Simulation Of Three Dimensional Jet Mixing Through

Confined And Free Space

A Minor Project Report

submitted by

Pawan Sharma – 8816106008

Kuldeep Ramavat – 8816105007
Ravi Kumar – 8816105005

in partial fulfilment of the award of

the Degree of Bachelor of Technology

under the guidance

of
Prof. Ghanshyam Singh
Head of Department

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JAYPEE UNIVERSITY, ANOOPSHAHR
May-2019
 CANDIDATES’ DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in this report,
“Simulation of three dimensional jets mixing through confined and
confined and free space” in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of B.Tech. degree, submitted to the department of Mechanical
Engineering Jaypee University, Anoopshahr, is an authentic record of our
own work carried out from January to May 2019 under the guidance of Prof.
Ghanshyam Singh, Head of Department, in the Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Jaypee University, Anoopshahr.

We have not submitted the matter embodied in this report for the award of

any other degree.

Date: ……….

PAWAN SHARMA

KULDEEP RAMAVAT

RAVI KUMAR

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work entitled, “Simulation Of Three Dimensional

Jets Mixing Through Confined And Free Space” submitted by Pawan
Sharma, Kuldeep Ramavat and Ravi Kumar in partial fulfilment for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering at
Jaypee University, Anoopshahr has been carried out under my
supervision. The work has not been submitted partially or wholly to any
other University or Institute for the award of this or any other degree or
diploma.

Certified that the above mentioned project work has been carried out by the
said group of students.

Date …………..

Prof. Ghanshyam Singh

Head Of Department

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We express our deepest appreciation and sincere gratitude to Prof. Ghanshyam

Singh for his valuable guidance, constructive criticism and timely suggestions
during the entire duration of this project work, without which this work would not
have been possible.
We extend our sincere thanks to Mr. Ram Kumar who continuously helped us
throughout the project.
We are also grateful to Mr. Tasnim Arif and Mr. Arnav Prakash who co-operated
with us regarding some issues.
At the end, we would like to express our sincere thanks to all our friends and others
who helped us directly or indirectly during this project work.

Pawan Sharma
Kuldeep Ramavat
Ravi Kumar

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. CANDIDATES’ DECLERATION 2
2. CERTIFICATE 3
3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 4
4. INTRODUCTION 6
5. AIM 8
6. GOVERNING PARAMETERS 9
7. DIMENSIONS 12
8. CAD MODELS 13
9. MESH GENERATION 16
10. SIMULATION OF CIRCULAR JET IN OPENFOAM 22
11. RESULT 24
12. REFERENCES 26

