Forgotten Workforce Bur

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Burmese Women’s Union
P.O Box 40
ykef;uG,faeaomt&dyfrsm;
Mae Rim, Chiang Mai 50180
Thailand
Email: bwu@burmesewomensunion.org w&kwfEdkifiH/ a&$vD_rdK @rS jrefrmEdkifiHom; a&$@ajymif;trsdK;orD; tvkyform;rsm;. b0jzwfoef;r+tawG@t}uHK
Website: www.burmesewomensunion.org
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rmppftpdk;&onf 1962 ckESpf tm%modrf;cJhonfh tcsdefrSpI wHcg;ydwf txD;usefrl0g'udk qkyf
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1
The China Post article: China tops Thailand as Myanmar’s biggest foreign investor in ‘10: report,
February 23, 2011
2
Xinhua article: Entrepreneurs of Chinese province, Myanmar hold business meeting in Yangon,
March 14, 2011
3
Irrawaddy article, Burma buys 50 fighter jets from China, June 15, 2010
4
http://www.indexmundi.com/china/gdp_real-grwoth.html; http://www.indexmundi.com/burma/gdp_real
-grwoth html;


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5
International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database-October 2010
6
Trends in Maternal Mortality:1990 to 2008. WHO 2010. Ratio for 2008
7
Trends in Maternal Mortality:1990 to 2008. WHO 2010. Ratio for 2008
8
Burma Medical Association et al, Diagnosis Critical: Health and Human Rights in Eastern Burma,
October 2010
9
Myanmar country report, Economist Intelligence Unit, January 2010
10
UNDP International Human Development Indicators, http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/
MMR.html
11
Burma Rivers Network, statement on International Day of Rivers, March 14, 2011
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www.tourlijiang.com
www.yunnanadventure.com
13
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http://www.palaungland.org/2011/06/06/the-collapse-of-tea-market-plunges-tea-farmers-into-crisis/
14

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jzwfvdkufawmhw,f? ” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; trSwf 16)
{&m0wDwkdif; urf;&dk;wef;a'orS touf 20 t&G,f wjcm; trsKd;orD;wOD;uvnf; æ
“(usroGm;csifwJhta=umif;u) jrefrmEkdifiHrSm EdkifiHa&;t&vnf; wnf+idrfr_r&dSbl;/ usr

wdk@aewJhae&muvnf; yifv,feJ@eD;w,f? usrwdk@ae&mvnf; em*pfwdkufcH&w,f?
'ga=umifh usrrdbawGudk yifv,feJ@ a0;wJh ae&mwckudk a&$@xm;csifvdk@yJ? ” (awG@qHkar;
jref;jcif;trSwf 5)
EdkifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_qdkaom tcsuftm; txl;ojzifh 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv pDwef;vSnfhvnf

qENjyyGJrsm; (xdkqENjyyGJrsm;udk oHCmawmfrsm;u OD;aqmifcJhojzifh a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;[k
ac:a0:onf?) udk ppfwyfu +zdKcGif;cJhr_ESifhqufpyfI aps;qkdiftultjzpf tvkyfvkyfaeaom
ppfudkif;rS a&$@ajymif;trsKd;orD;wOD;u txl;tav;xm;ajymqdkcJhonf?
“usr w±kwfEdkifiHudk yxra&mufvmwkef;u 'DrSm jrefrma&$@ajymif;tvkyform;awGtrsm;

}uD;&dSwm rawG@zl;bl;? a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;vnf; +yD;a&m 0ifvm=uwJholawG trsm;
}uD;yJ? ydkvnf;wdk;vmaewkef;yJ?” (awG@qHkar;jref; jcif;trSwf 25)
ajzqdkoltrsm;pkonf jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;aeaom a'orsm;wGifaexdkifolrsm;

r[kwf=uay? odk@aomf &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; erfhqrfa'ool touf 21 t&G,f yavmiftrsKd;
orD;wOD;onf &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; ukd;uef@a'o/ avmif*dkif&dS umpDEdkavmif;upm;±Hkw±HkwGif
tvkyfvkyfaepOf 2009 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif ppftpdk;&u udk;uef@typf&yftzGJ@tm; wdkuf
cdkufcJhonf? e,fajrodrf;xdk;ppfa=umifh 'kuQonfaygif; 37000 ausmf w±kwf EdkifiHtwGif;odk@
xGufajy;cJh&onf? rdrdwdk@ ajzqdkolonf wdkufyGJrsm; rjzpfcif }udKwifxGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJh+yD; olr
&GmwGif wvr#jyefvmae+yD;aemuf w±kwfEdkifiHwGif oGm;a&muftvkyfvkyf&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf?
rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJjcif;ESifh t&ufaopmtvGeftu|HaomufoHk;jcif;
trsKd;orD;trsm;pktwGuf a&$@ajymif;tajccstvkyf&SmazGjcif;. t"duta=umif;&if;rSm
pD;yGm;a&;t& vdktyfcsufjzpfaomfvnf; cifyGef;onf/ zcif (odk@r[kwf) yaxG; tygt0if
rdom;pk0ifwOD;OD;u rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJjcif;/ t&ufaopm tvGeftu|H aomufoHk;aeygu
xdktcsufuvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm; tdrfrSxGufcGm&ef qHk;jzwfcsufudk wGef;tm;ay;aom
tcsufwcsufjzpfonf?
aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifaeaom touf 32 t&G,f yavmiftrsKd;

orD;u olrcifyGef; bdef;pGJaeojzifh olrb0 ysufpD;cJh&yHkudk &Sif;jycJhonf?

“usra,mufusfm;u bdef;pGJaew,f? olrl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;wm usrr}udKufbl;/ 'gayr,fh
usrbmrS rwwfEdkifbl;? tJ'Dawmh usrw±kwfjynfudk xGufvmzdk@aemufqHk;rSm qHk;jzwf
vdkuf&w,f? usr ol@qDvnf; jyefudk roGm;csifawmhbl;? usr jrefrjynfjyefr,fqkd&if
awmif tareJ@yJaer,f/ oleJ@awmh raeawmhbl;?
usrwdk@tdrfaxmifuswm 6 ESpfausmfyg+yD? tdrfaxmifus+yD; wESpfavmuf=umwmeJ@

ol rl;,pfaq;0g; poHk;awmhwmyJ? ol@oli,fcsif;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; rl;,pf
aq;0g;oHk;wJh vlawGcsnf;yJqdkawmh olvnf; aemufydkif; aq;poHk;awmhwmyJ? olrl;,pf
aq;0g;oHk;awmh usrrSm 'kuQawG trsm;}uD;awG@cJh&w,f? uav;awGudkvnf; usryJ
=unfhcJh&w,f? aemufqHk;awmh usrb,fvdkrS onf;rcHEdkifawmhwma=umifh tdrfuae
xGufvmzdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhwmyJ?
ol rl;,pfaq;0g;roHk;cifuwnf;u vufzufcif;u odyftqifrajybl;? ol rl;,pfaq;

poHk;+yDqdkawmh (rdom;pk pD;yGm;a&;tajctae) ydkqdk;vmukefwmaygh?
usru ol@udk rl;,pfaq;0g; roHk;zdk@ r[kwfwmawG rvkyfzdk@ajym&if usrwdk qJw,f?

tJ'Dvkdajymwdkif;ol usrudk qJw,f? usrol@udk&Sif;jyw,f “igwdk@uav;awGudk=unfhprf;”?
wjcm;rdom;pku uav;awGvkdrsKd; usrwdk@om; orD;awGudk aumif;aumif;ausmif;wuf/
aumif;aumif;pm;/ aumif;aumif; 0wfpm;apcsifw,f? 'gayr,fh usra,musfm;vdkrsKd;
rl;,pfaq;oHk;aewJholawGu b,fvdkvkyfrdom;pkudk axmufyHhay;EdkifrSmvJ? tJ'Dvkdrl;
,pfaq;oHk;wJholawGtaeeJ@ uav;awGudk ausmif;rxm;Edkif=ubl;?” (awG@qHkar;jref;
jcif;trSwf 31)
rl;,pfaq;0g;ukefoG,fr_rS wdkuf&dkuftusdK;tjrwf&aeaom jrefrmppftpdk;ESifh ‚=oZmcH

jynfol@ppfrsm;. wkduf±dkuf xdef;csKyfr_atmufwGif &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;a'otwGif; bdef;
pdkufysdK;r_ydkwdk;vmaea=umif; yavmiftrsKd;orD;tzGJ@. okawoeðyavhvmcsufwGif azmf
xkwfxm;onf? 158
Palaung Women’s Organisation: Poisoned Hills, January 2010

15
qGJaqmifaom tajctaersm;
vkyftm;crsm;jcif;/ a'oeD;pyfjcif;ESifh tquftoG,f&dSjcif;
w±kwfEdkifiHodk@ a&$@ajymif;tajccs&ef t"durjiif;Edkifaom tcsufwckrSm jrefrmEkdifiHxufydkI 0if

aiG&Ekdifjcif;/ aiGydkpkEdkifjcif;[laom ar#mfvifhcsufjzpfonf?
xdktcsuftjyif w±kwfEkdifiHESifh eD;pyfaejcif;[laom tcsufuvnf; &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;rS trsKd;

orD;rsm; tvkyfvm&Sm&eftwGuf t"duqJGaqmifapaom tcsuftjzpfonf?
“usrwdk@twGuf oGm;&vm&wm teD;qHk;jzpfwJh w±kwfEdkifiHudk vmwmvdk@xifwmyJ? vrf;p&dwf

awmif ydkufqHvHkvHkavmufavmuf usrrSmr&dSbl;?” awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 3/ rdk;ukwf+rdK@ol
wOD;?
w±kwfEdkifiHodk@ a&$@ajymif;tajccsr_ wdk;rsm;vmjcif;a=umifh w±kwfEdkifiHwGif tvkyfvkyfaeaeaom

aqGrsKd; rsm;/ oli,fcsif;rsm;/ w&Gmwnf;om; vlcHtodrsm;&dSaom a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;twGuf
tvkyf&Sm&ef tquftoG,frsm;tjzpf ulnDay;onfrSm "rRwmyifjzpfonf?
vlukeful;r+
rdrdwdk@okawoeðyavhvmcsufonf vlukeful;r_tay:t"d
uxm;jcif;r&dSaomfvnf; rdrdwdk@ awG@qHkar;jref;cJhaom
trsKd;orD;rsm;teuf wOD;onf ZeD;r,m;tjzpfae&ef
twif;t=uyfa&mif;pm;cHcJh&ol[k od&dScJh&onf? ppfudkif;
a'ool xdktrsKd;orD;onf touf 17 ESpft&G,fwGif
rEWav;odk@ tvkyf&Sm&ef xGufvmcJhaomfvnf; a&$vDodk@
vdrfvnfac:aqmifoGm;cHcJh&onf? xdk@aemuf yDuif;+rdK@rS
w&ufc&D;r# a0;aom &Gmw&GmrS w±kwftrsKd;om;xHwGif
ZeD;onftjzpf a&mif;pm;cHcJh&onf? (atmufESifh wzufpm
rsufESmwGif tjynfhtpHkudk=unfhyg?)
xdkw±kwftrsKd;om;. &GmwGifyif w±kwftrsKd;om;rsm;ESifh

tdrfaxmifusaeaom trsKd;orD;&Spfa,muf&dS+yD; wcsKd@u
twif;t=uyf odk@r[kwf vdrfnmcH&+yD; a&mufvm=uol
rsm;jzpf=u+yD; wcsKd@trsKd;orD;rsm;u tdrfaxmifonfb0wGif tEdkifusifhcH&olrsm;vnf; &dSo
vdk/ rdrdqENtavsmuf vmolrsm;vnf;&dSonf? wcsKd@trsKd;orD;rsm;onf vuf&dSb0wGiftqif
ajyauseyfaeyHk&onf? xdktajctaeudk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh w±kwftrsKd;om;rsm;onfjrefrm

trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ZeD;r,m;tjzpfodrf;,lonfh enf;vrf;topfwck jzpfay:vmaeonf
udk awG@&Ekdifonf? wcsKd@jzpf&yfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf w±kwfEdkifiHodk@ twif;t"rR ac:
aqmifcHcJh&+yD; wcsKd@jzpf&yfrsm;wGifrl tdrfaxmifouftwGif; trsKd;om;. tEdkifusifhESdyfpufr_
cHae&onfrsm;vnf; awG‹&dS&onf?
olrxHrS jzpf&yfpHk jyefajymif;ajym=um;csufwGif a=uufvef@wkefv_yfzG,f tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk

txifom;awG@jrif&onf? w±kwftrsKd;om;xHrS olrxGufajy;vGwfajrmufvmcJh+yD; a&$vDwGif
tvkyfqufvkyfaecJhonf? xdk@aemuf a&$vDwGif jrefrmtrsKd;om;wOD;ESifh tdrfaxmifjyefxlaxmif
cJh+yD; vuf&dSwGif olrudk,folr &yfwnfEdkifa&;twGuf tvkyf&Smaeonf? w±kwfEkdifiHwGif
ae&onfrSm vHk+cHKr_&dSw,fvdk@cHpm;&vm;vdk@ ar;onfhtcgwGif olru cHpm;&onf[k ajz=um;
cJhonf?
ZeD;tjzpfa&mif;pm;cH&jcif;
usrwdk@rdom;pku t&rf;qif;&Jawmh tdrfrSmraecsifawmhwmeJ@ rEWav;wuf+yD;
tvkyf&Smzdk@ usrqHk;jzwfcJhygw,f? rEWav;a&mufawmh usr&wJhtvkyfu aiGzlzlvHkvHkr
&wJhtvkyfjzpfaew,f? 'geJ@ usrvnf; tdrfjyefvmzdk@ qHk;jzwf cJhw,f? 'gayr,fh usr
vm&d_;uvmwJh om;trdESpfa,mufeJ@qHkawmh olwdk@uar;w,f usrtvkyfvdkcsifvm;wJh?
usruvnf; tvkyfvdkcsifygw,fqdkawmh olwdk@u tvkyfvkyfcsif&if igwdk@aemuf
vkdufcJhvdk@ajymw,f? 'geJ@usrvnf; tJ'DtrsKd;orD;ESpfa,muf aemufudkvdkufcJhw,f?
olwdk@tdrfa&mufawmh wntdyfwnf;w,f? tJ'DrSm usrt&if ESpf&ufapma&mufaewJh
rcdkifqdkwJh rdef;uav;wa,mufeJ@ qHkcJhw,f? olvnf; usrvdkrsKd;yJ tvkyf&r,fqdkvdk@
vdkufvmwmvdk@ajymw,f? usra&mufvmawmh olwdk@u usrtwGuf tdyf,meJ@pm;
p&mpDpOfay;w,f? usrwdk@ESpf a,mufpvHk;udk w±kwfawGvufxJ a&mif;pm;r,fvdk@ rcdkif
a&m/ usryg owdrxm;rdcJhbl;?
aemufwae@reufa&mufawmh usrwdk@udk w±kwfe,fpyf a&$vDudk ac:oGm;w,f? usr

