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Science: Quarter 2 - Module 1 Earthquake and Faults
Science: Quarter 2 - Module 1 Earthquake and Faults
Science: Quarter 2 - Module 1 Earthquake and Faults
SCIENCE
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Earthquake and Faults
Science — Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 — Module 1: Earthquake and Faults
First Edition, 2020
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SCIENCE
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Earthquake and Faults
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Table of Contents
Lesson 2:
Earthquake: Focus, Intensity, Magnitude and Active
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and Inactive Faults..........................................................
What’s In: Activity 1: Earth-Quick to Find ……………………………… 9
What I Need to Know ………………………………………………...…... 10
What’s New Activity 2: Where does an earthquake start? ………………… 10
What Is It .................................................................................. 11
What’s More Activity 3: Modeling Active and Inactive Fault …………… 14
What I Have Learned Activity 4: ………………………………………………...…... 15
What I Can Do: Activity 5: ……………………………………………….…….. 15
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16
Assessment: (Post-Test) ……………………………………………………………………………………….… 17
Key to Answers ……………………………………………………………………………………….………………… 19
References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
This page is intentionally blank
What This Module is About
Have you remembered your lesson in Grade 7 that the Philippines is located along
the Ring of Fire? The Ring of Fire refers to the region around the Pacific Ocean that is
commonly hit by an earthquake and volcanic eruptions. How does this affect us?
In this module, we will focus on earthquakes and faults. An earthquake is one of the
most horrifying phenomena that anyone can ever experience. Earth is rock, solid, and
steady these are your beliefs. However, you have encountered that the ground shakes and
this contradicts what you believed before. Earthquakes have caused some destruction all
over the world.
Even before, people have started recording these events. No wonder scientists have
been working very hard on how to predict when an earthquake occurs. We cannot stop this
natural event from occurring. To predict when an earthquake will occur is always a question
by many. Thus, for survival, you must learn about earthquakes.
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What I Know (Pre-Test)
1. It is an occasion within the Earth’s crust along which significant movement has taken place.
a. dip c. epicenter
b. fault d focus
2. When does an earthquake occur?
a. when rocks along a fault suddenly c. when two big vehicles collide
move
b. when a building collapse near the d when great flood occur
river bank .
3. It refers to the results of the earthquake on people, structures, and also the surroundings.
a. energy line c. epicenter
b. intensity d magnitude
.
4. It's a scale accustomed to identify the intensity of an earthquake.
a. numbers c. hindu-arabic
b. letter dots d roman numerals
.
5. It's the energy that's released in an earthquake.
a. energy line c. epicenter
b. intensity d magnitude
.
6. The purpose where movement occurred which triggered the earthquake is that the
a. dip c. epicenter
b. fault d focus
.
7. A wide array could be a break within the Earth’s crust along which significant movement has
taken place.
a. dip c. epicenter
b. fault d line
8. ________________ implies that the rocks are displaced or shifted considerably.
a. dip movement c. epicenter movement
b. fault movement d significant movement
.
9. It refers to the place where the fault begins to slip.
a. dip c. fault line
b. focus d epicenter
.
10. What agency in our country that's chargeable for monitoring and observing earthquake and
tsunami occurrence?
a. PAGASA c. PHILVOLCS
b. DENR d. DFA
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Lesson
What’s New
Activity 1 – Where’s the Fault?
Observe carefully the figures below. Answer the questions that follow on page 2 and write
them in the box. Write your answer in the box provided.
Compare Figure 1
Is there something in
Events on how land Do you see anything
Figure 1 - that is
cracks on page 1 and similar to Figure 1
similar to what is
Figure 2 An example aqnd Figure 2?
formed in Figure 2?
of a fault
A fault is a break in the Earth’s crust, and along the break, significant movement has
taken place.
The word break refers to a crack in the ground while crust refers to the outermost
layer of the Earth. We live on the surface of the crust.
Significant movement means that the rocks have been displaced or shifted
considerably. This is shown in Figure 2 found on page 2
What’s More
In Activity 1, if you have observed the movement along the fault is in the horizontal
direction. That is, the crust moves sideways.
The next activity, will show another movement but in the vertical direction. Let’s find
out.
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Activity 2 – When Fault Move
A box of sand are pulled outward as shown in A. The covers are pulled outward and
cracks are formed on the box at point B. With more outward pulling, the sand inside the box
subsides. Observe carefully.
Q1. There are two parallel cracks form in the sand. If you continue to pull, what occurrence
will likely to happen?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Q2. What happen/s when the ground is pulled apart by forces within the Earth?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Now, this time observe what happen if the box were pushed toward each other.