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 INTRODUCTION

Mixing enhancement of free jets finds widespread engineering applications,

including noise reduction in aircraft gas turbine engines, fuel–air mixing in gas
turbine combustors and pollutant spread in industries. Since free jets entrain large
amounts of surrounding fluid, they find wide application in industrial mixing
systems (mixing in large tanks, stack exhaust mixing, etc.).
A type of fluid flow in which a liquid or gas passes through a fluid with properties,
such as velocity, temperature, or density, different from those of the jet. Jet flow is
an extremely common phenomenon that exits in many forms, from the stream
ejected through the exhaust nozzle of a rocket engine to the jet stream in the earth’s
atmosphere. It is studied by examining changes in the velocity, density,
temperature, and concentration of the component fluids both in the jet and in the
ambient fluid.
Jet flows are classified according to the chief characteristics of interest for
simplifying various problems. An important category of jet flow comprises jets
issuing from a nozzle or orifice in the wall of a container. Such jets are classified
as round, rectangular, plane, and so forth, depending on the cross-sectional shape
of the orifice or nozzle. If the streamlines of a jet are parallel at the nozzle exit, the
jet is said to exhibit axial flow.
Depending on the direction of the streamlines of the ambient fluid, a jet is said to
issue into a coflowing stream(one flowing in the same direction), a counterflowing
stream, or an obliquely flowing stream. Jet flows can also be classified as miscible
or immiscible, depending on the physical properties of the substances composing
the jet and the ambient fluid.
From previous studies it is now well established that chevrons increase mixing and
entrainment in free jets. Also, formation of counter-rotating streamwise structures
is identified as one of the primary factors in mixing enhancement. Parametric
studies have revealed the impact of varying the tooth count, penetration and length
of the tooth. However, relatively less data about chevron-induced mixing are
available at lower Reynolds numbers (5000–9000 based on centreline velocity and
nozzle exit diameter). Also, possibility of further enhancement of mixing by
appropriate alterations to the geometry of chevrons needs to be explored due to the
continued demand for faster mixing. There is also a paucity in research related to
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confined mixing of jets issuing from chevron nozzles while several studies have
been reported for confined jets from circular nozzles.
The present study focuses on single jets issuing from chevrons at low Reynolds
numbers. The following are the core issues that the study addresses in order to
contribute to the body of knowledge in the domain:
I) The development of velocity profiles and the progress of mixing of a
single incompressible jet issuing from chevron nozzle into stagnant
atmosphere; comparison of mixing for this configuration to that for a
circular nozzle.
II) Exploration of further enhancement of chevron-aided mixing by an
improvised chevron geometry with tabs introduced at nozzle exit,
referred to here as tabbed chevron.
III) Visualization of the jet cross section evolution so as to assess and
compare development of the jets issuing from chevron and tabbed
chevron nozzle.
IV) The impact of confinement on the mixing of jets issuing from chevrons –
data are not available in open literature on confined mixing for chevron
nozzles. In the context of the present study, mixing is characterized by
the jet spread and the decay in centreline velocity. A similar approach has
been followed in several previous studies on mixing enhancement.

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 AIM

The aim of this project is to analyse the fluid mixing and to find the optimum
mixing using three dimensional jets.

GOVERNING PARAMETERS
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REYNOLDS NUMBER:
Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces within a fluid
which is subjected to relative internal movement due to different fluid velocities,
which is known as a boundary layer in the case of a bounding surface such as the
interior of a pipe. A similar effect is created by the introduction of a stream of
higher velocity fluid, such as the hot gases from a flame in air. This relative
movement generates fluid friction, which is a factor in developing turbulent flow.
Counteracting this effect is the viscosity of the fluid, which as it increases,
progressively inhibits turbulence, as more kinetic energy is absorbed by a more
viscous fluid. The Reynolds number quantifies the relative importance of these two
types of forces for given flow conditions, and is a guide to when turbulent flow
will occur in a particular situation.
The Reynolds number (Re) is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid
mechanics used to help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. At
low Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be dominated by laminar (sheet-like) flow,
while at high Reynolds numbers turbulence results from differences in the fluid's
speed and direction.

The Reynolds Number is defined as

Inertial Force
Re = Viscous Force

Where,

• ρ isthe density of the fluid ( kg/m3)

• V isthe velocity of the fluid (m/ sec )

• D isthe characteristic length(m)

• μ isthe dynamic viscosity of the fluid ¿

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DEAN NUMBER:
The Dean number (De) is a dimensionless group in fluid mechanics, which occurs
in the study of flow in curved pipes and channels.
If a fluid is moving along a straight pipe that after some point becomes curved, the
centripetal forces at the bend will cause the fluid particles to change their main
direction of motion. There will be an adverse pressure gradient generated from the
curvature with an increase in pressure, therefore a decrease in velocity close to the
convex wall, and the contrary will occur towards the outer side of the pipe. This
gives rise to a secondary motion superposed on the primary flow, with the fluid in
the centre of the pipe being swept towards the outer side of the bend and the fluid
near the pipe wall will return towards the inside of the bend. This secondary
motion is expected to appear as a pair of counter-rotating cells, which are called
Dean vortices.
The Dean number is typically denoted by De (or Dn). For a flow in a pipe or tube it
is defined as