udk w±kwftrsKd;om;awG vufxJ a&mif;pm;r,fvdk@ usrvHk;0rpOf;pm;cJhovdk/ tJ'Dvdk
rsKd;a&mif;pm;wmvJ r=um;zl;bl;? tJ'Dwkef;u usrtouf 17 ESpfyJ &dSao;w,f? usr
wdk@a&$vDa&mufawmh w±kwftrsKd;om;awG wa,muf+yD;wa,muf a&mufvm+yD;olwdk@
}udKufwJh aumifrav;awGudk a&G;+yD; olwdk@ae&mudk ac:oGm;w,f? tJ'DawmhrS 'DtrsKd;
orD;u usrwdk@udk w±kwfawGvufxJ a&mif;pm;aew,fqdkwm oabmaygufawmhw,f?
'geJ@ usreJ@ usroli,fcsif;vnf; tJ'DtrsKd;orD;udkoGm;+yD; usrwdk@tdrfjyefawmhr,fvdk@
ajymvkdufw,f? igeifwdk@twGuf vrf;p&dwfawG/ pm;p&dwfawG trsm;}uD;tukef tuscH
xm;&wm/ eifwdk@jyefcsif&if tJ'Dukefusp&dwfawGtm;vHk; jyefay;vdk@ tJ'D trsKd;orD;}uD;
uajymw,f? usrwdk@vufxJrS wusyfawmifr&dSbl;? w±kwfydkufqHqdk jrifawmifrjrif
zl;ao;bl;? bmvkyf&rSef;vnfrod? ydkufqHu vnf;r&dS? 'geJ@ usreJ@ rckdif wkdifyif=uw,f?
igwdk@bmrS vkyfvdk@r&bl;? igwdk@jyefcsifw,fqdkawmif igwdk@'DrSm&dSaewm rdbawGvnf;
rodbl;? bmrSvkyfr&wJhtqHk;awmh olwdk@aemufyJ vkduf=updk@vdk@ wdkifyifcJh=uw,f?
aemufwae@usawmh w±kwftrsKd;om;wa,mufa&mufvm+yD; usrudkac:oGm;w,f?
usrol@udk r}udKufayrJh vnf; olrdef;rjzpfcJh&w,f? tJ'DtrsKd;om;aemufvdkufoGm;wJh
tcsdefrSm usrb,fvdkxGufajy;&rvJqdkwmudkyJ wcsdefvHk;pOf;pm;aecJhw,f? rD;&xm;
ay:rSmvnf; usrb,fvdkxGufajy;&rvJ pOf;pm;w,f? 'gayr,fh aemufqHk; usr
pOf;pm;rdcJhwmu usrbmrSvnf; rodbl;/ b,fol@rSvnf; rodbl;? usrudk ol
rsm;awG±dkufrSmvnf; a=umufw,f? tJ'DvdkpOfpm;&if;eJ@aemufqHk;rSmawmh ol@tdrfudk
a&mufcJhygw,f? usroleJ@ &SpfESpfawmif aecJh&ygw,f?
[...]
usra&mufcgpu w±kwfvdkvnf; wvHk;rS em;rvnfbl;? olwdk@bmajymajym/ b,fvdkyJ
qJqJ/ b,fvkdyJ atmfatmf usr+idrfaecJh&w,f? usrae@wdkif;idkcJh&w,f? usrrdbawGeJ@
ywfouf+yD;vnf; ±dkif;±dkif;pdkif;pdkif;ajym=uw,f? usrtrsKd;om;wifr[kwfbl;/ ol‹nDr
awGyg ygw,f? t&rf;tcH&cufw,f? olwkd@udk jyefajymzdk@u udk,fuvnf;w±kwf
pum;rwwfawmh jyefajymvdk@r&bl;? olwkd@rdom;pku usrrdbawGeJ@ywfouf+yD;rkduf
rdkuf±dkif;±dkif;wckck ajym&if usruvnf; olwdk@udkjyefajymw,f? tJ'Dtcgusawmhusr
a,musfm;u tJ'Dvdk jyefajym&rvm;qdk+yD; usrudk ±dkufw,f? ESpfcgvnfyif;n‡pfw,f?
olusrudk ±dkufwdkif;/ vnfyif;n‡pfwdkif; usrol@udk jyefvkyfw,f? olt&rf;a'goxGufw,f?
usrvnf; ol@udkjyefajymw,f/ “eifighudk 0,fvmvdk@ eifhudkig,l&wm/ igb,fawmhrS
eifhudkrcspfbl;? ighoabmeJ@iga&G;,lr,fqdk&if eifhxuf trsm;}uD;omwJholyJ igacgif;acguf
,lr,f? tckawmh eifuighudk 0,fvmvdk@ ighrSm a&G;cs,fp&mr&dSvkd@ eifhudk,l&wm?” tJ'D
vdk jyefajymw,f? usrwdk@&efjzpfwdkif; tdrfeD; em;csif;awGuvm+yD; usra,musfm;udk
0kdif;ajym=uw,f? usru rdbawGeJ@ta0;}uD;cGJae&wm b,frSvnf; oGm;p&r&dS/ tm;
udk;p&mvlvnf;r&dSbl;? tJ'Dawmhusrudk r±dkufygeJ@ pojzifh 0dkif;ajym=uw,f?
usroleJ@twlwltdyf&wJh yxrqHk;nwkef;u usru &moDvmaeawmh oleJ@rqufqH

csifbl;? 'gayr,fh w±kwfpum;vnf;rwwf ol@udk b,fvdkajymjy&rSef;vnf; rodbl;?
olu a,mufsm;qdkawmh usreJ@ qufqHcsifw,f? bmrSrwwfEdkifbl;? 'geJ@yJ oleJ@tdyf
vdkuf&w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u usr tysdKpifwa,mufyg?
tJ'Dwkef;u Edk0ifbmv/ t&rf;at;wJhtcsdef olu usrudk tdyf,mxJrSm tusôwdk@/ ajc

tdwfwdk@ay;r0wfbl;? usrwudk,fvHk;c|wfxm;apcsifw,f? usru jrefrmrdef;uav;
usrwdk@,Ofaus;r_t& roifhawmfbl;? usrwudk,fvHk;c|wfxm;&rSm t&rf;&Sufw,f?
usrol@udkajymw,f/ usrrvkyfEdkifbl;/ t0wf0wf+yD;yJ tdyfr,fvkd@? aemufqHk;rSmawmh
olusrudk t0wf0wf+yD; ay;tdyfygw,f? usruav;r&cifu olu usrudk twif;
t=uyftdyfcdkif;w,f? ol@qENtwkdif;yJ usrvdkufavsm&w,f? usr orD;av;&vmawmh

usroleJ@ vHk;0rtdyfcsifawmhbl;? nzufolqufqHcsif&if usrem;udk uyfvmw,f?
usrol@udkajymvdkufw,f? eifigeJ@ qufqHcsifw,fqdk ,Gefw&may;&r,f? olu bm
ajymvJqdkawmh eifhudk ,Gefw&may;rJhtpm; ±HkrSm rdef;rwa,mufudk ,Gef 20 ay;&if
qufqHvdk@&w,fvdk@ ajymw,f? eif±Hk oGm;csif&ifoGm; igtem;awmh vmruyfeJ@awmhvkd@
usrol@udkajym vdkufw,f?
[...]
tdrfaxmifoufwckvHk;rSmvnf; usrb,fvdkxGufajy;&rvJyJ pdwfxJrSm t+rJpOf;pm;
aew,f? usrudk,f0ef&dS+yDvdk@ odvdkuf&awmh usr'Duav;udk rvdkcsifcJhbl;? bmjzpfvdk@
vJqdkawmh usrtdrfaxmifuswmudk usrrdbawGu todtrSwfðyxm;wmr[kwfbl;?
usrtdrfaxmifuswm olwdk@odawmifrodbl;? 'gayr,fh usruav;&vmcJhw,f? usr
a,musfm;udk usrtdrfjyefcsifw,fvdk@ajymawmh olu uav;}uD;atmifapmifhvkd@ajym
w,f? uav;}uD;vm&if ustdrfjyefr,fvdk@ajymawmh olu uav;ausmif;aewJh t&G,f
txd apmifhygvdk@ajymw,f?
tdrfaxmifonfb0rSmawmh usrtrsm;}uD;cHpm;cJh&ygw,f? tdrfaxmifonfb0w

av#mufvHk; usrtqifajy atmif}udKpm;aecJhygw,f? ol@tay:rSmvnf; usraumif;
csifa,mifaqmifaecJhygw,f? usr&nfrSef;csufu wae@awmhol@udk csKdcsKdomomav;
awmif;qdk+yD; tdrfjyefzdk@yg? usrorD; touf 7 ESpfa&mufawmh usrrdom;pkqD jyefoGm;
vnfvdk@ &r& usrar;cJhw,f? orD;av;udk oleJ@xm;cJh&w,f? usrb,fawmhrS tJ'D
ae&mudk jyefoGm;rSm r[kwfawmhbl;?
usrorD;av;udkawmh usrzkef;ac:vdk@&ygw,f? usra,mufsm;udk usrb,favmuf rkef;

rkef; usrorD;av;udkawmh usrcspfaeqJyg? yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf usra,musfm;qDuae
xGufvmawmh usrjrefrmjynfxJ jyefoGm;+yD; rdbawGeJ@ 3 vavmufaecJhw,f? rdb
awGuvnf; olwdk@eJ@yJaeawmh a,mufsm;qD jyefroGm;eJ@ awmhvkd@ajymw,f? usr
a,mufsm;udk b,favmufrkef;w,fqdkwm usrajymjyw,f? 'gayrJh usrorD;av;udk
t&rf;vGrf;w,f? tJ'ga=umifh usr a,mufsm;qD usrjyefoGm;cJhw,f? usr 2 vavmuf
xyfaecJhw,f? oleJ@ae&wm b,fvdkrS pdwfrcsrf;omawmhbl;? usrrdbawG/ rdom;pkudkyJ
owd&aew,f/ olwdk@qDyJjyefcsifaew,f? 'geJ@ aemufqHk;awmh usra,mufsm;qDu ,Gef
1000 olrodatmif,l+yD; xGufvmcJhw,f? usrxGufvmwm orD;a&m/ a,mufsm;yg
rod=uygbl;?
usrorD;av;udk rawG@&wm wESpfausmfavmuf&dSyg+yD? orD;udkawG@zdk@u rvG,fawmhbl;/

bmjzpfvdk@vnf; qdkawmh usrrS tckvufxyfpmcsKyfr&dSawmh c&D;oGm;vdk@ r&awmhvdk@
yg? t&ifu usrvufxyfpmcsKyfeJ@ w±kwfEkdifiHwEdkifiHvHk; usroGm;csifwJhae&moGm;vdk@
&ygw,f? usrorD;t&G,fuav;awGawG@wdkif; usrorD;udk t&rf;vGrf;ygw,f? txl;
ojzifh atmufxyfaps;qdkifu uav;av;udk usrawG@wdkif;aygh/ usrorD;u ol@xuf
t&yfenf;enf;ydk&Snfw,f? usrorD;udk t+rJwrf;owd&ygw,f? usra,mufsm;u
zkef;eHygwf b,fawmhrS rajymif;awmh usrorD;udk zkef;ac:vdk@&ygw,f? usrolwdk@udk
bmrSrajymrqdk xGufoGm;wJh tay:rSm usra,mufsm;u usrudk tjypfzdk@ygw,f? “igwdk@
&SpfESpfausmftwlwlaecJh+yD;+yD? igwdk@tm;vHk; eifhudkcspfw,f? eifomigwdk@udk rcspfwm?”
usra,mufsm;u t+rJajymw,f? oltJ'Dvkdajym&if igvnf; ighrdbeJ@aecsifw,fvdk@
jyefajymvdkufw,f? usrrdbawGr&dSawmhwJhtcg=u&if ol@qDjyefvmvkd@ usra,mufsm;
uvnf; jyefajymw,f? olbmyJajymajym usrorD;av;u tJ'DrSm&dSaew,f? usrol@udk
owd&wkdif; zkef;ac:w,f?
+yD;cJh wavmuyJ usr jrefrmtrsKd;om;wa,mufeJ@ aemuftdrfaxmif xyfxlaxmifw,f?

usrrSmorD;av;&dSwm olvnf;odw,f? 'gayrJh usrc%c% zkef;ac:wm olr}udKufbl;?
“tJ'DtwGuf &Sifusrudk xm;cJhr,fqdkvnf; xm;cJhyg? usrtwGufawmh usrorD;udk
rxm;cJhEdkifbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh usrudk,feJ@vG,f arG;xm;&wJhorD;jzpfaevdk@? usr
uawmh orD;udkac:ae&rSmyJ/” vdk@ usrol@udk jyefajymvkdufw,f? (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;
trSwf 21)

a&$vDòrd@wGif aexdkifjcif;? a&$@ajymif;trsKd;orD;rsm;. vkyfief;tawG@t}uHKrsm;
a&$vDòrd‹twGif;ESifh ywf0ef;usifa'orsm;w0dkuf tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;rsm;
txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; awG@qHkar;jref;cJhonfh trsKd;orD;trsm;pkonf a&$vDa'o

twGif;odk@ tvkyftudkifESifh aiGa&;a=u;a&;tcGifhtvrf;wdk@twGuf a&$@ajymif;vm=ujcif;
jzpfonf? xdktcGifhtvrf;rsm; vufawG@&dSjcif;/ r&dSjcif;qdkonfxuf e,fpyfwav#mufwGif a&$@
ajymif;tajccsolrsm;twGuf tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvef;rsm;/ puf±Hkrsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ ay:
aygufvmonfudkawmh jiif;y,fIr&ay? a&$vDESifh =u,fa*gifa'owGif vlodrsm;xif&Sm;aom
vkyfief;rsm;jzpf=uonfh vdifvkyfief;/ rl;,pfaq; 0g;a&mif;0,fjcif;/ ukefypPnf;ESifh vlarSmifckdoGif;jcif;
ponfh tEW&m,frsm;+yD; w&m;Oya'jyify vkyfief;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;aumif;aeqJ &SifoefaeqJ
(pD;yGm;a&;t& wGufajctudkufqHk;pD;yGm;a&;[kyif owfrSwfcHxm;&onf?) jzpfonfhtjyif
puf±Hkvkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; aps;aygaom jrefrmtvkyform; ydkvdktyfvmaejcif;a=umifh a&$@
ajymif;trsKd;orD;twGuf tvkyftcGifhtvef;onf ,cifuxufydkI yGifhvef;aejcif;jzpfonf?
rdrdwdk@ aqG;aEG;cJhaom trsKd;orD;rsm; toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ðyaeaom vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;
rsm;wGif vdifvkyfief;/ tdrfwGif;vkyfief;/ tvSukefypPnf;/ ausmufta&mif;t0,f/ aps;qdkifESifh
aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief; rsm;yg0ifonf?
rdrdwdk@ aqG;aEG;cJhaomtrsKd;orD;rsm; toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ðyaeonfh vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk

atmufygZ,m;wGif azmfjyxm;onf?
vkyfief;trsKd;tpm; t&nftwGuf &mcdkifE_ef;
vdifvkyfief; 8 25 µ
puf±Hk (odk@r[kwf) tvkyf±Hk 6 19 µ
aps;qdkiftvkyf (aps;qdkif (odk@ ) ysHusaps;onf) 6 19 µ
tvkyfvufrJh (trsm;pkonf uav;rD;zGm;xm;ojzifh) 4 12 µ
tdrftulvkyfief;/ yk*~vduusL&Sifq&mr 2 6µ
pm;aomufqdkiftvkyf 2 6µ
±dk;&mtESdyfonftvkyf 1 3µ
ausmufpdrf;ta&mif;t0,f 1 3µ
tvSukefypPnf;tvkyf 1 3µ
aqmufvkyfa&;tvkyf 1 3µ
pkpkaygif; 32 100 µ
ajzqdkoltrsm;pkonf w±kwfEdkifiHwGif aexkdifpOftwGif; puf±Hkw±HkrSw±Hk ul;oef;um tvkyf
aygif;rsKd;pHkvkyfcJhzl;onf? tvkyfajymif;&jcif;. t"duta=umif;&if;rSm 0ifaiGydk&vdkIaomfvnf;
aumif;/ tvkyf&Sif. ESdyfpufr_a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ udk,f0ef&jcif;a=umifhaomfvnf;
aumif; ta=umif;t&mrsKd;pHk&dSedkifonf?
vuf&dStvkyftrsKd;tpm;rsm;onf ,cifrdrdwdk@a&;om;xkwfa0cJhaom i&JjynfESpfxyf=um; tpD
&ifcHpmygyHkpHrsm;ESifh tvm;wlonf? a&$@ajymif;trsKd;orD;rsm;onf usm;r rwluGJjym;jcif;tay:
tajccHI a,bl,sowfrSwfxm;aom tdrfwGif;tvkyf/ puf±Hktultvkyf ponfh “trsKd;
orD;tvkyf” [kowfrSwfxm;onfh vufwdkvufawmif; tvkyfrsm;wGifom tvkyf&onf[k
,ciftpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onf? wcsKd@trsKd;orD;rsm;onf puf±Hk/ 0yfa&Smh (odk@r[kwf)
aqmufvkyfa&;qdkuf ponfh tvkyform; rsm;rsm;vkdaom tvkyfrsm;wGif trsKd;om;ESifhwef;wl
tvkyf&wwfaomfvnf; vkyftm;cudkawmh trsm;enf;wlr[kwfyJ avsmh&wwfonf? (atmuf
ygtcef;udk =unfhyg?)
puf±Hk ESifh 0yfa&Smhtvkyform;
txufwGif tao;pdwfazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; jrefrmEkdifiHrS ukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;pGmudk w±kwf

EdkifiHtwGif; wifydk@aeqJjzpfonf? tqdkygukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@ukef vloHk;ukef
ypPnf;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJvkyf,laom puf±HkESifhtvkyf±Hku axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom jrefrma&$@
ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;twGuf tvkyftudkifzefwD;ay;xm;onf? a&$vDwGif jrefrmtvkyf
orm;rsm;udk tvkyftrsm;qHk;ay;aom puf±HktrsKd;tpm;rSm opfausmuf (jrefrmjynfrS wif
oGif;aom ausmufom;±kyfºuif;tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;aom opfom;) puf±Hkrsm;/ y&dabm*ESifh
ausmufjzwf/ ausmufaoG; puf±Hkrsm;jzpfonf?
rEWav;wkdif;/ EGm;xdk;}uD;+rdK@e,fwGif obm0opfausmufrsm;pGmawG@+yD;aemuf qufwdkufqdkovdk

opfausmufvkyfief; ±kwfcsnf;tm;aumif;vmcJhonf? xdk@aemuf =u,fa*gif-a&$vDodk@ raoG;
&ao;aom ukef=urf;rsm; pwif wifoGif;cJh+yD;/ rGrf;rHcs,foum w±kwfaps;uGufwGif jyefvnf
a&mif;csonf? tvS opfausmufrsm;onf w±kwfEdkifiHwGif tdrfwGif;tvSqifypPnf;tjzpf
wefzdk;}uD;}uD;jzifha&mif;csaom tvGefvl}udKufrsm;aom ypPnf;jzpfonf? opfausmufrsm;udk
tEkpdwfjzwfawmuf/ cs,fojcif;vkyfief;onf txdcdkufrcHovdk tEW&m,fvnf;rsm;onf?
v#yfppfv$uJhodk@aom wefqmyvmrsm;ygtoHk;ðy&+yD; jrefrma&$@ajymif; tvkyform;rsm;u
trsm;qHk;vkyfudkif=uonf?
“'Dtvkyfu tvGeftEW&m,frsm;awmh w±kwfawGu rvkyfcsif=ubl;? jrefrmawGyJ vkyf