Figure 5. At A the box of sand are pushed towards the center. At point B a tiny hump is
formed at the middle. And at C shows the hump as seen from another angle.
_________________________________________________________________________
Q4. In the real world, a ____________ is formed when the ground is squeezed by forces
from inside the Earth. A portion of the land is pushed up, and _____________________are
formed.
Procedure:
1. Using the materials needed, create a simulation that is similar to figure 5 shown on page
6. Answer the questions that follow.
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Figure 6. Rubber band on box with toy house pulled slowly. Observe what happens.
3. With your right hand placed on the curve arrow, hold the box in place. With your other
hand, slowly pull on the rubber band in the direction shown in Figure 6.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Q6. Keep on pulling on the rubber band. What happens to the box attached to the rubber
band?
Note: The tape is supposed to come off, so stick it on very lightly.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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While activity 3, stimulates the sudden movement along a fault, it does not show the shaking
that accompanies the sudden movement. Activity 4 demonstrate this.
Activity 4 – Stick-Shake
Materials needed:
two plastic rulers (plastic transparent) or any flexible materials alike
modeling clay or any binder that easily loose up
Procedure:
1. Using the clay, attach the rulers’ ends together (how long is the overlap between
rulers?)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Note: If nothing happens, separate the rulers and re-attach them only slightly
The activity you just performed simulates how rocks bend along a fault. Think of the
rulers as if they were part of the ground. Figure 12, found on the next page can help you
visualize this.
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Figure 12. Drawing A shows the ground before bending. In Drawing B, the ground is
bending, storing energy. In Drawing C, the bending limit is reached, and the ground has
snapped.
What is inside
Fault is? the Earth that
makes the
ground move?
Why there is no
A process that
movement right
describes the
away even if
movement of the
there is an
ground after an
occurence of
earthquake
motion inside the
Earth? occurs?
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What I Can Do
____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
What’s In
Activity 1 – Earth-Quick to Find
Direction: Complete the words puzzle below, before you proceed to the next activity.
Across
1. ground bending
Down
1. a process that describes
the movement of the
ground after an
earthquake occurs
2. outermost layer of the
Earth
3. breaks or cracks
4. an act of changing
physical location or
position
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What I Need To Know
After performing the activities, you should be able to differentiate:
Epicentre of an earthquake from its focus;
Intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude; and
Active and inactive faults.
What’s New
Objective:
After performing this activity, you should be able to
a. differentiate between focus and epicentre
b. to investigate the difference between the magnitude and intensity of an
earthquake.
Materials:
Matchboxes (or DIY box with the same size)
3 stones of different sizes (small, medium, large)
Table or cardboard DIY table
Procedure:
1. Get 10 empty matchboxes, 3 stones assorted sizes (small, medium, large)
2. Pile empty matchboxes one on top of the other alternative in groups of 5.
3. Place one pile near one end of the table and also the opposite pile at the other
alternative end.
4. Using a stone, strike one pile under the table. Observe the movement of the
matchboxes in each pile.
5. Repeat using the two other stones one at a time.
6. Observe the movement of the matchboxes as soon as you strike the pile with a
stone.
B
A
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Answer these:
1. What happened once you struck the table at one end?
2. Which pile showed stronger movement? Why?
7. ________________________represents Epicentre.
8. _________________________ Intensity.
9. _________________________ Magnitude.
What Is It
Earthquakes are vibrations or tremors produced within the earth’s outer layer or
crust. An earthquake is tectonic. It occurs when parts of the earth’s crust break and also the
rocks together with a fault slide near each other or far away from each other. This is often
called faulting. An earthquake could also be volcanic. Tremors are often produced to signal
an upcoming discharge at this vicinity or region.
The pressure makes the rocks move. The place where the earthquake originates is
called focus. The earth’s surface directly above the focus is called an epicenter. The seismic
waves travel outward from the focus in all direction when energy is released.. Scientists or
experts during this field are called seismologists. There are two major scales during which
earthquakes are measured. The magnitude of a particular earthquake is also one number
that does not vary from place to position. Magnitude is that the entire energy released by an
earthquake at its focus.
Earthquakes of giant magnitude are stronger and typically more destructive than
those of small magnitude. The Ritcher Scale measures earthquake magnitude. The intensity
of an earthquake is measured in terms of its geological effects and so the general damage it
brings. Away from the epicenter, the intensity of an earthquake becomes weaker. The scale
measures the intensity of shaking. The Intensity and the magnitudes measurement are
always corresponding to each other.
