K‡i AvaywbK, DbœZ I Kj¨vYKi bvMwiK Rxeb cÖwZôvi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨qb Kiv AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y|© Gi d‡j bvMwiK †PZbv e„w× cvq, AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv Av‡m, miKvi I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨
mym¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq, †`k‡cÖg RvMÖZ nq, †MŠi‡ev¾¡j BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq| MYZš¿, ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡
iÿv †c‡q mykvmb cÖwZwôZ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ √) wPý w`b
1| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb Kvh©Ki nq KZ mv‡j?
(K) 1971 mv‡j (L) 1972 mv‡j
(M) 1973 mv‡j (N) 1974 mv‡j
2| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’cwZ †K?
(K) †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x© (L) G †K dRjyj nK
(M) ZvRDwÏb Avng` (N) e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
3| bvMwi‡Ki cÖavb KZ©e¨ wK?
(K) †fvU †`Iqv (L) Ki †`Iqv
(M) iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi Kiv (N) cÖv_x© nIqv

BDwbU GK c„ôv 10
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.5 †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi m¤úK©

(Relations between Civics and Good Governance and History)
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb−
• †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi m¤úK© we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb, HwZnvwmK NUbvejx, gvbe mgvR weeZ©b|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi m¤úK©

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnvm Dfq kv¯¿B mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv| BwZnvm e¨ZxZ
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb †hgb cwic~Y© bq, †Zgwb †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Qvov BwZnvm ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ Nwbô|
mv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb mv`„k¨mg~n wb¤œiƒc t
1| cvi¯úwiK NwbôZv t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnvm kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK Nwbô m¤úK© weivRgvb|
BwZnv‡mi Z_¨ webv †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Av‡jvPbv c~YZ © v cvq bv| G cÖm‡½ Aa¨vcK Rb wmwj (John
Seely) e‡jb, Ò†cŠibxwZ e¨ZxZ BwZnvm g~j¨nxb, Avi BwZnvm e¨ZxZ †cŠibxwZ wfwËnxb|Ó
2| cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvg~jK m¤úK©
we`¨gvb| BwZnvm AZx‡Zi NUbv cÖevn, wecøe, msMÖvg, Av‡›`vjb, hy× Ges ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôv‡bi weeZ©b I
ZË¡mg~n we‡kølY K‡i| †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡b hLb AZxZ NUbv cÖevn Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq ZLb †mLv‡b
HwZnvwmK weKvk aviv mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q _v‡K|
3| ci¯úi‡K cwic~Y©Zv `vb t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnvm ci¯úi‡K cwic~YZ © v `vb K‡i _v‡K| †cŠibxwZ
I mykvm‡bi Av‡jvPbv I we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î BwZnv‡mi mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| BwZnvwmK NUbvcÖevn e¨ZxZ
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi e¨vL¨v cwic~Y©Zv cvq bv|
4| welqe¯‘MZ mv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨ welqe¯‘MZ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
Ges BwZnvm Dfq kv‡¯¿B gvbe Rxe‡bi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki
mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc m¤^‡Ü e¨vL¨v K‡i _v‡K| BwZnvm gvbe mgv‡Ri weeZ©‡bi avivevwnKZvi
msKjb K‡i _v‡K| ZvB Dfq kv‡¯¿i †gŠwjK welqe¯‘MZ wgj jÿYxq|
5| GK Ac‡ii cwic~iK t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnvm G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Av‡jvP¨ wel‡q HwZnvwmK w`K-wb‡`©kbv I Z_¨mg„× bv n‡j Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv cvq bv|
†Zgwb HwZnvwmK NUbv ivR‰bwZK `„wófw½‡Z e¨vß bv Ki‡j Zv wbi_©K n‡q `uvovq|
ˆemv`„k¨ t
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨ ˆemv`„k¨mg~n wb¤œiƒc t
1| welqe¯‘MZ cv_©K¨ t BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvP¨ welqe¯‘ †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welqe¯‘ †_‡K e¨vcK|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb †Kej bvMwi‡Ki ivR‰bwZK †cÖÿvcU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| cÖ_vMZ BwZnvm kv¯¿ †Kej
ivRv-ivRZ¡ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡jI, AvaywbK Kv‡ji Rb BwZnvm PP©v bvMwi‡Ki mvgwMÖK Rxeb aviv wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| Gfv‡e †`L‡j welqe¯‘MZ w`K †_‡K BwZnvm kv¯¿ A‡bKUv we¯Í…Z| cÿvšÍ‡i †cŠibxwZ I
mykvm‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq A‡bKUvB mxgve×|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 11
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