=uw,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref; jcif;trSwf 28? opftacsmukdiftvkyfor/)
tqdkygvkyfief;rsm;wGif trsKd;om;ESifhtrsKd;orD; ESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk cef@tyfaomfvnf; trsKd;om;rsm;u

v$puf}uD;rsm;udk udkifwG,fI opfom;tcGHrsm;udk zJhxkwf+yD; trsKd;orD;rsm;uawmh v#yfppfa&G
abmfpufudk toHk;ðyI aemufqHk; tacsmoyftqifh vkyfaqmif&onf?
tEW&m,fydkenf;aom y&dabm*puf±Hkrsm;wGif w±kwftvkyform;rsm; ydk&dSonf? odk@aomf

vpmydk&aom w±kwfvlrsKd; tvkyform;rsm;xuf jrefrmtvkyform;OD;a&u ydkrsm;onf?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh trsKd;om; tvkyform; (puf±Hkw±HkwGif tvkyform; 300 teuf trsKd;

orD;0efxrf; 8 OD;om&dSonf?) ydkrsm;+yD;/ trsKd;om;rsm;u y&dabm *ypPnf;wyfqifaom
vuform;tjzpf tvkyf&wwf+yD; trsKd;orD;rsm;u aq;okwfjcif;/ aygvpfwkdufjcif; tvkyf
rsm;&onf?
opfom;vkyfief;puf±Hkrsm;wGif trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;OD;a& wef;wl&dS=uonf? tqdkygpuf±Hkrsm;

onf opfom;}udwf pufrsm;jzifh txyfom;rsm; (odk@r[kwf) opfom;csyfrsm; ðyvkyfaom
puf±Hkrsm;jzpfonf? odk@aomf trsKd;om;rsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;xuf vkyftm;cydk&+yD; w±kwf
tvkyform;rsm;u jrefrm tvkyform;rsm;xuf vkyftm;c ydk&onf?
jrefrmtvkyform;rsm;udk om;oD;oef@cef@aom tjcm;0yfa&Smhrsm;rSm oJausmufAk'<qif;wkawmf

rsm;udk tvSwefqmqifjcif;/ aygvpfwifjcif;tvkyfjzpfonf? tqdkyg qif;wkawmfrsm;udk jrefrm
jynfrSwifoGif;I w±kwfEkdifiHtESH@ jyefvnfa&mif;csonf? a&$vDwGif tqdkyg0yfa&Sm@trsKd;tpm;
tenf;qHk; 15 ±Hk&dSonf[k ajzqkdol wOD; tqdkt&od&onf?
puf±Hkrsm;/ 0yfa&Smhrsm;onf tkyfpkvdkufwnf&dS=u+yD; 0efxrf;r[kwfolrsm; 0ifcGifh&&efcufcJonf?

wcgw&H vHk;0 cGifhðyjcif;r&dSay? xdk@a=umifh puf±Hktvkyfvkyfae=uaom jrefrma&$@ajymif;tajccs
olOD;a&ESifh puf±HkwGif; tajctaeudkod&ef tvGefcufcJonf? odk@aomf y&dabm*ESifh opfausmuf
aoG;tvkyf±Hkrsm; vkyfief;wckwnf;wGifyif tvkyfvkyfaeaom jrefrmEkdifiHom;OD;a& axmif
aomif;csD&dSaeonfrSm txift&Sm;jzpfonf?
“a&$vD+rdK@twGif;a&m tjyifrSmyg opfausmufaoG;±HkawGtrsm;}uD;yJ? a&$vDtwGif;eJ@

ywf0ef;usifrSm tvkyfvkyfae=uwJh jrefrmtvkyform; wpfaxmifavmufawmh&dS&r,f?
+yD;cJhESpfydkif;avmufuESpf&m/ oHk;&mavmufyJ&dSw,f? tckawmh vlawGu ydk+yD;0ifvm
w,f? txl;ojzifhawmh em*pfrkefwdkif; wdkuf+yD;u wnf;u vli,ftrsm;pku 'Dtvkyfudk
vkyfvm=uw,f? jrefrmjynfwjynfvHk;u vm=uwmyJ/ csif;jynfe,fuawmif ygao;
w,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 3/ opfausmufaoG;orm;wOD;)
“a&$vD+rdK@twGif;ESifh 0ef;usifw0dkufrSm opfausmufaoG;±HkrSmvkyfae=uwJh jrefrmjynfol

axmif aomif;csD&dSw,f? t"du ae&m 7 ck&dSw,f/ ae&mwckcsif;pDrSm tvkyf±Hk 30 eJ@
txufrSm &dSw,f? ” (awG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;trSwf 4/ opfausmufaoG;orm;wOD;)
“usrtvkyfvkyfwJh puf±HkteD;w0dkufrSm y&dabm*puf±Hkaygif; 6 ±Hk/ 7 ±Hkavmuf&dS

w,f? w±HkpDrSm tvkyform; 300 ausmfw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh b,folrqdk
tvkyfvdkcsif&if olwdk@tvkyfcef@w,f? tvkyform;uawmh jrefrmeJ@ w±kwfa&mae
wmyJ? w0ufausmfausmfuawmh jrefrmawGyg? qdkawmh Oyrm puf±Hkw±HkrS 10
a,mufuaew 15 a,muftxdyJ w±kwfawG/ usefwmu jrefrmeJ@ &Srf;awG? ” (awG@
qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf2 3/ opfausmufaoG;orm;wOD;)
tqdkyg tvkyf±Hkrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHrSwifoGif;aom ukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;udkom t"durSDcdkxm;
ojzifh a&&Snftvkyf+rJEkdifonfh tajctae tenf;i,fom&dSonfudk owdcsyfoifhonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHrS wifoGif;aom obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;onfvnf; vsifvsifjrefjrefjzifh ukefcrf;vkeD;
jzpfaeonf? wifydk@ukef r&dSawmhygu puf±Hkrsm; ydwfvdkuf&Edkif+yD; tvkyform;rsm;vnf; tvkyf
vufrJh jzpfoGm;rnfjzpfonf?
aps;qdkiftvkyf
a&$@ajymif;trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf yHkrSeftvkyf&onfhae&mwckrSm aps;qdkiftvkyfjzpfonf? ajzqdk

olrsm;pGmteuf trsm;pkrSm aps;qdkiftulrsm; (odk@r[kwf) ysHusaps;onfrsm;jzpf=uonf?
wcsKd@tajctaersm;wGif jrefrm0efxrf;rsm;onf aps;aygojzifh w±kwftvkyf&Sifrsm;u tvkyf
ckdif;jcif;jzpfovdk/ wcsKd@tajctaersm;wGifvnf; a&$vDwGif wppwdk;rsm;vmaeaom jrefrm
EdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh qufqH&mwGif vG,fulap&eftwGuf tvkyfcef@=ujcif;vnf;&dSonf? a'o
twGif; jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; tHkESifhusif;ESifh 0ifa&mufvmjcif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHom; aps;uGuf
twGuf oD;oef@&nf&G,fzGifhvSpfaom vufvDaps;qdkifrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmonf? Oyrm
opfom;ESifh ausmufjzwf/ ausmufaoG;±HkteD;w0kduf (tqdkyg±Hkrsm;wGif jrefrmtvkyform;
&mESifhcsDI cef@tyfonf?)wGif a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;wGif &nf&G,faom t0wftxnf qdkif
aygif;rsm;pGm &dSonf?
a&$vDa&muf jrefrmEdkifiHom;aps;uGuftwGuf OD;wnfa&mif;csaeaom touf 33 ESpft&G,f

ysHusaps; onf wOD;onf olrta':ESifhtwl jrefrmjynfrS ypPnf;rsm;oGif;,lI a&$vDaps;wckwGif
jyefvnfa&mif;csonf? olrajym onfu æ
“ 'DrSm ESpfaygif; 20 avmufaevmwJh ta':wa,mufeJ@ usr jrefrmjynfxGufypPnf;awG

ukeful;w,f? ta':u yJrsKd;pHk/ =uufoGefeD/ ig;ajcmuf/ i±kwfoD;/ ig;yd tJ'gawG wifvmw,f?
yxrydkif;awmh usrol@udk 0dkif;ulay;w,f? aemufawmh usrudk,fykdifqkdifav;wck pwnf
w,f+yD; tJ'DukefajcmufypPnf;awG xyfa&mif;w,f? t"duuawmh jrefrmvlrsKd;awG
twGufyg? 'Daps;xJrSm jrefrmjynfuvmzGifhwJh qkdif 10 ckavmuf&dSyg w,f?” (awG@
qHkar;jref;jcif; trSwf 11)
odk@aomf wcsKd@qdkifrsm;u jrefrmjynfzuf ukefypPnf;jyefwifoGif;aom jrefrmukefonfrsm;odk@

vufum; jyefa&mif;onf? jrefrmjynfzGm;udk;uef@w±kwf aps;qdkiftulwOD;u jrefrmpum;ESifh
w±kwfpum;udk olrajymEdkifojzifh olrsm; tvkyfcef@cJhonfudk &Sif;jyonf?
“ausmif;+yD;awmh usrtrsKd;awGeJ@aezdk@ =u,fa*gifudk a&mufvmw,f? usrta':u

ausmufqdkifydkifw,f? usru jrefrmpum;a&m/ w±kwfpum;ygwwfawmh ta':udk
0kdif;ul;ay;cJhw,f? [...]

“aemufawmh usrvnf; 0ifaiGydk&atmifqdk+yD; a&$vDzufudk ul;vmw,f? usr ausmif;
aezuf oli,fcsif;wa,mufu usrudk tdwfqdkif (jrefrmEdkifiHzufjcrf;odk@ jyefvnfwif
oGif;aom ukefonfrsm;odk@a&mif;csaom vufum;qdkif) rSm tvkyf&Smay;w,f? ydkif&Sifu
zleefjynfe,fu w±kwf? ol@rdef;reJ@qdkifudk OD;pD;w,f? olwdk@rSm uav;wa,mufvnf;
&dSw,f? qdkiftulqdkvdk@ usrwa,mufwnf;yJ? olwdk@twGuf usru toHk;usw,fav?
bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh qdkif&Sifu jrefrmpum;rwwfawmh usru aps;vm0,fwJh olawG
udk bmomjyefay;w,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; trSwf 2)
w±kwfpum;ajymwwfjcif;onf aps;qdkiftvkyfvkyfvdkaom trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf ckdifrmaom

tm;omcsufwckjzpfonf? opfom;tacsmudkifvkyfief;wGif vkyfudkifcJhzl;ol trsKd;orD;wOD;&Sif;
jywmu æ
“opfom;jzwfwJhtvkyfudk usrrvkyfcsifawmhbl;/ t&rf;tEW&m,frsm;vdk@? jy\emu

usru w±kwfpum;ajymrwwfawmh aps;qdkiftvkyfr&bl;? usrw±kwfpum;oifcsif
w,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; trSwf 3)
tdrfwGif;tultvkyf
tdrfwGif;tultvkyfonf a&$@ajymif;trsKd;orD;rsm; trsm;qHk;tvkyf&aomtvkyfwcktjzpf

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=um wnf&dSvmcJhonf? t"duta=umif;&if;rSm tdrfwGif;tvkyfonf trsKd;orD;
rsm;tvkyfjzpfaoma=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh tvG,fwul oif,lEkdifonf[laom usm;r
tajccHpOf;pm;csufa=umifhjzpfonf? tdrfwGif;wHcg;ydwfaemufuG,fwGif a&$@ajymif;trsKd;orD;rsm;
tvG,fwul acgif;yHkjzwfcH/ tEdkifusifhcH&Ekdifaom vkyfief;wckvnf;jzpfonf?
a&$vDwGif av;ESpf=um tdrfazmftjzpf tvkyfvkyfcJhzl;aom trsKd;orD;wOD;tqdkt& æ
“usrwdk@jrefrmtdrfazmfawGu aps;aygawmh w±kwfawGu jrefrmtrsKd;orD;awGudk ydk

iSm;csifw,fvdk@ usrxifw,f? (usrwdk@udk wvudk ,Grf 500 ay;&w,fqdk&if w±kwf
awGqdk&ifawmh ,Grf 600 (odk@r[kwf) 700 ay;&ygw,f?) +yD;awmh usrwdk@u bmt
vkyfrqdk vkyfay;ygw,f? wu,fI w±kwfawGudk xrif;csufzkd@yJ iSm;w,fqdk&if wjcm;
tdrftvkyfawG olwdk@ rvkyfygbl;? jrefrmEkdifiHom;tdrfazmfawGusawmh w±kwfpum;
vnf; aopm&SifpmavmufyJwwfawmh tvkyf&Sifudkvnf;jyefrjiif;wwf=ubl;?” (awG@
qHk ar;jref;jcif;trSwf 7)
tdrfrsm;wGif tdrfazmftjzpf toufarG;0rf;a=umif;aom a&G@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;tay:

w&m;r#wpGm qufqHjcif;r&dSonfudk tdrfazmftvkyfvkyfcJhzl;aom ajzqdkol ig;a,muf.
ajymqdkcsufwGif xif[yfay:vGifonf? vkyftm;cenf;+yD; qdk;0g;aomvkyfief;cGiftajctaea
=umifh olwdk@tvkyfuxGufcJh&onf[kod&onf? tdrfazmftvkyfuvGJI vkyftm;cydk&aom
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Restaurant in Ruili
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udk tdrfjyefvmckdif;w,f? usr tdrfudk wu,fjyefcsifygw,f? usrraysmfbl;?” (awG@
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. txifu& vdifvkyfief;rsm; wnf&dS&mae&mtm; 2005 ckESpfwGif w±kwf&Jrsm;u ESdrfeif;cJh+yD;
16
Irrawaddy, Yunnan’s Sin City, January 2005, retrieved 21 April 2010, http://www.irrawaddy.org/
print_article.php?art_id=4333
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tcGifhtvef;twGufawmh taxmuftulðyEkdifyHkr&ay?
vkyfief;cGiftajctaersm;ESifh usef;rma&;/ vHk_cHKr+tEW&m,frsm;
vkyftm;c ESifh tusdK;cHpm;cGifhrsm;
awG@qHkar;jref;csdefwGif oufqdkif&m ajzqdkol. tvkyfrS 0ifaiGonf wvv#if tar&duefa':vm

38 a':vm tedrfhqHk;rS tar&duefa':vm 1478 a':vm tjrifhqHk;txd rwluGJjym;pGm vkyftm;
c&&dS=uonf?1710vdifvkyfief;onf pD;yGm;a&;vrf;tajzmifhqHk;tvkyftjzpfawG@&dS&onf?
“usrrSm ausmif;wufaewJh uav;ESpfa,muf&dSw,f? tu,fvdk@ usrom omref

pD;yGm;a&;av;eJ@ vkyfudkifpm;r,fqkd&if usruav;awGudk axmufyhHzdk@ ydkufqHtvHk
17
This figure is likely to be inflated as it is based on the daily average earnings of a brothel madam,
who does not always receive regular income as business is frequently interrupted by police raids. This
interviewee’s earnings have been removed from the calculations of average earnings per month in
order to give a more accurate indication of average income of those working in the sex trade in Ruili
and Jegao
tavmuf &rSmr[kwfbl;? 'Dae&mrSm ydkufqHrsm;rsm;vdkcsif&if a&G;cs,fp&menf; vrf;
ESpfckyJ&dSw,f? rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;rvm;/ jynfhwefqm acgif;vkyfrvm;aygh? rl;,pfaq;
0g;a&mif;zdk@awmh usrt&rf;a=umufw,f? tJ'Dawmh jynfhwefqmacgif; tvkyfudkyJ a&G;
cs,fcJhw,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 19/ jynf@wefqmacgif;wOD; æ)
vkyfief;trsKd;tpm; a,bk,svpOf0ifaiG (cef@rSef;acs tar&duefa':vm

jzifhjyonf?)
vdifvkyfief; 208 ¤
aqmufvkyfa&;tvkyf 205 ¤
tdrftulvkyfief; 167 ¤
puf±Hk (odk@r[kwf) tvkyf±Hk 139 ¤
aps;qdkiftvkyf (aps;qdkif (odk@ ) ysHusaps;onf) 126 ¤
tvSukefypPnf;tvkyf 121 ¤
±dk;&mtESdyfonftvkyf 114 ¤
pm;aomufqdkiftvkyf 69 ¤
awG@qHkar;jref;cJhol trsKd;orD;rsm;teuf xuf0ufcef@rSm jrefrmEkdifiHrS rdom;pk0ifrsm; twGuf

ydkufqHjyefydk@ ay;=uolrsm; (okd@r[kwf) ‚wdk@tjyefc&D;twGuf ydkufqHpkaqmif;=uolrsm;jzpf
onf? xdktrsKd;orD;rsm;onf tdrfaxmifrusao;aom wudk,f&nf trsKd;orD;rsm; (odk@r
[kwf) jrefrmEkdifiHwGif om;orD;rsm;csefxm;cJhaom tdrfaxmifonfrdcifrsm;jzpf=uonf? w±kwf
EkdifiHwGif tdrfaxmifusI uav;&olrsm;onf ydkufqHpkaqmif;Ekdifjcif; r&dS[kod&onf?
vpOfpkaqmif;aiG (odk@r[kwf) tdrfjyefydk@aiGonf a,bl,stm;jzifh tar&duefa':vm 95 '\r