An earthquake may be described in two ways: intensity and magnitude. The intensity
of an earthquake gives us an idea of how strong or weak the shaking is. The
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) use the following scale to
describe the intensity of earthquakes in the Philippines.
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Intensity
Description
Scale
I Scarcely Perceptible – Perceptible to people under favourable circumstances.
Delicately balanced objects are disturbed slightly. Still water in containers
oscillates slowly.
II Slightly Felt – Felt by few individuals at rest indoors. Hanging objects swing
slightly. Still water in containers oscillates noticeably.
III Weak – Felt by many people indoors especially in upper floors of buildings.
Vibration is felt like one passing of a light truck. Dizziness and nausea are
experienced by some people. Hanging objects swing moderately. Still water in
containers oscillates moderately.
IV Moderately Strong – Felt generally by people indoors and by some people
outdoors. Light sleepers are awakened. Vibration is felt like passing of a heavy
truck. Hanging objects swing considerably. Dinner plates, glasses, windows
and doors rattle. Floors and walls of wood framed buildings crack. Standing
motor cars may rock slightly. Liquids in containers slightly disturbed. Water in
containers oscillates strongly. Rumbling sounds may sometimes be heard.
V Strong – Generally by most people indoors and outdoors. Many sleeping
people are awakened. Some are frightened, some run outdoors. Strong
shaking and racking felt throughout the building. Hanging objects swing
violently. Dining utensils clatter and clink, some are broken. Small light and
unstable objects may roll or overturn. Liquids spill from filed open containers.
Standing vehicles rock noticeably. Shaking of leaves and twigs of trees are
noticeable.
VI Very Strong – Many people are frightened and run outdoors. Some people
lose their balance. Motorist feels like driving in fist fires. Heavy objects or
furniture move or may be shifted. Small church bells may ring. Wall plaster
may crack. Very old or poorly-built houses and man-made structures are
slightly damaged though well-built structures are not affected. Limited rock falls
and rolling boulders occur in hilly and mountainous areas and escarpment
trees are noticeably shaken.
VII Destructive – Most people are frightened and run outdoors. People find it
difficult to stand in upper floors. Heavy objects and furniture overturn or toggle.
Big church bell may ring. Old or poorly-built structures suffer considerably
damage. Some well-built structures are slightly damaged. Some cracks may
appear on dikes, fish ponds, road surface, or concrete hollow block walls.
Limited liquefaction, lateral spreading and landslides are observed. Trees are
shaken strongly. (Liquefaction is a process by which loose saturated sand lose
strength during an Earthquake and behave like a liquid).
VIII Very Destructive – Most people are panicky. People find it difficult to even
outdoors. Many well-built buildings are considerably damaged. Concrete dikes
and foundation or bridges are destroyed by ground setting and tapping.
Railway tracks are bent or broken. Tombstones may be displaced, twisted or
overturned. Utility posts, towers and monuments may tilt or topple. Water and
sewer pipes may be bent, twisted or broken. Limited liquefaction and lateral
spreading cause man-made structure to sink, tilt or topple. Numerous
landslides and rock fells occur in mountainous and hilly areas. Boulders are
thrown out from their positions particularly near the epicentre. Fissures and
faults rupture may be observed. Trees are violently shaken. Water splash or
slep over dikes or banks of rivers.
IX Devastating – People are forcibly thrown to ground. Many cry and shake with
fear. Most buildings are totally damaged. Bridges elevated concrete structures
are toppled or destroyed. Numerous utility posts, towers and monuments are
tilted, toppled or broken. Water sewer pipes are bent, twisted or broken.
Landslides and liquefaction with lateral spreading and sand boils are
widespread the ground is distorted into undulations. Trees are shaken very
violently with some toppled or broken. Boulders are commonly thrown out.
River water splashes violently or slaps over dikes and banks.
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X Completely Devastating – Practically all man-made structures are destroyed.
Massive landslides and liquefaction, large scale subsidence and uplift or land
forms and many ground fissures are observed. Changes in river courses and
destructive sachets in large lakes occur. Many trees are toppled, broken and
uprooted.
Table 1. PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
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Figure 14. Active Faults and Trenches
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What’s More
Figure 16. The model shows different fault movements of Earth ground.
Sideward movement was illustrated in model A and B while vertical movement was shown
on models C and D. In Model C, a portion of the ground dropped down, forming a low area.
In Model D, part of the ground was raised, forming a high region.
Q1. Create your own model to show different types of movement along a fault.