Where
ρ is the density of the fluid

μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid

vis the axial velocity scale

D is the diameter

Rc is the radius of curvature of the path of the channel

Re is the Reynolds number

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CRAYA-CURTET NUMBER:
Craya-curtet flow is formed when a jet with moderately large Reynolds number
discharges into a coaxial ducted flow of much larger radius. It is seen that the
Craya-Curtet number is defined as the square root of the ratio of the momentum
flux of the coflowing stream to that of the central jet, arises as the only governing
parameter when the boundary-layer approximation is used to describe the resulting
steady slender jet.
The numerical integration shows that the Craya-Curtet number above the critical
value, the resulting streamlines remain aligned with the axis, while for Craya-
Curtet number below that critical value the entertainment demands of the jet
cannot be specified by the coflow, and a toroidal recirculation region forms.

Craya-Curtet number (C) is defined as,

C= √ J c /J j

Where,
J c = momentum flux of the coflowing stream

J j = momentum flux of the jet stream

DIMENSIONS

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 Common Data:
 Length of jet = 82.26mm
 Length of the circular tube = 420mm
 Diameter of the circular pipe = 75mm

 For Circular Jet:

 Diameter = 12mm

 For elliptical jet:

 Major Diameter =4.242mm
 Minor Diameter =2.121mm

 For square jet-

 Side of square = 2.65mm

 For rectangular jet-

 Breadth of rectangle = 1.879mm
 Length of rectangle = 3.759mm

 For equilateral triangular jet-

 Side =4.039mm

CAD MODELS

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CAD models are the basis for the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) so first
thing is to make CAD models. Here, we have made CAD models of different
cross-sections of the jet. Most importantly, the cross-sectional area of all jets is
equal.
The jets of different cross-sections are as follows:
1. Circular
2. Elliptical
3. Square
4. Rectangle
5. Equilateral triangle
6. Isosceles triangle

Fig. Circular jet

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Fig. Elliptical Jet

Fig. Square Jet

14
 Fig. Rectangular Jet

Fig. Equilateral Triangular Jet

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 MESH GENERATION

Mesh generation is the practice of generating a polygonal or polyhedral mesh that

approximates a geometric domain. The term ‘grid generation’ is often used
interchangeably.
Here, we have created mesh on previously made CAD models. Following are the
snapshots of the same.

1. CIRCULAR JET

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2. ELLIPTICAL JET

17
3. SQUARE JET

18
4.RECTANGULAR JET

19
5.EQUILATERAL TRIANGULAR JET

20
6.ISOSCELES TRIANGULAR JET

21
 SIMULATION OF CIRCULAR JET IN OPENFOAM

Circular jet has been simulated in OpenFOAM using simpleFOAM solver.

The various boundary, velocity and pressure conditions are given according
to appropriate value of Reynolds number.

1. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:

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2.VELOCITY CONDITIONS:

3.PRESSURE
CONDITIONS:

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 RESULT
The following result has been obtained after simulation in openFOAM using
simpleFoam solver.

SIMULATED FLOW

RESIDUALS
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As mixing can be visualized with the help of centerline velocity. Hence, centerline
velocity is plotted in paraFoam and the snap of the same is attached below. In the
start of the centerline plot, there is a zone called as potential core (developing
region) after which where velocity becomes constant is called as developed region.

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 REFERENCES

1. A numerical method for the solution of confined co-flowing jet diffusion

flames.
2. Laminar Craya-Curtet jets
Antonio Revuelta Departamento de Combustibles Fosiles, CIEMAT, 28040
Madrid, Spain
3. Taghi Karimipanah, 1996, TURBULENT JETS IN CONFINED SPACES,
Centre for Built Environment, Royal Institute of Technology, Box 88, S-801
02 Gävle, Sweden.
4. Molecular mixing via jets in confined volumes
By R. E. BREIDENTHAL, V. R. BUONADONNA AND M. F.
WEISBACH Boeing Aerospace & Electronics, Seattle, WA 98124, USA
5. Mixing enhancement using chevron nozzle: studies on free jets and confined
jets.

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