2| cÖK…wZ I c×wZMZ cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨ cÖK…wZ I c×wZMZ cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Av‡jvPbv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ ZË¡ AbymÜvbg~jK| GwU Kiv nq Zzjbvg~jK c×wZ‡Z| Ab¨w`‡K
BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvPbvi c×wZ cÖavbZ Z_¨ I eY©bvg~jK|
3| cwiwaMZ cv_©K¨ t cwiwaMZ w`K w`‡q BwZnv‡mi †P‡q †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wKQzUv msKzwPZ| †cŠibxwZ I
mykvmb ivóª I bvMwi‡Ki ivR‰bwZK NUbvcÖevn wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| BwZnvm ivR‰bwZK NUbv cÖev‡ni
cvkvcvwk GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi wkí, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ, mf¨Zv, ˆeÁvwbK AMÖMwZ, wPwKrmv kv¯¿mn bvbvwea
welqvewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
4| cÖvavb¨MZ cv_©K¨ t cÖ_vMZ BwZnvm kv¯¿ g~jZ AZx‡Zi ivR‰bwZK, wKQz gvÎvq mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK NUbvewj
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb HwZnvwmK NUbvewj Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g eZ©gvb, fwel¨r
bvMwiK Rxe‡bi Kg©-cwiKíbvi wb‡`©kbv w`‡q _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨ wKQz ˆemv`„k¨ _vK‡jI Dfq kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ m¤úK©
AZ¨šÍ Nwbô|

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Gi mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi m¤úK© wPwýZ Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnvm kv¯¿ ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK I mnvqK| GB `yB kv¯¿ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvq c~YZ
© v
jvf K‡i| GKwU e¨ZxZ AciwUi Av‡jvPbv A‡bKUvB g~j¨nxb n‡q c‡o|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√) wPý w`b
1| Ò†cŠibxwZ e¨ZxZ BwZnvm g~j¨nxb, Avi BwZnvm e¨ZxZ †cŠibxwZ wfwËnxb|Ó− Dw³wU †K K‡i‡Qb?
(K) jW© A¨vKUb (L) Rb wmwj
(M) †WwfW B÷b (N) Kvj© gvK©m
2| BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvPbv c×wZ †Kgb?
(K) ZË¡ I AbymÜvbg~jK (L) ZË¡ I eY©bvg~jK
(M) Z_¨ I eY©bvg~jK (N) Z_¨ I AbymÜvbg~jK
3| †KvbwU †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq bq?
(K) miKvi (L) mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZ
(M) bvMwiKZv (N) msweavb

BDwbU GK c„ôv 12
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.6 †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ mgvRweÁv‡bi m¤úK© (Relations between Civics

and Good Governance and Sociology)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ mgvRweÁv‡bi m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv, kvmb cÖYvjx, RbgZ, gvbevwaKvi, AvgjvZš¿, ˆbwZKZv|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ mgvRweÁv‡bi m¤úK©
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁvb DfqB mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `ywU kvLv|
mgvRweÁv‡bi g~j jÿ¨B nj mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi Af¨šÍ‡i k„•Ljv I msnwZ msiÿ‡Yi bxwZgvjv D`NvUb Kiv|
mgvRweÁvb m¤ú‡K© Gj Gd IqvW© (L.F. Ward) e‡jb, "Sociology is the science of society or of social
phenomena.” Ab¨w`‡K †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb mgvRweÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv wn‡m‡e bvMwi‡Ki AvPvi-AvPiY, ixwZ-
bxwZ, bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, iv‡óªi kvmb cÖYvjxmn bvMwi‡Ki mvgwMÖK welqvewj m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv K‡i| ZvB
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁv‡bi mv‡_ Nwbô m¤úK© we`¨gvb|
mv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁv‡bi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨mg~n wb¤œiƒc t
1| welqe¯‘MZ mv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁv‡bi A‡bK wel‡qi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| Dfq kv¯¿B
cwievi, mgvR, ivóª, msMVb BZ¨vw` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| GQvovI mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK g~j¨‡eva, mvgvwRK
cwieZ©b, gvbevwaKvi, †bZ…Z,¡ AvgjvZš¿, RbgZ, ˆbwZKZv BZ¨vw` welqvw` †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges
mgvRweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi AšÍf©~³| ZvB welqe¯‘MZ w`K †_‡K Dfq kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
2| cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZv t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁvb G‡K A‡b¨i Dci wbf©ikxj| ivóª mgv‡RiB
GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb ivóª wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i †Zgwb mgvRweÁvb mgvR wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| ivóª e¨ZxZ †hgb mgv‡Ri Av‡jvPbv nq bv †Zgwb mgvR Qvov iv‡óªi Av‡jvPbv c~YZ
© v cvq bv|
3| ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁvb ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³| mgvRweÁv‡bi g~j Av‡jvP¨
welq mgvR I mvgvwRK welqvewj Ges †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡”Q ivóª I bvMwiK| ivóª I
bvMwiK Avevi mgv‡Ri A‡”Q`¨ Ask| ZvB cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁv‡bi Mfxi m¤úK©
we`¨gvb|
4| ci¯ú‡ii mn‡hvMx t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁvb G‡K Ac‡ii mn‡hvMx| mgvRweÁv‡bi g~j
Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘ mgvR| Avevi mgvR m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbvq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb mgv‡Ri DrcwË, mgv‡Ri
µgweKvk, mvgvwRK cwieZ©b, mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva, mvgvwRK bxwZ I Av`k© Av‡jvPbvq mgvRweÁv‡bi mvnvh¨
MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, ivóª I bvMwiKZv welqK Av‡jvPbvq mgvRweÁvb †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mvnvh¨
MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| †Kbbv, ivóª I bvMwiK †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi gyL¨ Av‡jvP¨ welq|
ˆemv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁv‡b g‡a¨ ˆemv`„k¨mg~n wb¤œiƒc t
1| DrcwËMZ cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁv‡bi DrcwËMZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| †cŠibxwZ‡Z we‡kl
K‡i mykvmb GKwU mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji aviYv n‡jI Áv‡bi †ÿ‡Î mgvRweÁvb AZ¨šÍ cyi‡bv GKwU kvLv| mgvR
Rxe‡bi NUbvcÖevn †_‡K mgvRweÁvb Ges mgvRe× gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ we‡kølY †_‡K †cŠibxwZ I
mykvm‡bi DrcwË|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 13
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

