BDwbU

ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡
3
evOvwj Z_v evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi BwZnvm mij ˆiwLK bq| ¯^vaxbZvKvgx‡`i‡K KLbI †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q
we‡`kx‡`i; Avevi KL‡bv ev †`kxq P‡µi| evOvwji BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q weªwUk‡`i weiæ‡× A`g¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi
BwZnvm, cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK P‡µi weiæ‡× 1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †MŠiegq Muv_v, hv ‡c‡q‡Q AvšÍR©vwZK
gvZ…fvlvi ¯^xK…wZ, 1971 mv‡ji gnvb gyw³hy‡×i mvnmx BwZnvm BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`k 1971 mv‡j RvwZi RbK
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i| GB ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi exR ecb Kiv n‡q‡Q `xN©Kvj
c~‡e©B| cjvkxi cÖvšÍ‡i beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjvi civR‡qi ci weªwUkiv G‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K civaxbZvi wkK‡j †eu‡a
†d‡j| †m wkKj fv½vi Rb¨ hy‡Mi ci hyM e‡iY¨ e¨w³iv jovB-msMªvg K‡i‡Q| G BDwb‡U G ai‡bi K‡qKRb
msMÖvgx e¨w³‡Z¡i Rxeb, Kg© I Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-1: nvRx kixqZzjøvn&
cvV-2: knx` wZZzgxi
cvV-3: bIqve Ave`yj jwZd
cvV-4: †`keÜz wPËiÄb `vk
cvV-5: beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn
cvV-6: †k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj nK
cvV-7: gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx
cvV-8: †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x©
cvV-9: gv÷vi`v m~h©‡mb
cvV-10: †bZvwR myfvl P›`ª emy
cvV-11: e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cvV-3.1 nvRx kixqZyjøvn& (1781-1840)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 nvRx kixqZyjøvn&i Rxeb e„ËvšÍ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 nvRx kixqZyjøvn&i Av`k© m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 nvRx kixqZyjøvn&i Ae`vb wbiæcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã civaxbZv, gymwjg m¤úª`vq, HK¨e×, Iqvnvwe gZev`, div‡qwR

1757 mv‡j cjvkx‡Z beve wmivR D‡ÏŠjvi civR‡qi ci weªwUkiv G‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K civaxbZvi wkK‡j
†eu‡a †d‡j| wkKj fv½vi KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ hy‡Mi ci hyM ‡h me e¨w³ jovB-msMªvg K‡i †M‡Qb nvRx
kixqZyjøvn Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb| nvRx kixqZyjøvn&B cÖ_g Dcjwä K‡ib †h weªwUk †kvlY I Drcxo‡bi Kej †_‡K
†invB †c‡Z n‡j GLvbKvi gymwjg m¤úª`vq‡K HK¨e× kw³iƒ‡c `uvov‡Z n‡e| Avi G Kvi‡Y div‡qwR I
Iqvnvwe‡`i Av`‡k© DØyy× n‡q wZwb GKwU Bmjvgx ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK †`b| nvRx kixqZyjøvn&i Av`‡k©i cªwZ
wb¤œweË gymjgvb †ckvRxex †kÖYxmg~n AvK„ó nq| `wi`ª ivqZ, K…lK, ZuvZx I †Zjx m¤úª`vq ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e Zuvi
cZvKvZ‡j R‡ov nq|
nvRx kixqZyjøvn&i Rxeb e„ËvšÍ
nvRx kixqZyjøvn 1781 mv‡j dwi`cyi †Rjvi gv`vixcyi gnKzgvi AšÍM©Z kvgvBj MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z
Zuvi bvgvbymv‡i kwiqZcyi †Rjvi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvÎ AvU eQi eq‡m wcZv‡K nviv‡bvi ci PvPvi ZË¡veav‡b
cÖwZcvwjZ nb kixqZyjøvn&| KjKvZv I ûMjx‡Z cÖv_wgK wkÿvjv‡fi ci wZwb AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m g°v Mgb
K‡ib| wZwb `xN© wek eQi g°vq Ae¯’vb K‡ib| †mLv‡b Ae¯’vbKv‡j wZwb Iqvnvwe gZev‡`i cÖwZ AvK…ó nb|
Iqvnvwe gZev‡`i wfwˇZB nvRx kixqZyjøvn& Zuvi ms¯‹vig~jK Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡ib| mgvR I ag©xq ms¯‹vig~jK
GB Av‡›`vjb GK ch©v‡q AZ¨vPvix Rwg`vi‡`i †kvlY n‡Z K…lK‡`i gy³ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cwiPvwjZ nq| nvRx
kixqZyjøvn&i Av‡›`vjb cieZ©x‡Z Õdiv‡qwR Av‡›`vjbÕ bv‡g cwiwPwZ cvq| div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡gB wZwb
weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i weiæ‡× Avg„Zy¨ ‡mv”Pvi _v‡Kb| 1840 mv‡j kixqZyjøvn g„Zy¨eiY Ki‡j, cyÎ `y`y wgqv
div‡qwR‡`i †bZ„Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib|
nvRx kixqZyjøvn&i Ae`vb
div‡qwR gZv`k©: nvRx kixqZyjøvn ZrKvjxb Avi‡ei Invwe‡`i Av`†k© DØy× n‡q Bmjvgx kvmbe¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi
gvb‡m GKwU Bmjvgx ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK †`b| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h we‡`kx Òweag©x‡`iÓ ivR‡Z¡ Bmjvgx
Rxeb e¨e¯’vi c~Y©v½ weKvk m¤¢e bq| wZwb g‡b K‡ib Drcxo‡bi Kej †_‡K †invB †c‡Z n‡j gymwjg m¤úª`vq‡K
HK¨e× kw³iƒ‡c `uvov‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨ Bmjvg a‡g©i Aek¨ cvjbxq KZ©e¨mg~n Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡e| Avjøvn KZ©„K
wb‡`©wkZ Aek¨ cvjbxq ag©xq KZ©e¨mg~n‡K diR ejv nq| kixqZyjøvn gymjgvb‡`i ¯’vbxq †jvKvPvi cvj‡bi
we‡ivax wQ‡jb| weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i weiæ‡× ‡mv”Pvi n‡q, Aek¨ cvjbxq ag©xq KZ©e¨mg~n‡K Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z
nvRx kwiqZDjøvn div‡qwR gZv`k© cÖwZwôZ K‡ib|
mvg¨ I åvZ„Z:¡ nvRx kixqZyjøvn ag©xq wPšÍvi cvkvcvwk gymwjg mgvR wb‡q wPšÍv-fvebv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wek¦vm
Ki‡Zb ‡h gymwjg mgv‡R Amvg¨ I eY© ev †kÖYx‡f‡`i †Kvb RvqMv †bB|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 92

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb Bmjvgx a‡g©i wfwˇZ n‡jI GK ch©v‡q G‡m
GwU GKwU ivR‰bwZK cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vj‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡qwQj| cÖK„Zc‡ÿ bxjKi I Rwg`vi‡`i Drcxo‡b
gymjgvb K…lK m¤úª`vq hLb RR©wiZ ZLb GB m¤úª`vq‡K msNe× I mymsnZ kw³iƒ‡c cÖwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨ nvRx
kixqZyjøvn &D`vË Avnevb Rvbvb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b nvRx kixqZyjøvn&i Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc

Iqvnvwe gZev‡` `xwÿZ nvRx kixqZzjøvn evsjvi `wi`ª gymjgvb K…lK I kÖgRxex gvbyl‡K weªwUk Dcwb‡ewkK
kvm‡Ki Ryjyg †_‡K evuvPv‡bvi msMÖvg K‡ib| kixqZzjøvn Dcwb‡e‡ki weiæ‡× jovB‡K agx©q ï×Zvev‡`i mv‡_
hy³ K‡ib|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| nvRx kixqZyjøvn †Kvb gZev‡` wkÿv MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb?
(K) wkqv (L) mywbœ
(M) mywd (N) Iqvnvwe
2| div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQjÑ
i. mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ
ii. gymjgvb‡`i ag©gyLx Kiv
iii. kvmK‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii cÖwZev` Kiv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
3| nvRx kixqZyjøvn †Kvb †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
(K) XvKv (L) PÆMÖvg
M) dwi`cyi N) gv`vixcyi

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 93

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cvV-3.2 knx` wZZzgxi (1782-1831)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 knx` wZZzgx‡ii Rxeb e„ËvšÍ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 knx` wZZzgx‡ii wPšÍv-†PZbv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 knx` wZZzgx‡ii weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb Ges evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi GKwU m¤úK© †`L‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ms¯‹vi, cÖwZ‡iva ce©, bxjKi, Rwg`vi. ag©ms¯‹viK, euv‡ki †Kjøv|

¯’vbxq Rwg`vi I bxjKi‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii weiæ‡× weªwUk kvm‡bi cÖv_wgK c‡e© cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjv
Ab¨Zg GK bvg wZZzgxi| wb¤œe‡M©i gvbyl‡K m‡½ wb‡q evsjv‡K weªwUk kvmb †_‡K gy³ Kivi mvnmx
GK jovB M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb wZZzgxi|
knx` wZZzgx‡ii Rxeb e„ËvšÍ
knx` wZZzgx‡ii cÖK…Z bvg mvBwq` gxi wbmvi Avjx| 1782 Lªx÷v‡ã cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvi evivmvZ
gnKzgvi AšÍM©Z Puv`cyi (gZvšÍ‡i nvq`vicyi) MÖv‡g wZZzgxi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ‡QvU‡ejvB Zuvi Pwi‡Î `ywU ˆewk‡ó¨i
mgv‡ek N‡UwQj| GKw`‡K wZwb wQ‡jb ag©cÖvY,mZ¨wbô I Aciw`‡K Amgmvnmx| MÖv‡gi g³‡e cÖv_wgK wkÿv
mgvß K‡i wZZzgxi ¯’vbxq GK gv`ªvmvq cov‡kvbv K‡ib| Aviwe I dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ GKw`‡K †hgb Zuvi wQj `ÿZv,
Aciw`‡K wQj Mfxi AbyivM| wZwb Bmjvwg kv‡¯¿ cwÛZ wQ‡jb| gv`ªvmvq Aa¨qbKv‡j wZZzgxi GKRb `ÿ
Kzw¯ÍMxi wn‡m‡eI L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| wewkó gjøexi wn‡m‡e Zuvi L¨vwZ wQj e‡j wZwb b`xqvi Rwg`v‡ii jvwVqvj
evwnbxi AwabvqK c` jvf K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb I Rwg`vi †kÖYxi Drcxo‡b wech©¯Í gymjgvb
Rbmvavi‡Yi fv‡M¨vbœq‡bi Rb¨ ‡Póv Ges weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ K‡ib| wZZzgxi 1831
mv‡ji 19 b‡f¤^i bvi‡Kjevwoqvq Bs‡iR evwnbxi weiæ‡× jovB‡q knx` nb|
wPšÍv-†PZbvi weKvk
‡QvU‡ejv †_‡KB Aviwe I dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ wZZzgx‡ii ‡ek `ÿZv wQj| 1822 mv‡j Pwjøk eQi eq‡m wZZzgxi
nReªZ cvj‡bi Rb¨ g°v kixd hvb Ges †mLv‡b weL¨vZ Bmjvwg ag©ms¯‹viK I Iqvnvwe Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv ‰mq`
Avng` †e‡ijfxi mvwbœa¨ jvf K‡ib| 1827 mv‡j gIjvbv †e‡ijfxi gZv`‡k© `xÿvMÖn‡Yi ci wZwb ¯^‡`‡k
cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i Bmjvg a‡g©i cÖPviKv‡h© AvZ¥œwb‡qvM K‡ib| wZZzgxi g‡b Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib †h, Bmjvg‡K Zvi c~e©
†MŠi‡e cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_gZ Bmjvgx Rxeb e¨e¯’v Kv‡qg Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q Zuvi Av‡›`vj‡bi jÿ¨
mvgvwRK I ag©xq ms¯‹vi n‡jI, Zv ax‡i-ax‡i bxjKi, AZ¨vPvix Rwg`vi Ges m‡e©vcwi weªwUk kvmb †_‡K evsjvi
gvbyl‡K gy³ Kivi Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc †bq|
wZZzgx‡ii Ae`vb
wZZzgx‡ii msMÖvg GKw`‡K wQj Jcwb‡ewkK kvmK †kÖYxi weiæ‡×, Aciw`‡K wQj †kvlK †kÖYx A_©vr Rwg`vi f~-
¯^vgx‡`i weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva msMÖvg| wZZzgxi hLb †_‡K we‡`kx AvwacZ¨gy³ mgvRe¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi Rb¨ mwµq n‡q
I‡Vb, wVK ZLbB Jcwb‡ewkK kvmK‡Mvôx I †`kxq †kvlK-DrcxoK †kÖYx Zuvi c‡_ evav m„wó Ki‡Z _v‡K|
GgZve¯’vq, mvnmx wZZzgxi Kv‡qgx ¯^v_©P‡µi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvnx n‡q I‡Vb Ges cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡jb| DbœZ
iY‡KŠkj I gviYv‡¯¿ mymw¾Z Bs‡iR evwnbxi weiæ‡× msMÖvg Kivi Rb¨, wZZzgxi 1831 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 94

