RECENT EXCAVATIONS

AT TELL FADOUS-KFARABIDA

Hermann Genz

A
s settlement in Lebanon’s coastal plains has expanded in
modern times, archaeological sites in the area have been
disappearing at an alarmingly fast pace. Miraculously,
the site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida has thus far escaped complete
destruction. As a result, this small site of only 1.5 ha offers a
unique picture of a small town devoted to agriculture and fishing
during the Early and Middle Bronze Ages.
An Ancient Coastal Site Surviving Modern Damages
Tell Fadous-Kfarabida is located approximately 2 km south
of the modern town of Batroun, in the village of Kfarabida (fig.
1). Although Lorraine Copeland and Peter Wescombe recorded
prehistoric sites in the immediate vicinity of the tell (1965, 85;
1966, 158), they did not mention it at all. It was first recognized
as an archaeological site in April 2004.
Originally, Tell Fadous-Kfarabida covered an area of about
140 x 105 m, or 1.5 ha. To the north, the tell is bordered by
a steep drop toward Wadi Bou Aaoun, while in the west it is
delimited by the Mediterranean. To the south and east, rubble
heaps and traces of walls can be interpreted as the remains of a
fortification system. Outside of these presumed fortifications, no
major concentrations of sherds were found, thus precluding the
idea that the settlement extended beyond these areas.
Today the site is in very bad condition. During the 1940s, the
western parts of the site were destroyed during the construction
of the coastal road, while the northeastern part suffered due to
the construction of a railway line. Throughout the Lebanese
Civil War (1975–1990), the top of the tell served as an encamp- Fig. 1: Location of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida and other sites
ment for tanks, inflicting considerable damage to its central mentioned in the text.