2| cwiwaMZ cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁv‡bi g‡a¨ cwiwaMZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| mgvRweÁv‡bi
cwiwa AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK| mgv‡Ri mvwe©K welq mgvRweÁv‡bi gva¨‡g cvIqv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
mgv‡RiB GKwU Ask ivóª I bvMwiK welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg|
3| `„wófw½MZ cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwiK‡`i ivR‰bwZK `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K
mgvRweÁvb mgv‡Ri `„wó‡KvY †_‡K bvMwi‡Ki AvPvi-AvPiY we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges
mgvRweÁv‡bi `„wófw½MZ cv_©‡K¨i g~‡j Av‡Q, gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKvav‡i mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK mËvi Dcw¯’wZ|
4| cÖK…wZMZ cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁv‡bi g‡a¨ cÖK…wZMZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| †cŠibxwZ I
mykvm‡bi cÖK…wZ e¨envwiK hv g~jZ me©e„nr mvgvwRK msMVb A_©vr iv‡óªi Kg©KvÛ wb‡q e¨vc„Z _v‡K|
5| Áv‡bi `ywU c„_K kvLv t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁvb nj Áv‡bi `ywU c„_K kvLv| †cŠibxwZ I
mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi d‡j ivóª I bvMwiKZv wel‡q Ávb jvf Kiv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K mgvRweÁvb Aa¨q‡bi d‡j
mgv‡Ri mvwe©K cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Kiv hvq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁv‡bi g‡a¨ wKQz ˆemv`„k¨ _vK‡jI Dfq kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨
m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ Nwbô I wbweo| G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK I mn‡hvMx| G‡`i †Kvb GKwU‡K ev` w`‡q bvMwi‡Ki mvwe©K
Kj¨vY m¤¢e bq|

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Gi mv‡_ mgvRweÁv‡bi m¤úK© wPwýZ Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁvb DfqB mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `ywU kvLv| welqe¯‘MZ I cwiwaMZ wKQz
ˆemv`„k¨ _vK‡jI Df‡qi m¤úK© AwewQbœ| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁvb G‡K Ac‡ii KvQ †_‡K ivóª I
mgvR m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ ZË¡, Z_¨ I DcvË msMÖn K‡i _v‡K| †mRb¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁvb G‡K
Ac‡ii cÖwZØ›Øx bq eis cwic~iK| mgvR I iv‡óªi mvwe©K Kj¨v‡bi Rb¨ GKRb bvMwi‡Ki †hgb †cŠibxwZ I
mykvm‡bi Ávb _vKv Avek¨K, †Zgwb mgvRweÁvb cv‡VI Zvi gb‡hvM _vKv evÃbxq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√) wPý w`b
1| "Sociology is the sceince of society or of social phenomena.”− Dw³wU K‡i‡Qb †K?
(K) Gd AvB MøvDW (L) Gj Gd IqvW©
(M) Gwi÷Uj (N) g¨vKvBfvi
2| mgvRweÁv‡bi g~j¨ Av‡jvP¨ welq wK?
(K) e¨w³ Rxeb (L) agx©q Rxeb
(M) ivóªxq Rxeb (N) mvgvwRK Rxeb
3| Áv‡bi †Kvb kvLv gvby‡li ivóªxq Rxeb m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv K‡i?
(K) †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (L) BwZnvm
(M) A_©bxwZ (N) bxwZkv¯¿
4| bvMwi‡Ki †Kvb ai‡bi Kvh©vewj †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb welqe¯‘?
(K) agx©q (L) mvgvwRK
(M) ivR‰bwZK (N) A_©‰bwZK

BDwbU GK c„ôv 14
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.7 †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ A_©bxwZi m¤úK© (Relations between Civics and
Good Governance and Economics)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ A_©bxwZ m¤úK© we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

