TUTORIAL 7

Name Azana liza Anuar

:

Matric Num : 057189 .

Subject :
MTM 1103 Engineering Science
1. List 5 factor affect for the ionization energy Explain for .
each points briefly .

a. Atono mic radius When an atomic radius decreased ionization energy increases
.
. .

b. Nuclear charge If a .
positive charge there is stronger attraction for the
nucleus has a ,

electrons This results in a high amount of ionization energy

. .

C Orbital penetration Since the s orbitals penetrate towards the nucleus more closely than the p
. .

orbitals it's easier to remove electron from p orbitals than from s orbitals So ionization energy
.
.

going to be increase when removing a electron in s orbital .

d. Electron pairing within a sub shell Since repulsion between electrons

-
. in the same orbital is

higher than repulsion between electrons in different orbitals Within a sub shell paired
.
-
,

electrons are easier to remove than unpaired ones .

So ionization energy increase when
removing
an unpaired electron .

e. Shielding or
screening effect of the inner orbitals . Electrons in the outermost orbitals feel

lesser attraction from the nucleus than expected ,

due to presence of electrons in inner

orbitals .

2. What is Valence electrons and sketch the diagram to support your answer .

→ Valence electrons are defines as electrons that are found in the outermost energy level
of atoms .

Nucleus

Valence
electrons