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

bvi‡Kjevwoqvq GK euv‡ki †Kjøv wbg©vY K‡ib| G ch©v‡q wZZzgxi wb‡R‡K Ôev`kvÕ †NvlYv K‡ib| b‡f¤^i gv‡mi
gvSvgvwS‡Z Bs‡iR evwnbx wZZzgx‡ii evwnbxi Dci AvµgY Pvjvq| 19 b‡f¤^I wZwb knx` nb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR wZZzgx‡ii Rxeb e„ËvšÍ eY©bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc

weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g w`KKvi Ab¨Zg cy‡ivav e¨w³Z¡ wZZzgxi| Dcwb‡ewkK kvmK I Zv‡`i †`kxq
P‡µi weiæ‡× wZZzgx‡ii jovB Avgv‡`i BwZnv‡mi GK Abb¨ Aa¨vq| 1831 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡i wZZzgxi
bvi‡Kjevwoqvq evu‡ki †Kjøv wbg©vY K‡i weªwUk cÖwZ‡iva jovB‡q AeZxY© nb| Amg GB jovB‡q wZZzgxi knx`
nb| wZZzgx‡ii GB cÖwZ‡iva jovB evOvwji Rb¨ GK Acwimxg Aby‡cÖiYvi Drm|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| euv‡ki †Kjøv †K wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb?
(K) m¨vi mwjgyjøvn (L) bIqve Ave`yj jwZd
(M) knx` wZZzwgi (N) ˆmq` Avn‡g`
2| wZZzwgi Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb K‡i knx` nb| Zuvi Av‡›`vj‡bi g~javiv Kx wQj?
(K) wn›`y‡`i `gb Kiv (L) Bmjvg cÖwZôv Kiv
(M) A_© DcvR©b Kiv (N) Bs‡iR kvmb cÖwZ‡iva Kiv
3| wZZzwg‡ii Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ RwoZÑ
i. wkÿv we¯Ív‡i AbyK‚j †PZbv m„wó
ii. Rwg`vi I bxjKi‡`i we‡ivwaZv
iii. Bs‡iR kvmb we‡ivaxZv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

(K) i I ii
(L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii
(N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 95

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cvV-3.3 bIqve Ave`yj jwZd (1828-1893)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 bIqve Ave`yj jwZ‡di Av`k© m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 bIqvi Ave`yj jwZ‡di Rxeb e„ËvšÍ ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 bIqvi Ave`yj jwZ‡di ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã mn‡hvMx, bxjKi, gymwjg mgvR, ms¯‹vi

Ewbk kZ‡K evsjvi aŸs‡mvb¥yL gymwjg mgv‡Ri cybiæ¾xe‡bi Kv‡R huviv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb
bIqve Ave`yj jwZd Lvb evnv`yi wQ‡jb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| wZwb div‡qwR I Iqvnvwe Av‡›`vj‡bi
mv‡_ wØgZ †cvlY Ki‡Zb| bIqve jwZd eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h, msMÖv‡gi c‡_ wM‡q bq eis Bs‡iwR wkÿvMÖnY I
Bs‡iR ivRkw³i m‡½ mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g gymwjg‡`i cybiæ¾xweZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi Zvn‡jB G Rbc‡`i gymwjg
mgv‡Ri GKw`b gyw³ NU‡e| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, Ave`yj jwZd ¯^‡`‡ki ivRbxwZK ¯^v‡_© GB Rbc‡`i wewfbœ m¤úª`vq‡K
eÜz‡Z¡i e܇b Ave× Ki‡Z m`v m‡Pó †_‡K‡QbI e‡U| Avgiv hw` 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡×i wcQ‡bi
AbyNUK¸‡jv‡K Dcjwä Kivi †Póv Kwi, Zvn‡j †`Le †h e½eÜzmn Ab¨vb¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i g‡a¨ D`vi MYZš¿, msm`xq
e¨e¯’v, ¯’vbxq ¯^vqZ¡kvmb BZ¨vw` cvðvZ¨ e¨e¯’v m¤úwK©Z aviYv cÖejfv‡e i‡q‡Q| Zuviv GUv wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, G
mKj e¨e¯’vi cÖvwZôvwbKxKi‡Yi g‡a¨B G A‡ji gvby‡li gyw³ Avm‡e| Avi G D`vi MYZš¿, msm`xq e¨e¯’v,
¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvmb BZ¨vw` gZv`k© I kvmbe¨e¯’vi mv‡_ gymwjg mgv‡Ri cwiPq NUv‡bvi Rb¨ beve Avãyj jwZd
mvivRxeb AK¬všÍ cÖqvm Pvwj‡q‡Qb| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, Bs‡iwR wkÿvi gva¨‡g Ges weªwUk miKvi e¨e¯’vi
KvQvKvwQ †_‡KB G Rbc‡`i wcwQ‡q cov gymwjg mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ AvaywbKvqb cªwµqv engvb Kiv m¤¢e| e¯‘Z G
A‡j gymwjg mgv‡R wkwÿZ ga¨weË †kÖwY wn‡m‡e M‡o IVvi ‡ÿ‡Î beve Ave`yj jwZ‡di Ae`vb A‡bK|
bIqve Ave`yj jwZ‡di Rxeb e„ËvšÍ
bIqve Ave`yj jwZd 1828 m‡b dwi`cyi †Rjvi ivRvcy‡i GK m¤£všÍ gymwjg cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Ave`yj
jwZ‡di evev wQ‡jb GKRb AvBbRxex| m‡PZb gvbyl wn‡m‡e jwZ‡di evev †Q‡j‡K Aviwei mv‡_ mv‡_ Bs‡iwR
fvlvq wkwÿZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ KjKvZv gv`ªvmvq fwZ© K‡ib| KjKvZv gv`ªvmvq D”P wkÿvjv‡fi ci gvÎ Dwbk eQi
eq‡m GB cÖwZôv‡b wkÿKZv ïiæ K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb 1849 mv‡j †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU wbhy³ nb| wZwb wQ‡jb
cÖ_g miKvwi Avgjv whwb bxjKi‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii nvZ †_‡K bxj Pvlx‡`i iÿvq GwM‡q Av‡mb| Ave`yj jwZd
wewfbœ mg‡q miKv‡ii wewfbœ c‡` PvKwi K‡i‡Qb| GQvovI wZwb fzcv‡ji bev‡ei `iev‡i wKQzKvj cÖavbgš¿xi c‡`
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb| 1884 mv‡j miKvwi PvKwi †_‡K wZwb Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| 1893 mv‡ji 10 RyjvB bIqve
Ave`yj jwZ‡di Rxebvemvb nq|
bIqve Ave`yj jwZ‡di ivRbxwZ wPšÍv
ivR‰bwZK c×wZ wel‡q Ave`yj jwZd †h c_ wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb, Zv c~e©eZ©x gymwjg ag©xq-mvgvwRK †bZ„e„‡›`i
Abym„Z c×wZ †_‡K ¯^Zš¿| wZwb cÖwZ‡iva I msMÖv‡gi c_ eR©b K‡i Av‡cvl I mn‡hvwMZvi c‡_ jÿ¨ AR©‡b
wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi cªwZ Bs‡iR miKv‡ii weiƒc g‡bvfve eyS‡Z †c‡i wZwb e¨w_Z nb| G weiƒc
g‡bvfve cÖkwgZ Kivi R‡b¨ wZwb †gvUvgywUfv‡e wZbwU jÿ¨ w¯’i K‡ib| jÿ¨ wZbwU n‡”Q-
K) gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi cÖwZ Bs‡iR miKv‡ii we‡Ølfve `~ixKiY

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 96

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

L) gymwjg mgv‡Ri DbœwZ I AMÖMwZi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnY

M) wn›`y I gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ ‰gÎx cÖwZôv
bIqve Ave`yj jwZ‡di Dc‡iv³ c`‡ÿc¸wj we‡kølY Ki‡j †evSv hv‡e †h, wZwb g~jZ Bs‡iR miKv‡ii mv‡_
mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi Av_©-mvgvwRK gyw³ Ges wn›`y-gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ ‰gÎx cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g
HK¨e× nIqvi ZvwM` w`‡q‡Qb|
Ave`yj jwZd eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb ‡h, Bs‡iwR wkÿvMÖnY I Bs‡iR ivRkw³i m‡½ mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g cÖ_‡g
gymwjg‡`i cybiæ¾xweZ Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j, G Rbc‡`i gymwjg‡`i gyw³ †Kvbw`bI m¤¢e n‡e bv| Ave`yj jwZd
¯^‡`‡ki ¯^v‡_© GB Rbc‡`i wewfbœ m¤úª`vq‡K eÜz‡Z¡i e܇b Ave× Ki‡ZI m‡Pó †_‡K‡Qb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR gymwjg mgvR m¤ú‡K© bIqve Avãyyj jwZ‡di a¨vb-aviYv eY©bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
Ewbk kZ‡Ki gymwjg cybR©vMi‡Yi Av‡›`vj‡b †h KqRb ms¯‹viK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib bIqve Ave`yj
jwZd Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| wZwb div‡qwR ev Invwe Av‡›`vj‡bi auv‡P bq; eis mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve wb‡q
Bs‡iR‡`i AvbyKj¨ jv‡fi gva¨‡g weªwUk kvmbvax‡b gymjgvb‡`i iÿv Kivi †Póv K‡ib| wZwb †`L‡jb †h,
gymjgvb‡`i me‡P‡q eo `~e©jZv wkÿv †ÿ‡Î| Bs‡iwR wkÿvq gymwjgiv G‡Kev‡iB AbMÖmi| ZvB wZwb
gymjgvb‡`i wkwÿZ Ki‡Z 1867 mv‡j †gvnv‡gWvb wjUvivwi †mvmvBwU ¯’vcb K‡ib| G Qvov bxjKi‡`i nvZ
†_‡K K…lK‡`i iÿvi ZvwM‡` GKRb g¨vwR‡÷ªU wn‡m‡e cÖkvmwbK c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡ib| evsjvi gymwjg mgv‡R
GKwU wkwÿZ ga¨weË †kÖYx wn‡m‡e M‡o IVvi ‡ÿ‡Î bIqve Ave`yj jwZ‡di Ae`vb ¸iæZ¡c~Y|©