90 cef@&dSonf? rlq,frS b%fjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ =um;cHat;*sifhrSwqifhaomfvnf;aumif;
aiGydk@avh&dS+yD; wcgw&HwGif aqGrsKd;rsm;u aiGvma&muf,lwwf=uonf? wcsKd@u aiGom;tjzpf
pkaqmif;+yD; wcsKd@uawmh rlq,fwGif a&$0,f+yD; pkaqmif;avh&dSonf?
tvkyform;trsm;pktwGuf aq;0g;apmifha&Smufr_onf jy\emwckr[kwfaomfvnf; (aemuf

tcef;udk=unfhyg?) ukefusp&dwfudk ‚wdk@udk,fwdkif uscH&+yD; emrusef;cGifh&uftwGuf vkyf
tm;cay;jcif;r&dSay? vkyfief;cGif rawmfw qjzpfr_a=umifh xdckduf'%f&m&onfhtwGuf avsmf
a=u; aiGtenf;i,f&ygu uHaumif;onf[k qdk&rnf? xdk@a=umifh tvkyform;rsm;onf t
vkyfrvkyfEdkifaom tcsdefwGif touf&Sif&yfwnf&ef tvGefcufcJonf?
rdrdwdk@ awG@qHkar;jref;cJhonfh trsKd;orD;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf uav;arG;zGm;+yD;cgp rdcifrsm;

jzpf=uonf? xdk@a=umifh tvkyfrSxGuf+yD; trsKd;om;vkyfpm (odk@r[kwf) pkaiGtay:wGif &yfwnf
ae&olrsm;jzpf=uonf? uav;touf 4 vt&G,fwGif uav;tm; ausmydk;I olrtvkyf
(ausmufyGwftvkyf) jyefqif;rnf[k trsKd;orD;wOD;u ajymqdkonf?
trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;vkyftm;c tcsKd;tpm;jcm;em;r+
a&$@ajymif;trsKd;orD;rsm; yHkrSefvkyf&avh&dSonfh vufwdkvufawmif;tvkyfrsm;onf a&$@ajymif;

tvkyf orm;rsm;&Ekdifaom tvkyfrsm;teuf 0ifaiGtenf;qHk;tvkyfjzpfonf? tdrfazmf (okd@r
[kwf) pm;aomufqdkif vkyfom;twGuf tvkyfp0ifa=u;onf wvv#if ,Grf 300 rS 400
(tar&duefa':vm 46 rS 61 txd) om&onf?
trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD; ESpfOD;pvHk; tvkyfcef@aom aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief; (odk@r[kwf) tvkyf±Hk

ponfh wjcm; tvkyf±Hkrsm;wGif trsKd;om;rsm;onf trsKd;orD;xuf vkyftm;c ESpfqydkI&onf?
Oyrm aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief; wGif trsdKom;rsm;onf wae@v#if vkyftm;c ,Grf 50 (tar
&duefa':vm 7³7) &+yD; trsKd;orD;rsm;onf 25,Grf (tar&duefa':vm 3³8) &onf? opf
ausmufaoG;±Hkrsm;wGif trsKd;om;rsm;onf wvv#if opfacgufcGm tvkyftwGuf ,Grf 1200
(tar&duefa':vm 184 a':vm) &I trsKd;orD;rsm;onf opfom;ay:vpfwifjcif;twGuf
wvv#if ,Grf 850 (tar&duefa':vm 130) &onf?
vkyfief;cGifusef;rma&;ESifh vHk_cHKr+
awG@qHkar;jref;cJhonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;teuf xuf0ufausmfu w±kwfEkdifiHtwGif; tvkyfvkyfjcif;rS

}uHKawG@&aom tEW&m,frsm;onfhvkyfief;cGiftajctaersm;ESifh wudk,fa&vkyfief;cGifvHk+cHKr_t
wGuf pdk;&drf&r_rsm;udk udk;um;ajymqdkcJhonf? Tqdkyg tajctaeESifhywfoufI ajym=um;ol
rsm;wGif puf±Hkvkyfom;rsm;u trsm;qHk;jzpf+yD; ‚if;wdk@ajymqdkcsufrsm;Y vufacsmif;uav;rsm;
jywfoGm;jcif;ESifh '%f&m&jcif;/ rsufpd'%f&m&jcif;/ zkef&SLrdjcif;ESifh v#yfppf"gwfvdkufjcif;wdk@ awG@
&onf?
“usrpvkyfwmu opfausmufaoG;±Hktao;av;
rSmyg? tvkyf orm;qdkvdk@ usrwa,mufwnf;yJ?
olaX;eJ@ usrwGJvkyf&w,f? olu tjyifv$mudk
jzwfxkwfw,f usru ausmufom;udk acsmay;&
w,f? qdkawmh zkefr_H@wtm;rsm;ygw,f? rsuf
ESmzHk;/ acgif;um 0,fxm;&w,f? awmfawmf
tEW&m,frsm;wJh tvkyfyg? tvkyform;w
a,muf ausmufpxd+yD; rsufpduG,foGm;wm usr
=um;w,f? avsmfa=u;qdk+yD; ol@udk ,Grf 3000
yJay;w,f? tJ'gtukefyJ? v$pufu "g;u ol@rsuf
ESmudk pif+yD;xdvdk@ rsufESmrSm '%f&m&oGm;wJh
trsKd;orD;wOD;vnf; &dSao;w,f? aemufw
a,mufusawmh jzwfpufrSm 0g,m}udK;rSm; wyf
rdvdk@ "mwfvdkuf+yD;aooGm;w,f? ydkif&Sifu bm
avsmfa=u;rS ray;bl;?
“wcgwavusawmh jzwfpufuae oH
[...]
awG/ rlvDawGðywfxGuf+yD; vmpifvdk@ vlawG'%f&m&wwfw,f?

“usrwifyg;qdkvnf; trmcHkay:rSm waeukefxkdif&vdk@ tom;rmwufae+yD? tvkyform;
awG tukefvHk; u arsmufawGvdkyJ ziftom;rmwufae+yD? 'Dtvkyfu yifvnf;yifyef;w,f/
zkefrH_@vnf;rsm;awmh w±kwfawGu rvkyfcsif=ubl;? wcsKd@vlawG tqkwfudk "mwfrSef
&dkuf=unfhawmh tr_efawGa=umifh tqkwfrSm '%f&mawG jzpfwmawG@&w,f? ay:vpf
wifwJhtcsdefrSm t&rf;teH@qdk;wJh "gwkaA'ypPnf; awGoHk;&w,f? tJ'DteH@awG&_rdawmh
tvkyform;awG ESmacgif;ydwfa&m*g/ acsmif;qdk;a&m*gyg cHpm;&w,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;
jcif;trSwf 3 opfausmufaoG;orm;wOD;/)
“usr'Dtvkyfudk vkyfwm 5 v&dS+yD? usrudk,f0ef&vmawmh tvkyfem;vdkufw,f? bmjzpfvdk@

vJqdkawmh Ak'<qif;wkawmf±kyf}uD;awG acgif;ay:wuf+yD; ay:vpfwdkuf&wmqdkawmh usr
ðywfusrSm a=umufvdk@yg?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 5/ Ak'<qif;wkawmf tacsmyGwft
vkyforwOD;/)
ausmufESifh ausmufpdrf;rsm;onf wefzdk;jrifhrm;ojzifh ta&mif;t0,fvkyf&mwGif vHk+cHKa&;

tEW&m,f&dSonf? olr qdkifu,farmif;aepOf ,Grf 80000 (tar&duefa':vm 12000) wefaom
ausmufpdrf; "g;jrwdkufcHcJhzl;a=umif; ajzqdkoltrSwf 14 u rdrdwdk@ okawoDtm; ajymjycJhonf?
vdifvkyfief;vkyfolrsm;uvnf; ‚wdk@onf ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m tEW&m,f/ tEkdifusifhcH&r_ESifh a&m*g

ul;pufr_ (atmufwGif azmfjyxm;aom vdifvkyfief;tcef;udk =unfhyg?) rsm;}uHK&onf?

tvkyf&Sifrsm;. EdSyfpufr+ESifh acgif;yHkjzwfr+
tvkyf&Sifrsm;u ESdyfpufr_ESifh acgif;yHkjzwfr_ESifhywfoufI awG@qHkar;jref;ol awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u

ajymqdkcJhonf? trsm;qHk;awG@&onfhyHkpHrSm vukef&ufwGif vkyftm;c tjynfhay;&ef tvkyf&Sif
rsm;u jiif;qefjcif; (odk@r[kwf) wGef@wdkjcif;yifjzpfonf?
“wvudk ,Grf 600ay;r,fvdk@ tvkyf&Sifu ajymayr,fh vukef&if olwdk@ vkyftm;c

tjynfhray;bl;? vukefvdk@ tvkyform;u vcawmif;&if ,Grf 500 yJ&w,f? bmjzpfvdk@
vnf;vdk@ar;&if olwdk@u “tdk æ rif;wdk@u tvkyfaumif;aumif;rvkyfbl;/ rif;&J@tvkyfrSm
jy\emawGtrsm;}uD;yJ” pojzifhajymw,f? olwdk@rSm qifajcawGtrsm;}uD;yJ? tvkyf
orm;awGu w±kwfpum;vnf; rwwf=uawmh bmrSjyefrajymEdkif=ubl;?” (awG@qHkar;
jref;jcif; trSwf28)
tvkyform;rsm;u tvkyfrS xGufonfhtcgwGifvnf; tvkyf&Sifrsm;u vkyftm;ctjynfhay;&ef

vufwGef@wwf=uonf?
olwdk@ (tvkyf&Sifrsm;)awGu tvkyform;wa,muf 'DtvkyfrSm rvkyfcsifawmhbl;qdkwm

odwmeJ@ olwdk@u tJ'Dtvkyform;udk vpmtjynfhray;awmhbl;? tJ'Dtvkyform;u
vkyftm;c ,Grf 500 &r,fqdkygawmh ol@udk w0ufyJay;w,f/ 300 aygh? +yD;&ifolwdk@
ajymwmu “rif;'DrSm igwdk@twGuf tvkyfqufvkyfr,fqdk&if usefwJhvpmudk aemufv
rSmay;r,f? rif;tvkyfu xGufr,fqdk&ifawmh igwdk@ bmrSray;awmhbl;? tJ'Dvdk rsKd;olwdk@
ajymw,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 28/)
tvkyf&Sifrsm;rS ,kwf&if;=urf;wrf;pGmajymqdkjcif;/ txifao;jcif; ponfta=umif;t&mrsm;udk

vnf; awG@&onf? txl;ojzifh tdrftulvkyforrsm;ESifh puf±Hkvkyform;rsm;wGif awG@&onf?
tvkyfcsdeftvGef&Snfvsm;jcif;
ajzqkdolrsm;u wifjyonfh aemufxyf trsm;qHk;awG@&onfh tvkyfESifhywfoufonfh tcuft

cJwckrSm tvkyfcsdef tvGef&Snfvsm;jcif;jzpfonf? ajzqdkol 6 OD;u wae@v#if 11 em&DcGJ=um
tvkyfvkyfcJhzl;onf[k ajym qkdcJhonf? wcsKd@tvGefqdk;0g;aom jzpf&yfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf
wae@v#if tvkyfcsdef em&D 20 rS 22 em&Dtxd tvkyf vkyfygrnf[laom uef@owfcsufjzifh t
vkyfvkyf=u&onf?
awG@qHkar;jref;csdefwGif touf 35 ESpf&dS+yDjzpfaom ajzqdkol trSwf 14 u w±kwfe,fpyfwGif

olr ,cifu vkyfcJh&aom tvkyfta=umif;ESifh tvkyfcsdeftvGef&Snfvsm;pGmvkyfcJh&yHkudkajymjy
onf?
“1999 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvrS usr w±kwfe,fpyfudk xGufcJhw,f? rlq,fudk usrbwfpfum;
pD;&if; um;ay:rSm tdyfaysmfoGm;w,f? usrvnf; Edk;vmawmh usrrSwfyHkwifa&m/ aiG
tm;vHk;xnfhxm;wJh vufudkiftdwfudk wa,mufa,mufu tvpfokwfoGm;w,f? usr
tdyfuyfxJrSm usyfaiG 200 (t ar&duefa':vm 0³19) yJusefawmhw,f?
'DvdkeJ@ rlq,fa&mufawmh usr&Jpcef;udk oGm;w,f? wm0efus&Jt&m&dSeJ@awG@zdk@cGifhawmif;

w,f? w±kwfrSm&dSwJh usrtpfudkudk oGm;&Smzdk@yg/ tvkyfvnf;vkyfcsifvdk@yg? usrudk tvkyf
&Smay;ygqdk+yD; Zmwfvrf;udk ajymjyvdkufw,f? olu usrukd a&$vDu um&mtdkau
pm;aomufqdkifrSm tvkyf&Smay;cJhw,f? tJ'DrSm usr 2 ESpfavmufae cJhw,f? wvrS
usyf 3000 (tar&duefa':vm 2³86) yJ&w,f? 'gayrJh usr pm;p&m/ aep&mtaqmif
tvum;&w,f? pm;aomufqkdifu tvkyfrsKd;pHkvkyf&w,f? reufrdk;vif; 4 em&Duae
aemufwae@reuf 2 em&Dtxd usrtvkyfvkyf&w,f? tjyifudk vHk;0ay;rxGufbl;?
aemufydkif;rSm usrvnf; a&$vD/ *sD*efvefae&mrSm usrudk,fydkifpm;aomufqdkifao;ao;

av;pwnfw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u 2002 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv? w±kwfpum;vnf; usr
enf;enf;rSudk rajymwwfao;bl;? ydkufqHqdkvdk@vnf; usrpkxm;wmeJ@ vufpGwfaygifvdk@&
wJhaiG ,Grf 600 (tar&duefa':vm 91) yJ&dSw,f? qdkifcef;wcef;udk ,Grf 400 (tar&d
uefa':vm 61)iSm;vdkufw,f?
xrif;eJ@ acgufqGJtygt0if jrefrmtpm;tpmtpHk usrvkyfa&mif;w,f? csufðywfwma&m/

aps;0,fwma&m/ oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfwma&m usrwa,mufwnf;yJvkyfw,f? azmufonf
awGu jrefrmjynfom;awGygyJ? reuf 4 em&Duae noef;acgiftxd usrtvkyfvkyfw,f?”
(awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 14)