___________________________________________________________________
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What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
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Summary
A fault is a break in the Earth’s crust, and along the break, significant movement has
taken place. Its movement can be described along the fault in the horizontal direction. That
is, the ground moves sideways. On the other hand, if ground will be observed to move up or
down the movement in the vertical direction. An earthquake is a vibration of the Earth due to
the rapid release of energy. The place where the earthquake starts is called the focus,
along the fault plane. The spot on the surface of the Earth that is directly above the focus is
called the epicenter. The strength/energy of an earthquake is called the magnitude. The
strength of the movement of an earthquake of (how strong or weak is the shaking) is called
the intensity.
Scientists use different ways to find out if a fault is active. One is by checking the
country’s historical records. Another is by studying the vibrations, past and present that
come from faults. Still another way is by observing the surroundings. Or a fault may cut
across a stream and the stream channel is then shifted. Or a fault may slice through
mountains and form cliffs.
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Assessment (Post-Test)
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Earthquakes are a phenomenon in Japan, Indonesia, and therefore the
Philippines. Why is that so?
a. Japan, Indonesia, and therefore the Philippines are positioned near the
equator.
b. Japan, Indonesia, and also the Philippines are located within the Pacific
Ring of fire side.
c. Japan, Indonesia, and also the Philippines are circled by seas.
d. Japan, Indonesia, and also the Philippines are thought archipelagic
countries.
2. What will most are anticipated to occur every moment a fault slips?
a. There will be no movement in the slightest degree.
b. The rocks are held together.
c. The rocks will swiftly slip and can create an earthquake.
d. There will be moving immediately.
3. Scientists use alternative ways to seek out if a fault is active. Which one isn't
included?
a. Scientists checked the country’s account.
b. Scientists observed the environment.
c. Scientists created a fault model
d. Scientists studied the past and present vibrations.
4. An earthquake happens along a line. Which of the subsequent isn't true about
faults?
a. It is found toward land.
b. It is where fault cyclone starts.
c. It will be found under the ocean.
d. It is an opportunity within the Earth’s crust.
5. What does one call the spot above the main focus on the surface of the Earth?
a. crust c. epicenter
b. wave d. magnitude
6. Which of the subsequent refers to the place where the earthquakes start?
a. fault plane c. fault
b. focus d. epicenter
7. What office in our country that's answerable for monitoring and observing
earthquake and tsunami occurrence?
a. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR )
b. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology(PHILVOLCS)
c. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA)
d. Department of Food and Authority(DFA)
8. Not every fault movement beneath the ocean will produce a tsunami. Which of
the subsequent fault movements will lead to such an occurrence?
a. String movement
b. Vertical movement
c. Sideward movement
d. Horizontal movement
9. What does one call the phenomenon that refers to the fast movement between
two sides of a fault wherein the friction is overcome leading to a sudden
movement or shaking of the ground?
a. stick-bend c. stick-slip
b. stick-vibrate d. stick-shake
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10. When the tsunami reaches the shore what could happen?
a. The wave accelerates and grows tall.
b. The wave breaks down.
c. The wave races.
d. It slows down and grows tall.
11. What is the term wont to describe Intensity VII?
a. Devastating c. Very strong
b. Strong d. Destructive
12. The release of energy of an earthquake refers to?
a. Focus c. Intensity
b. Epicenter d. Magnitude
13. Which of the subsequent is/are true about tsunamis?
a. It is associated with tides.
b. It is because of the upward movement of rock at the seafloor.
c. It is a large wave.
d. It is because of the upward movement of rock toward land.
14. Energy from the within the world makes the bottom move. Which of the
subsequent is that the reason why there's no movement right away?
a. There is no movement immediately thanks to the bending of the rocks.
b. The rapid release of energy causes a delay within the movement of the
bottom.
c. There is no movement instantly thanks to the vibrations of the rocks.
d. Friction causes a delay within the movement of the bottom.
15. Scientists use other ways to explain how powerful an earthquake is. Which
method refers to noting the results of the earthquake on people, structure, and
also the surroundings?
a. Intensity c. Magnitude
b. Focus d. Epicenter
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Key to Answers
LESSON 1
What I Can Do
Activity 6 – Tracing Fault
1. Is there an active fault identified in your town,
province or region? ---- answer varies----
2. How will you prepare to an event like
earthquake? --- answer varies----
Lesson 2
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References
DOST PHIVOLCS. n.d. http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph (accessed June 28, 2020).
In Earth, An Introduction to Physical Geology (6th Ed.), by E.J., & Lutgens, F.K. Tarbuck.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999.
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