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| bIqvi Ave`yj jwZd Kv‡`i Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` K‡ib?
(K) mvgwiK evwnbx (L) cywjk
(M) bxjKi (N) Avgjv
2| bIqve Ave`yj jwZd Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_ gymwjg‡`i Kx ai‡bi m¤úK© PvB‡Zb?
(K) mn‡hvwMZvg~jK (L) wew”QbœZvev`x
(M) N„bvg~jK (N) †KvbwUB bq
3| bIqvi Ave`yj jwZd †Kv_vq we`¨vjvf K‡ib?
(K) KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq (L) KjKvZv gv`ªvmv
(M) †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡jR (N) XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 97

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cvV-3.4 †`keÜz wPËiÄb `vk (1870-1925)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †`keÜz wPËiÄb `v‡ki Rxeb I Kg© m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †`keÜz wPËiÄb `v‡ki ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ivR‰bwZK wbôv, kvmbZvwš¿K ms¯‹vi, Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb, wek¦kvwšÍ, ¯^ivR cvwU©,

gyL¨ kã
†e½j c¨v±|

Dcgnv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z Mfxi wbôv I †`k‡cÖ‡gi Rb¨ wPËiÄb `vk‡K †`keÜz AvL¨v †`Iqv nq|
†`keÜz wPËiÄb `vk wQ‡jb GKRb we‡jZ †diZ e¨vwi÷vi| we‡j‡Z cov‡jLv Kivi mgqB wZwb
fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm `‡ji Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvZv `v`vfvB bI‡ivwRi mvwbœ‡a¨ Av‡mb| ejv hvq, Zuvi cÖZ¨ÿ
ivRbxwZi nv‡ZLwo n‡qwQj `v`vfvB bI‡ivwRi mvwbœ‡a¨ G‡m| ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi †Mvov †_‡K wZwb Bs‡iR
Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡ibwb| wPËiÄb `vk Bs‡iR kvmK‡Mvôxi wbg©gZv I Ackvm‡bi we‡ivwaZv
K‡i‡Qb Zxeªfv‡e| ivRbxwZ‡Z wPËiÄb `vk gnvZ¥v MvÜxi mv‡_ _vK‡jI bvbvb wel‡q we‡kl K‡i wbe©vP‡b
AskMÖnY msµvšÍ e¨vcv‡i wØgZ †cvlY K‡ib| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, AvBb cwil‡` †_‡KB miKv‡ii kvmbZvwš¿K
ms¯‹vi, AvBb, Aa¨v‡`k BZ¨vw`i we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr kÎæ‡K Nv‡qj Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †_‡KB
Ab¨vq, wbcxobg~jK Kv‡Ri we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z n‡e|
†`keÜz wPËiÄb `v‡ki Rxeb e„ËvšÍ
wm. Avi `vk bv‡gI cwiwPZ †`keÜz wPËiÄb `vk 1870 mv‡ji 5 b‡f¤^i KjKvZvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| KjKvZvq
Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jI Zuvi ‰cZ…K wbevm XvKv †Rjvi weµgcy‡ii AšÍM©Z ‡ZwjievM MÖv‡g| Zuvi wcZv fyeb‡gvnb `vm
KjKvZv nvB‡Kv‡Ui mwjwmUvi I eªvþmgv‡Ri †bZv wQ‡jb| fevbxcy‡ii jÛb wgkbvix †mvmvBwU ¯‹yj †_‡K 1886
mv‡j G›UªvÝ cvk Kivi ci wPËiÄb `vk KjKvZvi †cÖwm‡WÝx K‡jR †_‡K we. G. wWMÖx jvf K‡ib| Gici
D”PZi wkÿvjv‡fi Rb¨ wZwb Bsj¨v‡Û Mgb K‡ib Ges 1894 mv‡j wZwb e¨vwi÷vwi cixÿv cvk K‡i ¯^‡`‡k
cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib| wesk kZvãxi ïiæi w`K †_‡K wZwb ivRbxwZ‡Z RwoZ nb| Abykxjb mwgwZ I e½f½ we‡ivax
Kvh©µ‡g wZwb hy³ wQ‡jb| Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb PjvKv‡j gnvZœv MvÜxi Wv‡K mvov w`‡q wZwb jvfRbK AvBbRxwei
†ckv cwiZ¨vM K‡i ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û Av‡iv †ekx †mv”Pvi n‡q I‡Vb| wKš‘ MvÜx Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb ¯’wMZ
Ki‡j wm.Avi `vk wm×všÍwU‡K ¸iæZi fzj e‡j wb›`v K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb Ks‡MÖm Z¨vM K‡i ¯^ivR cvwU© MVb
K‡ib| ÿYRb¥v GB †`keÜz 1925 mv‡ji 16 Ryb Amy¯’ Ae¯’vq `vwR©wjs‡q †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib|
†`keÜz wPËiÄb `v‡ki ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv
wPËiÄb `vk ¯^ivR AR©‡bi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb‡K me©v‡cÿv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c_ g‡b Ki‡jI, wbqgZvwš¿K c×wZi ¸iæZ¡I
wZwb ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| MvÜxRxi b¨vq wZwbI Awnsm cš’vq ¯^‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi cÿcvZx wQ‡jb| ivR‰bwZK
Rxe‡b wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb †h weªwUk miKvi we‡ivax Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbvi me©v‡cÿv Dchy³ ¯’vb n‡jv AvBb cwil`|
A_©vr wZwb ¯^‡`‡k Bs‡iR kvmbe¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b mg_©b Ki‡Zb bv wVKB wKš‘ g‡b Ki‡Zb Bs‡iR cÖewZ©Z AvBb
mfvi Af¨šÍ‡i †_‡KB weªwUk miKvi we‡ivax Pvc m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡¤œ wPËiÄb `v‡ki Av‡iv wKQz ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv
Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 98

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

 RvZxqZvev`‡K wPËiÄb `vk wek¦ kvwšÍi †mvcvb g‡b Ki‡Zb| RvZxqZvev`x ‡PZbvq DØy× n‡qB wZwb ¯^ivR
Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb fviZxq‡`i Dci Pvwc‡q ‡`Iqv weªwUk cÖwZôvb †Kvbw`bI
G‡`‡ki gvby‡li fv‡M¨vbœqb NUv‡Z cvi‡e bv|
 wPËiÄb `vk msm`xq miKvi‡K `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi wn‡m‡e g‡b Ki‡Zb| KviY cÖwZwbwa mgš^‡q MwVZ msm`B
Rbmvavi‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•Lv ev¯Íevq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ h_vh_ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 wPËiÄb `v‡ki mg‡q fviZe‡l©i ivRbxwZ‡Z †h mgm¨vwU AZ¨šÍ cÖKU wQj Zv n‡jv wn›`y-gymwjg HK¨ mgm¨v|
wZwb Mfxifv‡e Dcjwä K‡ib †h wn›`y-gymwjg HK¨ mgm¨v wRB‡q †i‡L ¯^ivR Av‡›`vj‡bi MšÍ‡e¨ †cuŠQv‡bv
A‡bK KwVb n‡e| Avi ZvB 1923 mv‡j AbywôZ wbe©vP‡bi c~‡e© wZwb wbR cÖ‡`‡k gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi mv‡_
GKwU Pzw³ K‡ib hv Õ‡e½j c¨v±Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ| Õ‡e½j c¨v±Õ G miKvwi PvKzwi‡Z gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ kZKiv
55 fvM Avmb msiÿ‡Yi K_v ejv nq| hZw`b gymjgvbiv 55 kZvs‡k bv †cuŠQvq, ZZw`b ch©šÍ †gvU miKvwi
PvKzwii 80 fvM gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ msiÿ‡Yi K_v ejv nq|
†`keÜz wPËiÄb `vk ¯^‡`‡ki K…wó I HwZn¨‡K wbM~pfv‡e fvj‡e‡m‡Qb| wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb weï× evOvwj| ¯^ivR
cvwU© MVb, ‡e½j c¨v± Gi gZ D‡`¨vM¸wj wb‡q G Rbc‡`i ivRbxwZ‡K Amv¤úª`vwqK avivq cÖevwnZ Ki‡Z m‡Pó
nb wPËiÄb `vk|

wkÿv_©xi KvR wPËiÄb `v‡ki ivR‰bwZK Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
ivR‰bwZK wbôv I Mfxi †`k‡cÖ‡gi Rb¨ GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki RbMY wPËiÄb `vk‡K †`keÜz Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ
K‡i| GKRb we‡jZ †diZ e¨vwi÷vi nIqv m‡Ë¡I weªwUk‡`i weiæ‡× wQj Zuvi Abp Ae¯’vb| wZwb ivR‰bwZK
Rxe‡bi ïiæ †_‡KB Bs‡iR Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡ibwb| Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb PjvKv‡j gnvZœv
MvÜxi Wv‡K mvov w`‡q wZwb jvfRbK AvBbRxwei †ckv cwiZ¨vM K‡i ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û AviI †ewk †mv”Pvi
n‡q ‡`k‡cÖ‡gi A‡gvN ¯^vÿi iv‡Lb| Ô‡e½j c¨v±Õ †`keÜzi Amv¤úª`vwqK wP‡Ëi Abb¨ D`vniY|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †e½j c¨v‡±i iƒcKvi †K?
(K) cwÛZ gwZjvj †b‡niæ (L) gnvZ¥v MvÜx
(M) †`keÜz wPËiÄb `vk (N) gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx
2| †`keÜz bv‡g L¨vZ †K?
(K) dRjyj nK (L) wPËiÄb `vk
(M) Avãyj jwZd (N) myfvm P›`ª emy
3| †e½j c¨v± nj-
i. wn›`y-gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ m¤cÖxwZ evov‡bvi †Póv
iii. wn›`y-gymwjg HK¨ e„w×
iii. wn›`y-gymwjg‡`i g‡a¨ mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv evov‡bv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 99

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cvV-3.5 beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn (1871-1915)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvni Rxeb e„ËvšÍ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvni ivRbxwZi †ÿ‡Î Ae`vb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv-ms¯‹…wZ I gvbe †mevq Zuvi Ae`vb ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã e½f½, gymwjg jxM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, gymwjg m¤úª`vq, b¨vh¨, wkÿv we¯Ívi