A_©‰bwZK Rxebaviv, ev‡RU, RvZxqKiY, mgevq e¨e¯’v, ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨,

ciivóª bxwZ|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ A_©bxwZi m¤úK©
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZi m¤úK© Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi †P‡q †ewk my`„p| iv‡óªi bvMwi‡Ki ivR‰bwZK
NUbvcÖevn Ges A_©‰bwZK Rxebaviv BwZevPK n‡jB †Kej iv‡óª w¯’wZkxjZv weivR K‡i| ZvB Dfq kv‡¯¿i m¤úK©
AZ¨šÍ Nwbô|
mv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨mg~n wb¤œiƒct
1| Awfbœ jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ GK I Awfbœ| welq Avjv`v n‡jI
Df‡qi jÿ¨ nj Kj¨vYKi ivóª MVb I gvbeKj¨vY mvab Kiv| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewj,
bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, bvMwiKZv AR©b c×wZ BZ¨vw` Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi Dbœq‡b f~wgKv iv‡L|
A_©bxwZ bvMwiK‡`i Amxg Pvwn`vi gv‡S mxwgZ m¤ú`‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q wKfv‡e `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mvab
Kiv hvq †m wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
2| Awfbœ welqe¯‘ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZi welqe¯‘MZ AwfbœZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| mgv‡R we`¨gvb
cÖwZwU A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi †hgb ivR‰bwZK w`K i‡q‡Q †Zgwb ivR‰bwZK mgm¨viI A_©‰bwZK w`K i‡q‡Q|
m¤ú`, m¤ú‡`i Drcv`b I e›Ub e¨emv, ev‡RU, A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv, mgevq e¨e¯’v, RvZxqKiY, ˆe‡`wkK
evwYR¨, ciivóªbxwZ, RbmsL¨v mgm¨v BZ¨vw` welq wb‡q Dfq kv¯¿B Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
3| ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZ ci¯úi ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK| AvaywbK Kj¨vYg~jK
iv‡óª gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK Rxeb Mfxifv‡e m¤ú„³| GKwUi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ Ab¨wUi cwieZ©b
mvwaZ nq| G cÖm‡½ g¨vKvBfvi e‡jb, ÒcÖ‡Z¨K miKvi e¨e¯’vB Zvi Abyiƒc m¤úwË e¨e¯’v‡K msiÿY K‡i,
GKwUi cwieZ©b n‡j Ab¨wUiI cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq|
4| cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZv t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZ ci¯úi wbf©ikxj| AvaywbK iv‡óªi kvmb e¨e¯’vq
AwaKvsk Kvh©c×wZ A_©bxwZi mv‡_ mswkøó| ivóª I miKv‡ii mvdj¨ Ges AMÖMwZ wbf©i K‡i A_©‰bwZK mg„w×
I ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi Dci| G ai‡bi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡Y †h‡Kvb GKwUi †ÿ‡Î Aw¯’wZkxjZvi
Rb¨ iv‡óª wek„•Ljvi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡YB ejv nq †h, †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZ‡K wew”Qbœfv‡e
we‡ePbvq †bqvi my‡hvM †bB|
5| RbKj¨vY mvab t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZ Dfq kv‡¯¿i g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY mvab|
AvaywbK Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª‡K RbM‡Yi Kj¨vYv‡_© eûgyLx A_©‰bwZK Kg©cwiKíbv I Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z nq|
Gme Kg©-cwiKíbv cwiPvwjZ nq ivóª I miKvi KZ…K © | ZvB RbM‡Yi mvwe©K Kj¨vY mva‡b Dfq kv‡¯¿i
f~wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y|©
ˆemv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ ˆemv`„k¨mg~n wb¤œiƒct
1| welqe¯‘MZ cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb g~jZ ivóª, miKvi, bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ A_©vr bvMwiKZvi
mv‡_ RwoZ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, A_©bxwZi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡”Q gvby‡li mvgwMÖK
A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 15
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

2| c×wZMZ cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ c×wZMZ cv_©K¨ `„k¨gvb| †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi
Abykxjb c×wZ HwZnvwmK I Zzjbvg~jK| G c×wZ A‡bKUv ZvwË¡K ai‡bi| wKš‘ A_©bxwZi Abykxjb c×wZ
A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB MvwYwZK m~Î mswkøó|
3| ¸iæ‡Z¡i †ÿ‡Î cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb ivóª, miKvi, msweavb, bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, AvB‡bi
kvmb, Revew`wnZvi Dci me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K A_©bxwZ gvby‡li Avq, m¤ú`, Pvwn`v, e›Ub
ev‡RU, my`, †jvb, evRvi e¨e¯’v A_©vr mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ wKQz †ÿ‡Î cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI Df‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK©
AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Kix| Df‡qi mgwš^Z D‡`¨v‡M iv‡óªi Kj¨vY mvwaZ nq|