“'Dae&mu reuf 8 em&D (jrefrmpHawmfcsdef) zGifhw,f/ n 10 em&DrS ydwfw,f? usrae@
wdkif; tvkyfvkyf&ygw,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; trSwf 15? touf 18 ESpft&G,f vdift
vkyfora[mif;wOD;/)
tvkyfcsdeftvGef&Snfvsm;jcif;ESifh tvkyftrsKd;tpm;t=um; txl;wvnf pyfqufr_&dSonfudk

rawG@&ay? pm;aomufqkdiftvkyf/ vdifvkyfief;tvkyf/ tESdyfcef;tvkyf/ puf±Hktvkyf/ aps;a&mif;
tvkyf ponfhtvkyf tm;vHk;wGif tvkyfcsdefjy\em&dSonf?
tvkyfcsdef&Snfvsm;onfhtjyif ajzqdkoltenf;i,fuom ‚wdk@onf yHkrSeftvkyfoabmwlnD

csuft& vpOfftvkyfem;&uf&onf[k ajymqdkcJhonf? wcsKd@onf wvv#if tvkyfem;&uf
w&uf&+yD; trsKd;orD;wOD;onfom tm;vHk;xufydkI wvv#if tm;vyf&uf 3 &uf&onfudk
awG@&dScJh&onf? awG@qHkar;jref;cJhonhf trsKd;orD;rsm;teuf oHk;yHkcef@u tvkyftcsdefydktm;vyf&uf
aomfvnf;aumif;/ vpOftm; vyf&ufaomfvnf;aumif;/ r&=uyJ vpmrJh cGifhvdkcsif&ifom ,l&
a=umif; rdrdqENjzifhom vkyfEdkifa=umif; ajzqdkcJhonf? ajzqdkoltrsm;pku rnfonfhcGifhudkrS ,l
cGifhrðy[kvnf; ajymqdkonf?
opfausmufaoG;tvkyform;wOD;jzpfaom trsKd;orD;wOD;u ,cifolr tvkyf&Sifa[mif;onf

tvGef pnf;urf;}uD; I tvkyform;rsm;udk tvkyfcsdeftwGif; tcsdefrjzKef;&atmif axmifhaphckdif;
ojzifh olru aeraumif;jzpfcJh&onf[k rausreyfajymqdkcJhonf?
“tvkyfcsdeftwGif;rSm usrwdk@udk pum;ajymcGifhray;bl;? usrwdk@tdrfomoGm;&ifvnf;

tvkyf&Sifu r}udKufbl;? udk,fhudkudk,f tdrfomroGm;atmif xdef;xm;&w,f? aemufqHk;
usawmh usrqD;vrf; a=umif;ydk;0ifwJh a&m*gqdk;qdk;0g;0g;jzpfcJhw,f? usrudk,fusrvnf;
bmjzpfvdk@jzpfrSef;rodbl;? usrodwmu usrqD;aumif;aumif; oGm;vdk@r&wmyJ? usr
rsufvHk;awG 0gaew,fvdk@ tvkyf&Sifuajymw,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; trSwf 3)
vdifydkif;qdkif&m aESmifh,SufcH&jcif;
opfom;tacsmoyf±Hkrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyf=uaom ajzqdkoltrsm;pku wcgw&HwGif puf±Hkwdkuf

cef;rsm;Y tvkyform;rsm;ESifh twlae=uaom w±kwfESifh jrefrmtvkyf&Sifrsm;. vdifydkif;qdkif&m
taESmuft,Sufay;r_cH&onf[k ajymqdkcJhonf?
touf 26 ESpft&G,f opfom;tacsmoyftvkyforwOD;onf vdifydkfif;qkdif&maESmuf,Sufr_

a=umifh tvkyfa[mif;rS xGufcJh&onf?
“yxrtvkyfxGufawmh opfausmuf±Hkudk a&mufw,f? usruvnf; b,fvdkvkyf&rSef;

rodawmh tvkyf&SifqDu oif&w,f? olu jrefrmvlrsKd;yJ? usrudk b,fvdkrsKd; ay:vpfwdkuf&
w,fqdkwm oifay;w,f? vcwv ,Grf 200 yJ,lr,fvdk@ tvkyf&Sifudk ajymw,f? wjcm;
tvkyform;awGtwGuf csufðywfay;&w,f/ olwdk@t0wftpm;awGvnf; av#mfay;&
w,f? wcgwavus&if tvkyf&Sifu tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; taESmuft,Sufay;wmvnf;
cH&ygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh usrxGufajy;cJh&wm?
rsm;aomtm;jzifhuawmh E_wfeJ@ &doJhoJhvkyfwmyg? Oyrm usrxrif;csufaewkef; 'grSr

[kwf t0wfav#mfaewkef; usrem;udkuyfvm+yD; pum;vmajymw,f? “igeJ@ xrif;twl
wlvkdufpm;rvm;? bD,mtwlwl aomuf+yD;/ wae&moGm;&atmifav/ tJ'DvdkrsKd;aygh?
”wcgwav usrxrif;csufae&if usrem;udkvm+yD; tom;csif;vmxdw,f? usru
aiGrufwJh rdef;uav;rsKd; [kwfr[kwf prf;aewmaygh? usruom tif;vdk@ajymvkduf&if
usrb0twGuf taeacsmifoGm;rSmaygh? 'gayrJh tJ'DvdkrsKd; usrrvkyfcsifbl;? tJ'ga=umifh
usr ol@udk }udK;pm;+yD;a&Smifw,f? usrtwGufawmh usrtdrfaxmifðyr,fqdkvnf; tJ'D
vlwa,mufeJ@vufxyf/ tJ'DvleJ@yJae/ rdom;pkb0av;xlaxmifcsifw,f? 'DvdkrsKd; azmuf
jyefwJhudpPawmh rvkyfcsifbl;? ol@rSmvnf; rdef;r&dSw,fav?
usr rsufpda&S@rSmawmh rawG@zl;bl;? 'gayrJh wcgwav ol@rdef;r rEWav;udk jyefoGm;wJh

tcg=u&if oleJ@ wcsKd@aumifrav;awG twlwlxGufoGm;wm usrawG@zl;w,f? ol@bm
vkyfr,fqdkwm usrrSef;=unfhvdk@&ygw,f? wcsKd@rdef;uav;awGu tvkyfrvkyfcsif=ubl;?
ydkufqH&zdk@ tvG,fvrf;yJvkdufcsifw,f? oluvnf; ydkif&Sifqdkawmh ay;Edkifwmaygh?
usroleJ@ tvkyfwGJvkyfwdkif; vHk+cHKw,fvdk@rcHpm;&bl;? ol@rdef;rc&D;oGm;wdkif; usru ol@

twGuf csufðywfay;&w,f? t0wfvnf; av#mfay;&w,f? wcgwav usrwa,muf
wnf;&dSwJhtcg usrtwGuf vHk+cHKr_r&dSbl;? olusrudk tcsdefra&G; t"rRusifhvdk@&w,f?
usr'Dtvkyfu xGufcsifayrJh xGufvdk@r&bl;? bmjzpf vdk@vJqdkawmh ol@rSmu tquft
oG,fawGtrsm;}uD;qdkawmh 'Dae&mudkyJ usrjyefa&mufvmrJhta&;udk usrpdk;&drfcJhw,f?
usrrSm &nfpm;&dSygw,f? 'gayrJh olem;vnfr_vGJrSmpdk;wmeJ@ ol@udkvnf; usr rajym&JcJhbl;?
uHaumif;csifawmh w±kwfjynfrSm 2008 tdkvHypftm;upm;yGJa=umifh ausmufpdrf;eJ@
opfausmufvkyfief;awGtm;vHk;&yfvdkuf&w,f? usrvnf; tJ'Dtajctaeudk tcGifh
aumif;,l+yD; tvkyfydwfxm;wJhtcsdefrSm tvkyfopfwck&Smzdk@ usr'Dtvkyfu xGuf
csifw,fvdk@ ol@udkajymcJhw,f? tJ'DtvkyfuaexGuf+yD; tck w±kwftvkyf&SifeJ@tvkyf
opfwckxyf&w,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 28/ touf 26 ESpft&G,f opfom;
tacsmoyftvkyforwOD;/)
odk@aomf tvkyf±Hkrsm;onf ae&mwckwnf;wGif pk+yHK&dSwwfojzifh jrefrma&$@ajymif;tajccsol

todkif;t0ef;onf eD;pyfr_&dSonf? xdk@a=umifh vdifydkif;qdkif&mtaESmuft,SufcH&ygu owif;

csufcsif;jyef@ESHoGm;avh&dSonf? ajzqdkol wOD;.tqdkt& TuJhodk@ eD;pyfr_ESifh owif;jyef@ESHr_jref
qefaoma=umifh tvkyf&Sifrsm;twGuf taetxdkifqifjcif oGm;=uonf[k od&onf?
“wcsKd@avmyef;awGu olwdk@trsKd;orD;tvkyform;awGudk vdifydkif;qdkif&mt& taESmifh

t,Sufay;w,fqdk&if tJ'Dvdk tvkyfcH&wJh trsKd;orD;u tvkyfuxGuf+yD; tJ'D avmyef;
ta=umif; wjcm;tvkyform;awGqDudkyg owday;w,f? tJ'Dawmh olvnf; aemufwcg
xyfrvkyf&Jawmhbl;?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 4/)
vdifvkyfief;? tdyfcsftdkifAGD§attdkif'Dtufpf/ ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mtEW&m,fESifh vHk_cHKa&;
w±kwfEdkifiHwGif vdifvkyfief;onf w&m;r0iftvkyfwckjzpfaoma=umifh v#dK@0SufpGm/ Oya't&

pnf;aESmifr_r&dS aqmif&Guf&onfhvkyfief;jzpfonfESifhtnD vdifvkyfief;vkyfolrsm;twGuf
usef;rma&;/ vHk+cHKr_ESifh vHk+cHKa&;tay: tumtuG,fay;r_r&dSay? jrefrmhtrsKd;orD;or*~u
r=um;ao;cifESpfrsm;twGif; aqmif&GufcJhaom avhvmr_rsm;t& trsm;qHk;awG@&onfh jy\em
rSm &J0ifa&mufzrf;qD;r_a=umifh '%faiGaqmif&jcif;/ tzrf;cH&jcif;/ t=urf; zufaom{nfhonf
(wcgw&H rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJvmwufonf?) ESifh uGef'Hkt+rJwap toHk;rðyjcif;a=umifhtdyfcsf
tdkifAGDtygt0if vdifrSwqifhul;pufaom a&m*grsm;jzpfyGm;jcif; ponfwdk@jzpfonf? jynfh
wefqm±Hkydkif&Sifrsm;onf ‚.0efxrf;tm;vHk;udk uGef'HktoHk;ðyyHk oifjyxm;yHk&+yD; vrf;rrsm;
ay:wGif vdifvkyfief;jzifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;aom trsKd;orD;rsm;uvnf; b0wl vlopftrsKd;
orD;rsm;udk uGef'HktoHk;ðyykH jrefjrefqefqef oifay;yHk&onf? odk@aomf 2010 ckESpfwGif awG@
qHkar;jref;cJhonfh vdifvkyfor &SpfOD;teuf oHk;OD;onfom {nfhonfESifh qufqHwdkif; uGef'HkoHk;
onf[k ajymqdkcJhonf?
uGef'HktoHk;rðyjcif;.t"duta=umif;jycsufrSm {nfhonf. arwWm&yfcHcsuf (odk@r[kwf)

awmif;qdkcsufa=umifhjzpfonf? uGef'HkroHk;vdkaom {nfhonftm; vdkufavsm&jcif;rSm refae
*smrsm;u owfrSwfxm;csdeftwGif; (15 rdepftwGuf ,Grf 50 ay;&onf?) {nfhonfudk auseyf
atmifxm;ay;&rnf[lI zdtm;ay;xm;jcif;a=umifh jzpfonf[k trsKd;orD;awmf awmfrsm;rsm;u
ajymqdkcJhonf?
“wcsKd@{nfhonfawGqdk usr acsmarmhajymwmawmif uGef'HkrpGyfbl;? tJ'Dtcsdefus usru

vnf; t0wftpm;awG c|wf+yD;ae+yD bmrSvkyfr&awmhbl;? tcsdefu &yfaewmr[kwfbl;?
15 rdepfjynfhvdk@rS {nfhonfeJ@udpP r+yD;bl;qdk&if avmyef;u usrudk jy\em&SmrSmvnf;
usra=umuf&w,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; trSwf 13/)
wcsKd@{nfhonfrsm;u trsKd;orD;rsm;udk tumtuG,frJh twif;t=uyfvdifqufqHcdkif;onf?
2007 ckESpf awG@qHkar;jref;pOfu touf 19 t&G,f&dSaom vdifvkyfor trf;onf touf
17 ESpft&G,fuwnf;u a&$vDwGif vdifvkyfief;jzifh toufarG;a=umif;ðycJhonf? tvkyfvkyf+yD;
2 vt=umwGifyif olr tdyfcsftdkifAGDppfaomtcg a&m*g&dSaeonf[k awG@&dScJhonf? olr rnf
onfhtcsdefwGif a&m*g&cJhonfudk olr aoaocsmcsm rodaomfvnf; {nfhonfwa,mufu
olrtm; "g;ESifhaxmufI uGef'HkroHk;yJ vdifqufqHcJhonf? olronf vdifvkyfief;jzifh qufvuf
toufarG;0rf;a=umif;aeaomfvnf; tdyfcsftkdifAGD&dSaejcif;a=umifh wjcm;a&m*grsm;&vG,fjcif;ESifh
wjcm; olrsm;udk ul;pufapEkdifonfudk olrodxm;ojzifh uGef'HkoHk;&ef olrt+rJowdxm;cJhonf?
tu,fI {nfhonf wOD;u uGef'HkrygyJ vdifqufqHrnfqdkygu vdifqufqHjcif;rðycif olronf
tdyfcsftdkifAGD&dSaea=umif; {nfhonfudk t+rJtoday;onf?
wcsKd@trsKd;orD;rsm;onf uGef'HktoHk;ðyjcif;tm; {nfhonftaetxm;udk=unfhI tajct

aet& qHk;jzwfonf[k ajymqdk=uonf? 2007 ckESpf awG@qHkar;jref;pOfu w±kwfEdkifiHwGif vdif
vkyfief;jzifh 3 ESpfausmf toufarG;0rf; a=umif;ðyaeaom touf 20 t&G,f rdef;uav; pD
onf a&S@ESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH&dS rdom;pkxHjyef&ef pDpOfaeonf? tdyfcsftkdifAGD/ attdkif'Dtufpf
a&m*gta=umif;ESifh ul;puf&mvrf;a=umif;ESifhywfoufI olrodonf? wcgrS aeraumif;rjzpf
onfhtwGuf olrwcgrS usef;rma&;ppfaq;r_rvkyf[k awG@qHkar;jref;olrsm;udk ajymjycJhonf?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh {nfhonfESifh qufqHonfhtcgwkdif; uGef'HktoHk;ðyaomfvnf; trsKd;om;
wa,mufu uGef'HkroHk;vdk[kajymvmv#if xdkolonf aeraumif;onfhyHkr&dSygu olruGef'Hk
roHk;yJ qufqHcGifhðyonf[k ajymjyonf? tvm;wlpOf;pm;csufrsKd;ESifh a&m*gESifh ywfoufI
em;vnfcsuftuef@towfudk 2010 ckESpfwGif aqmif&GufcJhonfh awG@qHkar;jref;csufrsm;wGif
vnf; awG@&dScJh&onf? Oyrmæ touf 42 ESpft&G,f &efukefol/ tESdyfonfESifh vdifvkyfief;
jzifhtoufarG;onfh trsKd;orD;wOD;u rdrdwdk@tm; atmufygtwkdif; ajymjycJhonf?
“usruawmh odyfrpdk;&drfbl;? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh vlr_a&;tzGJ@awGu aq;0g;awG/ aq;

vHk;awG/ uGef'HkawG t+rJvmay;w,f? usrvnf; uGef'Hkt+rJoHk;rdatmif }udK;pm;ygw,f?
'gayr,fh wcgwav {nfhonfu r}udKuf&ifawmh rygyJ jzpfoGm;wJhtcgawGvnf; &dSw,f?
usr aq;awmhrppf=unfhbl;/ bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh tckt csdeftxd usrbmrSrjzpfbl;av?
usrrSm a&m*gr&dSbl;vdk@ usr,Hk=unfw,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 15/)
bmompum;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf aemufxyf tcuftcJwck jzpfaponf? a&$vDwGif

w±kwf/ jrefrmESifh &Srf;pum;tygt0if bmompum;rsKd;pHkajymaom a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;
&dSonf? trsKd;orD;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u w±kwfESifh&Srf;trsKd;om;rsm;udk uGef'HktoHk;ðy&ef qGJ
aqmif&mwGif bmompum;tcuftcJa=umifh cufcJonf[k ajymqdkcJhonf? xdkodk@tajctae
rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;u trsKd;om;rsm;udk ‚wdk@udk,fwdkif uGef'HkpGwfay;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf trsKd;
orD;uGef'HktoHk;ðyjcif;ESifh wcgw&H uGef'HkroHk;yJ qufqH&onfhtcgvnf; &dSonf[kqdkonf?