XvKvi weL¨vZ beve cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jI wPšÍv I PvwiwÎK ‰ewk‡ó¨i w`K w`‡q beve m¨vi LvRv
mwjgyjøvn wQ‡jb A‡b‡Ki †_‡K Avjv`v| ‡QvU‡ejv †_‡KB ‡gavex beve mwjgyjøvn evsjvi cðvrc`
gymwjg mgv‡Ri `ytL-`y`©kv wb‡q †f‡e‡Qb| 1905 mv‡j e½f½ n‡j wZwb Lywk n‡qwQ‡jb GB †f‡e †h, GB
e½f‡½i gva¨‡g G A‡ji `~`©kvMÖ¯Í gymjgvb‡`i miKvwi I cÖkvmwbK myweav cvIqvi wKQzUv n‡jI my‡hvM m„wó
n‡e| 1911 mv‡j e½f½ i` Kiv n‡j wZwb e½f½ i‡`i weiæ‡× ivR‰bwZK e³e¨ w`‡Z _v‡Kb Ges ej‡Z _v‡Kb
†h e½f‡½i gva¨‡g weªwUk miKvi gymjgvb‡`i b¨vh¨ AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ †h Øvi Ly‡jwQj †mUvI eÜ K‡i
w`‡q‡Q| weªwUk miKvi‡K mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ my‡hvM-myweav Av`v‡qi cÿcvwZ wQ‡jb wZwb|
beve mwjgyjøvn gymjgvb‡`i ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ c„_K wbe©vP‡bi wfwˇZ wewfbœ ¯^kvwmZ ¯’vbxq ms¯’v
I AvBbmfvq cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi Rb¨ `vex Zz‡jwQ‡jb|
beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn Gi Rxeb e„ËvšÍ
1871 mv‡ji 7 Ryb XvKvi weL¨vZ beve cwiev‡i LvRv mwjgyjøvn Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg beve LvRv
AvnmvbDjøvn| LvRv mwjgyjøvn bevex cwiev‡ii weË-‰ef‡ei g‡a¨ †e‡o DV‡jI wPšÍv-‡PZbvq wQ‡jb Avjv`v|
beve cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ mwjgyjøvn wQ‡jb me‡P‡q Av‡jvwPZ ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡| ‡hŠebKv‡j wZwb wKQzKvj †WcywU
g¨vwR‡÷ªU wn‡m‡e miKvwi PvKzwi Ki‡jI c‡i PvKzwi‡Z B¯Ídv w`‡q mgvRKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R AvZœwb‡qvM K‡ib|
1901 mv‡j Zuvi wcZvi g„Zz¨ n‡j †R¨ô cyÎ wn‡m‡e wZwb bev‡ei c`mn cvwievwiK KZ©Z¡ jvf K‡ib| e¨w³MZ
Rxe‡b wZwb mr, mvnmx I avwg©K wQ‡jb| beve mwjgyjøvn 1915 mv‡ji 16 Rvbyqvwi KjKvZvq gviv hvb|
beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvni ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv I Kg©KvÛ
1905 mv‡j e½f½ n‡j wZwb Lywk n‡qwQ‡jb GUv †f‡e †h e½f‡½i gva¨‡g G A‡ji `y`©kvMÖ¯Í gymjgvb‡`i
Dbœq‡bi Øvi wKQzUv n‡jI Lyj‡e| ïay e½f½B bq, G Rbc‡`i gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© mswkøó †h‡Kvb ivR‰bwZK
e¨vcv‡iB wZwb AvMÖnx wQ‡jb|
e½f½ I beve mwjgyjøvn
beve mwjgyjøvn 1905 mv‡ji e½f‡½i c‡i XvKv bZyb cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx n‡j `viæY Lywk n‡qwQ‡jb| cieZ©x‡Z
Ks‡MÖm e½f‡½i we‡ivwaZv Ki‡j wZwb e½wefvM wUwK‡q ivLvi c‡ÿ RbgZ M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ e¨vcK ZrciZv
Pvjvb| Ks‡MÖ‡mi Av‡›`vj‡bi Kv‡Q bwZ ¯^xKvi K‡i 1911 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m weªwUk miKvi e½f½ i` Ki‡j
beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn LyeB gg©vnZ nb|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 100

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

gymwjg jxM cÖwZôv I beve mwjgyjøvn

1906 mv‡j wW‡m¤^i XvKvq wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î beve mwjgyjøvn ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡Lb|
e½f‡½i c‡ÿ evsjvi evB‡ii gymjgvb‡`i mg_©b Av`v‡qi Avkvq gymwjg jxM cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ beve mwjgyjøvn
D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib| Aek¨ me©fviZxq ch©v‡q fvi‡Zi gymjgvb‡`i GKwU ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôv‡bi ZvwM` I wPšÍv-
fvebv e½f‡½i Av‡MI PjwQj| †m hv †nvK, beve mwjgyjøvn fvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K wewkó gymwjg †bZ…e„›`‡K
bZzb cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKvq GK Awa‡ek‡b wgwjZ K‡i wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM cÖwZôv K‡ib|
gymwjg ¯^v_© Aÿzbœ ivLvi Rb¨ beve mwjgyjøvn mKj cÖ‡`‡ki ¯^kvwmZ cÖwZôv‡b, ms¯’vq, AvBbmfvq gymjgvb‡`i
Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿ wbe©vPb `vwe K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡ÎI beve mwjgyjøvn bvbvgyLx Ae`vb iv‡Lb| GQvovI
gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi Av_©-mvgvwRK mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡b beve mwjgyjøvn AvRxeb bvbvgyLx f~wgKv ‡i‡L‡Qb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi Kj¨v‡Y beve mwjgyjøvni Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn mvivRxeb a‡iB evsjvi cðvrc` gymwjg mgv‡Ri `ytL-`y`©kv wb‡q †f‡e‡Qb| 1905 mv‡j
e½f½ n‡j wZwb Lywk n‡qwQ‡jb| mwjgyjøvn g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb e½f‡½i gva¨‡g G A‡ji `y`©kvMÖ¯Í gymjgvb‡`i
miKvwi I cÖkvmwbK myweav cvIqvi wKQzUv n‡jI my‡hvM m„wó n‡e| 1911 mv‡j e½f½ i` Kiv n‡j wZwb Gi
weiæ‡× ivR‰bwZK e³e¨ w`‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb e‡jb, e½f‡½i gva¨‡g weªwUk miKvi gymjgvb‡`i b¨vh¨ AwaKvi
cÖwZôvi Rb¨ †h Øvi Ly‡jwQj †mUvI eÜ K‡i w`j| beve mwjgyjøvn 1906 mv‡ji XvKvq wbwLj fviZ gymwjg
jxM cÖwZôvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib Ges G‡Z wZwb mdj nb| e¯‘Z: beve mwjgyjøvn mviv Rxeb gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi
Kj¨v‡Y bvbvgyLx f~wgKv †i‡L‡Qb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| beve mwjgyjøvi wcZvi bvg Kx?
(K) beve LvRv Avjxgyjøvn (L) beve LvRv nvweeyjøvn
(M) beve LvRv Avnmvb Djøvn (N) LvRv nvmvb AvkKvix
2| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôvq †K Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb?
(K) beve mwjgyjøvn (L) beve LvRv Avjxgyjøvn
(M) bevi wmivRD‡ÏŠjv (N) beve Avjxe`x© Lvb
3| gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ beve mwjgyjøvni me‡P‡q eo D‡`¨vM †KvbwU?
(K) wgU‡dvW© nvmcvZvj (L) me©fviZxq gymwjg jxM
(M) Avnmvb Djøvn BwÄwbqvwis ¯‹zj (N) †gvnv‡gWvb cÖwfwÝqvj BDwbqb

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 101

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cvV-3.6 †k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj nK (1873-1962)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj n‡Ki Rxeb e„ËvšÍ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj n‡Ki ivR‰bwZK Rxeb m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|
 K…lK-kÖwgK cÖRv‡`i Rb¨ Zuvi wewfbœ Ae`vb we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Rb`i`x, K…lK mgvR, Rwg`vwi, c„_Kivóª, e½xq AvBb mfv, wbwLj e½ cÖRvmwgwZ,
gyL¨ kã
jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve|
evOvwj RvwZmËv weKv‡k †h mKj ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡ AvRxeb msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb ‡k‡ievsjv Aveyj Kv‡kg
dRjyj nK Zv‡`i GKRb| Zuv‡K GKRb Rb`i`x ivRbxwZwe` wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| evsjvi
K…lK m¤úª`v‡qi `vwe-`vIqv ev¯Íevqb Kivi Rb¨ wZwb memgq Zrci _vK‡Zb| G Rb¨ Zuv‡K Ae‡nwjZ
K…lK mgv‡Ri †hvM¨ AwffveK wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| evsjvi mvaviY gvbyl Z_v K…l‡Ki Rxeb gv‡bvbœqb
Kivi Rb¨ wZwb wkÿvi AMÖMwZ‡Z h‡_ó f~wgKv †i‡L‡Qb| K…l‡Ki ¯^v_©iÿvi e¨vcviwU gv_vq †i‡LB Ges Zv‡`i‡K
AMÖvwaKvi w`‡Z wM‡qB G †K dRjyj nK 1935 mv‡j Zuvi m„ó ivR‰bwZK `‡ji bZzb bvgKiY K…lK cÖRv cvwU©
K‡ib| gnvRb I Rwg`vi‡`i AZ¨vPvi †_‡K K…lK‡`i gyw³`vb I Rwg`vwi e¨e¯’v D‡”Q` Kivi Rb¨ dRjyj n‡Ki
†bZ…‡Z¡ K…lK cÖRv cvwU© MY-Av‡›`vjb ch©šÍ K‡i‡Q| wZwb bvbvb mg‡q ivóªxq c‡` Avmxb _vKv Ae¯’vq me©bvkv
F‡Yi nvZ †_‡K K…lK‡`i iÿvi Rb¨ wewfbœ D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| wkÿvgš¿x _vKv Ae¯’vq G A‡ji gymjgvb‡`i
g‡a¨ wkÿv cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ wZwb cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi mg‡q e½xq AvBbmfvq cÖv_wgK wkÿv‡K
A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i AvBb cvk Kiv nq| evsjvi nZ`wi`ª cÖRvK~‡ji Rb¨ AvRxeb jovB K‡i‡Qb
‡k‡ievsjv| jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei DÌvcK wQ‡jb †k‡i evsjv Aveyj Kv‡kg dRjyj nK| GB jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei gva¨‡gB
cÖ_g evsjvi gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ Avjv`v iv‡óªi ¯^cœ †`Lv‡bv nq|
†k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj n‡Ki Rxeb e„ËvšÍ
1873 mv‡ji 26 A‡±vei †k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj nK e„nËi ewikvj †Rjvi ivRvcyi _vbvaxb mvZzwiqv MÖv‡g wbR
gvZzjvj‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi evevi evwo ewikv‡ji PvLvi| Zuvi wcZv KvRx Iqv‡R` wQ‡jb wewkó AvBbRxex|
dRjyj nK evj¨Kvj †_‡KB Zxÿè †gav kw³i cwiPq †`b| ZrKv‡j Rwg`v‡ii Ryjyg I Jcwb‡ewkK kvmK‡Mvôxi
†kvlY Zuvi AšÍ‡i gg©cxov m„wó K‡iwQj| dRjyj nK mvaviY gvby‡li `ytL-`y`©kv `viæYfv‡e Abyfe Ki‡Zb| Zuvi
mviv Rxe‡bi ivRbxwZi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ wQj mvaviY gvby‡li Kj¨vY mvab| dRjyj n‡Ki Kg©gq Rxeb wQj AZ¨šÍ
wewPÎ| Zuvi RxeÏkvq wZwb cwÎKv m¤úv`bv, AvBb e¨emv, Aa¨vcbv, miKvwi PvKwi Ges ivRbxwZ meB K‡i‡Qb|
1962 mv‡ji 27 GwcÖj wZwb gviv hvb|
†k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj n‡Ki ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv I Kg©KvÛ
wcwQ‡q cov gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ G ‡K dRjyj nK †K›`ªxq I cÖv‡`wkK
kvmbe¨e¯’vq mKj mgq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb| weªwUk kvmb Ges AevOvwj †bZ…‡Z¡i we‡ivwaZv wQj Zuvi
†PZbvg~‡j| K…lK-cÖRv mvaviY gvbyl wQj Zuvi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍvi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z| wn›`y-gymwjg wbwe©‡k‡l mKj
m¤úª`v‡qi Kv‡Q mgvb RbwcÖq wQ‡jb G ‡K dRjyj nK| wb‡¤œ †k‡i evsjv G †K dRjyj n‡Ki wKQz ivR‰bwZK
wPšÍv I Kg©KvÛ Zz‡j aiv nj-
 1916 mv‡ji wn›`y-gymjgvb Ôj‡ÿèŠ Pzw³Õ m¤úv`‡b wewkó f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb|
 1918-19 mv‡j Ks‡MÖ‡mi mvaviY m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 102