102 NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 73:2–3 (2010)


part. Lastly, several years ago the entire western third of the site
was completely bulldozed to obtain soil for cement production
(fig. 2). Regrettable as the last phase of destruction may be, it
did lead to the discovery of the site and created several huge,
almost vertical sections up to 8 m in height in which the entire
stratigraphy of the tell could be studied. During two short sea-
sons in 2004 and 2005, these sections were documented (fig. 3),
and samples of pottery and botanical and faunal material were
collected and analyzed (Badreshany, Genz, and Sader 2005).
Excavations started in 2007 (Genz and Sader 2007) and con-
tinued in 2008 (Genz and Sader forthcoming) and 2009. Two
areas were selected for examination. Area I is located at the
southern slope of the tell, where an area of approximately 50
m2 was opened. The purpose was to investigate the fortification
system of the site. Area II, encompassing approximately 170 m2
thus far, is situated along the western and southern sections of
the central part of the tell (see fig. 2). This, along with the work
undertaken since 2004, allows for a preliminary reconstruction
of the site’s settlement history.1
Fig. 2: (left) Topographic plan of Tell Fadous-
Kfarabida showing the excavation areas of 2007–
2009 (courtesy: P. Breuer).
Fig. 3: (below) The 8 m-high sections created
by a bulldozer prior to the recognition of Tell
Fadous-Kfarabida as an archaeological site
required the erection of scaffolds in order to
document and study the features and contexts
in 2004 and 2005.
Phase I: The Earliest Remains (Chalcolithic/Early
Bronze Age I)
The earliest remains represented thus far at Tell Fadous-Kfa-
rabida are sherds comparable to the so-called énéolithique récent
at Byblos. Unfortunately, most of the material is unstratified.
The well-preserved architecture of the later phases (see below)
makes it almost impossible to excavate larger areas of the earli-
est phase. As a result, no architectural remains are attested for
this period at the site.
The most interesting piece is the handle of a large jar with a
stamp seal impression (Genz 2009; see fig. 4), which corresponds
exactly to the burial jars of the énéolithique récent cemetery at
Byblos (Dunand 1945, 25–58; 1973, figs. 174 and 177; Artin
2010, 77). Two child burials found during the documentation
NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 73:2–3 (2010) 103
of the west section in 2005 (Badreshany, Genz, and Sader 2005,
28–29) are the only stratified finds to date that can be attrib-
uted to this earliest phase. One infant was interred in a globular
cooking pot (fig. 5), while the other was placed on a body sherd
of a large jar and covered with additional sherds from the same
vessel. The same burial customs for infants are again attested in
the énéolithique récent at Byblos (Dunand 1973, 248–52; Artin
2005, 228; 2010, 77). According to one radiocarbon date,2 the
burial in the cooking pot can be assigned to the first half of the
fourth millennium B.C.E.
Fig. 4: (above) The jar handle with stamp seal impression
attributed to Phase I has exact counterparts in the
Énéolithique récent at Byblos.
Fig. 5: This globular cooking pot was used for the
interment of an infant in Phase I. Similar burials
are known from the Énéolithique récent at Byblos.
104 NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 73:2–3 (2010)
Phases II and III: A Small Town of the Early Bronze
Age II
The Early Bronze Age II seems to be the main period of occu-
pation at Tell Fadous-Kfarabida. All squares excavated have
yielded abundant material that can be attributed to this period.
The earlier Phase II has only been reached in Square 285/295
below Room 1 in Building 1. Here a collapsed roof (fig. 6) above
a floor and one wall clearly predate the architectural remains of
Phase III.
Two buildings from Phase III have been partially excavated
in Area II (fig. 7). The walls of these buildings consist entirely
of generally undressed limestones; dressed ashlars were used
only on the corners. This phenomenon is also attested in the
Early Bronze Age levels of Byblos (Lauffray 2008, 284). There
is no evidence for the use of mudbricks, and the limestone walls
still stand to a height of over 2m (fig. 8). Stone slabs served
as the bases for wooden columns and were placed primarily in
the corners of rooms or along the walls (fig. 9; Genz and Sader
2007, 8; forthcoming). Such a position for columns seems to
be a typical feature of Early Bronze Age architecture along the
Lebanese coast, as suggested by parallels from Tell Arqa (Thal-
mann 2006a, 850–60), Byblos (Lauffray 2008, 69–71, 192–94,
283–84), and Sidon (Doumet-Serhal 2006b, 136).
To date, only one entrance has been found. A flight of five
stairs leads down into Room 2 of Building 1 from a higher street
level (see fig. 7). In other cases, such as for Rooms 1 and 3 of
Building 2, no doors or entrances are attested, suggesting that
these rooms must have been accessed from an upper story by
means of ladders. The existence of upper stories is further con-
firmed by the massive layers of collapsed stones that filled the
basement rooms.
Buildings were separated by narrow streets, and the cur-
rent picture suggests a planned layout of the settlement, with
streets intersecting at right angles. However, verification of this
assumption awaits exposure of larger areas.
Building 1 provided good assemblages of Phase III pottery
in situ on the floors (figs. 10–11), dated to the EB II. Typical
are bowls with an S-shaped profile, one-handled cups with
flat bases, globular cooking pots with rims thickened on the
outside, juglets with a bur-
nished surface, storage jars
with combed surfaces, and
four-spouted lamps (fig. 12).
The types represented in the
buildings consist mainly of
vessels for the storage, prep-
aration, and consumption of
food, thus suggesting that we
are dealing with domestic
structures.
The use of a potters’ wheel
is evident for the majority of
the smaller vessels. Petro-
graphic analysis suggests
that the main clay sources
 Fig. 6: Phase II (Early Bronze Age II) seems to have met its end due to a conflagration, as indicated by the charred beams of a
collapsed roof.

exploited were the Senonian-Eocene white marls of Chekka,

about 5 km north of the site (Badreshany and Genz 2009).
A few possible sherds of the so-called metallic ware, which
was produced in the foothills of Mount Hermon (Greenberg
and Porat 1996), are attested (Badreshany and Genz 2009).
Good comparisons for the ceramic assemblages from Phase
III are found at Tell Arqa in Strata 18 and 17 (Thalmann
2009, 19–24), at Byblos in Saghieh’s Phases KII–III (Saghieh
1983, 89–91), and in Stratum 5 at Sidon (Doumet-Serhal
2006a, pls. 49–101).
Six sherds with cylinder seal impressions have been found,
all on the necks of large jars. Four of the impressions show
geometric patterns (fig. 13), while the other two depict ani-
mals such as lions and goats or ibexes (fig. 14). The finely

Fig. 7: Plan of the architectural remains of Phases III and IV. Whereas
Phase III (Early Bronze Age II) shows a rather regular layout of the
settlement with buildings only separated by narrow streets, the
buildings of Phase IV (Early Bronze Age III) are spaced much farther
apart, indicating a different layout (and function?) for the settlement.

NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 73:2–3 (2010) 105

 Fi 8
Fig. 8: Th
The walls
ll off
➤

Room 1 in Building
1 (Phase III) are
preserved to a
height of more
than 2 m.

➤ Fig. 9: Massive bases

for wooden columns
along the walls and in
the corners of rooms
a s s h o w n h e re f o r
Room 2 in Building 1
(Phase III) are a typical
feature of Early
Bronze Age domestic
buildings in Lebanon.

106 NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 73:2–3 (2010)

 ➤
Fig. 10: In the northwestern corner of Room 2 in Building 1, an
assemblage of bowls and a small cooking pot from Phase III was
found in association with sheep bones. This may be evidence of the
last meal the inhabitants had before they deserted the building.

➤
Fig. 11: Building
1 of Phase III
contained a large
number of in situ
vessels. Here a
cooking pot on
the floor of Room
1 is shown.

Fig. 12: The Early Bronze Age II pottery

assemblage from Room 1 in Building 1
(Phase III) clearly shows its domestic
nature with bowls for eating and drinking
with globular cooking pots and storage
jars predominating. Noteworthy is the
➤
four-spouted lamp,
Fig. 12: The which is one Age
Early Bronze of the II pottery assemblage from Room 1 in Building 1 (Phase
earliest III)
of clearly
this type from
shows its the Levant.
domestic nature with bowls for eating and drinking with globular
Q U E R Y:cooking
I s t h epots
f o uand
r- s pstorage
o u t e d jars
l a mpredominating.
p Noteworthy is the four-spouted lamp (no.
represented? If so,
3), which which
is one number
of the earliestis it?
of this type from the Levant.
Also, I wonder if one should identify nos.
1–7 for the benefit of readers.

➤ Fig. 13: Cylinder seal

impressions on storage
vessels are a typical
feature of the Early
Bronze Age in the Levant.
The function of these
impressions is still not
clear, but they could be of
an administrative nature.
Here a simple geometric
pattern is represented.

NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 73:2–3 (2010) 107

incised net pattern in figure 13 is remarkable and corresponds
to a design at Byblos (Montet 1928, pl. CLI:977). Similar motifs
from Sidon (Doumet-Serhal 2006a: pls. 167:1–4, 168:7–10,
169:11–12, 170:15–16) and from the Southern Levant (Ben-Tor
1978, 4 and pl. 1:5–7) are less finely carved. The best compari-
sons for the motifs with lions and horned animals are also from
Byblos (Dunand 1945, figs. 21–22), whereas similar animal
depictions from Sidon (Doumet-Serhal 2006a, pls. 169:13,
170:14 and 18, 171:20, 172:22) and the southern Levant (Ben-
Tor 1978, pl. 6) are generally somewhat cruder. One sherd with
a cylinder seal impression comes from a fill below a Phase III
floor; another was found on a Phase III floor. The remaining four
are either surface finds or come from later fills. It thus seems
plausible to assign the cylinder seal impressions to Phases II and
III. Rams-head applications on large jars or pithoi (fig. 15) are
known elsewhere only from Byblos (Mazzoni 1985) and Sidon
(Doumet-Serhal 2006a, 271 and pl. 174:5–7) and thus seem to
be restricted to the Lebanese coast.
The dating of Phase III rests on five radiocarbon dates, rang-
ing from about 2900 to about 2600 B.C.E., that were taken from
the south section in 2004 (Badreshany, Genz, and Sader 2005,
80–84) and during the excavation of Room 1 in Building 1 from
2007 to 2008. These dates suggest a possible extension of Phase
III into the beginning of EB III.
Phase IV: Changes in the Layout of the Settlement (EB
III)
Phase IV was clearly identified only during the 2009 season.
To date, only the southern half of a large room has been exposed
in Squares 290/295 and 290/300 in Area II (see figs. 7 and 16).
With a width of approximately 1 m, the walls of the room are
Fig. 14: Some of the seals show a remarkably high
degree of craftsmanship. This impression of a finely
carved seal shows a lion attacking a horned animal.
108 NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 73:2–3 (2010)
rather massive. Features such as the column bases in corners
or along the walls show a clear continuity of building tech-
niques from the preceding Phase III. On the other hand, the
orientation of the buildings has changed considerably and, more
significantly, the Phase IV buildings seem to be spaced farther
apart from each other. The builders of Phase IV architecture
completely ignored the boundaries of the previous architectural
units. The layout of the settlement changed dramatically, imply-
ing a marked shift in land ownership at the site. However, no
distinctive breaks are discernible, either in pottery typology or
in the building techniques when compared to Phase III, thus
precluding any ideas of new immigrants arriving at the site in
Phase IV.
Phase V: Decline of the Settlement? (EB IV)
The EB IV at Tell Fadous-Kfarabida is attested only by sherds
and fragmentary vessels coming from pits. No architectural
remains have been encountered thus far, so the nature of the
settlement remains unknown. Typical of EB IV pottery are gob-
lets with small stump bases, bottles with button bases, and ves-
sels with white-painted decoration (fig. 17). Pottery with white-
painted decoration seems to be restricted to the northern parts
of Lebanon. Comparisons are attested at Tell Arqa in Strata 16
and 15 (Thalmann 2006b, pls. 56:12–15, 57:7–9, 59:1–2 and
12–13, 63:4–12; 2010, 93) and Byblos in Periods JI–II (Saghieh
1983, pl. LI:A27). This type of decoration is absent south of
Byblos. Although no white-painted decoration is attested at
Mgharet al-Hourriyé, the pottery types of the earlier assem-
blage there offer good comparison for the EB IV pottery from
Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Beayno, Mattar, and Abdul-Nour 2002,
146–60). It seems that Lebanon was characterized by a stronger
Fig. 15: Rams head applications on Early Bronze Age storage
jars are so far only attested at Byblos, Sidon and Tell Fadous-
Kfarabida. It is not yet clear whether they were merely
decorative elements, or had some administrative function.
ceramic regionalism during the EB
IV than during the EB II–III.
Phase VI: The Middle Bronze
Age
Except for Tomb 402, the Middle
Bronze Age at Tell Fadous-Kfara-
bida is thus far represented only by
pits. No architectural remains of
this period have been encountered
to date. Even if Middle Bronze
Age architecture is found in the
still-unexcavated parts of the tell,
the settlement certainly was rather
small and should be regarded as a
rural site.
Tomb 402 is a simple pit burial
(figs. 18–19) that contained the
s ke l e t o n o f a n a p p r ox i m a t e l y
30-year-old male, found in a supine
position with the arms crossed
above the chest. The burial was
accompanied by five pottery vessels.
One medium- and one small-sized Fig. 16: The architecture of Phase IV (Early
jar were placed near the feet of the Bronze Age III) continues the previous tradition
deceased, and a juglet of the Tell el- of placing column bases along the walls.
Yahudiyeh type was placed next to
the right arm (fig. 20). One bowl was found upside-down over
the pelvis, and a second one was placed on top of the cranium.
The latter bowl is particularly interesting due to its clear use as
a lamp, as indicated by soot marks. Its position above the head
can hardly be seen as accidental and is most likely connected to
a funerary ritual. The presence of the Tell el-Yahudiyeh juglet is
of some interest, as it obviously is not locally made. This implies
that the Middle Bronze Age inhabitants had access to imported
luxury goods, despite the fact that the site seems to have been a
rather insignificant rural settlement (Genz et al. forthcoming).
The MB pits encountered in other parts of the excavation
generally contained large amounts of pottery, with cooking pots
and storage jars dominating. Especially interesting is the pres-
ence of several straight-sided cooking bowls (fig. 21). This type,
which is well-known from the southern Levant (Amiran 1969,
102; Cole 1984, 61–63) and the Bekaa Plain (Marfoe 1995, 110
and fig. 62:1–2; Genz 2008, 129–30 and pl. 1:6), is attested here
for the first time on the Lebanese coast.
Area I: The Early Bronze Age Fortifications
In Area I along the southern edge of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida,
excavations uncovered a massive wall running from northwest
to southeast parallel to the southern edge of the tell. The large
stones used in the construction of this clearly indicate that it
was part of the site’s fortification system. A staircase constructed
out of large, flat stones abuts the south face of this wall (fig. 22).
It is thought that the staircase leads to one of the gates in the
fortification, which should be located in the yet-unexcavated
area farther to the east. A similar layout with stairs leading
up to gates was encountered at Byblos at the
porte nord-ouest (Lauffray 2008, 295–96 and
fig. 159) and the porte nord-est (305 and fig.
168). Both the fortification wall and the stair-
case can be dated to the EB II–III according
to the pottery sherds associated with these
structures (Genz and Sader forthcoming). A
more precise synchronization with the strati-
graphic sequence of Area II cannot be given
at present. However, the planned layout of
the Phase III settlement suggests that the for-
tification must have existed from at least this
phase on, if not earlier.
Importance for the Archaeology of
Coastal Lebanon
Excavations at Tell Fadous-Kfarabida will
greatly enhance our understanding of the
development and layout of early urban set-
tlements on the Lebanese coast. Thus far,
little can be said concerning the beginning
of the settlement, which probably was estab-
lished during the fourth millennium B . C . E .
The burial customs and use of stamp seals on
pottery vessels demonstrates close relations to
the Énéolithique récent settlement of Byblos.
During the EB II, Tell Fadous-Kfarabida
developed into a small urban community. The regular layout
of the settlement and the presence of a fortification wall dem-
onstrate its urban character. No public buildings have been
encountered, but this is probably due to the small area excavated
to date. Surveys in the Bekaa (Marfoe 1998, 115–28) and in the
Akkar Plain (Thalmann 2006b, 209–18; 2010, 86–88) have
demonstrated a tripartite settlement hierarchy for the Early
Fig. 17: Early Bronze Age IV pottery from Tell Fadous-Kfarabida.
The white-painted decoration is typical for the northern coastal
area of Lebanon.
NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 73:2–3 (2010) 109
 Fig. 18: Plan of the Middle Bronze Age
Burial 402, showing the position of the five
vessels that made up the tomb’s inventory.
The deceased was buried in an extended
position, with the arms crossed over the
chest.

