Artificial Intelligence-IBM Introduction

1. What is AI?
IBM Research defines Artificial Intelligence (AI) as Augmented Intelligence, helping experts
scale their capabilities as machines do the time-consuming work. AI learns by creating
machine learning models based on provided inputs and desired outputs. AI can be described
in different ways based on strength, breadth, and application - Weak or Narrow AI, Strong or
Generalized AI, Super or Conscious AI. AI is the fusion of many fields of study, such as
Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, Statistics, Psychology, Linguistics,
and Philosophy

2. Applications of AI:
AI-powered applications are creating an impact in diverse areas such as Healthcare,
Education, Transcription, Law Enforcement, Customer Service, Mobile and Social Media
Apps, Financial Fraud Prevention, Patient Diagnoses, Clinical Trials, and more.

Some of these applications include:

 Robotics and Automation, where AI is making it possible for robots to

perceive unpredictable environments around them in order to decide on the next steps.
 Airport Security, where AI is making it possible for X-ray scanners to flag
images that may look suspicious.
 Oil and Gas, where AI is helping companies analyze and classify thousands
of rock samples to help identify the best locations to drill for oil?

Some famous applications of AI from IBM include:

 Watson playing Jeopardy to win against two of its greatest champions, Ken Jennings
and Brad Rutter.
 Watson teaming up with the Academy to deliver an amplified Grammy experience for
millions of fans.
 Watson collaborating with ESPN to serve 10 million users of the ESPN Fantasy App
sharing insights that help them make better decisions to win their weekly matchups.

3. Cognitive Systems:
Cognitive computing systems differ from conventional computing systems in that they can:

 Read and interpret unstructured data, understanding not just the meaning of words but
also the intent and context in which they are used.
 Reason about problems in a way that humans reason and make decisions.
  Learn over time from their interactions with humans and keep getting smarter.

4. Machine Learning:
In this lesson, you have learned:

 Machine Learning, a subset of AI, uses computer algorithms to analyze data and make
intelligent decisions based on what it has learned. The three main categories of
machine learning algorithms include Supervised Learning, Unsupervised Learning, and
Reinforcement learning.
 Deep Learning, a specialized subset of Machine Learning, layers algorithms to create a
neural network enabling AI systems to learn from unstructured data and continue
learning on the job.
 Neural Networks, a collection of computing units modeled on biological neurons, take
incoming data and learn to make decisions over time. The different types of neural
networks include Perceptrons, Convolutional Neural Networks or CNNs, and Recurrent
Neural Networks or RNNs.

In the Machine Learning Techniques and Training topic, you have learned:

 Supervised Learning is when we have class labels in the data set and use these to build
the classification model.
 Supervised Learning is split into three categories – Regression, Classification, and
Neural Networks.
 Machine learning algorithms are trained using data sets split into training data,
validation data, and test data.

5. Some more applications:

In this lesson, you have learned:

 Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a subset of artificial intelligence that enables