vdifvkyfief;jzifhtoufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_ vkyfouftwGif; wcgw&HwGif rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJolrsm;
ESifhvnf; twlwl tdyfpufcJh&onf[k trsKd;orD;trsm;pku ajymqdkcJhonf? rl;,pfaq;xdk;oGif;jcif;
tm; a&$vDwGif us,fus,fjyef@ jyef@awG@Ekdif+yD; &mbm; (rufomzDwrif;aq;) toHk;ðyr_vnf;rsm;
jym;onf? ta&S@awmiftm&S a'owckvHk;wGif vloHk;rsm;aom ‚rl;,pfaq;onf oHk;pGJoltm;
tvGef&efvdkap+yD; wcgw&Ht=urf;zufonfhtqifhtxd &dSwwf onf? wcsKd@vdifvkyforrsm;onf
{nfhonfOD;a&rsm;rsm;ESifh qufqHEkdif&efESifh vef;qef;ae&ef tqdkygaq;rsm;oHk; pGJavh&dSonf[k
qdkonf? ‚aq;u oHk;pGJoltm; pGrf;tifydkrdk&&dSapaomfvnf; tEW&m,frsm;aom tajctae
ESifhusef;rma&;twGuf qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; &dSapEkdifonf? txl;ojzifh ukd,fcHtm;wGif
tdyfcsftdkifAGD/ attkdif 'Dtufpf &dSae+yD;om;olrsm;twGuf ydkI qdk;usdK;rsm; oufa&mufapEkdifonf?
rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJolrsm;udk azsmfajzay;cJh&aom olr. tawG@t}uHKudk t,fvfu okaw

oeðyolrsm;udk ajymjycJhonf? {nfhonfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf aq;oHk;pGJojzifh umr quf
qHjyD;onfhwdkif ‚wdk@vdifwHrsm;u qufvufrmaeqJ[k olru ajymjycJhonf? xdkxuf ydkpdk;
&drfzG,faumif;aom vdifqufqH&mwGif ydkxdawG@r_rsm;&efESifh umrt&om ydkrdkaumif;ap&ef
vdifrqufqHcif vdifwH}uD;aq;wrsKd; toHk;ðyol {nfhonfrsm;ta=umif; ajymjycJhonf? odk@
aomf trsKd;orD;vdifvkyforrsm;twGufawmh onf;rcHEkdifzG,f tawG@t}uHKjzpfonf?
“{nfhonfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u olwdk@vdifwHydk}uD;vmatmif aq;xdk;w,f? tqDvdrf;

w,f? rdef;uav;awGeJ@ qufqHwJhtcgus&if t&rf;}uD;awmh usrwdk@t*F gpyfawG ylvm
+yD; t&rf;emw,f? t&rf;vnf; tEW&m,f&dSw,f? twif;t=uyfvnf; vkyfr&awmh
olwdk@+yD;atmifvnf; rvkyfEkdifbl;? ” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 15)
tqdk;qHk;tawG@t}uHKwcktm; olrjyef&Sif;jyefpOf (8) pifwDrDwm tcsif;&dSaom opfom;w

acsmif;udkjyI olrESifh qufqHcJhonfh tqdkygtrsKd;om;. vdifwHonf xdkt&G,fr#&dSonf[k rdrd
wdk@udk ajymjycJhonf?
“'Davmuf}uD;wJh vdifwHudk wcgrS usr rawG@zl;bl;? ol@vdifwHrSmvnf; qDawG/ *s,fawG

vdrf;xm;wmtrsm; }uD;yJ? usrxJudk oloGif;zdk@}udK;pm;=unfhw,f? 'gayrJh usrrcHEdkifbl;?
ol@udk vufeJ@yJ usrvkyfay;vkyfw,f? ol@[mol aq;xdk;&if; wckckrSm;oGm;yHk&w,f? t&rf;
}uD;oGm;w,f? usr rdef;rudk,fxJ xnfhvdk@rEkdifayrJhusrol@udk aumif;aumif;qufqHcJhyg
w,f? usrvufeJ@yJ oltqifajyatmif vkyfay;vdkufw,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf
15/)
t,fvfaemufxyfawG@&onfh tawG@t}uHKwckrSm aysmhaeaom vdifwHwGif owWKuGif;rsm;/

owWKvHk;rsm; xnfhoHk;aom {nfhonfrsm;ta=umif;rsm;jzpfonf? vdifwHrmvmaomtcsdef
wGif xdkuGif;rsm;vdifwHudk qGJn‡pfovdkjzpf+yD; xdawG@r_ydkrsm;aponf? olrtwGuftvGefem
usifap+yD; xdkypPnf;oHk;aom {nfhonfrsm;onf uGef'HkroHk;=u[k olruajymqdkonf? tqdk
ygypPnf;rsm;toHk;ðyjcif;onf trsKd;orD;rsm; vdifcHpm;r_ ydkrsm;vmatmif vH_@aqmfay;onf[k
{nfhonfrsm;u ajymqdkaomfvnf; wu,fwrf;wGif ‚wdk@pdwfcHpm;r_twGufom jzpfonf [k
t,fvf. ajympum;t&od&onf? jynfhwefqm±Hkrsm;wGif ±Hkacgif;rsm;. t+rJwapapmifh=unfh
aer_ESifh wcgw&H tcuftcJ&dSonfhtcg tcsif;csif; ulnDay;wwfaom b0wl vdifvkyforrsm;
a=umifh vHk+cHKr_tawmftwef&dSaomfvnf; ‚wdk@vHk+cHKr_udk +cdrf;ajcmufcH&onfh tajctaersm;
vnf;&dScJha=umif; vdifvkyfief;jzifhtoufarG;0rf;a=umif;ol trsKd;orD;trsm;pku ajymqdkcJhonf?
“ wcgwkef;u {nfhonfwa,mufu usrudk tjyifac:w,f? ol@tcef;udk ac:oGm;w,f?

ol@oli,fcsif; 5 a,mufavmufeJ@ usrudk tdyfckdif;w,f? usra'got&rf;xGuf+yD; tJ'D
vlawGudk tdyf,matmufrSmxm;wJhwkwfeJ@ ±dkufr,fvdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufcJhw,f? tJ'DawmhrS
usra,mufsm;wa,mufwnf;eJ@ tdyf&w,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dvlu usrudk ydkufqHray;bl;?
aemufae@reufusawmh qdkifutrsKd;orD;awGudkac:jyD; ol@tcef;rSm ydkufqHoGm;awmif;zdk@
oGm;w,f/ tJ'Dvludk vrf;rSmawG@awmh olusrwdk@udk ,Grf 100 ay;vdkuf&w,f?” (awG@
qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 13/ t ouf 32 ESpft&G,f vdifvkyfief;jzifhtoufarG;0rf;a=umif;
olwOD;/)
“uswdk@u 'DrSm rdom;pkvdkygyJ? usrwdk@ {nfhonfeJ@roGm;csifbl;qdk&if 'DrSm (jynfhwefqm

acgif;) udk ajymvdk@&w,f? “tar/ usroleJ@ vdkufroGm;csifbl;aygh? ” tJ'Dvkdqdk oluvnf;
usrwdk@udk twif;t=uyfrcdkif;bl;?” (awG@qHkar; jref;jcif; trSwf 20/ touf 30 t&G,f
vdifvkyfief;jzifhtoufarG;0rf;a=umif;olwOD;/)
odk@aomf wcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf jynfhwefqm±Hkrefae*smwOD;wnf; atmufwGif
tvkyfvkyf=ujcif;r[kwfyJ ‚wdk@. cifyGef;rsm; (odk@r[kwf) twlaeolrsm; trsKd;om;rsm;.
tultnDjzifh oD;jcm;aqmif&Gufonfh tcgrsKd;vnf;&dSonf? jynfhwefqm±Hkrsm;wGif owfrSwf
xm;aomaps;E_ef;twdkif; aps;&aomfvnf; tqdkyg ulnDol trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh cGJa0,l=u onf?
xdktajctaeatmufwGif tvkyfvkyfaom trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf tajctaeydkqdk;onf? ‚
wdk@ cifyGef;onfrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh rl;,pfaq;0g; oHk;pGJolESifh t&uform;rsm; jzpf
=uojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ‚wdk@0ifaiGudk cifyGef;onf t&ufzdk;/ aq;zdk;twGuf oHk;pGJ&onf?
wcgw&HwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; udk,fwkdif rl;,pfaq;a&mif;0,fjcif; (odk@r[kwf) aq;pGJolrsm;jzpf
oGm;wwf=uonf? vdifvkyfief;jzifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ol trsm;pktwGuf aemufqHk; pdk;&drf
csufrSm tzrf;cH&rnfh ta&;yifjzpfonf? w±kwftm%mydkifrsm;onf vdifvkyfief;jzifhtouf
arG;0rf;a=umif;olrsm;tay: jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;xuf ydkI oufn‡mr_&dSaomfvnf; w±kwfEdkifiH
wGif tzrf;cH&jcif;onf tvGefedrfhusaom tawG@t}uHKwckjzpfa=umif;vnf; od&onf? (aemuf
ydkif;tcef;udk =unfhyg?)

a&$vDòrd@wGif aexdkifjcif;? e,fpyfwav#mufwGifaexkdifaeaom a&$@ajymif;trsKd;orD;rsm;. taxGaxG tawG@ t}uHKrsm;
aetdrf yHkpHrsm;
a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;. aetdrfyHkpHrsm;onf tajccHtm;jzifh omref/ ,dkifeJ@eJ@ESifh vltjynfh

tv#H pk+yHKae=uonfh yHkpHrsm;jzpfonf? tdrfwGif;tvkyform;rsm;/ vdifvkyfief;jzifhtoufarG;
0rf;a=umif;olrsm; ESifh wcgw&H puf±HkESifh pm;aomufqdkif0efxrf;rsm;onf tvkyf&Sifuay;aom
ae&mwGiftwl pk+yHKae&onf? puf±Hkwkdufcef;rsm;wGif wcef;v#if vlESpfa,muf (odk@r[kwf)
oHk;a,muf twlwlr#ae=u+yD; vdiftvkyforav;OD;onf ‚wdk@ tvkyfae&m.atmufzuf

tcef;usOf;wckwGif =urf;jyifay:zsmwcsyfom cif;I twlwl =uyf=uyfwnf;wnf; tdyf=u&onf?
wjcm;a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh jrefrmrdom;pkrsm;/ tdrfaxmifonfrsm;
pk+yHKae=uonfh a&$vD+rdK@0ef;usifae&mrsm;wGif udk,fydkifwdkufcef;rsm; iSm;ae=uonf? jrefrmhtrsKd;
orD;or*~ okawoeðypkolrsm; oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonfh wdkufcef;rsm;tm;vHk;wGif a&csKd;
cef;wcef;ESifh vl(8)a,muftxd tdyfcef;ESifh xrif;pm;cef;yg wckwnf;wGJoHk;&aom tcef;w
cef;omygonf? xdkwdkufcef;rsm;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh wvv#if ,Grf 170 ESifh 200 (tar&duef
a':vm 25³78 rS 30³34) ay;&onf?
vHkòcHr+ ESifh vGwfvyfpGmv+yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifh
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trsm;pkuajymqdkcJhonf? wcgw&HwGif jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u w&m;r0if e,fpyfjzwf
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onfh tajctaersKd;udkyg awG@&onf?
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w,fvdk@ usrtvkyf&Sifuawmh ajymw,f? 'gayrJh tjyifxGufvdk@ tzrf;cH&&ifawmh wm
0efr,lbl;vdk@ ajymw,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref; jcif;trSwf 8)
rwlnDaom toufarG;0rf;a=umif;tvkyfjzifh &yfwnfae=uaom ajzqdkolrsm;u tvkyform;

awGrSm w&m;&dSr&dS w±kwf&JawGu vmppfaq;vdk@&dSonf[k ajymqdkcJhonf?
“wcgwav=u&if &Ju tvkyform;awGrSm vufrSwf&dSr&dS vmppfw,f? vufrSwfr&dSwJh

tvkyform;awGuawmh &JawGvm&if ajy;=uwmyJ?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 3/
opfom;tacsmoyf tvkyforwOD;/)
&Ju trsm;qHk;ypfrSwfxm;zrf;qD;aom a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrSm vdifvkyfief;jzifh toufarG;olrsm;

jzpfonfudk awG@&onf? a&$vDwGif vdifvkyfief;jzifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ðyaeol trsKd;orD;
wOD;u olrtvkyfae&mtm; &Jrsm;u }udrfzefrsm;pGm vma&muf a&SmifwcifpD;eif;r_rsm; vkyf
avh&dSonf[k qdkonf?
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olwdk@txJrSm 0ifykef;ae&w,f? qdkawmh usrwdk@vnf; 0ifaiGavsmhukefwmaygh?” (awG@
qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 19/ jynfhwefqm acgif;wOD;/)
okd@aomf vdifvkyforrsm;. tqdkt& =u,fa*gifwGifawmh &Jrsm;u vHk;0ta&;,ljcif;r&Sd[kqdk

onf?
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aezdk@ aexdkifcGifh vufrSwfusrrSm r&dSbl;? &Juvnf; bmrSvmppfaq;wm r&dSbl;qdkawmh
bmrSjy\emr&dSygbl;?” (awG@qHkar; jref;jcif;trSwf 15)
a&$vDESifh =u,fa*gif+rdK@ ESpf+rdK@pvHk;wGif tvkyfvkyfaeaom a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;onf

pufwyf,mOfrsm; ydkifqdkifcGifh armif;ESifcGifh avmavmq,fr&dSay?

rSwfwrf;wifjcif;
jrefrme,fpyfjzwfausmfvrf;a=umif;rsm;
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a&;u xkwfay;aom tpdrf;a&mif ,m,De,fpyfjzwfausmfcGifhvufrSwf (odk@r[kwf) teD
a&mif e,fpyfjzwfausmfpmtkyf vuf0,fudkif aqmifoljzpf&rnf? ,m,DvufrSwfonf c&D;
wacguf twGufomjzpfI e,fpyfjzwfausmf onfhae@pGJjzifh pnf;wH qdyfxkay;onf? vuf
rSwfukefusp&dwfonf tar&duefa':vm 0³95 cef@omukefus+yD; vufrSwfvkyf&ef EkdifiHom;
u'fjy&onf? vufrSwfudk jrefrmEkdifiHzufjcrf;wGif ig;rdepfrS rdepf oHk;q,ftwGif; jrefjrefqef
qef&Ekdifonf? ,m,De,fpyfjzwfausmfvufrSwfudk =u,fa*gif/ a&$vDtjyif *sefazmif;/ vdkifZm/
,if*sef;ESifh ref&DS ponfh+rdKrsm;wGifvnf; toHk;ðyEkdif+yD; vufrSwfudkifaqmifolonf w±kwfEkdifiH
wGif &ufowWwywf=umaeEdkifonf?
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wESpf&dSonf? ukefusp&dwf 3000 usyfusaomfvnf; (7) &ufwcge,fpyfoGm;I wHqdyfwHk;xk+yD;
oufwrf;wdk;&ojzifh tqdkyg u'fudkifaqmifoltwGuf a&$vD/ =u,fa*gifa'orS ta0;odk@xGuf
cGm&efcufcJ (vHk;0rjzpf Ekdifonfhtajctae)onf? tqdkygvufrSwftm; rlq,f (odk@r[kwf)
erfhcrf;+rdK@cHrsm;om udkifaqmifcGihf&aomfvnf; ukefusp&dwfydkay;ygu wjcm;a'ocHrsm;yg &&dSEdkif
onf?
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w±kwfEdkifiHwGif w&m;0iftvkyfvkyfvdkaom
jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;onf w±kwf&Jpcef;wGif
tpdrf;a&mif EdkifiHul;vufrSwf av#muf
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wGif vdyfpmtjynfhtpHk azmfjyay;&rnf?
EdkifiHul;vufrSwfonf 87 ,Grf (tar&duefa':vm 13³20) ukefusonf? tu,fI av#muf
xm;olonf teDa&mife,fpyfjzwfausmf pmtkyf&dSxm;oljzpfygu tpdrf;a&mifpmtkyft
wGufukefusp&dwfonf 37 ,Grf (tar&duefa': vm 5³61) omukefusonf? a&$vDwGif
jrefrma&$@ajymif;tajccsoltrsm;pkonf tpdrf;a&mif EdkifiHul;pmtkyfrsm;&dS=uaomfvnf; trsm;
pku oufwrf;wdk;&ef cufcJojzifh teDa&mife,f pyfjzwfausmfpmtkyfrsm; udkifaqmifjcif;
r&dS=uacs? qdkvdkonfrSm tqdkyg tvkyform;rsm; jrefrmEkdifiHodk@jyefvdkygu ‚wdk@wGif w&m;0if
e,fpyfjzwfausmfrnfh taxmuftxm;rsm; r&dSojzifh w&m;r0if e,fpyfjzwfausmfaygufrsm;udk
toHk;ðy&onf? xdk@a=umifh w&m;r0ife,f pyf0ifa&mufr_jzifh tzrf;cH&/ tjypfay;cH&Edkifonf?
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aom a&$@ajymif;tajc csolrsm;twGuf usef;rma&;u'frsm; udkifaqmifxm;&onf? w±kwftrsKd;
om; usef;rma&;ppfaq;a&;XmerS t&m&dSrsm;u vkyfuGufrsm;twGif;odk@ vnfywfoGm;vm+yD;
tdyfcsftdkifAGDESifh wjcm;a&m*grsm; ppfaq;&eftwGuf aoG;erlem,lonf? a&m*gawG@&dSygu tvkyf
orm;udk tvkyfjzKwfypfonf? a&m*gr&dSygu oufwrf;wESpf&dSaom usef;rma&;u'fwck tvkyf
orm;udk xkwfay;onf?
w&m;0iftvkyfvkyfcGifhr&dSjcif;
2005 ckESpftxd jrefrma&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;onf a&$vDwGif tvkyfvkyfcGifh&&ef
w±kwftvkyform;±Hk;wGif tvkyfvkyfcGifhrSwfyHkwifav#mufxm;Ekdifonf? ‚tvkyform;
u'f&&dSolonf w±kwftvkyform;rsm;wef;wlt edrfhqHk;vpmowfrSwfcsuf/ vlr_zlvHka&;cH
pm;cGifhrsm;yg cHpm;cGifh&dSonf? odk@aomf 2005 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif tm%mydkifrsm;u EdkifiHjcm;
a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;ud tqdkyg tvkyfvkyf cGifhvufrSwfxkwfay;jcif;udk &yfqdkif;cJhonf?
usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufcGifh
jrefrma&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;onf a&$vD (odk@r[kwf) =u,fa*gif&dS yk*~vduaq;±Hkrsm; (okd@r