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

 1929 mv‡j wZwb ÔwbwLj e½ cÖRv mwgwZÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib, 1936 mv‡j hvi bZzb bvgKiY nq K…lK-cÖRv cvwU©|
 1930-1932 mv‡j jÛ‡b fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡ÿ †h ‡Mvj‡Uwej ˆeVK AbywôZ nq, †mLv‡b
wZwb AskMÖnY K‡ib Ges †Rviv‡jv e³e¨ iv‡Lb|
 1942 mv‡j mvgvb¨ K‡qK w`b ev‡`, 1937 †_‡K 1943 mvj ch©šÍ evsjvi gyL¨gš¿x Avmxb wQ‡jb|
 1940 mv‡j jv‡nv‡i wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jx‡Mi evwl©K Awa‡ek‡b evsjvi gyL¨gš¿x †k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj
nK HwZnvwmK jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib| G cÖ¯Ív‡e GKvwaK ¯^vaxb gymwjg ivóª MV‡bi K_v ejv n‡qwQj|
1942 mvj †_‡KB †k‡ievsjv mv¤úª`vwqK ÒwØRvwZ Z‡Ë¡iÓ †Rviv‡jv we‡ivaxZv ïiæ K‡ib|
†k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj nKB G Rbc‡`i ivRbxwZ‡Z Rwg`vi-AwfRvZ †bZ„‡Z¡i wPivPwiZ †eóbx †f‡½ †`b|
wZwb mvaviY gvby‡li Rb¨ ÔWvj-fvZÕ Kg©m~wP cÖeZ©b K‡ib|

wkÿv_©xi KvR ‡k‡ievsjvi ivR‰bwZK Rxeb Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
GKRb Rb`i`x, mvnmx I ewjô ivRbxwZwe` wn‡m‡e evsjvi K…lK, evsjvi gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ AvRxeb
msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb ‡k‡ievsjv Aveyj Kv‡kg dRjyj nK| evsjvi mvaviY gvbyl Z_v K…l‡Ki ¯^v_©iÿvi ZvwM‡`
dRjyj nK 1935 mv‡j Zuvi m„ó ivR‰bwZK `‡ji bZzb bvgKiY K‡ib K…lK cÖRv cvwU© | ‡RvZ`vi-gnvRb I
Rwg`vi‡`i AZ¨vPvi †_‡K K…lK‡`i gyw³`vb I Rwg`vwi e¨e¯’v D‡”Q` Kivi Rb¨ dRjyj n‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ K…lK
cÖRv cvwU© MY-Av‡›`vj‡b wjß n‡qwQj| fviZe‡l©i gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ GKvwaK Avjv`v iv‡óªi `vwe m¤^wjZ
Òjv‡nvi cÖ¯ÍveÓ DÌvcb K‡iwQ‡jb †k‡ievsjv| 1940 mv‡j G cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb Ki‡jI, 1942 mvj †_‡KB wZwb
mv¤úª`vwqK ÒwØRvwZ Z‡Ë¡iÓ we‡ivaxZv ïiæ K‡ib|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †k‡ievsjv G ‡K dRjyj nK KZ mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
(K) 1852 mv‡j (L) 1864 mv‡j
(M) 1873 mv‡j (N) 1881 mv‡j
2| K…lK‡`i ¯^v_© iÿvq G ‡K dRjyj nK-
i. FY mvwjmx †evW© ¯’vcb K‡ib
ii. cÖRv¯^Z¡ AvBb ms‡kvab K‡ib
iii. Wvj-fvZ Kg©m~wP Pvjy K‡ib
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
3| †k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj n‡Ki bvg Rwo‡q Av‡Q
(K) K…lK cÖRv cvwU© (L) XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
(M) fvlv Av‡›`vjb (N) Qq `dv

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 103

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cvV-3.7 gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx (1880-1976)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxi Rxeb-e„ËvšÍ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Zuvi mgKvjxb mgvR I ivRbxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxi ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|

gyL¨ kã mv¤ªvR¨ev`, gRjyg, K…lK-kÖwgK, AwaKvi, Amn‡hvM, gyw³hy×|

mvaviY gvby‡li fv‡M¨vbœq‡bi Rb¨ evsjvi †hme mšÍvb Avg„Zz¨ msMÖvg K‡i †M‡Qb Zuv‡`i Ab¨Zg gRjyg
Rb‡bZv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx| gIjvbv fvmvbx Ggb GK ivR‰bwZK †bZv wQ‡jb ÿgZvi gm&b`
hv‡K †Kvb w`b ekxf~Z Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| gIjvbv fvmvbxi Rb¥B n‡qwQj †hb evsjvi †L‡U LvIqv K…lK-kªwg‡Ki
AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Av‡›`vjb-msMÖv‡g RxebvwZcvZ Kivi Rb¨| Zuvi Av‡cvlnxb ivRbxwZi wcQ‡b wQj G Rbc‡`i
K…lK-RbZvi ¯^v_©| Zuvi ivR‰bwZK `k©b wQj Ae‡nwjZ mvaviY gvby‡li Kj¨vY I A_©‰bwZK gyw³| fvmvbx Ggb
GKRb ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡ whwb weªwUk fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb I evsjv‡`k G wZb iv‡óªiB ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û msMÖvgx
Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| gymwjg jx‡Mi ivRbxwZ‡Z f~wgKv ivLv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM cÖwZôv, hy³d«›U
MVb I b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU© (b¨vc) MVb BZ¨vw` ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û Abe`¨ Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb wZwb|
m‡e©vcwi, †Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b f~wgKv †i‡L Ges 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡× RvwZi RbK e½eÜz
†kL gywReyi ingvb‡K mg_©b `v‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡b Awe¯§iYxq Ae`vb iv‡Lb|
gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxi Rxeb e„ËvšÍ
gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx 1880 mv‡ji 12 wW‡m¤^i ZrKvjxb cvebv †Rjvi wmivRMÄ gnKzgv kn‡ii
A`~ieZ©x abcvov MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg wQj nvRx kivdZ Avjx Lvb| AwZ Aí eq‡m fvmvbx
wcZv-gvZv‡K nvivb| wcZv-gvZvi g„Zy¨i ci Av‡iv `yB fvB‡K nvwi‡q evjK Avãyj nvwg` Ii‡d †PKv wgqv Zuvi
PvPv Beªvwng Lv‡bi AvkÖ‡q †_‡K ¯’vbxq gv`ªvmvq wKQzKvj covïbv K‡ib| ZrKvjxb mgv‡Ri mvaviY gvby‡li `ytL
RR©wiZ Rxe‡bi m‡½ Zuvi cÖZ¨ÿ cwiPq wQj e‡j wZwb DrcxwoZ gvbeZvi Wv‡K `i`x eÜzi gZ mvov w`‡q‡Qb|
Uv½vB‡ji GKwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK wn‡m‡e Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib| weªwUk we‡ivax Amn‡hvM-‡LjvdZ
Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q fvmvbxi ivR‰bwZK Rxeb ïiæ nq| mvivRxeb wZwb wbcxwoZ gvby‡li Rb¨ jovB msMÖvg
K‡i †M‡Qb | fvmvbx 1976 mv‡ji 17 b‡f¤^i g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Uv½vB‡ji m‡šÍv‡l Zuv‡K mgvwnZ Kiv nq|
gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv I Kg©KvÛ
gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx‡K ÿgZvi †gvn KL‡bv Av”Qbœ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Zuvi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv I Kg©KvÛ
AvewZ©Z n‡q‡Q mvaviY gvby‡li gyw³‡K wN‡i| wZwb †kvlY I eÂbv †_‡K evsjvi wbcxwoZ gvbyl‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨
mviv Rxeb msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb|
 gIjvbv fvmvbx 1937 mv‡j gymwjg jx‡M †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B wZwb Avmvg gymwjg jx‡Mi
mfvcwZ nb|
 ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ív‡bi gymwjg jx‡Mi c~e© evsjvi ÿz× m`m¨iv 1949 mv‡ji 24 Ryb XvKvq AbywôZ m‡¤§j‡b
c~e© cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM cÖwZôv K‡i Ges GB bZzb ivR‰bwZK `jwUi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb gIjvbv
fvmvbx|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 104

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

 1952 mv‡ji 21†k †deªæqvwi ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vj‡b XvKvq cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z K‡qKRb QvÎ wbnZ n‡j fvmvbx GK
Zxeª cÖwZev`x wee„wZ †`b| cywjk Zuv‡K MÖv‡gi evwo †_‡K †MÖßvi K‡i †R‡j cvVvq|
 1954 mv‡ji cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`i wbe©vPb Dcj‡ÿ¨ AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e hy³d«›U bv‡g GKwU
we‡ivax `jxq †gvP©v MVb K‡ib| hy³d«›U wbe©vP‡b 228 wU Avmb jvf K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Avmb
143wU cÿvšÍ‡i ÿgZvmxb gymwjg jxM gvÎ 7 wU Avmb cvq|
 1957 mv‡j gIjvbv fvmvbx XvKvq cvwK¯Ív‡bi mKj evgcš’x `‡ji GKwU m‡¤§jb Avnevb K‡ib| GB
m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU© (b¨vc) bvgK bZzb GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MVb K‡ib| wZwb GB
`‡ji mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb|
 fvmvbx AvBqye miKvi‡K mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i †jRyo wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib Ges GB ‰¯^ikvm‡Ki Acmvi‡bi Rb¨ Zxeª
Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡jb| GB mg‡q e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi weiæ‡× `v‡qiK„Z gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi Ges
gyw³`v‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii Dci Pvc m„wó K‡ib|
 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy× mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ‡h Dc‡`óv KwgwU evbv‡bv nq fvmvbx †mB KwgwUi Ab¨Zg
m`m¨ wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
gIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx mviv Rxeb ivRbxwZ K‡i‡Qb †gnbZx gvbyl‡K †kvlK I cÖwZwµqvkxj P‡µi nxb
loh‡š¿i weiæ‡× ‡mv”Pvi K‡i †Zvjvi R‡b¨| Rxebfi ‡gnbZx gvby‡li m‡½ _vKvq Zuv‡K gRjyg Rb‡bZv †LZve
†`Iqv nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR gIjvbv fvmvbxi ivRbxwZi `k©b Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx wQ‡jb evsjvi †L‡U LvIqv gvby‡li AwaKvi Av`v‡qi GK mie ˆmwbK|
ÿgZvi gmb` KLbI Zuv‡K AvKl©Y K‡i wb| mvaviY gvby‡li cv‡k wZwb wQ‡jb m`v Xvj n‡q, eÜz n‡q| Avi G
Kvi‡Y gvIjvbv fvmvbx‡K ejv n‡q _v‡K ÔgRjyg Rb‡bZvÕ| wZwb mvivRxeb ivRbxwZ K‡i‡Qb †gnbZx gvbyl‡K
†kvlK I cÖwZwµqvkxj P‡µi nxb loh‡š¿i weiæ‡× ‡mv”Pvi K‡i †Zvjvi R‡b¨| Zuvi ivR‰bwZK `k©b wQj
Ae‡nwjZ mvaviY gvby‡li Kj¨vY I A_©‰bwZK gyw³|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| gIjvbv fvmvbxi gymwjg jx‡M †hvM`vb K‡ib KZ mv‡j?
(K) 1915 mv‡j (L) 1916 mv‡j
(M) 1917 mv‡j (N) 1937 mv‡j
2| 1949 mv‡j gIjvbv fvmvbx †Kvb `‡ji mfvcwZ nb?
(K) gymwjg jxM (L) RbZv cvwU©
(M) b¨vc (N) AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 105