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Gi mv‡_ A_©bxwZi m¤úK© GZ wbweo nevi KviY wK?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `ywU kvLv| wKQz ˆemv`„k¨ _vK‡jI Df‡qi g‡a¨
m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ Nwbô| Dfq kv‡¯¿i g~j jÿ¨ nj bvMwi‡Ki mvwe©K Kj¨vY mvab Kiv| bvMwi‡Ki ivR‰bwZK I
A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡bi my¯úó aviYv cvIqv hvq Gi gva¨‡g| iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ w¯’wZkxj n‡j A_©‰bwZK
cwiw¯’wZ †hgb w¯’wZkxj nq, †Zgwb A_©‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ w¯’wZkxj n‡j ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZI w¯’wZkxj nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√) wPý w`b
1| gvby‡li Amxg Pvwn`vi gv‡S mxwgZ m¤ú`‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Dbœq‡bi c_ wb‡`©k K‡i †Kvb kv¯¿?
(K) †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (L) mgvRweÁvb
(M) A_©bxwZ (N) f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek
2| ÒcÖ‡Z¨K miKvi e¨e¯’vB Zvi Abyiƒc m¤úwË e¨e¯’v‡K msiÿY K‡i, GKwUi cwieZ©b n‡j Ab¨wUiI cwieZ©b
mvwaZ nqÓ− Dw³wU Kvi?
(K) Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj (L) Aa¨vcK g¨vKvBfvi
(M) Aa¨vcK dvBbvi (N) Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi
3| †Kvb wel‡qi Abykxjb c×wZ A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB MvwYwZK m~Î mswkøó?
(K) A_©bxwZ (L) evsjv
(M) mgvRweÁvb (N) mgvRKg©
4| †Kvb wel‡qi Abykxjb c×wZ HwZnvwmK?
(K) A_©bxwZ (L) mgvRweÁvb
(M) mgvRKg© (N) †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

BDwbU GK c„ôv 16
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.8 †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ bxwZkv‡¯¿i m¤úK© (Relations between Civics

and Good Governance and Ethics)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ bxwZkv‡¯¿i m¤úK© ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

bxwZkv¯¿, ˆbwZKZv, g~j¨‡eva, ixwZbxwZ|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ bxwZkv‡¯¿i m¤úK©

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb ivóª I iv‡óªi bvMwi‡Ki evwn¨K AvPiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, bxwZkv¯¿
bvMwi‡Ki ˆbwZKZv m¤^Üxq welqvewj Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| Dfq kv‡¯¿i D‡Ïk¨ RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY mvab Kiv|
†m‡ÿ‡Î †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges bxwZkv‡¯¿i m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ Nwbô|

mv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges bxwZkv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ weivRgvb mv`„k¨mg~n wb¤œiƒc t

1| Awfbœ jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges bxwZ kv‡¯¿i jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Awfbœ| †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi
g~j D‡Ïk¨ mybvMwiKZv AR©b| Ab¨w`‡K, bxwZkv‡¯¿i g~j D‡Ïk¨ bvMwiK‡`i ‰bwZKfv‡e DbœZ g‡bi gvbyl
M‡o †Zvjv| bvMwiK‡`i‡K b¨vq-Ab¨vq, mr-Amr, fv‡jv-g›`, DwPZ-AbywPZ m¤úwK©Z wkÿv †`q bxwZkv¯¿|
ZvB D‡Ïk¨MZ A‡_© Dfqkv‡¯¿i jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Awfbœ|
2| welqe¯‘MZ mv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges bxwZkv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ welqe¯‘MZ mv`„k¨ cwijwÿZ nq| †cŠibxwZ
I mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki AvPvi-AvPiY, AwaKvi, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K bxwZkv¯¿ gvby‡li
AvPiY, ˆbwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| ZvB Dfq kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ welqe¯‘MZ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
3| ci¯úi cwic~iK t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges bxwZkv¯¿ ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK| †h‡Kvb ˆbwZK Av`k© bvMwiK Øviv
¯^xK…Z n‡j ivóª mn‡RB †mUv‡K AvB‡b cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi ivóª KZ…K © M„nxZ n‡jI †Kvb AvBb
ˆbwZKZv we‡ivax n‡j RbMY Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| G cÖm‡½ wm †R d· (C. J. Fox) e‡jb, Òb¨vqbxwZi w`K
†_‡K hv Ab¨vq Zv ivR‰bwZK w`K †_‡K b¨vq n‡Z cv‡i bv|Ó
4| ci¯úi wbf©ikxj t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges bxwZkv¯¿ ci¯úi wbf©ikxj| Dfq kv‡¯¿i g~j jÿ¨ ˆbwZKZv I
mybvMwiKZvi Áv‡bi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY mvab| G cÖm‡½ AvBfi eªvDb (Ivor Brown) e‡jb,
ÒbxwZkv‡¯¿i aviYv ivR‰bwZK gZev` Qvov Am¤ú~Y© Ges bxwZkv‡¯¿i aviYv cÖwZdwjZ bv n‡j ivR‰bwZK
gZev` A_©nxb|Ó
ˆemv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges bxwZkv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆemv`„k¨mg~n wb¤œiƒc t
1| cwiwa I welqe¯‘MZ cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges bxwZkv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ welqe¯‘MZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi †P‡q bxwZkv‡¯¿i welqe¯‘ I cwiwa e¨vcK| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb gvby‡li evwn¨K AvPiY
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K bxwZkv¯¿ gvby‡li evwn¨K AvPi‡Yi cvkvcvwk wPšÍvMZ Ae¯’vb wb‡qI Av‡jvPbv
K‡i|
2| eva¨evaKZvi cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡b Av‡jvP¨ ivóªxq AvBb hv gvb¨ Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK| G AvBb Agvb¨
Ki‡j Zv‡K kvw¯Í †c‡Z nq| wKš‘ bxwZkv‡¯¿ Av‡jvP¨ ˆbwZK weavbvewj eva¨Zvg~jK bq|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 17
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