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(EdkifiHwum tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;wcku axmufyHhay;xm;onf?) wGifaomfvnf;
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vG,fulpGm qufoG,fajymqdkEdkifjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf?
“omrefacgif;udkufwmavmufuawmh a&$vDaq;cef;udkyJoGm;ygw,f? a&m*genf;enf;}uD;

+yD; ta&;}uD; w,fqdk&ifawmh usrwdk@ rlq,fudkoGm;w,f? a&$vDrSm wcgwavaq;xdk;zdk@
oGm;w,fqdk&if pum;ajym raygufawmh aq;wvHk;bdk;twGuf ,Grf 70 ay;&w,f? wcg

wavvnf; 40 / 30/ yHkrSefuawmh usrwdk@ rlq,fudk oGm;wmrsm;w,f/ bmjzpfvdk@
vJqdkawmh usrwdk@rSm bma&m*gjzpfaew,fqdkwmudkvnf; q&m0efudk ar;vdk@&w,f/
b,favmufukefusrvJqdkwmudkvnf; ar;vdk@ajymvdk@&w,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf
24? touf 34 ESpft&G,f y&dabm*±HktvkyforwOD;/)
aq;ukop&dwfonf jrefrmEkdifiHzufjcrf;wGif tenf;i,fydkoufomonf? rlq,faq;±HkwGif

om;zGm;cJhaom trsKd; orD;ESpfOD;u om;zGm;p&dwfonf usyfaiG 100000 rS 175000 (tar&d
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wOD;u ,Grf 1300 (tar&d uefa':v 198 ) ukefusonf[k ajymqdkcJhonf?
oZifaq;ay;cef;rSm jyifyqufqHa&;trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ‚wdk@xH yHkrSefvma&mufvnfywf

onf[k a&$vDESifh=u,fa*gif ESpf+rdK@pvHk;wGif vdifvkyfief;jzifhtoufarG;0rf;a=umif;ðyol trsKd;
orD;rsm;u ajymqdkcJhonf?
“oZifaq;ay;cef;u jrefrmolemðyq&mrawG wvwcg'Dzufvm+yD; ul;pufa&m*g um

uG,faq;vdk aq;awGudk usrwdk@udkay;w,f? w}udrfudk tjzLa&mif 4 vHk; ESifh tjyma&mif2
vHk;/ pkpkaygif; 6 vHk; aomuf&w,f? aq;awGu t&rf;jyif;w,f? q&mrajymwmu 'D
aq;awGu vdifrSwqifhul;pufwJh a&m*gawGumuG,fay;w,fvdk@ajymw,f? usrwdk@udk
w}udrfudk uGef'HkESpfbl;ay;w,f? a&$vD/ =u,fa*gif rSm&dSwJh tEdSyfcef;tm;vHk;udk olwdk@vdkuf
ay;w,f? oaE<wm;aq;awGvnf; usrwdk@udkay;w,f?” (awG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;trSwf 13/)
Save The children (w±kwfEkdifiH) uvnf; w±kwfvkyfuGef'Hkrsm;ay;aomfvnf; ‚wdk@taejzifh

jrefrm xkwfuGef'Hkrsm;udkom ydkoHk;pJGvdka=umif; vdifvkyforrsm;u ajymqdkcJhonf?
“w±kwftzGJ@awGuvnf; usrwdk@udk w±kwfvkyfuGef'HkawGay;w,f? olwdk@[mawGuyg;+yD;

acsmqDrygawmh tomav; aygufoGm;wwfw,f? jrefrmuGef'HkawGusawmh ydkvnf;xl
w,f/ ydkvnf; acsmw,f?” awG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;trSwf 15/
rppfrae& tdyfcsftdkifAGD ppfaq;cH&jcif;

w±kwftdyfcsftdkifADG umuG,fa&;Xmepdwfrsm;u vdifvkyfief;jzifh toufarG;olrsm;/ x&yf
um;armif;olrsm;/ ukefwif ukefcsvkyfolrsm;tygt0if wcsKd@vkyfief;u¾rsm;wGif tvkyf
vkyf udkif aeaom a&$@ajymif;tvkyf orm;rsm;tm; yHkrSeftdyfcsftdkifAGD ppfaq;ay;onf? rjzpfr
aecH,l&aom vkyfief;jzpfonf? tu,fI tdyfcsftdkifADydk;awG@&dSygu tqdkyg tvkyform;ESifh
tvkyf&Siftm; today;+yD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh tvkyfrS xkwfy,fvdkufonf? a&m*gukor_/
ul;pufr_umuG,fjcif; (odk@r[kwf) ESpfodrfhaqG;aEG;jcif; pojzifh rnfhodk@aom t}uHay;aqG;
aEG;jcif;rsKd;rS r&dSay?
uav;rsm;twGufynmoif-um;cGifh
tu,fI uav;wOD;onf touf 18 ESpfatmufom jzpfygu a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;onf
uav; wGif pm&Gufpmwrf;&dSp&mrvdkyJ ‚wdk@ESifhtwl w±kwfEkdifiHodk@ ac:aqmifvmcGifh&dSonf?
xdkuav;rsm;onf ausmif;vcay;p&mrvdkaom w±kwfpmoifausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;wufEdkif
onf? odk@aomf wjcm;ukefusp&dwfrsm; jzpfaom ausmif;0wfpHk/ pmtkyf/ aq;ppfaq;r_/ v#yf
ppfrD;c ponfwdk@twGuf ukefusp&dwfay;&onf? a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;trsm;pku xdktc
a=u;aiGrsm;ay;&ef cufcJonf? jrefrmuav;rsm;onf a&$vDwGif w±kwfpmoif ausmif;+yD;qHk;
oGm;ygu ‚wdk@wGif jrefrmrSwfyHkwif&dSor# w±kwfEkdifiHtwGif;ydkif;wGif aumvdyfynma&;uJhodk@
aom tqifhjrifhynma&; qufvufoif=um;EkdifcGifh&dSonf? a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;u a&$vDwGif
jrefrmausmif;q&m/ q&mrsm;zGifhvSpfaom yk*~vduausmif; rsm;wGif uav;rsm; ydkxm;vdkonf?
xdkausmif;rsm;wGif bmom&yfrsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh oif=um;onf? uav;wa,mufudk
wvv#if ,Grf 70 rS 100 txdukefusonf?
a&$‹ajymif;trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf &nf&G,fzGifhvSpfxm;aom 0efaqmifr+rsm;

vwfwavmtcsdefwGif w±kwf-jrefrme,fpyfwGif a&$@ajymif;trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf oD;oef@&nf
&G,fzGifh vSpfxm;aom 0efaqmifr_ (odk@r[kwf) vkyfief;tpDtpOfwcsKd@&dSonf? jrefrmhtrsKd;orD;
or*~tjyif trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh xdpyfulnDay;aom jrefrmEkdifiHrS vlxktajcðy trsKd;orD;tzJG@
tpnf;aemufxyf ESpfzGJ@vnf;&dSonf? xdktzGJ@rsm;u vlukeful;cHcJh&zl;olrsm;ta&;udkom
t"duxm;I aqmif&Gufonf? xkda'otwGif; EdkifiHwumtpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;u a&$@ajymif;trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf aqmif&Gufay;aeaom 0efaqmifr_rsm;onf vdifvkyf
ief;jzifhtoufarG;ol trsKd;orD;rsm;twGufomjzpfonf? rlq,ftajcpdkuf oZifaq;ay;
cef;ESifh a&$vDtajcpdkuf Save the Children (SCF) ESpfzGJ@pvHk;wGif vdifvkyfief;jzifh touf
arG;ol trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf usef;rma&;uGif;qif; tpDtpOfrsm;&dSonf? ,cifu jrefrm
trsKd;orD;rsm;twGufom &nf&G,faomfvnf; aemufydkif; wGifw±kwfvdifvkyforrsm; twGufyg
wdk;csJ@vmcJhonf? SCF 0efxrf;rsm;onf w±kwfvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; tEdSyfcef;rsm;odk@ oGm;
a&mufvnfywfcsdefwGif jrefrmbmomjyefrsm; iSm;&rf;toHk;ðyonf? jrefrmEdkifiHrS tvkyfr&dS
aom a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;twGuf tvkyf&Smay;aom yk*~vdu w±kwfpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
rsm;vnf;&dSonf? a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;onf xdkukr`%Drsm;wGif tzGJ@0ifu'ftm; ,Grf 50
(tar&duefa':vm 7³58) jzifh 0,f,l+yD; tvkyf&&eftwGuf oHk;}udrf wef;pDcGifh&dSonf? ‚
tvkyf&SmazGa&;Xmersm;rSwqifh tvkyf&aom a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;onf bmomjyeft
ygt0if wcsKd@taxmuftyHhrsm; cHpm;cGifh&dSonf?
bmompum;u|rf;usifr+ ESifh tuef‹towfrsm;

a&$@ajymif;tajccsoltrsm;pkonf w±kwfpum;oif&efrvdkaom jrefrmtodrdwfaqGrsm;ESifh
twlwuG tvkyfvkyf/ jrefrmpm;aomufqdkifwGif xrif;pm;+yD; jrefrmtodkif;t0ef;wGifom
usifvnfvdk=uonf[k rdrdwkd@ okawoeavhvmcsufu awG@&dScJhonf? odk@aomf jrefrmtvkyf

orm;rsm;onf w±kwftvkyf&Sifrsm;u tjrwfxkwfcHae&onf[k cHpm;&aomfvnf; aqG;aEG;
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vmap&ef vdktyfonfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;teuf bmompum; tcuftcJjzpfaejcif;tm;
ulnDay;&efvdktyfonf[k jrefrmhtrsKd;orD;or*~a'ocH 0efxrf;rsm;u azmfxkwfajymqdkcJh
onf? bmomjyef&dSjcif;tm;jzifh a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;twGuf vkyftm;cESifh vkyfief;cGif
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w±kwfbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk w±kwftvkyf&Sifrsm;xHokd@ ay;
urf;jcif;jzifh a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;trsm;pk. vkyfief;cGifh tawG@t}uHK ydkaumif;vmEdkifonf
[kvnf; jrefrmhtrsKd;orD;or*~tzGJ@0if a'ocH0efxrf;rsm;u axmufjyxm;onf?
“usrwdk@refae*smu jrefrmtvkyform;awGqdk t&rf;txifao;w,f? tvkyform;awG

tay: tjrwfxkwfw,f/ txl;ojzifh w±kwfpum;rwufwJholawGtay: ydktjrwfxkwf
w,f? tu,fI &Sifu &ufaygif; 30 twGuf tvkyfvkyfw,fqdk&if ydkif&Sifu &uf aygif;
30 pmay;w,f? 'gayrJh refae*sm=um;u tjrwfxkwf+yD; tvkyform;udk vkyftm;c
tjynfhray;csifbl;? tJ'DvkdrsKd;awG usrwdk@puf±HkrSm jzpfaew,f?” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; t
rSwf 23? y&dabm*tacsmudkiftvkyforwOD;/)
tvkyform;rsm; pkpnf;Edkifr+
vuf&dStajctaewGif a&$vDESifh =u,fa*gif+rdK@rsm;wGif toufarG;0rf;a=umif;&Smaeaom a&$@
ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚wdk@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwif&ef/ umuG,f&eftwGuf
aumfrwDrsm; (odk@r[kwf) rnfodk@aom tzGJ@tpnf;yHkpHudkrS zGJ@pnf;cGifhr&dSay? =u,fa*gif+rdK@
wGif ESpfaygif;=um&SnfpGm tajcpdkufae xdkifvmaom jrefrmvlrsKd;+rdK@cHwOD;u 1994 ckESpfwGif
Ak'<bmomtcrf;tem;rsm; pDpOfusif;y&ef aumfrwDwckzGJ@pnf;&ef tm;xkwfcJh&m jrefrmEkdifiH
om;rsm;twGuf aumfrwDuJhodk@aom tpktzGJ@rsm; w&m;0ifzGJ@cGifhr&dSojzifh oltygt0if aumfr
wD0ifrsm; tzrf;cHcJh&onf?
odk@aomf tcgtcGifhoifhovdk tvkyform;rsm;onf vkyfief;cGiftajctaewdk;wufvm

a&;twGuf tvkyf&Siftm; zdtm;ay;awmif;qdkonfh v#yfwjyufpkaygif;vkyfaqmifcsuf
rsm;xGufay:avh&dSonf? a&$vD+rdK@wGif opfom;tacsmoyfvkyfief;vkyfudkifaeolwOD;u
“wcgwav tpm;tpmu t&rf;nHhwJhtcg tvkyform;awGu tpm;tpmaumif;
aumif;ay;zdk@ avmyef;udk zdtm;ay;wJhtaeeJ@ tvkyfrvkyfyJ qENjy=uwwf=uw,f?”
(awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 4/)
xdkuJhodk@ awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk tvkyf&Sifrsm;u t+rJwap wkef@jyefaqmif&Gufjcif;r&dSay? vwfwavm

jzpfcJhaom tjzpftysufwckwGif opfausmufaoG;±HkwckY tvkyform;rsm;u ae@vnfpm
rau|;awmhonfhtwGuf w±kwftvkyf&Sifudk qENjyawmif;qdkonfhtcg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk
bmomjyefay;aom tvkyform;udk ydkif&Sifw±kwfvlrsKd; wkwfqGJ+yD;±dkufcJhonf? a,bl,stm;jzifh
tvkyform;rsm;onf ESdyfpufr_rsm;udk &JxHodk@ w&m;0ifwdkifcsufzGifhygu &Jrsm;uvnf;
w±kwftvkyf&Sifudk bufvkdufwwfojzifh wkdifcsufrzGifh&Jay? 2011 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif
qHyifwk puf±HkrS puf±Hktvkyform;rsm;u w±kwfESpfopful;atmf'grsm;trSD jzpfap&eftwGuf
tvkyform;rsm;udknzuf tcsdefydkqif;cdkif;cJhonf? odk@aomf ydkif&Sifu tcsdefydka=u;ay;&ef jiif;
qefcJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;u &Judkwdkif=um;aomtcg &Ju tvkyf&SifzufvkdufI tvkyform;
rsm;tm; rauseyfygu tvkyfrSxGufoGm;Ekdifa=umif; ajymqdkcJhonf?
tvkyform;rsm;. xdcdkufepfemr_twGuf r#waom avsmfa=u;cHpm;cGifhr&dSaomtcg ‚wdk@

a'gorsm;onf t=urf;zufr_tjzpf aygufuGJxGufoGm;wwfonf? xdkuJhodk@tjzpftysufrsKd;
2009 ckESpf ZGefv 17 &ufaewGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf? =u,fa*gifrS w±kwfvifr,m;ESpfOD;onf ‚wdk@
*dka'gifrSm ypPnf;rsm;wif&ef jrefrmtvkyform; av;OD;tm; w&ufvkyftm;c wa,mufv#if
,Grf 50 ay;rnf[kqdkum iSm;&rf;cJhonf? odk@aomf tvkyf+yD;aom tcg 25 ,Grfom&&dScJhonf?
tvkyform;rsm;u jyefvnf jiif;ckefaomtcg a,mufsm;jzpfolu wkwfESifh tvkyform;rsm;udk
±dkufonf? tvkyform;rsm; a'goxGuf+yD; "m;ESifhjyefvmum vifr,m;ESpfOD;pvHk;udk owfypf
cJhonf? aemufwae@wGif &Jrsm;u =u,fa*gif&dS jrefrma&$@ajymif;tajccsol &mESifhcsDI zrf;qD;cJh
onf? &Jpcef;wGif 2 &uf=um csKyfaESmifxm;cJhaomfvnf; w&m;cHvufonfudk &SmrawG@cJhay?
tem*gwfar#mfvifhcsufrsm;/ tdrfrufrsm; ESifh vufawG@b0rsm;

awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;vkyfief;pOfwckvHk;wGif ay:xGufvmaom tvm;tvmrSm jrefrmEkdifiHrS
trsKd;orD;rsm; qkyfukdifxm;aom tem*wftwGuf ar#mfvifhcsufESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;
tvGef edrfhyg;aejcif;jzpfonf? ‚wdk@. tem*wf tdrfrufudk ar;=unfhaomtcg ynma&;
tqifhESifh oufqdkifjcif;r&dSyJ xyfcgwvJvJ =um;cJh&aom Zmwfvrf;wckrSm jrefrmEkdifiH&dS
Zmwda'oodk@jyefI rdbtdkrsm;twGuf taxmuftyHhjzpfaprnhf aps;qdkifi,fwck odk@
wnf;r[kwf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;av;wck vkyfudkifvdkonf[kom =um;cJh&onf? tqdkyg trsKd;
orD;rsm;teuf trsm;pkonf xufxufjrufjruf&dS+yD;/ pdwf"gwfcdkifrmaom/ ynmwwf trsKd;
orD;rsm;jzpf=uaomfvnf; b0wGif ‚wdk@ar#mfrSef;Edkif onfht&mu Tr#omjzpfaeonf[k
,Hk=unf&rnfh tajctaeodk@ a&mufaeonf? 0rf;enf;zG,fvufawGb0u trsm;pktwGuf
trSefwu,fyifjzpfaejyD; t&uform;vifa,mufsm;/ zcifESifh tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_/ vnfyif;
xdepfvsuf&Sdaom taºu;oHo&mrS a&SmifxGufoGm;jcif; (odk@r[kwf) vGwfajrmufoGm;jcif;/
rdom;pk0if uav;wOD;wa,muftwGuf ynma&;p&dwfaxmufyHhay;Ekdifaejcif;u jrefrmEdkifiH
om; trsKd;orD;a&$@ajymif;tvkyf orm;rsm;twGuf b0atmifjrifr_}uD;wckjzpfaeonf?
olr. touf 14 ESpft&G,f orD;twGuf olr.ar#mfrSef;csuf/ tdrfrufrsm;udk ar;=unfhaomtcg

t,fvfu æ
“usrrSm orD;av;wa,mufyJ&dSw,f? ol@udkb,fawmhrS tdrfaxmifrðyeJ@vdk@ usrajymvdk@

r&bl;? oltdrfaxmifusvdk@ aumif;rGefwJhb0wck ydkifqdkif&w,fqdk&if usroleJ@oGm;ae
r,f? orD;av;udk vdrRma&;jcm; &Sdzdk@eJ@ pufcsKyf±Hk 'grSr[kwfvnf; wae&m&mrS ol@ukd,fydkif
0ifaiGav;eJ@ &yfwnfvdk@wJh tvkyfrsKd;&ygapvdk@ usrqk awmif;ygw,f?” [k ajymqdkcJhonf?
odk@aomf wjcm;trsKd;orD;rsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tpdk;&ajymif;jcif;r&dSoa&$@ olwdk@tdrfrjyefEkdifao;