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cvV-3.8 †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x (1892-1963)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©xi ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi cUf‚wg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©xi Rxeb I Kg© m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖwZfvevb, MYZš¿gbv, evOvwj RvZxqZvev`, Amv¤úª`vwqK, ALÛ, evsjv,
gyL¨ kã
msweavb|

fviZ wefv‡Mi cÖv°v‡j evsjv cÖ‡`‡ki gyL¨gš¿x †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi
cvkvcvwk ALÛ ¯^vaxb evsjv bv‡g Avi GKwU ivóª cÖwZôvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb 1949 mv‡j
cvwK¯Ív‡bi we‡ivax `j AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jb| cieZ©x‡Z G `jwUB
AvIqvgx jxM bvg aviY K‡i Ges evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i †bZ…Z¡ †`q| ïay ZvB bq GgbwK weªwUk-fvi‡ZI wZwb
GKRb Zz‡Lvo cÖwZfvevb ivR‰bwZK msMVK wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ †c‡qwQ‡jb| GKRb kÖwgK †bZv wn‡m‡e KjKvZvq
ivR‰bwZK Kg©Rxeb ïiæ Ki‡jI, Aí mg‡q wZwb †gnbwZ gvby‡li Rb¨ cÖvq 36wU †UªW BDwbqb M‡o †Zv‡jb|
wZwb 1921 mv‡j e½xq AvBb cwil‡`i me©Kwbô m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nb Ges AvBbmfvq RbM‡Yi AwaKv‡ii
cÖ‡kœ A‡bK ÁvbMf© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| ‡mvnivIqv`x©i †bZ…‡Z¡i Kvi‡YB 1946 mv‡j gymwjg jxM RbwcÖqZvi kx‡l©
Ae¯’vb K‡i| MYZvwš¿K ivRbxwZ I ixwZbxwZi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj †_‡K wZwb Avg„Zz¨ MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi msMÖv‡g †bZ…Z¡
w`‡q‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’cwZ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Zuvi ivR‰bwZK `xÿv ‡c‡qwQ‡jb knx` †mvnivIqv`x©i
KvQ †_‡K|
†nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©xi Rxeb e„ËvšÍ
1892 mv‡ji 8 †m‡Þ¤^i cwðge‡½i †gw`bxcy‡i m¤£všÍ GK cwiev‡i †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
Zuvi wcZv Rvwn` †mvnivIqv`©x wQ‡jb KwjKvZv nvB‡Kv‡U©i wePvicwZ| ‡mvnivIqv`©xi wkÿvRxeb wQj cvwievwiK
HwZ‡n¨i avivq c~Y© I ‰ewkó¨gwÐZ| wZwb weÁvb, A_©bxwZ, ivóªweÁvb I AvBbkv¯¿ BZ¨vw`‡Z AMva cvwÛZ¨ AR©b
K‡ib| 1918 mv‡j wZwb we‡jZ †_‡K evi-GU-j cixÿv cvk K‡i ¯^‡`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb| †`‡k wd‡i wZwb ¯^í
mg‡qi g‡a¨B KwjKvZvi GKRb bvgKiv AvBbRxwe Ges weÁ ivRbxwZwe` wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv cvb| Gici †_‡K ïiæ
K‡i wZwb Rxe‡bi AwaKvsk mgq AvBb e¨emv I ivRbxwZ K‡i KvwU‡q‡Qb|
†nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©xi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv I Kg©KvÛ
1921 m‡b e½xq e¨e¯’vcK cwil‡`i m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nevi ci †`keÜz wPËiÄb `v‡mi Amv¤úª`vwqK gvbwmKZv,
D`vi `„wófw½ I Mfxi †`k‡cÖg Øviv †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x `viæYfv‡e AbycÖvwYZ nb| AmvaviY e¨w³Z¡,
ivR‰bwZK cÖÁv, `~i`wk©Zv I evwM¥Zvi e‡j wZwb GKRb DuPz`‡ii ivRbxwZwe` wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q I‡Vb|
Ae‡nwjZ I AmsMwVZ gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi ¯^v_© I AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ ‡mvnivIqv`x me©`v m‡Pó †_‡K‡Qb|
†nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x mviv Rxeb a‡i †P‡qwQ‡jb †h G Rbc‡` cvðvZ¨ auv‡Pi MYZvwš¿K cÖwZôvb M‡o DVzK;
hvi gva¨‡g gvby‡li gyw³ NU‡e| wb‡¤œ †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©xi Av‡iv ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv I ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ
Zz‡j aiv nj-
 1921 mv‡j knx` †mvnivIqv`©x e½xq AvBb cwil‡` me©Kwbô m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nb|
 wZwb weªwUk kvmb Aemv‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wn›`y-gymwjg HK¨ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ 1923 mv‡j ‡`keÜz wPËiÄb `vk Gi
†bZ…‡Z¡ Ô†e½j c¨v±Õ Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡Lb|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 106

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

 1937 mv‡j wZwb gymwjg jx‡M †hvM †`b|

 knx` †mvnivIqv`©x fvi‡Z weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb Aemv‡bi cÖv°v‡j fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvkvcvwk GKwU
ALÛ ¯^vaxb evsjv ivóª cÖwZôvi ¯^cœ †`‡LwQ‡jb|
 1949 mv‡ji AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM MV‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡Lb|
 cvwK¯Ív‡b 1956 mv‡j †h msweavb cÖYqb nq Zvi wcQ‡bI knx` †mvnivIqv`©xi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv Av‡Q|
 wZwb g~jZ GKRb ev¯Íeev`x ivRbxwZwe` wQ‡jb| fviZ wefv‡Mi c~‡e© wZwb gymjgvb‡`i cðvrc`Zvi Rb¨
c„_K wbe©vP‡bi mg_©b w`‡Zb| wKš‘ cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci wZwb RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l †hŠ_ wbe©vP‡bi mg_©b
w`‡Zb|
 1956-1957 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
 †mvnivIqv`x© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ cvjbmn wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ cÖvwZôvwbK c‡` Avmxb †_‡K‡Qb|
GQvovI cy‡ivav ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡ †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x mvivRxeb GKRb `~i`„wóm¤úbœ msMVK wn‡m‡e
wewfbœ msMVb m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x©i ivR‰bwZK Rxeb Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc

MYZvwš¿K ivRbxwZ I ixwZbxwZi cÖwZ ‡nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ kÖ×vkxj| wZwb Avg„Zz¨ MYZš¿
cÖwZôvi msMÖv‡g †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb| AmvaviY e¨w³Z¡, ivR‰bwZK cÖÁv, `~i`wk©Zv I evwM¥Zvi e‡j wZwb GKRb
cÖfvekvjx ivRbxwZwe` wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q I‡Vb| Ae‡nwjZ I AmsMwVZ gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi ¯^v_© I AwaKvi
Av`v‡qi Rb¨ wZwb me©`v m‡Pó †_‡K‡Qb| AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvZvI wZwb| cieZ©x‡Z G
`jwUB AvIqvgx jxM bvg aviY K‡i Ges evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i †bZ…Z¡ †`q| RvwZi RbK e½eÜzi †h
ivR‰bwZK `xÿv Zv †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©xi KvQ †_‡K wZwb †c‡qwQ‡jb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.8
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †mvnivIqv`x †Kvb `‡ji Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvZv?
(K) Ks‡MÖm (L) gymwjg jxM
(M) AvIqvgx jxM (N) K…lK-cÖRv cvwU©
2| †mvnivIqv`©x †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
(K) †gw`bxcyi L) ea©gvb
(M) KjKvZv N) XvKv

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 107

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cvV-3.9 gv÷vi`v m~h©‡mb (1894-1934)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 gv÷vi`v m~h‡© m‡bi Gi Rxeb-Av`k© I msMÖv‡gi cUf‚wg ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gv÷vi`v m~h‡© m‡bi ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wbcxoY, mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iva, wecøex, A¯¿vMvi jyÚb

weªwUk kvm‡bi nvZ †_‡K fviZel©‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨ hviv Rxeb w`‡q‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ gv÷vi`v
m~h©‡m‡bi bvg AMÖMY¨| m~h©‡mb †ckvq wQ‡jb GKRb wkÿK| ZvB Zuv‡K m¤§vb cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ ejv nZ
gv÷vi`v m~h©‡mb| QvÎRxeb †_‡KB fviZe‡l©i Mixe-`ytLx gvby‡li `ytL-Kó Zuv‡K e¨vw_Z K‡i †Zv‡j| ivR‰bwZK
`j Ks‡MÖ‡mi PUªMÖvg A‡ji †bZv wn‡m‡e wZwb wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û Zrci n‡q I‡Vb| wKš‘ Zv‡Z Zuvi wPË
kvšÍ nq wb| fviZe‡l©i †kvwlZ gvby‡li Dci weªwUk miKv‡ii wbcxob `ªæZ e‡Üi Rb¨ wZwb mk¯¿ msMÖv‡gi
ivRbxwZ ‡e‡Q †bb| m~h©‡mb g‡b Ki‡Zb wecøe Qvov weªwUk‡`i fviZel© †_‡K miv‡bvi ¯^cœ my`~i civnZ| m~h©‡mb
Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸‡Y A‡bK ZiæY-ZiæYx‡`i msMwVZ Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb Ges mk¯¿ msMÖvgx evwnbxi m`m¨ Ki‡Z
†c‡iwQ‡jb| GB mk¯¿ msMÖvgx‡`i mv‡_ wb‡qB 1930 mv‡ji GwcÖj gvm †_‡K fviZe‡l©i ¯^vaxbZvi j‡ÿ¨
gv÷vi`v weªwUk‡`i Dci AvµgY Pvjv‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| 1933 mv‡ji 16 †deªæqvwi wZwb †MÖdZvi nb| 1934 mv‡ji
12 †deªæqvwi m~h©‡mb‡K duvwm †`qv nq|
gv÷vi`v m~h©‡m‡bi Rxeb e„ËvšÍ
gv÷vi`v m~h©‡mb ১৮৯৪ সােল চ ােমর রাউজান থানার না াপা া ােম Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi েরা নাম য মার
সন। বাবা রাজমিন সন এবং মা শশীবালা দবী। m~h©‡m‡bi evev †ckvq wQ‡jb GKRb wkÿK| m~h‡© mb ানী
দ াম ী িব ালে াথিমক িশ ার পর না াপা া উ ইংেরিজ িব ালে অ ম িণ পয cov‡kvbv কেরন| ১৯১২
সােল চ াম াশনাল হাই ল থেক েবিশকা পরী া উ ীণ হে চ াম কেলেজ ভিত হন।

য েসন যখন না াপা া উ ইংেরিজ িব ালে র ছা তখন ব ভ েক (১৯০৫) ক কের বাংলা েদশী আে ালন
হ । েম এই আে ালন we‡kl K‡i PUªMÖvg GjvKvq িব বী আে ালেন প ন । ১৯১৬ সােল িশদাবােদর
বহরম র নাথ কেলেজ িব.এ. িণেত পড়াকালীন িশ ক শতীশচ চ বত ক ক ব িবক আদেশ দীি ত হন
m~h‡© mb। m~h©‡mb চ ােম িফের িগে ি শ িবেরাধী GKwU িব বী দল গে তালার িস া নন।
gv÷vi`v m~h©‡m‡bi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv I ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ
m~h‡© m‡bi wkÿK অ াপক শতীশচ চ বত গা র নামক িব বী দেলর সে িছেলন। বাংলােদেশ িব বীরা তখন
অ শীলন ও গা র এই ই দেল িবভ িছেলন। 1918 mv‡j বহরম র থেক িফের এেস য েসন Ô গা রÕ দেল যাগ
িদে সংগঠন েক সি কের তােলন এবং িববাদমান দল ই েক ঐক ব করার চ া কেরন। েম তাঁর দলই
চ ােম সি হে ওেঠ। ১৯১৯ সােলর পা ােবর জািল ানও ালাবােগর হত াকাে র িতবােদ চ ােমর ছা রা াস
বজনসহ সভা-সমােবশ কের। সভা য েসন তাঁর ব ৃতা ি শ িবেরাধী মেনাভাব জািগে লেত স ম হন। GK
ch©v‡q অসহেযাগ আে ালেন জি ে c‡o িতিন েলর িশ কতা ত াগ কেরন এবং দও ানবাজার এলাকা Ôসা মÕ
নােম আ ম িত া কেরb| Ôসা মÕ থেকই কংে েসর কাজ ও গাপেন িব বীেদর কম কা পিরচালনা করেত থােকন
m~h©‡mb। MvÜxi Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Øviv ¯^ivR AR©b e¨_© হেলও নরা সংঘব হে ি শ রাজে র অবসােন