3| ¯’vb‡f‡` AvBb I ˆbwZKZv t †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi AšÍf~©³ ivóªxq AvBb mKj †`‡k GKB iKg bvI n‡Z
cv‡i| †hgb− A‡bK †`k g„Zz¨`Û weavb iwnZ K‡i‡Q| cÿvšÍ‡i, A‡bK †`‡k g„Zz¨`Û Pvjy Av‡Q| bxwZkv‡¯¿i
AšÍf©~³ wewa-weavb¸‡jv c„w_exi mKj †`‡k cÖvq GKB iKg|
4| wfwËi †ÿ‡Î cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi g~j wfwË nj ivR‰bwZK| ˆbwZKZvi ¯’vb GLv‡b
my`„p bq| Ab¨w`‡K, bxwZkv‡¯¿i AšÍf©~³ ˆbwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva mvgvwRK mg_©‡bi Dci cÖwZwôZ I ¯^xK…Z|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Dfq kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ wKQz ˆemv`„k¨ _vK‡jI Df‡qi m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ Mfxi| Dfq kv‡¯¿iB jÿ¨
gvbe Kj¨vY Kiv|

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Gi mv‡_ bxwZkv‡¯¿i m¤úK© GZ wbweo nevi KviY wK?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges bxwZ kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ welqMZ wKQz cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI, G‡`i g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ Nwbô|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡b Av‡jvwPZ bvMwi‡Ki AvPvi-AvPiY ivóªxq cÖwZôv‡bi, MVb I Kvh©vewj bxwZkv‡¯¿i Ici
cÖwZwôZ| bxwZkv¯¿ gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY, g~j¨‡eva I mvgvwRK b¨vq-Ab¨v‡qi gvb`Û| Dfq kv‡¯¿i Av‡jvP¨
welq nj gvbyl I gvby‡li AvPiY‡K b¨vq‡ev‡ai wfwˇZ cÖwZôv Kiv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.8
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√) wPý w`b
1| Òb¨vq bxwZi w`K †_‡K hv Ab¨vq Zv ivR‰bwZK w`K †_‡K b¨vq n‡Z cv‡i bv|Ó− Dw³wU †K K‡i‡Qb?
(K) AvBfi eªvDb (L) wm †R d·
(M) g¨vKvBfvi (N) jW© A¨vKUb
2| ÒbxwZkv‡¯¿i aviYv ivR‰bwZK gZev` Qvov Am¤ú~Y© Ges bxwZkv‡¯¿i aviYv cÖwZdwjZ bv n‡j ivR‰bwZK
gZev` A_©nxb|Ó− Dw³wU †K K‡i‡Qb?
(K) Avi Gg g¨vKvBfvi (L) †Rgm wgj
(M) AvBfi eªvDb (N) Avi wR †M‡Uj
3| bvMwi‡Ki evwn¨K AvPiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i †Kvb kv¯¿?
(K) †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (L) bxwZkv¯¿
(M) mgvRweÁvb (N) A_©bxwZ
4| ˆbwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i †Kvb kv¯¿?
(K) †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (L) mgvRweÁvb
(M) f~‡Mvj (N) bxwZkv¯¿
5| †Kvb AvBb gvb¨ Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK?
(K) mvgvwRK AvBb (L) ivóªxq AvBb
(M) mvsMVwbK AvBb (N) †KvbwUB bq

BDwbU GK c„ôv 18
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.9 †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ †jvK cÖkvm‡bi m¤úK© (Relations between Civics
and Good Governance and Public Administration)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ †jvK cÖkvm‡bi m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Rbkw³, m¤ú`, myôz msMVb, e¨e¯’vcbv, iv‡óªi DrcwË, AvgjvZš¿, mybvMwiKZv,

RbKj¨vY|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ †jvK cÖkvm‡bi m¤úK©