computers to understand the meaning of human language, including the intent and
context of use.
 Speech-to-text enables machines to convert speech to text by identifying common
patterns in the different pronunciations of a word, mapping new voice samples to
corresponding words.
 Speech Synthesis enables machines to create natural sounding voice models, including
the voice of particular individuals.
 Computer Vision enables machines to identify and differentiate objects in images the
same way humans do.
 Self-driving cars is an application of AI that can utilize NLP, speech, and most
importantly, computer vision.
6. AI working for the good:
There are many applications of AI that are beneficial to society, helping to protect us from
disease, from crime, from hunger, and from ourselves.
In the health field, AI systems are making impacts in controlling the spread of infectious
diseases like Dengue fever, yellow fever, and Zika, by predicting outbreaks. The Artificial
Intelligence in Medical Epidemiology (Aime) system uses over 270 variables to predict the
next Dengue fever outbreak, and has an 88% accuracy rate up to three months in
advance. (Aime)
Early detection is crucial in the successful treatment of many cancers, sight loss, and other
health problems. AI is having an impact here too. IBM Watson systems are being trained to
identify tumors and help diagnose breast, lung, prostrate, and other cancers. (IBM)
Google DeepMind is working with the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK to train AI
systems to interpret eye scans. (DeepMind, Vox, Forbes)
Violent crime is a seemingly insoluble issue, but again, AI is having an impact in two major
areas: gun violence and knife crime. In the US, the Shotspotter system is being used to
detect the sound of gunshots and alert authorities quickly. (Shotspotter)
In the UK, violent knife crime is a rapidly growing problem. Police Forces across the UK are
exploring the use of an AI system called National Data Analytics Solution (NDAS). This
system focuses on identifying people already known to the police who may be more likely to
commit knife crime. The intention is to prioritize getting appropriate help and support for
those people, but some people are interpreting this as predicting a crime before it happens,
making the plan very contentious. (PublicTechnology.net)
In agriculture, keeping crops healthy and free from disease is a never-ending challenge. In
areas at risk of famine, growers must be able to accurately identify multiple crop diseases
with similar appearances and different treatments. In Uganda, the Mcrops project combines
the use of photographs taken on cheap smartphones and computer vision to help farmers
keep their crops healthy. (Mcrops)
Maximizing our efficient use of energy is critical to reducing the cost and impact of
generating power. AI systems are being used here too, for managing increasingly complex
electricity grids, locating damaged cables, and even helping to reduce the demand that
devices make. (The conversation)

7. Principles for Ethical AI:

At the World Economic Forum in 2017, IBM CEO Ginni Rometty spoke about the three
guiding principles that IBM follows to ensure that the AI and cognitive systems it develops
are ethical, trustworthy, and socially responsible.
Purpose
AI systems developed by IBM are designed to augment human intelligence, not to replace it.
IBM refers to these systems as cognitive, rather than AI. Cognitive systems will not become
conscious, or gain independent agency, but will always remain under the control of humans.
Cognitive systems will be embedded in systems used to enhance human capabilities.
Cognitive systems must be built with people in the industry.

"We say cognitive, not AI, because we are augmenting intelligence," Rometty said. "For most
of our businesses and companies, it will not be man or machine... it will be a symbiotic
relationship. Our purpose is to augment and really be in service of what humans do."

Transparency
Cognitive systems must be transparent to be fully accepted as a normal part of people’s
everyday life. Transparency is required to gain public trust and confidence in AI judgments
and decisions, so that cognitive systems can be used to their full potential.

For IBM, this has three parts:

 People must be aware when they come into contact with AI and for what purposes it is
used.
 People must be aware of the major sources of data in use.
 IBM clients always own their own business models, intellectual property, and data.
Cognitive systems augment the client’s years of industry experience and domain
specific knowledge.

IBM recognizes that AI systems must be built with people in the industry. "These systems will
be most effective when trained with domain knowledge in an industry context," Rometty said.

Skills
There are two sides to the AI story; the cognitive systems, and the humans who use them.
The  human side of the story must also be supported.

IBM will work to help people gain the knowledge needed to engage with AI systems safely
and securely. IBM will also  help people develop the skills necessary to perform the new
kinds of jobs that AI creates (much like this course you’re taking now).
8. Ethics and AI:
In this lesson, you have learned:

 AI raises ethical concerns because of the risks of bias and lack of transparency.
 AI professionals can mitigate against those risks.
 Mitigation strategies include providing effective training data, performing regular audits
to ensure that AI systems are performing as expected, and adapting algorithms to
adjust for bias.
 Many jobs will be lost to AI, and that the most vulnerable jobs will be those with rules-
based, repeatable tasks, like call center workers and drivers.
 AI will generate new jobs, and new types of work.
 AI is already being used to benefit humankind in many fields, including healthcare,
crime prevention, agriculture, and power generation, among others.
 Gaining public trust is key to allowing AI to reach its full potential.
 IBM follows three principles to develop ethical AI – Purpose, Transparency, and Skills.