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 108

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

সংক ব হ । চ ােমর িব বx‡`i msMwVZ K‡ib মা ার`v। GK ch©v‡q m~h‡© mb †MÖdZvi nb Ges ১৯২৮ সােলর
শষ িদেক ি পে নরা িব বীেদর সংগ ত করার কাজ কেরন। চ ােম িতিন ‘ইি ান িরপাবিলকান আিম ’
এর এক শাখা গে তােলন।
১৯২৯ সােল চ ােমর জলা কংে েসর সে লেন য েসন স াদক পেদ িনব ািচত হন। GB m‡¤§j‡b Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb
myfvl P›`ª emy| G mg‡q wewfbœ িবে াভ িমিছল ও িব ex কায েমর পিরক নাI wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z _v‡Kb| ১৯৩০ সােলর
22 এি েলর সশ িবে াহ Ges A¯¿vMvi jy‡Ui NUbv িছল য েসেনর ন ে িব বীেদর `xN©w`‡bi cwiKíbvi ফসল।
১৯৩২ সােলর ন মােস ীিতলতা Iqv‡Ï`vi ও ক না দ েক চ াম কারাগার িডনামাইট িদে উি ে দবার িনেদ শ
দান কেরন। িক স পিরক না থ হ । c‡i ২৪ সে র তািরেখ ীিতলতা পাহা তলী ইউেরাপী ান ােব সফল
আ মণ চালান| G mgq cÖxwZjZv ¸wjwe× nb Ges সা ানাইড খে আ হত া কেরন। G NUbvi ci gv÷vi`v
cwUqv GjvKvi ˆMivjv MÖv‡g AvZœ‡Mvcb K‡ib| GKRb MÖvgevmxi wek¦vmNvZKZvq 1933 mv‡ji 16 ‡deªæqvwi
gv÷vi`v †MÖdZvi nb| c‡ii eQi 12 ‡deyªqvwi Zvui duvwm nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR gv÷vi `v m~h‡© mb Gi ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc

weªwUk Ackvm‡bi weiæ‡× AKz‡Zvfq GK ˆmwbK gv÷vi`v m~h©‡mb| fviZe‡l©i †kvwlZ gvby‡li Ici weªwUk
miKv‡ii wbcxob `ªæZ e‡Üi Rb¨ mk¯¿ msMÖv‡gi ivRbxwZ ‡e‡Q †bb GB AKz‡Zvfq ˆmwbK| m~h©‡mb g‡b
Ki‡Zb wecøe Qvov weªwUk‡`i‡K fviZel© †_‡K weZvwoZ Kivi Avi †Kvb c_ †bB| MYgvby‡li ¯^v_© iÿv‡_©
m~h©‡mb weªwUk‡`i Kv‡Q †`k‡`ªvnx wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nq| G Awf‡hv‡M Zuv‡K duvwm‡Z Szwj‡q g„Z¨y`Û cÖ`vb Kiv
nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.9
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| gv÷vi`v ‡Kvb MÖv‡g AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡ib?
(K) PvLvi (L) ‡bvqvcvov
(M) nvq`vicyi (N) ‰Mivjv
2| gv÷v`v m~h‡© mb‡K ˆecøweK Av`©‡k DØy× K‡ib †K?
(K) gnvZœv MvÜx (L) mZxk P›`ª PµeZx©
(M) †`keÜz wPËiÄb `vk (N) myfvlP›`ª emy

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 109

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cvV-3.10 †bZvwR myfvlP›`ª emy (1897-1945)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †bZvwR myfvlP›`ª emyi mgKvjxb fviZxq ivR‰bwZK †cÖÿvcU Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †bZvwR myfvlP›`ª emyi Rxeb-e„ËvšÍ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fviZxq-¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g Zuvi Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Ks‡MÖm, ¯^vaxbZv, AvRv` wn›` ‡dŠR, mk¯¿cš’v, wecøex

fviZel© †_‡K weªwUk‡`i‡K weZvwoZ Kivi Rb¨ mk¯¿ msMÖvgcš’x ivRbxwZK‡`i g‡a¨ †bZvwR myfvl P›`ª
emy Ab¨Zg| ivR‰bwZKfv‡e †bZvwRi cwievi wQj LyeB m‡PZb| cvwievwiK Kvi‡Y A_ev ZrKvjxb
fvi‡Zi DËß ivR‰bwZK AvenvIqvi Kvi‡Y myfvl emy †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB we‡`ªvnx fvevcbœ n‡q eo n‡Z _v‡K|
K‡jR Rxeb †_‡KB wZwb Bs‡iR kvwmZ fvi‡Zi wecbœ`kv †`‡L gg©hvZbvq f~M‡Z _v‡Kb| we‡kl K‡i
RvwjqvbIqvjvev‡Mi nZ¨vKv‡Ûi c‡i wZwb †kv‡K g~¨ngvb n‡q hvb Ges fve‡Z _v‡Kb †h cÖZ¨ÿ msMÖvg Qvov Avi
†Kvbfv‡eB fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bv| gvÎ 25 eQi eq‡mB myfvl emy fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi
c×wZi cÖ‡kœ, K‡Vvi Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡ÿ ‡_‡K fviZe‡l©i ¯^vaxbZvi Awemsevw`Z †bZv gnvZ¥v MvÜxi mv‡_ wØgZ
†cvlY Ki‡Z _v‡K| †kl ch©šÍ Df‡qi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍvaviv `ywU ¯^Zš¿ avivq cÖevwnZ n‡Z _v‡K| myfvl emy
fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ Ks‡MÖ‡mi Awnsm Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib Ges ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨
mvgwiK evwnbxi b¨vq cÖwkÿYcÖvß †e½j fjvw›Uqvi †Kvi MV‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| wZwb Lye k³fv‡e wek¦vm
Ki‡Zb †h, fviZevmxi g‡a¨ AdzišÍ wPËkw³ Av‡Q; Avi G Kvi‡YB fviZ GK w`b ¯^vaxb n‡e|
†bZvwR myfvlP›`ª emyi Rxeb e„ËvšÍ
1897 m‡bi 23 Rvbyqvwi fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg exi mšÍvb ¯^vaxbZvKvgx †bZvwR myfvlP›`ª emy Dwol¨vi
KUK kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| †bZvwRi evevi bvg RvbKxbv_ emy| Zuvi wcZv †ckvq wQ‡jb GKRb wewkó AvBbRxex
I e½xq weavbmfvi m`m¨| ivR‰bwZKfv‡e †bZvRxi cwievi wQj LyeB m‡PZb| cvwievwiK cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y †nvK
ev ZrKvjxb fvi‡Z weivRgvb DËß ivRbxwZK AvenvIqvi Kvi‡YB †nvK, myfvl emy ‰K‡kvi †_‡KB we‡`ªvnx
fvevcbœ wQ‡jb| wZwb BwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©m cixÿvq PZz_© ¯’vb jvf Kivi ciI ‡`k‡mevi I ¯^‡`‡ki gyw³i
Av`‡k© DØy× n‡q miKvwi PvKzwi MÖnY K‡ibwb| myfvl P›`ª emy 1945 m‡bi 18 AvM÷ inm¨RbK wegvb `yN©Ubvq
wbnZ nb e‡j miKvwifv‡e Rvbv‡bv nq|
†bZvwR myfvlP›`ª emyi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv
†bZvRx myfvlP›`ª emyi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv I ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi cy‡ivUv Ry‡o wQj fviZevmxi gyw³| wZwb `„pfv‡e
wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h cÖZ¨ÿ msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g fviZ GKw`b ¯^vaxb n‡e| mvgvwRK ‰elg¨, mv¤úª`vwqKZv, ciag©-
AmwnÂzZvi Aemvb n‡e| wb‡¤œ †bZvwR myfvlP›`ª emyi K‡qKwU c`‡ÿc Zz‡j aiv nj-

 1938 mv‡j gnvZœv MvÜxi we‡ivaxZvi g‡a¨B myfvl emy Ks‡MÖ‡mi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb, MvÜxi mv‡_
gZ‰ØZZvi Kvi‡Y Ks‡MÖm Z¨vM K‡i Aj BwÛqv d‡ivqvW© eøK bv‡g `j MVb K‡ib|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 110

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

 wØZxq wek¦hy× PjvKv‡j 1941 mv‡j myfvlP›`ª emy †Mvc‡b fviZ †Q‡o ivwkqv P‡j hvb| ivwkqv †_‡K wZwb
evwj©b hvb| †mLv‡b wZwb weªwUk we‡ivax msMÖv‡gi j‡ÿ¨ Rvg©vwbi mg_©b jvf K‡ib| myfvl emy fvi‡Zi Rb¨
GKwU A¯’vqx miKvi MVb K‡ib|
 1943 mv‡j wZwb ÕAvRv` wn›` Õ †dŠ‡Ri `vwqZ¡ †bb Ges AvRv` wn›` miKvi MVb K‡ib|
 1944 Gi gvP© gv‡m Zuvi evwnbx evg©v †cuŠ‡Q hvq|
 myfvl emyi jÿ¨ wQj mvgvwiK Awfhv‡bi gva¨‡g fviZ †_‡K weªwUk‡`i weZvwoZ Kiv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR ‡bZvwR myfvl P›`ª emyi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc

mk¯¿ msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g fviZel© †_‡K weªwUk‡`i weZvo‡b †h KqRb ivRbxwZK D‡`¨vMx n‡qwQ‡jb †bZvwR
myfvl P›`ª emyi Zuv‡`i Ab¨Zg| cvwievwiKfv‡e ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv Ges ZrKvjxb fvi‡Zi DËß ivR‰bwZK
AvenvIqvi Kvi‡Y myfvl emy †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB we‡`ªvnx fvevcbœ n‡q eo n‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZvi
Rb¨ Ks‡MÖ‡mi Awnsm Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| GK chv©‡q myfvl emy †`‡ki evB‡I P‡j hvb
Ges weªwUk‡`i weiæ‡× mvgwiK Awfhv‡bi mvwe©K cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡ib|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.10

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b

1| †bZvwR myfvlP›`ª emy †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
(K) j‡ÿèŠ (L) KUK
(M) ¸RivU (N) myivU
2| †bZvwR myfvlP›`ª emyi evwnbxi bvg wK wQj?
(K) gyw³ †dŠR (L) AvRv` wn›` †dŠR
(M) ‡iW Avwg© (N) MYevwnbx