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvmb mgvRweÁv‡bi AšÍf~©³ `ywU c„_K kvLv| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
bvMwiK I iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K †jvK cÖkvmb miKv‡ii Kvh©vewj I D‡Ïk¨
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Rbkw³ Ges m¤ú‡`i myôz msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv K‡i _v‡K| †mRb¨ Dfq kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ Nwbô m¤úK©
i‡q‡Q|
mv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvm‡bi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨mg~n wb¤œiƒc t
1| DrcwËMZ mv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvm‡bi g‡a¨ DrcwËMZ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| Dfq kv¯¿B
AZx‡Z mgvRweÁv‡bi AšÍf©~³ wQj| GKch©v‡q mgvRweÁvb †_‡K †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvmb
c„_K n‡q hvq|
2| ci¯úi wbf©ikxj t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvmb ci¯úi wbf©ikxj| bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi cÖwZôv Kiv
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi g~j jÿ¨; Z‡e †jvK cÖkvmb Ávb Qvov Zv ev¯Íevqb Kiv hvq bv| Avevi †jvK cÖkvmb
miKv‡ii wewfbœ wewa-weavb ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g bvMwi‡Ki Rxebgvb DbœZ K‡i| Avi G‡ÿ‡Î †cŠibxwZ I
mykvmb kv‡¯¿ civgk© GKvšÍ Avek¨K|
3| Av‡jvP¨ wel‡q mv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvm‡bi g‡a¨ Av‡jvP¨ welqMZ mv`„k¨ we`¨gvb|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb ivóª, iv‡óªi DrcwË, msMVb, e¨e¯’vcbv, AvgjvZš¿ BZ¨vw` welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K †jvK cÖkvmb iv‡óªi Gme cÖwZôvb I msMVb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K|
4| Avek¨KZvq mv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvm‡bi Avek¨KZvq mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| AvaywbK
Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi Rb¨ †jvK cÖkvm‡bi Ávb I AwfÁZv †hgb `iKvi †Zgwb `iKvi †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi
civgk©| ZvB †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvmb mykvmb ev¯Íevqb I RbKj¨v‡Yi wewfbœ wel‡q wb‡`©kbv
w`‡q _v‡K|
ˆemv`„k¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvm‡bi g‡a¨ ˆemv`„k¨mg~n wb¤œiƒc t
1| D‡Ïk¨MZ cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvm‡bi g‡a¨ D‡Ïk¨MZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| †cŠibxwZ I
mykvm‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi c×wZ, bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, mybvMwiKZv Ges ivóªxq Rxe‡b
mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv| Ab¨w`‡K †jvK cÖkvm‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ nj miKvwi wm×všÍ I bxwZi ev¯Íevqb|
2| cwiwaMZ cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvm‡bi g‡a¨ cwiwaMZ cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq| †jvK
cÖkvm‡bi cwiwa A‡cÿv †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa e¨vcK| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb ivóª, miKvi, bvMwiKZv
m¤úKx©q welqvewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K †jvK cÖkvmb cÖavbZ ivóªxq wewfbœ bxwZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
K‡i|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 19
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

3| ÿgZvMZ cv_©K¨ t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvm‡bi g‡a¨ ÿgZvMZ cv_©K¨ `„k¨gvb| †cŠibxwZ I
mykvmb n‡”Q A‡bKUv PP©vi welq| Ab¨w`‡K, †jvK cÖkvmb nj cÖv‡qvwMK welq| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb ÿgZvi
bvbv welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K †jvK cÖkvmb g~jZ: cÖkvmb‡Kw›`ªK Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Dfq kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ wKQz wel‡q cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI Dfq kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Nwbô m¤úK©|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi w`K wb‡`©kbv I civgk© Ges †jvK cÖkvm‡bi ev¯ÍweK cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi h_vh_ Kj¨vY
m¤¢e|

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Gi mv‡_ ‡jvK cªkvm‡bi m¤úK© wPwýZ Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvmb DfqB mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi `ywU kvLv| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b GB `yB kv¯¿ c„_K
avivq cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q gvÎ| †h kv¯¿ bvMwiKZv I iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK w`K wb‡q we‡kølY K‡i Zv‡K †cŠibxwZ I
mykvmb e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K, miKv‡ii Kvh©vewj Ges D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Rbkw³ I m¤ú‡`i myôz msMVb I
e¨e¯’vcbv nj †jvK cÖkvmb| ZvB DfqB kv¯¿ G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK n‡q iv‡óªi Dbœqb cwiKíbv‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ
K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.9
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√) wPý w`b
1| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges †jvK cÖkvmb †Kvb wel‡qi AšÍf©~³?
(K) mgvRweÁvb (L) A_©bxwZ
(M) BwZnvm (N) bxwZkv¯¿
2| miKv‡ii bxwZ I D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevqb K‡i−
(K) †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (L) †jvK cÖkvmb
(M) A_©bxwZ (N) BwZnvm
3| †jvK cÖkvm‡bi cÖK…wZ wKiƒc?
(K) KvíwbK (L) evwn¨K
(M) ev¯ÍewfwËK (N) †KvbwUB bq