[kajymqdkcJhonf?
“usrjrefrmjynfukd ykdaumif;wJhtpdk;&eJ@ ydkaumif;wJh wkdif;jynfwcktjzpfjrifvdkygw,f?

usrwdk@ wdkif;jynfu aumif;w,fqdk&if b,folurS usrwdk@udk txifvnf;ao;&JrSm
r[kwfovdk b,folrSvnf; ESdyfpuf&JrSm r[kwfygbl;? ” (awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;trSwf 7/)
“tcktcsdefrSm usrwdk@wdkif;jynfu +idrf;csrf;r_r&dSovdk wnf+idrfr_vnf; r&dSao;bl;? wae@

wcsdef +idrf;csrf; a&;&wJh tcg usrwdk@tm;vHk; udk,fhwdkif;jynfudk,fjyef+yD; twlwlae=urSmyg?
wjcm;wdkif;jynfawGrSm ae&wm usrwdk@twGuf rvHk+cHKwma=umifh raecsifygbl;? usrwdk@
+idrf;csrf;a&;vdkcsifygw,f? ” (awG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;trSwf 23/)
tvm;tvmrsm;
qufvufjzpfaernfh a&$‹ajymif;tajccsr+rsm;
2010 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv a&G;aumufyGJonf jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf odomaom EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJ

rsm; aqmif;usOf; ray;Ekdifay? ppftkyfcsKyfolrsm;om tm%mqufvufqkyfudkifxm;+yD; ppf
wyfudk Oya'txufodk@ wifxm;ay;aom 2008 tajccHOay'u ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk qufvuf
=um;cHay;xm;onf? ygvDref rusif;ycif Zefe0g&D 2011 ckESpfwGif jyXmef;cJhaom 2011-2012ck-
ESpf EkdifiHawmf b¾maiG ESifhywfoufI tpdk;&opfu wcGef;wyg'r# r[ao;ay? EkdifiHawmf
b¾maiG. trsm;pkudk umuG,fa&; (24 &mckdifE_ef;) twGuf oHk;xm;+yD; usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;
twGufrl 1³3 &mckdifE_ef;ESifh 4³13 &mcdkifE_ef;om toHk;ðyonf?1811xdktcsif;t&mudk=unfhcsif;
tm;jzifh ppftpdk;onf vlr_zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tm; t"duOD;pm;ay;tjzpf rxm;ao;a=umif; t
xif;om;jrifawG@Edkifonf?
a&G;aumufyJG+yD;onfhaemufydkif;rSpI ppftpdk;&onf usef&dSaeao;aom wdkif;&if;om;vufeuf

udkiftkyfpk rsm;tay: ydkrdk=urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;udkifwG,fvmcJhonf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;awmif;qdk
aom awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&; awmif;qdkcsufudk y,fcsvdkuf+yD; jrefrmppfwyfvufatmufodk@ 0if
a&muf&ef jiif;qdkaeaom ,cif typf&yftzGJ@a[mif;rsm;tm; ppfa&;t&xkd;ppfrsm; ydkrdk jr‡ifhwif
vmonf? xdktxJwGif w±kwfe,fpyfESifheD;pyfaom ucsifjynfe,fESifh ajrmufydkif; &Srf;jynfe,f
wdk@ yg0ifonf?
a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifcifESifh t+yD;wGif ppftpdk;&onf obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh vlr_a&;qdkif&m

umuG,f aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;r&dSyJ wkdif;jynftESH@ jrefrmhobm0o,HZmwxkwf
,la&;vkyfief;wGif EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm;udk t&dSeft[kefjr‡ifhvkyfaqmifvmaeonf? tqdkyg
vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh a'ocH jynfolrsm;. toufarG;0rf;a=umif;udk xdef;odrf;ay;onfh a*[pepf
rsm; ysufpD;apjcif;ESifh twif;t"rR tajccsr_rsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jzpfay:aponf?
xdk@a=umifh ,cifu a&$@ajymif;tajccsr_udk jzpfaponfht"dutcsufrsm;jzpf=uonfh ppfwyfpDrHcef@

cGJr_ nHhzsif;ojzifh jzpfvm&aom pD;yGm;a&;cGswfcsHKusjcif;/ yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;aejcif;ESifh toufarG;
0rf;a=umif; r_vkyfief;rsm; qHk;&H_;jcif; ponfhtcsufrsm;onf qufvuf&dSaeonfomru ydkI
yifqdk;0g;vmaeojzifh a&$@ajymif;tajccsr_E_ef; vsifvsifjrefjref wdk;yGm;vmaeonf?
18
AP article, March 4, 2011, Myanmar pro-democracy group slams govt’s budget

ed*Hk;csKyfcsuf ESifh t}uHðycsufrsm;
vGefcJhaom ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; a&$vDa'owGif jrefrma&$@ajymif;tajccsolOD;a& ydkrsm;vmaomf
vnf; ‚wdk@tcGifhta&;tm; umuG,fay;onfh vkyfief;Xme,EW&m;tpDtpOfrsm; r&dSao;
onfukd rdrdwdk@ okawoeavhvmr_ awG@&dScsufrsm;u n$efjyaeonf? jrefrmEdkifiHrS a&$@
ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;onf vkyftm;cacgif;yHkjzwfcH&jcif;/ vkyfief;cGifusef;rma&;ESifhvHk+cHKa&;
tEW&m,f&dSjcif;/ tvkyf&Sifrsm;. tEkdifusifhESdyf pufr_ponfwdk@udk &ifqdkifae&onf? txl;ojzifh
trsKd;orD; a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;onf vkyftm;c cGJjcm;owfrSwfcH&jcif;/ vdifydkif;qdkif&m
taESmifht,Sufay;jcif;ESifh txl;ojzifh vdifvkyfief;rS usef;rma&;ESifh vHk+cHKr_tEW&m,frsm;udkyg
xyfavmif;&if qkdifae&onf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif ydkqdk;0g;vmaeaom EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm;a=umifh w±kwfEkdifiHodk@

a&$@ajymif;tajccs pD;0ifr_ydkrsm;vmEkdifojzifh a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udk um
uG,fay;aom vkyfief;rsm; ta&;w}uD; vkyfaqmifay;&ef vdktyfvmonf?
xdk@a=umifh jrefrmhtrsKd;orD; or*~taejzifh atmufazmfjyyg t}uHðycsufrsm; ay;vdkygonf?
w±kwftpdk;&ESifh a'ocH,leefjynfe,ftm%mydkifrsm;odk@ æ
Õ r#waom vkyftm;cESifh wef;wlvkyftm;twGuf wlnDaom vkyftm;c &ydkifcGifhtygt0if

w±kwftvkyform; rsm;ESihf wef;wltcGifhta&;udk tmrcHay;onfh w&m;0iftvkyf vkyfcGifh
tm; EdkifiHjcm;om; a&$@ajymif;tvkyf orm;rsm;twGuf xkwfjyefay;&ef?
Õ EdkifiHjcm;om; a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;tygt0if tvkyform;tm;vHk;onfw&m;a&;
pepf,EW&m;rsm; toHk;ðyEkdifcGifhESifh ‚wdk@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufcH&jcif;/ tjrwfxkwfcH&jcif;
rsm;twGuf rauseyfcsufrsm; wdkif=um;EkdifcGifh&dSap&ef?
Õ tvkyf&Sifrsm;tm; EkdifiHjcm;om; a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;ta=umif;
ynmay;&ef/ a&$@ajymif; tvkyform;rsm;. em;aecGifh/ tyef;ajzcGifh/ oifhavsmfaom tvkyf
csdefrsm; &&dSEkdifaom vHk+cHKI usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom vkyfief;cGifrsm; jzpfvmapa&;twGuf
tvkyf&Sifrsm;u zefwD;ay;jcif;&dSr&dS ppfaq;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifay;&ef/ vkyfief;
qdkif&musef;rma&;ESifh vHk+cHKr_qkdif&m udpPrsm;jzpfcJhygu a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;onf
wef;wlaq;0g;ukocGifhESifh avsmfa=u;&&dSapa&;twGuf ulnDay;&ef?
Õ EdkifiHjcm;om; a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;twGuf r#waom vkyftm;cESifh aumif;rGefaom
vkyfief;cGiftajctae tmrcHay;Edkifaom tvkyfulnD&SmazGay;jcif;ESifh bmomjyef0ef
aqmifr_udk ay;Edkifaom tpdk;&tvkyform;±Hk;rsm; wnfaxmif&ef?
Õ EkdifiHjcm;om; a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;tm; ‚wdk@tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fay;rnfh tul
tnDay;a&; tkyfpkrsm;/ aumfrwDrsm; (odk@r[kwf) or*~rsm; wnfaxmifcGifhay;&ef?
Õ EdkifiHjcm;om; a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;onf tdyfcsftdkifAGDESifh oifhavsmfaom ukor_&Ekdif
onfh wjcm;usef;rma&;rsm;twGuf qENudkt&if;cHaom v#dK@0SufESpfodrfhtm;ay;jcif;ESifh
prf;oyfjcif; pepfrsm;wnfaxmifay;&ef?
Õ EdkifiHjcm;om; a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;tm; pufwyf,mOfrsm; ydkifqdkifcGifhESifh armif;ESifcGifh
vdkifpifxkwfay;&ef?
jrefrmtpdk;&xHodk@ æ
Õ w±kwfEkdifiHwGif ESpfouf&mtcsdefumvwcktxd tvkyfvkyfEkdif+yD; jrefrmEkdifiHokd@ tjypfay;
cH&jcif;r&dSapyJ w&m;0if jyef0ifa&mufvmEdkif&eftwGuf vuf&dSe,fpyfjzwfausmfcGifhpepf
tm;aumif;atmifaqmif&Gufay;&ef?
w±kwf tif*sDtdkrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumtvSL&Sifrsm;odk@
Õ w±kwf-jrefrme,fpyfwav#mufwGif EdkifiHjcm;om; ajymif;a&$@tvkyform;rsm;ta&;ESifh

ywfoufI tultnDay;aeaom vlxktajcðy vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk ulnDaxmufyhHr_
rsm;ay;&ef?

aemufqufwGJ = okwoevkyfief;wGif yg0ifajzqdkol trsKd;tpm;
,ckavhvmr_twGuf awG@qHkar;jref;cJhonfh trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;onf awG@qHkar;jref;csdefwGif
w±kwfEkdifiH a&$vD (odk@r [kwf) =u,fa*gifa'oY vuf&dSaexdkif=uolrsm;jzpf=uonf?
touft&G,f trsKd;tpm;
awG@qHkar;jref;csdefwGif ajzqdkolrsm;teuf touft&G,fwef;wl trsm;qHk;yg0ifaomolrsm;rSm

touf 20 ESifh 25 ESpft=um;jzpfonf? pkpkaygif;ajzqdkolrsm;teuf xdktouft&G,fu 34 &m
cdkifE_ef;jzpfonf? touf 31 ESpf rS 35 t=um; tkyfpkonfvnf; 25 &mckdfifE_ef;&dScJhonf?
awG@qHkar;jref;csdeftouft&G,f ta&twGuf &mcdkifE_ef;

touf 20 atmuf 3 9µ
touf 20 rS 25 ESpf 11 34 µ
35 ESpftxuf 5 16 µ
jynfe,fZmwd
awG@qHkar;jref;cJhaom trsKd;orD;rsm;onf u&ifjynfe,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ rEWav;wdkif;/ rauG;wdkif;/

ppfudkif;wdkif;/ {&m0wDwdkif;ESifh &efukefwkdif;wdk@rS jzpf=uonf? vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;t& ppfudkif;
wdkif;onf trsm;qHk;jzpfI 28 &mckdifE_ef; &dSonf? rauG;wdkif;onf 'kwd,trsm;qHk;jzpfI 25 &m
ckdifE_ef;&dScJhonf?
jynfe,fZmwd ta&twGuf &mcdkifE_ef;

u&ifjynfe,f 1 3µ
&Srf;jynfe,f 5 16 µ
rEWav;wdkif; 3 9µ
rauG;wdkif; 8 25 µ
ppfudkif;wdkif; 9 28 µ
{&m0wDwdkif; 1 3µ
&efukefwdkif; 5 16 µ
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
ajzqdkoltrsm;pku ‚if;wdk@wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm; xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;r&dS=uojzifh trsm;qHk;

wkdif;&if;om;tkyfpkrSm Armwdkif;&if;om;jzpfI 28 &mcdkifE_ef;&dScJhonf? yavmifvlrsKd; 13 &mckdif
E_ef;&dScJhonf? &Srf;/ vDql;/ [if'D/ ydk;u&if tjyif u&if-Armujym;/ &Srf;-w±kwfujym;/ ytdk@0f-
tif;om;-u&ifujym;trsKd;orD;rsm; tygt0if wdkif;&if;om;ujym;trsKd;orD;rsm;vnf; yg0ifcJh
onf?

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd; ta&twGuf &mcdkifE_ef;
Arm 9 28 µ
&Srf; 2 6µ
vDql; 1 3µ
[if'l 1 3µ
yavmif 4 13 µ
ydk;u&if 1 1µ
ujym; 2 6µ
azmfjyjcif;r&dS 12 38 µ
tdrfaxmifa&;tqifh ESifh uav;rsm;
trsKd;orD; 44 &mckdifE_ef;onf tdrfaxmif&Sifrsm;jzpf=u+yD; 25 &mcdkifE_ef;u w±kwfEkdifiHwGif uav;

rsm;ESifhtwl aexdkifolrsm;jzpfonf? odk@r[kwf awG@qHkar;jref;csdefwGif udk,f0efvG,fxm;=uonf
olrsm;jzpfonf? trsKd;orD; 19 &mckdifE_ef;u jrefrmjynfrS om;orD;rsm;twGuf axmufyHhay;ae+yD;
aemufxyf 9 &mcdkifE_ef;u w±kwfEkdifiH/ jrefrm EkdifiHESifh wjcm;wwd,EkdifiHwckckt=um; uav;
rsm; wuGJwjym;jzpfaeaom trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfonf?
tdrfaxmifa&;tqifh ta&twGuf &mckdifE_ef;
vlvGwf 6 19 µ
tdrfaxmifonf 14 44 µ
wckvyf/ tdrfaxmifuGJ 3 9µ
rkqdk;r 2 6µ
azmfjyxm;jcif;r&dS 7 22 µ
uav; t&nftwGuf &mckdifE_ef;

uav;r&dS? 7 22 µ
w±kwfEkdifiHwGif uav;&dSonf§vuf&dSukd,f0efvG,fxm;onf? 8 25 µ
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif uav;&dSonf? 6 19 µ
w±kwfEkdifiH/ jrefrmEkdifiHESifh wwd,EdkifiHwGif uav;rsm;wuGJ 3 9 µ
wjym;&dSaeonf?
azmfjyxm;jcif;r&dS 8 25 µ


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