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 111

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cvV-3.11 e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb (1920-1975)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Rxeb e„ËvšÍ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi RvwZi RbK n‡q DVv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Uzw½cvov, cvwK¯Ívb, AvIqvgx jxM, Qq `dv, gyw³hy×, RvwZi RbK, wbg©g nZ¨vKvÛ,
gyL¨ kã
wec`Mvgx †mbv

cvwK¯Ívbx Af¨šÍixY Dcwb‡ekev‡`i weiæ‡× evOvwji `yB hyM `xN© msMÖv‡gi mev©‡MÖ MY¨ bvg e½eÜy †kL
gywReyi ingvb| evOvwji RvZxq gyw³ msMÖv‡gi P~ovšÍ Aa¨vq 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy× Ges G hy‡×i ga¨
w`‡q ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi Abb¨ K…wZ‡Z¡i AwaKvix RvwZi RbK e½eÜz ‡kL gywReyi ingvb| hy‡Mi ci hyM
evOvwji jovB msMÖvg cwiYwZ cvq e½eÜzi KvjRqx †bZ…‡Z¡i gva¨‡g| wZwb ¯‹zj QvÎ _vKv Ae¯’vq RbwnZKi I
ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û Rwo‡q c‡ob| Ziæb eq‡mB e½eÜz fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki Zz‡Lvo ivR‰bwZK †bZv †nv‡mb
‡mvnivIqv`x©i ms¯ú‡k© Av‡mb Ges Zuvi †hvM¨ ivR‰bwZK wkÿvbwek wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡Z _v‡Kb|

fviZ fvM nevi ci †kL gywRe XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q AvBb wefv‡M fwZ© nb| PZz_© †kÖwYi Kg©Pvix‡`i b¨vh¨
AwaKv‡ii `vwe‡Z Av‡›`vjb Kivq Zuv‡K 1949 mv‡j wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K ewn®‹vi Kiv nq| 1948 mv‡j c~e©
cvwK¯Ívb gymwjg QvÎjxM MV‡b Ab¨Zg cÖavb msMVK wQ‡jb †kL gywRe| 1949 mv‡j AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM
cÖwZôvi Ab¨Zg D‡`¨v³v, fvlv Av‡›`vjb, hy³d«›U wbe©vPb, AvBqye Lv‡bi mvgwiK kvm‡bi we‡ivax Z_v evOvwji
¯^vwaKv‡ii jovB‡q †kL gywRe AMÖ‰mwbK| 1966 mv‡ji Qq `dv e½eÜz‡K Awemsevw`Z †bZvq cwiYZ K‡i|
1969 Gi MYAfy¨Ìvb, 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb †kl wePv‡i e½eÜz A‡gvN †bZ…‡Z¡i cwiPq enb K‡ib| wbe©vP‡b Rq
jvf Kiv m‡Ë¡I AvIqvgx jxM Z_v evOvwj‡K ÿgZv †_‡K ewÂZ Kivi N„b¨ loh‡š¿i cÖwZev‡` 1971 mv‡ji gvP©
gv‡mi ïiæ‡ZB Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK †`b e½eÜz| GB Amn‡hvM wQj g~jZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi g„Zz¨ c‡ivqvbv|
HwZnvwmK 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi hveZxq m‡¼Z cÖ`vb K‡ib e½eÜz| AZ:ci 26 gvP© e½eÜzi
KÚ †_‡K wb:m„Z nq ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv|
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Rxeb e„ËvšÍ
RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb dwi`cyi †Rjvi †MvcvjMÄ gnKzgvi Uzw½cvov MÖv‡g 1920 m‡bi 17 gvP©
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv †kL jyrdi ingvb ‡MvcvjMÄ †`Iqvwb Av`vj‡Zi †m‡i¯Ív`vi wQ‡jb| e½eÜz †kL
gywReyi ingv‡bi Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q eo ‰ewkó¨ wQj c_ Pj‡Z evav-wecwˇZ co‡j wZwb KL‡bv Zv Gwo‡q P‡jbwb;
eis mvnwmKZvi m‡½ Zvi †gvKv‡ejv K‡i‡Qb| 1947 mv‡j KwjKvZv Bmjvwgqv K‡jR †_‡K we.G. cvm Kivi ci
GKB eQi XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q AvBb wel‡q fwZ© nb| †kL gywRe wQ‡jb AvRxeb ivRbxwZK| ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi
cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q wZwb ‡k‡ievsjv G †K. dRjyj nK, gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx I †nv‡mb knx`
†mvnivIqv`©xi gZ cy‡ivav ivRbxwZwe`‡`i mvwbœ‡a¨ Av‡mb Ges Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbvi
AwfÁZv AR©b K‡ib| G Qvov †bZvRx myfvl emyi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi cÖqvm e½eÜz‡K Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i|
1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ nvRvi eQ‡ii †kÖô evOvwj evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’cwZ evOvwj RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi
ingvb wbR evmfe‡b `„k¨Z †mbvevwnbxi KwZcq D”Pvwfjvlx wek¦vmNvZ‡Ki nv‡Z wbg©gfv‡e mcwiev‡i wbnZ nb|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 112

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

we‡`‡k Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb weavq †eu‡P hvb e½eÜzi †R¨ô mšÍvb eZ©gvb cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv I Zuvi †evb †kL
†invbv| e½eÜz nZ¨vi `„k¨c‡U wec`Mvgx †mbvm`m¨iv _vK‡jI, G K_v AvR cÖwZwôZ †h e½eÜzi nZ¨vKvÛ wQj
m‡e©v‡Zvfv‡e GKwU †`wk-we‡`kx Pµv‡šÍi dj|
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv I Kg©KvÛ
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv we‡kølY Ki‡Z †M‡j †`Lv hvq, wZwb g‡b cÖv‡Y wQ‡jb GKRb
D`vi‰bwZK gyw³Kvgx gvbyl| Zuvi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv I ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ cy‡ivUv Ry‡o wQj evsjvi MYgvby‡li gyw³|
wb‡¤œ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi AviI wKQz ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv Zz‡j aiv nj-

 cvwK¯Ívb m„wói Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ hy³ _vK‡jI, mv¤úª`vwqK ÔwØRvwZ Z‡Ë¡Õ e½eÜzi Awek¦vm wQj| ZvB
cvwK¯Ív‡bi R‡b¥i Aí mgq ci †_‡KB wZwb Amv¤úª`vwqK D`vi MYZvwš¿K ivRbxwZi c‡_ nuvU‡Z ïiæ
K‡ib|
 cvwK¯Ív‡bi G‡Kev‡i m~Pbv c‡e©B e½eÜz eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h cwðg cvwK¯Ívbxiv evOvwj‡`i b¨vh¨ wnm¨v
KL‡bvB eywS‡q †`‡e bv|
 `j I `‡ji evB‡i we‡ivaxZv ¯^‡Ë¡I 1966 mv‡j Qq `dv DÌvc‡bi `~i`wk©Zv †`Lvb e½eÜz| Qq `dv
cieZx©‡Z evOvwj RvwZi gyw³i mb` wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nq|
 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i 26 gv‡P©i ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv ch©šÍ cª‡Z¨KwU av‡c m‡e©v”P gvÎvi
ivR‰bwZK wePÿYZvi cwiPq †`b e½eÜz| wZwb KL‡bvB evOvwji ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg‡K Z_vKw_Z
wew”QbZvev‡`i ZKgvi g‡a¨ AvUK n‡Z w`‡Z Pvbwb| gyw³hy‡×i ïiæ‡Z, 1971 mv‡ji 5B GwcÖj cÖKvwkZ
AvšÍR©vwZK L¨vwZm¤úbœ g¨vMvwRb wbDRDBK Gi cÖ”Q` cÖwZ‡e`‡b e½eÜz‡K Ô‡cv‡qU Ae cwjwU·Õ A_©vr
ÔivRbxwZi KweÕ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|
¯^vaxbZvi c‡i RvwZ MVb I A_©‰bwZK gyw³i Rb¨ G‡Ki ci GK Av`wk©K I ev¯ÍevbyM c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡ib
e½eÜz| †`‡ki †fZ‡i bvbvgyLx kw³i AivRKZv I we‡`kx Pµv‡šÍi cwiYwZ‡Z G‡Ki ci GK evavMÖ¯Í n‡jI,
Avg„Zz¨ evsjvi gvby‡li gyw³i jovB Pvwj‡q †M‡Qb e½eÜz|

e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi RvwZi RbK n‡q DVvi BwZnvm ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv
wkÿv_©xi KvR
Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
evOvwji ¯^vaxbZvi ¯’cwZ RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb| 1971 Gi gyw³hy‡×i wZwbB †bZv| Gi Av‡M
cvwK¯Ívbx kvm‡bi PweŸk eQ‡i evOvwji msMÖv‡gi me‡P‡q D¾¡j e¨w³Z¡ e½eÜz| Zuvi †kL gywRe †_‡K †kL
mv‡ne; †kL mv‡ne †_‡K e½eÜz; e½eÜz †_‡K RvwZi wcZv n‡q IVv g~jZ: evOvwji ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi cÖavb
eqvb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.11
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’cwZ †K?
(K) †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x (L) e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 113

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

(M) †k‡ievsjv G ‡K dRjyj nK (N) gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx

2| Qq `dv †K DÌvcb K‡ib?
(K) †k‡ievsjv (L) gIjvbv fvmvbx
(M) knx` †mvnivIqv`x© (N) e½eÜz
3| 1971 mv‡ji †Kvb gv‡m Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq?
(K) Rvbyqvwi (L) †deªæqvwi
(M) gvP© (N) GwcÖj

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
(K) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 1 bs I 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
Avjxcyi MÖv‡gi gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ bvbv ai‡bi †jvKvPvi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Ave`yj gv‡jK Gme †jvKvPvi
Abykxj‡bi we‡ivaxZv K‡ib|
1| Ave`yj gv‡j‡Ki mv‡_ Avcbvi cvV¨ eB‡qi †Kvb e¨w³i mv‡_ wgj Ly‡u R cvb?
(K) beve Ave`yj jwZd (L) knx` wZZzgxi
(M) nvRx kixqZyjøvn (N) m¨vi mwjgyjøvn
2| DÏxcK ewY©Z e¨w³i Av‡›`vj‡bi aiY wQj-
i. mvgvwRK
ii. ag©xq
iii. ivR‰bwZK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
3| ‡`keÜz wPËiÄb `vk †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb-
i. 1894 mv‡j
ii. evi-GU-j wWwMÖ jvf K‡i
iii. BUvwj †_‡K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 bs I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b

kvgmyj Avjg GKRb L¨vZbvgv AvBbRxex I ivRbxwZwe`| wZwb K…lK `iw` I wkÿvbyivMx| K…l‡Ki Kj¨vYv‡_©
wZwb bvbvgyLx ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡Mi cÿcvZx|
4| DÏxc‡K ewY©Z kvgmyj Avj‡gi mv‡_ Avcbvi cvV¨ eB‡qi †Kvb ivR‰bwZK e¨w³‡Z¡i wgj cvIqv hvq?
(K) beve Ave`yj jwZd (L) †k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj nK
(M) †`keÜz wPËiÄb `vk (N) gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 114

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

5| cvV¨ eB‡qi e¨w³‡Z¡i Kg©Kv‡Ûi d‡j Z`vbxšÍb fviZe‡l©i K…l‡Kiv-

i. Rwg`v‡ii Kej †_‡K iÿv cvq
ii. eÜwK Rwg wd‡i cvq
iii. ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi jvf K‡i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) i I ii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
6| e½eÜzi 7B gv‡P©i HwZnvwmK fvl‡Y †hme wb‡`©kbv wQj †m¸‡jv n‡jv-
i. ¯^wÜ ¯’vc‡bi Avnevb
ii. ¯^vaxbZvi m‡¼Z
iii. kÎæ †gvKv‡ejvi Dcvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

(L) m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK Ask

1| †`‡jvqvi †nv‡mb nReªZ cvjb †k‡l Ewbk kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K †`‡k wd‡i G‡m mvgvwRK Kzms¯‹v‡ii
weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡ib| wZwb K…lK‡`i‡K weªwUk kvmK, Rwg`vi I gnvRb‡`i Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× m‡PZb
K‡i †Zv‡jb| miKvi Zv‡K †`k‡`ªvnx wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`q Ges Zuv‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi D‡`¨vM †bq| wZwb
¯^‡`k †cÖ‡g DØy× n‡q Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡jb|
(K) AvRv` wn›` ‡dŠR wK?
(L) div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZôvZv †K wQ‡jb?
(M) gIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx‡K gRjyg Rb‡bZv ejv nq †Kb?
(N) †`‡jvqvi †nv‡m‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ Dcgnv‡`‡ki †Kvb e¨w³‡Z¡i Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|

2| QKwU jÿ¨ Kiæb

GKRb ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡ beMwVZ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖ_g hyM¥ m¤úv`K

Qq `dvi DÌvcK

¯^vaxbZvi †NvlK

K. wZZzgx‡ii cÖK…Z bvg wK?

L. jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei g~j K_v wK wQj?
M. DÏxc‡K †Kvb ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡b D³ ivR‰bwZK e¨w³‡Z¡i Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 115

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

DËigvjv :
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.1 t 1| N 2| M 3| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.2 t 1| M 2| N 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.3 t 1| M 2| K 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.4 t 1| M 2| L 3| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.5 t 1| M 2| K 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.6 t 1| M 2| N 3| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.7 t 1| N 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.8 t 1| N 2| M 3| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.9 t 1| N 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.10 t 1| L 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.11 t 1| L 2| N 3| M

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 116