Fig. 20: (below) A Tell

el-Yahudiyeh juglet was
placed next to the right
arm of the deceased in
Burial
Bu
Bur ial 402.

Fig. 19: ((above)

b ) The
h Middle
ddl Bronze Age Buriall 402 d
during the
h 2008 season, showing
h a bowll
placed on the head of the deceased and a Tell el-Yahudiyeh juglet next to the arm.

110 NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 73:2–3 (2010)

Bronze Age in Lebanon. With a size of only 1.5 ha, Tell Fadous- For the Middle Bronze Age, no architecture has been
Kfarabida certainly was not a center of an independent political unearthed to date. The features attributed to this period con-
entity but rather a settlement of second or even third rank. sist only of pits and one grave. The tell appears to have been
In this regard, it is interesting unoccupied after the Mid-
to note the close similarities of dle Bronze Age up to the
the cylinder seal impressions 1900s. The reasons for such
from Tell Fadous-Kfarabida and an abandonment remain
Byblos. If one accepts the idea unclear.
that the cylinder seal impres- Despite its coastal loca-
sions were not merely decora- tion, Tell Fadous-Kfarabida
tive features but were used for did not play a significant
administrative purposes, a close role as a port of trade. The
economic and possibly political use of the sea for food is
relationship between the two attested by the numerous
sites can be suggested.3 fish bones and mollusks
In EB III, the settlement lay- found at the site (Badre-
out changed considerably, with shany, Genz, and Sader
larger houses spaced farther 2005, 89–92), but the lack
apart from each other. However, of imports suggests that the
the construction techniques as tell played no role as a stag-
well as the pottery types suggest ing point along the ship-
a strong continuity from the ping routes (Pedersen 2007,
previous phase. 21–22). Furthermore, the
Activity is attested at the site bays nearby are exposed to
also during the EB IV, but the wind and waves and thus
lack of architectural features Fig. 21: Fragment of a handmade, straight-sided Middle Bronze do not offer any natural
prevents any speculation on the Age cooking bowl. So far this type of cooking pot was only protection for ships (Peder-
nature of the settlement. The EB known from the Southern Levant and from the Bekaa. Tell Fadous- sen 2007, 18).
Kfarabida is the first place on the Lebanese Coast where it is
IV pottery from Tell Fadous-Kfa- The few nonlocal objects,
attested.
rabida again demonstrates close such as the metallic ware in
relations to neighboring sites the Early Bronze Age and
such as Tell Arqa and Byblos, but contacts with more distant the Tell el-Yahudiyeh juglet in the Middle Bronze Age, certainly
locations are not attested. reached the site through land-based local networks. The tell

Fig. 22: The Early Bronze Age

fortification and the staircase
in Area I from the south-west.
Its precise relationship to
the stratigraphic sequence in
Area II is unknown. However,
in light of the planned layout
of the settlement of Phase
III, it is most likely that the
fortification was constructed
during this phase.

NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 73:2–3 (2010) 111

thus seems to represent a small rural center devoted to agricul-
ture and fishing, belonging to the sphere of influence of a larger
entity such as Byblos. Nevertheless, despite its small size, Tell
Fadous-Kfarabida offers valuable insights into various issues of
subsistence economy and daily life during the Early and Middle
Bronze Age, significantly complementing the more spectacular
discoveries from Byblos.
Since a subsistence economy forms the backbone of all prein-
dustrial societies, a better knowledge of rural settlements is abso-
lutely vital for understanding Bronze Age societies of the Levant
(Schwartz and Falconer 1994). Tell Fadous-Kfarabida offers a
unique chance to gain this knowledge for the Lebanese coast.
 Excavations (1998–2000–2001). Bibliothèque archéologique et
Acknowledgements
The Tell Fadous-Kfarabida project is financed by research
grants from the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of the American
University of Beirut. Since 2008 the Gerda Henkel Foundation,
Germany, provides additional funds for the participation of
various specialists as well as for radiocarbon dating. I especially
would like to thank Dr. Helen Sader (American University of
Beirut), with whom I co-directed the project from 2004 to 2008,
for a wonderful collaboration and for introducing me to the
archaeology of Lebanon. I also would like to thank the Direc-
tion générale des antiquités and its director, Mr. Frédéric Hus-
seini, for supporting the project.
Notes
1. The discovery of hitherto unrecognized architectural phases in 2009
required a considerable revision of the terminology used in previous reports
(Badreshany, Genz, and Sader 2005, 26–39; Genz and Sader 2007, 8–12).
2. All radiocarbon dates from Tell Fadous-Kfarabida are AMS dates taken
from short-lived samples such as seeds. The results were calibrated using
“CALIB rev 5.01.”
3. In this connection, it is interesting to note that, according to the Amarna
letters, the city of Batroun, just 2 km north of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida,
belonged to the territory of Byblos during the Late Bronze Age.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Schwartz, G. M., and S. E. Falconer, eds. 1994. Archaeological Views
from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early Complex Societies.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Hermann Genz has a Ph.D. from the University of
Thalmann, J.-P. 2006a. Nouvelles données sur l’architecture domestique du Tübingen (1998). He is currently Associate Professor
bronze ancien IV à Tell Arqa (Liban). Comptes-rendus des séances de of Archaeology at the American University of Beirut
l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 150:841–73. and director of the
———. 2006b. Tell Arqa I: Les niveaux de l’âge du Bronze. 2 vols. Bibliothèque Tell Fadous-Kfarabida
archéologique et historique 177. Beirut: Institut Français du Proche- excavation project.
Orient. His research interests
———. 2009. The Early Bronze Age: Foreign Relations in the Light of include the Bronze
Recent Excavations at Tell Arqa. Pp. 15–28 in Interconnections in the and Iron Ages of the
Eastern Mediterranean: Lebanon in the Bronze and Iron Ages: Proceedings
Eastern Mediterra-
of the International Symposium, Beirut, 2008, ed. A.-M. Maïla-Afeiche.
nean, with a special
Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises, hors-série 6. Beirut:
Ministère de la Culture, Direction générale des antiquités.
focus on ceramics,
exchange mecha-
———. 2010. Tell Arqa: A Prosperous City during the Bronze Age. Near
Eastern Archaeology 73:86–101. nisms, and technol-
ogy. He has partici-
pated in various exca-
vations in Germany,
Jordan, Turkey, and
Lebanon.

SMALL FINDS: STUDIES OF BONE, IRON, GLASS,

FIGURINES, AND STONE OBJECTS FROM TELL
HESBAN AND VICINITY
Edited by Paul J. Ray, Jr.

Hesban 12 coordinates the reports of a spectrum of specialists dealing with

Arab, Greek, Latin and Ammonite inscriptions, bone, iron samples, glass
fragments, domestic stone objects, ceramic figurines, scarabs, textile tools, cos-
metic objects, jewelry, coins and other objects recovered during the excavations
at Tell Hesban, its cemeteries, probes and regional-survey sites from 1968-76.

ISBN 978-0-943872-28-5
2009 xxi + 414 pp. cloth: 8.5 x 11″ $74.99

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