BDwbU GK c„ôv 20
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
K. eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1| †cŠibxwZi I mykvm‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq nj−
(i) mykvmb (ii) iv‡óªi DrcwË I weKvk (iii) e¨emvwqK gybvdv AR©b cÖwµqv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
2| mykvmb kãwU mg_©b K‡i−
(i) gvbevwaKv‡ii wbðqZv (ii) ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvM (iii) kvmK I kvwm‡Zi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb mym¤úK©
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU coyb Ges 3bs I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b:

ivqnvb gvngy` wbqwgZ Ki cwi‡kva K‡ib| Zvi D‡Ïk¨ †`k I RvwZi Kj¨v‡Yi cvkvcvwk cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri ¯^”QZv I
Revew`wnZv iÿv Kiv|
3| ivqnvb gvngy` wbqwgZ Ki cwi‡kv‡ai Ávb AR©b K‡i‡Qb †Kvb kv¯¿ †_‡K?
(K) A_©bxwZ (L) BwZnvm
(M) †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (N) bxwZkv¯¿
4| ivqnvb gvngy‡`i ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZvi D‡Ïk¨−
(i) mykvmb cÖwZôv (ii) AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv (iii) gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii
(M) i I ii (N) i, ii I iii
5| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV Ki‡j−
(i) ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv e„w× cvq
(ii) D`vi `„wófw½ AR©b nq
(iii) mykvmb cÖwZôv nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
6| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb GKwU−
(i) w¯’wZkxj mvgvwRK weÁvb
(ii) MwZkxj mvgvwRK weÁvb
(iii) MwZkxj ivóªweÁvb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii
(M) iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU GK c„ôv 21
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU coyb Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b t

1| †mvgv ˆgÎ GKRb wkÿK| wZwb QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i bvMwiK AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv †bqvi Dc‡i
¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, cÖ‡Z¨K‡K wbR wbR iv‡óªi Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk wek¦ mf¨Zvi Dbœq‡b KvR Ki‡Z
n‡e| Z‡eB †`k I wek¦ GwM‡q hv‡e DbœwZi wkL‡i|
(K) †cŠibxwZi msÁv w`b|
(L) †cŠibxwZ‡K bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb ejv nq †Kb?
(M) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wel‡q aviYv †bIqvi Rb¨ †mvgv ˆgÎ wkÿv_x©‡`i †Kvb wel‡qi ÁvbvR©b Kivi K_v e‡jb?
e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wel‡qi Ávb wek¦mf¨Zvi Dbœq‡b f~wgKv ivL‡e − Avcwb wK GKgZ? Avcbvi Dˇii
¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|
2| GKv`k †kÖwYi cwVZe¨ welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU welq mvbwR`v LvZz‡bi Lye fv‡jv jv‡M| GB welqwU‡Z bvMwiK
I bMiivóª wb‡q Av‡jvPbv nq| K¬v‡m KvRx m‡ivqvi m¨vi hLb my›`ifv‡e bvMwiK AwaKvi, KZ©e¨, mvg¨,
¯^vaxbZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib, ZLb †m wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb wba©viY KiviI †Póv K‡i|
(K) Civitas k‡ãi A_© Kx?
(L) †cŠibxwZ ej‡Z wK ‡evSvq?
(M) DÏxc‡Ki m‡ivqvi m¨v‡ii K¬vm mvbwR`v‡K AvK…ó K‡i †Kb? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) Òïay mvbwR`v LvZzb bq− mKj bvMwiKB Giƒc welq Aa¨qb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|Ó Avcwb wK GKgZ? we‡kølY
Kiæb|
3| Zvbfxi Avn‡g` GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki bvMwiK| †`kwU‡Z AvB‡bi kvm‡bi Abycw¯’wZ, ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv,
`ybx©wZ, mš¿vm, gvbm¤§Z wkÿvi Afvemn bvbvwea mgm¨v we`¨gvb| eZ©gvb mg‡q †`kwUi MYZš¿gbv
ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv Gme mgm¨vi mgvav‡b †ek AvMÖnx| Ggb Kx †`kwUi m‡PZb RbMYI G e¨vcv‡i
BwZevPK|
(K) mykvmb Kx?
(L) AvB‡bi kvmb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
(M) Zvbfxi Avn‡g‡`i †`kwU‡Z Kxfv‡e mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) mykvmb cÖwZôv †Kb evavMÖ¯Í nq? Avcbvi gZvgZ w`b|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.1 t 1| K 2| M 3| K 4| M 5| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.2 t 1| K 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.3 t 1| L 2| N 3| L 4| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.4 t 1| L 2| N 3| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.5 t 1| L 2| M 3| L 4| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.6 t 1| L 2| M 3| N 4| K 5| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.7 t 1| M 2| L 3| K 4| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.8 t 1| L 2| M 3| K 4| N 5| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.9 t 1| K 2| L 3| M
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb t 1| K 2| M 3| K 4| M 5| N 6| L

BDwbU GK c„ôv 22